fixing weird identifiers...

not sure what the standalone repo is going to be yet, but it will be relatively permissive since this is prototype/educational setup

.vscode/cozy-and-windy/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Cozy and Windy
+
+Editor theme ported from the Rider scheme of the same name.
+
+It colors the editor surface, C/C++ syntax, and tape-atom DSL keywords
+emitted by `local.tape-atom-syntax`. It does not change workbench chrome.
+
+## Install
+
+```powershell
+cd C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\.vscode\cozy-and-windy
+npm run package
+code --install-extension .\cozy-and-windy-0.1.0.vsix --force
+```
+
+Reload the window. Select **Cozy and Windy** as the color theme, or set
+`workbench.colorTheme` to `Cozy and Windy` in the PS1 workspace settings.
+
+Keep `local.tape-atom-syntax` installed. This theme colors those token
+types; it does not classify them.
+
+## Inspect
+
+Open `hello_camera.atom.c` and run **Developer: Inspect Editor Tokens and Scopes**
+on `MipsAtom_`, an atom name, `atom_info`, `R_PrimCursor`, a `gte_*` call,
+and a `mac_*` call.

.vscode/cozy-and-windy/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+	"name": "cozy-and-windy",
+	"displayName": "Cozy and Windy",
+	"description": "Editor theme ported from the Rider Cozy and Windy scheme. Colors C/C++ and tape-atom DSL keywords.",
+	"publisher": "local",
+	"version": "0.1.0",
+	"engines": {
+		"vscode": "^1.80.0"
+	},
+	"categories": [
+		"Themes"
+	],
+	"scripts": {
+		"package": "npx --yes @vscode/vsce@3.6.1 package --allow-missing-repository --skip-license --out cozy-and-windy-0.1.0.vsix"
+	},
+	"contributes": {
+		"themes": [
+			{
+				"label": "Cozy and Windy",
+				"uiTheme": "vs-dark",
+				"path": "./themes/cozy-and-windy-color-theme.json"
+			}
+		]
+	}
+}

.vscode/cozy-and-windy/themes/cozy-and-windy-color-theme.json

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+{
+	"name": "Cozy and Windy",
+	"type": "dark",
+	"semanticHighlighting": true,
+	"colors": {
+		// 121212
+		// 111212
+		// 211f1e
+		// 191817
+		"editor.background": "#191817",
+		"editor.foreground": "#dfc6ba",
+		"editor.lineHighlightBackground": "#1c1c1c",
+		"editor.selectionBackground": "#164371",
+		"editor.selectionForeground": "#c8c8c8",
+		"editorLineNumber.foreground": "#43c3c3",
+		"editorLineNumber.activeForeground": "#00fff4",
+		"editorIndentGuide.background1": "#181818",
+		"editorIndentGuide.activeBackground1": "#202020",
+		"editorRuler.foreground": "#505050",
+		"editorGutter.background": "#211f1e",
+		"editorBracketMatch.background": "#3b514d",
+		"editor.foldBackground": "#0c0c0c6a",
+		"editor.wordHighlightBackground": "#211f1e4d",
+		"editor.wordHighlightStrongBackground": "#303030",
+		"editorCursor.foreground": "#00fff4",
+		"editorWhitespace.foreground": "#181818",
+		// "editorLineHighlightBorder": "#1c1c1c",
+		"editorWidget.background": "#211f1e",
+		"editorSuggestWidget.background": "#2c334b",
+		"editorHoverWidget.background": "#2c334b"
+	},
+	"semanticTokenColors": {
+		"comment": { "foreground": "#868686", "fontStyle": "italic" },
+		"keyword": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b" },
+		"string": { "foreground": "#d46a54" },
+		"number": { "foreground": "#b5cea8" },
+		"operator": { "foreground": "#be8e78" },
+		"class": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"struct": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"enum": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"type": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"interface": { "foreground": "#7984ab" },
+		"function": { "foreground": "#cccab5" },
+		// "function": { "foreground": "#6090a9" },
+		"method": { "foreground": "#6090a9" },
+		"variable": { "foreground": "#bc966c" },
+		"parameter": { "foreground": "#ce8365" },
+		"property": { "foreground": "#acb8c8" },
+		"*.static": { "foreground": "#9e95c6" },
+		"macro": { "foreground": "#5ea852" },
+		"namespace": { "foreground": "#8e8e8e" },
+		"typeParameter": { "foreground": "#b8d7a3" },
+		"enumMember": { "foreground": "#a373b0" },
+		"label": { "foreground": "#c8c8c8", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeAtomKeyword": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeAtomName": { "foreground": "#b1b7d6", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeComponentKeyword": { "foreground": "#d68a36", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeComponentName": { "foreground": "#b1b7d6", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeAnnotation": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b" },
+		"tapeBindType": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"tapePhase": { "foreground": "#b8d7a3", "fontStyle": "italic" },
+		"tapeLabel": { "foreground": "#959595", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		// "tapeCpuInstruction": { "foreground": "#6d9aa0" },
+		// "tapeCpuInstruction": { "foreground": "#cf7539" },
+		// "tapeCpuInstruction": { "foreground": "#d16b3a" },
+		"tapeCpuInstruction": { "foreground": "#d5895a" },
+		"tapeGteInstruction": { "foreground": "#988bcb" },
+		"tapeGpuInstruction": { "foreground": "#bf7dac" },
+		"tapeComponentInstruction": { "foreground": "#8baa5d" },
+		// "tapeGprRegister": { "foreground": "#92d4d9" },
+		"tapeGprRegister": { "foreground": "#a2bfa8" },
+		"tapeCop2Register": { "foreground": "#945cd9" },
+		"tapeDuffleType": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" },
+		"tapeAttribute": { "foreground": "#73a07c" },
+		"tapeGprRegister.tapeRead": { "foreground": "#5bb8b0", "fontStyle": "italic" },
+		"tapeGprRegister.tapeWrite": { "foreground": "#2d8f8c", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeCop2Register.tapeRead": { "foreground": "#b08ae0", "fontStyle": "italic" },
+		"tapeCop2Register.tapeWrite": { "foreground": "#7b3ec4", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		// "*.tapeAuto": { },
+		"tapeControlFlow": { "foreground": "#63d169", "fontStyle": "bold" },
+		"tapeDelaySlot": { "foreground": "#ff5647" }
+	},
+	"tokenColors": [
+		{ "scope": ["comment", "comment.block", "comment.line", "comment.block.documentation"], "settings": { "foreground": "#868686", "fontStyle": "italic" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword", "keyword.control", "keyword.other"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b" } },
+		{ "scope": ["string", "string.quoted"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d46a54" } },
+		{ "scope": ["string.quoted.other"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d69d85" } },
+		{ "scope": ["constant.numeric"], "settings": { "foreground": "#b5cea8" } },
+		{ "scope": ["punctuation", "keyword.operator"], "settings": { "foreground": "#be8e78" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.operator.overload"], "settings": { "foreground": "#b87e76" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type", "entity.name.type.class", "entity.name.type.struct", "entity.name.type.enum"], "settings": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type.interface"], "settings": { "foreground": "#7984ab" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.function"], "settings": { "foreground": "#cccab5" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.function.member"], "settings": { "foreground": "#6090a9" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.local"], "settings": { "foreground": "#bc966c" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.parameter"], "settings": { "foreground": "#ce8365" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.property"], "settings": { "foreground": "#acb8c8" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.constant"], "settings": { "foreground": "#9e95c6" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.global", "variable.other.defaultLibrary"], "settings": { "foreground": "#bf7dac" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.type", "support.function"], "settings": { "foreground": "#8baa5d" } },
+		{ "scope": ["meta.preprocessor"], "settings": { "foreground": "#5ea852" } },
+		// { "scope": ["variable.parameter.preprocessor"], "settings": { "foreground": "#636363" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.parameter.preprocessor"], "settings": { "foreground": "#bc966c" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.control.directive"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d68a36" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.namespace"], "settings": { "foreground": "#8e8e8e" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type.parameter"], "settings": { "foreground": "#b8d7a3" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.enummember"], "settings": { "foreground": "#a373b0" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type.concept"], "settings": { "foreground": "#76ff7d" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type.dependent"], "settings": { "foreground": "#448b5a", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.label"], "settings": { "foreground": "#c8c8c8", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["invalid"], "settings": { "foreground": "#ff5647" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.codetag.todo"], "settings": { "foreground": "#c10000", "fontStyle": "bold italic" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.control.duffle.atom"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.function.duffle.atom"], "settings": { "foreground": "#cccab5", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.control.duffle.component"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d68a36", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.function.duffle.component"], "settings": { "foreground": "#6090a9", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.function.duffle.annotation"], "settings": { "foreground": "#d8bd5b" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.type.duffle.bind"], "settings": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.tag.duffle.phase"], "settings": { "foreground": "#b8d7a3", "fontStyle": "italic" } },
+		{ "scope": ["entity.name.label.duffle.atom"], "settings": { "foreground": "#c8c8c8", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.function.duffle.cpu"], "settings": { "foreground": "#6d9aa0" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.function.duffle.gte"], "settings": { "foreground": "#988bcb" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.function.duffle.gpu"], "settings": { "foreground": "#bf7dac" } },
+		{ "scope": ["support.function.duffle.component"], "settings": { "foreground": "#8baa5d" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.control.duffle.branch"], "settings": { "foreground": "#76ff7d", "fontStyle": "bold" } },
+		{ "scope": ["keyword.operator.duffle.delayslot"], "settings": { "foreground": "#ff5647" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.constant.duffle.gpr"], "settings": { "foreground": "#3fa8a6" } },
+		{ "scope": ["variable.other.constant.duffle.cop2"], "settings": { "foreground": "#945cd9" } },
+		{ "scope": ["storage.type.duffle.type"], "settings": { "foreground": "#54a4d6" } },
+		{ "scope": ["storage.modifier.duffle.attr"], "settings": { "foreground": "#73a07c" } }
+	]
+}

.vscode/install_extensions.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Package and install the local VS Code Insiders extensions under .vscode/.
+# Usage:
+#   .\install_extensions.ps1
+#   .\install_extensions.ps1 -SkipPackage
+
+param([switch] $SkipPackage)
+
+$path_vscode   = $PSScriptRoot
+$code_insiders = "C:\apps\Microsoft VS Code Insiders\bin\code-insiders.cmd"
+if (-not (test-path -literalpath $code_insiders)) {
+	$found = get-command code-insiders -erroraction silentlycontinue
+	if ($found) { $code_insiders = $found.source }
+}
+
+if (-not (test-path -literalpath $code_insiders)) { throw "code-insiders not found. Install VS Code Insiders or add it to PATH." }
+
+$extensions = @(
+	(join-path $path_vscode "tape-atom-syntax"),
+	(join-path $path_vscode "cozy-and-windy")
+)
+
+foreach ($extension in $extensions) {
+	$package_json = join-path $extension "package.json"
+	if (-not (test-path -literalpath $package_json)) { throw "missing $package_json" }
+
+	$manifest = get-content -literalpath $package_json -raw | convertfrom-json
+	$vsix     = join-path $extension ("{0}-{1}.vsix" -f $manifest.name, $manifest.version)
+
+	if (-not $SkipPackage) {
+		if (-not $manifest.scripts.package) { throw "$package_json has no scripts.package" }
+		write-host "packaging $($manifest.displayName) ($($manifest.name)@$($manifest.version))"
+		& npm --prefix $extension run package
+		if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "npm run package failed for $extension" }
+	}
+
+	if (-not (test-path -literalpath $vsix)) { throw "missing $vsix" }
+
+	write-host "installing $vsix"
+	& $code_insiders --install-extension $vsix --force
+	if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "install failed for $vsix" }
+}
+
+write-host "done. reload the Insiders window (Developer: Reload Window)."

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/classifier.js

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const { nearestCall } = require("./lexer");
+const { mergeIndexes, scanSource } = require("./source-index");
+
+const TOKEN_TYPES = [
+	"tapeAtomKeyword",
+	"tapeAtomName",
+	"tapeComponentKeyword",
+	"tapeComponentName",
+	"tapeAnnotation",
+	"tapeBindType",
+	"tapePhase",
+	"tapeLabel",
+	"tapeCpuInstruction",
+	"tapeControlFlow",
+	"tapeGteInstruction",
+	"tapeGpuInstruction",
+	"tapeComponentInstruction",
+	"tapeDelaySlot",
+	"tapeGprRegister",
+	"tapeCop2Register",
+	"tapeDuffleType",
+	"tapeAt__ibute",
+	"keyword",
+	"macro",
+];
+
+const TOKEN_MODIFIERS = ["declaration", "tapeRead", "tapeWrite", "tapeAuto"];
+const TOKEN_TYPE_INDEX = new Map(TOKEN_TYPES.map((name, index) => [name, index]));
+const TOKEN_MODIFIER_INDEX = new Map(TOKEN_MODIFIERS.map((name, index) => [name, index]));
+
+const ATOM_KEYWORDS = new Set(["MipsAtom_", "MipsAtom_Proc_"]);
+const COMPONENT_KEYWORDS = new Set(["MipsAtomComp_", "MipsAtomComp_Proc_"]);
+const ANNOTATIONS = new Set([
+	"atom_info", "atom_bind", "atom_reads", "atom_writes", "atom_label",
+	"atom_offset", "atom_reg", "atom_type", "atom_ctx", "atom_phase",
+	"atom_auto_reg", "phase_auto_reg", "atom_dbg_skip",
+]);
+
+const DSL_KEYWORDS = new Set([
+	"FI_", "I_", "NI_", "Relative_", "Struct_", "Enum_", "Union_", "Array_",
+	"Slice_", "TypeR_", "TypeV_", "align_", "internal", "local_persist", "global",
+	"RO_", "LP_", "gknown", "expect_", "cexpr_",
+	"asm", "asm_words", "asm_rpins", "asm_clobber",
+	"O_", "S_", "C_", "T_", "tmpl", "glue", "r_", "v_", "rt_", "vt_",
+	"rgcc", "r_use", "r_set", "r_mod", "r_imm", "r_mem",
+	"u1_", "u2_", "u4_", "u8_", "s1_", "s2_", "s4_", "s8_",
+	"u1_r", "u2_r", "u4_r", "u8_r", "u1_v", "u2_v", "u4_v", "u8_v",
+]);
+
+const DELAY_SLOT_KEYWORDS = new Set(["LdSlot_", "BdSlot_", "DmaSlot_", "GteDelay_"]);
+
+const CONTROL_FLOW_PREFIXES = /^(?:branch_|jump_|call_)/;
+
+const ROLE_TO_TYPE = {
+	atomName: "tapeAtomName",
+	componentName: "tapeComponentName",
+	bindType: "tapeBindType",
+	duffleType: "tapeDuffleType",
+	gprRegister: "tapeGprRegister",
+	cop2Register: "tapeCop2Register",
+};
+
+function registerType(name, index) {
+	const kind = index.registers.get(name);
+	if (kind === "gpr" || /^R_[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/.test(name)) return "tapeGprRegister";
+	if (kind === "cop2" || /^(?:C2_|gte_cr_)[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/.test(name)) return "tapeCop2Register";
+	return null;
+}
+
+function instructionType(name, index) {
+	const domain = index.macros.get(name);
+	if (domain === "control") return "tapeControlFlow";
+	if (domain === "cpu") return "tapeCpuInstruction";
+	if (domain === "gte") return "tapeGteInstruction";
+	if (domain === "gpu") return "tapeGpuInstruction";
+	if (domain === "component") {
+		if (/^mac_gte_/.test(name)) return "tapeGteInstruction";
+		if (/^mac_gp/.test(name)) return "tapeGpuInstruction";
+		if (/^mac_/.test(name)) return "tapeComponentInstruction";
+		return "macro";
+	}
+	if (domain === "utility") return "macro";
+	if (/^gte_(?!cr_)/.test(name)) return "tapeGteInstruction";
+	if (/^gp[01]_/.test(name)) return "tapeGpuInstruction";
+	if (/^mac_gte_/.test(name)) return "tapeGteInstruction";
+	if (/^mac_gp/.test(name)) return "tapeGpuInstruction";
+	if (/^mac_/.test(name)) return "tapeComponentInstruction";
+	return null;
+}
+
+function modifierMask(modifiers) {
+	let mask = 0;
+	for (const modifier of modifiers) {
+		const index = TOKEN_MODIFIER_INDEX.get(modifier);
+		if (index !== undefined) mask |= (1 << index);
+	}
+	return mask;
+}
+
+function isRegUseAccess(tokens, tokenIndex) {
+	const prev = tokens[tokenIndex - 1];
+	if (!prev || prev.text !== ".") return false;
+	const prevPrev = tokens[tokenIndex - 2];
+	if (!prevPrev || prevPrev.kind !== "identifier") return false;
+	const next = tokens[tokenIndex + 1];
+	if (next && next.text === ".") return false;
+	if (prevPrev.text === "r") return true;
+	const prev3 = tokens[tokenIndex - 3];
+	const prev4 = tokens[tokenIndex - 4];
+	if (prev3 && prev3.text === "." && prev4 && prev4.kind === "identifier" && prev4.text === "r") return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+function classifyDocument(source, filePath, workspaceIndex, shouldCancel = () => false) {
+	const scanned = scanSource(source, filePath);
+	const index = mergeIndexes(workspaceIndex, scanned.index);
+	const spans = [];
+
+	for (let tokenIndex = 0; tokenIndex < scanned.tokens.length; tokenIndex += 1) {
+		if (shouldCancel()) break;
+		const token = scanned.tokens[tokenIndex];
+		if (token.kind !== "identifier") continue;
+
+		let type = null;
+		let modifiers = [];
+		const declaration = scanned.declarations.get(token.start);
+		const context = nearestCall(scanned.contexts, tokenIndex);
+
+		if (declaration) {
+			type = ROLE_TO_TYPE[declaration.role] || null;
+			modifiers = declaration.modifiers.slice();
+		} else if (ATOM_KEYWORDS.has(token.text)) {
+			type = "tapeAtomKeyword";
+		} else if (COMPONENT_KEYWORDS.has(token.text)) {
+			type = "keyword";
+		} else if (ANNOTATIONS.has(token.text)) {
+			type = "tapeAnnotation";
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_bind" && context.argIndex === 0) {
+			type = "tapeBindType";
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_phase" && context.argIndex === 0) {
+			type = "tapePhase";
+			modifiers = ["declaration"];
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_ctx" && context.argIndex === 0) {
+			type = "tapeAtomName";
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_label" && context.argIndex === 0) {
+			type = "tapeLabel";
+			modifiers = ["declaration"];
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_offset" && context.argIndex <= 1) {
+			type = "tapeLabel";
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_reads") {
+			type = registerType(token.text, index);
+			if (type) modifiers = ["tapeRead"];
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_writes") {
+			type = registerType(token.text, index);
+			if (type) modifiers = ["tapeWrite"];
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "atom_auto_reg") {
+			if (context.argIndex === 0) type = "tapeAtomName";
+			if (context.argIndex === 1) {
+				type = "tapeGprRegister";
+				modifiers = ["declaration", "tapeAuto"];
+			}
+		} else if (context && context.callee === "phase_auto_reg") {
+			if (context.argIndex === 0) type = "tapePhase";
+			if (context.argIndex === 1) {
+				type = "tapeGprRegister";
+				modifiers = ["declaration", "tapeAuto"];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!type && index.bindTypes.has(token.text)) type = "tapeBindType";
+		if (!type && DSL_KEYWORDS.has(token.text)) type = "keyword";
+		if (!type && index.types.has(token.text)) type = "tapeDuffleType";
+		if (!type && index.attributes.has(token.text)) type = "tapeAttribute";
+		if (!type) type = registerType(token.text, index);
+		if (!type && DELAY_SLOT_KEYWORDS.has(token.text)) type = "tapeDelaySlot";
+		if (!type) {
+			const domain = index.macros.get(token.text);
+			if (domain === "control" || (domain && CONTROL_FLOW_PREFIXES.test(token.text))) {
+				type = "tapeControlFlow";
+			}
+		}
+		if (!type && isRegUseAccess(scanned.tokens, tokenIndex)) type = "tapeGprRegister";
+		if (!type) type = instructionType(token.text, index);
+		if (!type && /^(?:Slice_|A[0-9]+_)/.test(token.text)) type = "tapeDuffleType";
+		if (!type && /_[RV]$/.test(token.text)) type = "tapeDuffleType";
+		if (!type && index.atoms.has(token.text)) type = "tapeAtomName";
+		if (!type && index.components.has(token.text)) type = "tapeComponentName";
+		if (!type && index.phases.has(token.text)) type = "tapePhase";
+		if (!type && index.labels.has(token.text)) type = "tapeLabel";
+		if (!type) continue;
+
+		spans.push({
+			text: token.text,
+			type,
+			typeIndex: TOKEN_TYPE_INDEX.get(type),
+			modifiers,
+			modifierMask: modifierMask(modifiers),
+			start: token.start,
+			length: token.end - token.start,
+			line: token.line,
+			character: token.character,
+		});
+	}
+
+	spans.sort((left, right) => left.start - right.start || left.length - right.length);
+	const nonOverlapping = [];
+	for (const span of spans) {
+		const previous = nonOverlapping[nonOverlapping.length - 1];
+		if (!previous || previous.start + previous.length <= span.start) nonOverlapping.push(span);
+	}
+
+	return { spans: nonOverlapping, errors: scanned.errors };
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+	TOKEN_MODIFIERS,
+	TOKEN_TYPES,
+	classifyDocument,
+	modifierMask,
+};

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/extension.js

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const vscode = require("vscode");
+const { TOKEN_MODIFIERS, TOKEN_TYPES, classifyDocument } = require("./classifier");
+const { createIndex, mergeIndexes, scanSource } = require("./source-index");
+
+const SOURCE_GLOB = "**/*.{c,h,cc,cpp,cxx,hh,hpp,hxx}";
+const EXCLUDE_GLOB = "**/{gen,build,.slop_cache,toolchain,node_modules}/**";
+const EXCLUDED_SEGMENTS = new Set(["gen", "build", ".slop_cache", "toolchain", "node_modules"]);
+
+function isExcluded(uri) {
+	const segments = uri.fsPath.replaceAll("\\", "/").split("/");
+	return segments.some((segment) => EXCLUDED_SEGMENTS.has(segment));
+}
+
+function formatError(filePath, error) {
+	return `${filePath}:${error.offset}: ${error.kind}`;
+}
+
+async function activate(context) {
+	const output = vscode.window.createOutputChannel("Tape Atom DSL");
+	const emitter = new vscode.EventEmitter();
+	const legend = new vscode.SemanticTokensLegend(TOKEN_TYPES, TOKEN_MODIFIERS);
+	let workspaceIndex = createIndex();
+	let rebuildGeneration = 0;
+	let debounceHandle = null;
+
+	async function rebuildIndex() {
+		const generation = ++rebuildGeneration;
+		const files = await vscode.workspace.findFiles(SOURCE_GLOB, EXCLUDE_GLOB);
+		let nextIndex = createIndex();
+
+		for (const uri of files) {
+			if (generation !== rebuildGeneration) return;
+			if (isExcluded(uri)) continue;
+			try {
+				const bytes = await vscode.workspace.fs.readFile(uri);
+				const source = Buffer.from(bytes).toString("utf8");
+				const result = scanSource(source, uri.fsPath);
+				nextIndex = mergeIndexes(nextIndex, result.index);
+				for (const error of result.errors) output.appendLine(formatError(uri.fsPath, error));
+			} catch (error) {
+				output.appendLine(`${uri.fsPath}: ${error.stack || error.message || error}`);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (generation !== rebuildGeneration) return;
+		workspaceIndex = nextIndex;
+		emitter.fire();
+	}
+
+	function scheduleRebuild(uri) {
+		if (uri && isExcluded(uri)) return;
+		if (debounceHandle !== null) clearTimeout(debounceHandle);
+		debounceHandle = setTimeout(() => {
+			debounceHandle = null;
+			rebuildIndex().catch((error) => output.appendLine(error.stack || String(error)));
+		}, 100);
+	}
+
+	const provider = {
+		onDidChangeSemanticTokens: emitter.event,
+		provideDocumentSemanticTokens(document, cancellationToken) {
+			try {
+				const result = classifyDocument(
+					document.getText(),
+					document.uri.fsPath,
+					workspaceIndex,
+					() => cancellationToken.isCancellationRequested
+				);
+				const builder = new vscode.SemanticTokensBuilder(legend);
+				for (const span of result.spans) {
+					if (cancellationToken.isCancellationRequested) break;
+					builder.push(span.line, span.character, span.length, span.typeIndex, span.modifierMask);
+				}
+				for (const error of result.errors) {
+					output.appendLine(formatError(document.uri.fsPath || document.uri.toString(), error));
+				}
+				return builder.build();
+			} catch (error) {
+				output.appendLine(`${document.uri}: ${error.stack || error.message || error}`);
+				return new vscode.SemanticTokensBuilder(legend).build();
+			}
+		},
+	};
+
+	const selector = [
+		{ language: "c", scheme: "file" },
+		{ language: "c", scheme: "untitled" },
+		{ language: "cpp", scheme: "file" },
+		{ language: "cpp", scheme: "untitled" },
+	];
+	const watcher = vscode.workspace.createFileSystemWatcher(SOURCE_GLOB);
+
+	context.subscriptions.push(
+		output,
+		emitter,
+		watcher,
+		watcher.onDidCreate(scheduleRebuild),
+		watcher.onDidChange(scheduleRebuild),
+		watcher.onDidDelete(scheduleRebuild),
+		vscode.languages.registerDocumentSemanticTokensProvider(selector, provider, legend),
+		{ dispose() { if (debounceHandle !== null) clearTimeout(debounceHandle); } }
+	);
+
+	await rebuildIndex();
+}
+
+function deactivate() {}
+
+module.exports = { activate, deactivate };

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/lexer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"use strict";
+
+function isIdentifierStart(code) {
+	return code === 95 ||
+		(code >= 65 && code <= 90) ||
+		(code >= 97 && code <= 122);
+}
+
+function isIdentifierContinue(code) {
+	return isIdentifierStart(code) || (code >= 48 && code <= 57);
+}
+
+function lex(source) {
+	if (typeof source !== "string") throw new TypeError("source must be a string");
+
+	const tokens = [];
+	const errors = [];
+	let offset = 0;
+	let line = 0;
+	let character = 0;
+
+	function advance() {
+		if (source[offset] === "\r" && source[offset + 1] === "\n") {
+			offset += 2;
+			line += 1;
+			character = 0;
+			return;
+		}
+		if (source[offset] === "\n") {
+			offset += 1;
+			line += 1;
+			character = 0;
+			return;
+		}
+		offset += 1;
+		character += 1;
+	}
+
+	function pushToken(kind, start, startLine, startCharacter) {
+		tokens.push({
+			kind,
+			text: source.slice(start, offset),
+			start,
+			end: offset,
+			line: startLine,
+			character: startCharacter,
+		});
+	}
+
+	while (offset < source.length) {
+		const ch = source[offset];
+
+		if (/\s/.test(ch)) {
+			advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "/" && source[offset + 1] === "/") {
+			while (offset < source.length && source[offset] !== "\r" && source[offset] !== "\n") advance();
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "/" && source[offset + 1] === "*") {
+			const start = offset;
+			advance();
+			advance();
+			let closed = false;
+			while (offset < source.length) {
+				if (source[offset] === "*" && source[offset + 1] === "/") {
+					advance();
+					advance();
+					closed = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				advance();
+			}
+			if (!closed) errors.push({ kind: "unterminated-block-comment", offset: start });
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (ch === "\"" || ch === "'") {
+			const quote = ch;
+			const start = offset;
+			advance();
+			let closed = false;
+			while (offset < source.length) {
+				if (source[offset] === "\\") {
+					advance();
+					if (offset < source.length) advance();
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (source[offset] === quote) {
+					advance();
+					closed = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				if (source[offset] === "\n" || source[offset] === "\r") break;
+				advance();
+			}
+			if (!closed) errors.push({ kind: "unterminated-literal", offset: start });
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const code = source.charCodeAt(offset);
+		if (isIdentifierStart(code)) {
+			const start = offset;
+			const startLine = line;
+			const startCharacter = character;
+			advance();
+			while (offset < source.length && isIdentifierContinue(source.charCodeAt(offset))) advance();
+			pushToken("identifier", start, startLine, startCharacter);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const start = offset;
+		const startLine = line;
+		const startCharacter = character;
+		advance();
+		pushToken("punctuation", start, startLine, startCharacter);
+	}
+
+	return { tokens, errors };
+}
+
+function buildCallContexts(tokens) {
+	const contexts = Array.from({ length: tokens.length }, () => []);
+	const calls = [];
+	const errors = [];
+	const stack = [];
+
+	for (let tokenIndex = 0; tokenIndex < tokens.length; tokenIndex += 1) {
+		const token = tokens[tokenIndex];
+
+		if (token.text === ")") {
+			if (stack.length === 0) {
+				errors.push({ kind: "unmatched-close-paren", offset: token.start });
+			} else {
+				const frame = stack.pop();
+				if (frame.callee !== null) calls.push({ ...frame, closeTokenIndex: tokenIndex });
+			}
+		}
+
+		contexts[tokenIndex] = stack
+			.filter((frame) => frame.callee !== null)
+			.map((frame) => ({
+				callee: frame.callee,
+				calleeTokenIndex: frame.calleeTokenIndex,
+				openTokenIndex: frame.openTokenIndex,
+				argIndex: frame.argIndex,
+			}));
+
+		if (token.text === "(") {
+			const previous = tokens[tokenIndex - 1];
+			const hasCallee = previous && previous.kind === "identifier";
+			stack.push({
+				callee: hasCallee ? previous.text : null,
+				calleeTokenIndex: hasCallee ? tokenIndex - 1 : -1,
+				openTokenIndex: tokenIndex,
+				argIndex: 0,
+			});
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (token.text === "," && stack.length > 0) {
+			const frame = stack[stack.length - 1];
+			if (frame.callee !== null) frame.argIndex += 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (const frame of stack) {
+		errors.push({ kind: "unmatched-open-paren", offset: tokens[frame.openTokenIndex].start });
+	}
+
+	return { contexts, calls, errors };
+}
+
+function nearestCall(contexts, tokenIndex, callee) {
+	const entries = contexts[tokenIndex] || [];
+	for (let contextIndex = entries.length - 1; contextIndex >= 0; contextIndex -= 1) {
+		const entry = entries[contextIndex];
+		if (callee === undefined || entry.callee === callee) return entry;
+	}
+	return null;
+}
+
+module.exports = { buildCallContexts, lex, nearestCall };

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+{
+	"name": "atomasm-psx",
+	"displayName": "AtomAsm-PSX",
+	"description": "Semantic highlighting for the PS1 Tape/Atom MIPS macro DSL",
+	"publisher": "local",
+	"version": "0.3.0",
+	"engines": { "vscode": "^1.80.0" },
+	"categories": ["Programming Languages"],
+	"activationEvents": ["onLanguage:c", "onLanguage:cpp"],
+	"main": "./extension.js",
+	"files": [
+		"classifier.js",
+		"extension.js",
+		"lexer.js",
+		"source-index.js",
+		"syntaxes/tape_atom.tmLanguage.json"
+	],
+	"scripts": {
+		"test": "node --test test/*.test.js",
+		"package": "npx --yes @vscode/vsce@3.6.1 package --allow-missing-repository --skip-license --out atomasm-psx-0.3.0.vsix"
+	},
+	"contributes": {
+		"semanticTokenTypes": [
+			{ "id": "tapeAtomKeyword", "superType": "keyword", "description": "Tape atom declaration keyword" },
+			{ "id": "tapeAtomName", "superType": "function", "description": "Tape atom name" },
+			{ "id": "tapeComponentKeyword", "superType": "keyword", "description": "Tape atom component declaration keyword" },
+			{ "id": "tapeComponentName", "superType": "function", "description": "Tape atom component name" },
+			{ "id": "tapeAnnotation", "superType": "macro", "description": "Tape atom annotation" },
+			{ "id": "tapeBindType", "superType": "type", "description": "Tape bind structure type" },
+			{ "id": "tapePhase", "superType": "label", "description": "Tape atom phase" },
+			{ "id": "tapeLabel", "superType": "label", "description": "Tape atom branch label" },
+			{ "id": "tapeCpuInstruction", "superType": "macro", "description": "MIPS CPU instruction emitter" },
+			{ "id": "tapeControlFlow", "superType": "keyword", "description": "MIPS branch or jump instruction" },
+			{ "id": "tapeGteInstruction", "superType": "macro", "description": "GTE instruction emitter" },
+			{ "id": "tapeGpuInstruction", "superType": "macro", "description": "GPU command emitter" },
+			{ "id": "tapeComponentInstruction", "superType": "macro", "description": "Tape atom component invocation" },
+			{ "id": "tapeDelaySlot", "superType": "keyword", "description": "Load or branch delay slot annotation" },
+			{ "id": "tapeGprRegister", "superType": "variable", "description": "MIPS GPR alias" },
+			{ "id": "tapeCop2Register", "superType": "variable", "description": "COP2 data or control register alias" },
+			{ "id": "tapeDuffleType", "superType": "type", "description": "Duffle type or type constructor" },
+			{ "id": "tapeAttribute", "superType": "keyword", "description": "Duffle linkage or storage attribute" },
+			{ "id": "keyword", "description": "Standard keyword (DSL built-in macros)" },
+			{ "id": "macro", "description": "Standard macro (utility #define with no instruction domain)" }
+		],
+		"semanticTokenModifiers": [
+			{ "id": "tapeRead", "description": "Register declared in atom_reads" },
+			{ "id": "tapeWrite", "description": "Register declared in atom_writes" },
+			{ "id": "tapeAuto", "description": "Auto-allocated register" }
+		],
+		"semanticTokenScopes": [
+			{
+				"language": "c",
+				"scopes": {
+					"tapeAtomKeyword": ["keyword.control.duffle.atom"],
+					"tapeAtomName": ["entity.name.function.duffle.atom"],
+					"tapeComponentKeyword": ["keyword.control.duffle.component"],
+					"tapeComponentName": ["entity.name.function.duffle.component"],
+					"tapeAnnotation": ["support.function.duffle.annotation"],
+					"tapeBindType": ["entity.name.type.duffle.bind"],
+					"tapePhase": ["entity.name.tag.duffle.phase"],
+					"tapeLabel": ["entity.name.label.duffle.atom"],
+					"tapeCpuInstruction": ["support.function.duffle.cpu"],
+					"tapeControlFlow": ["keyword.control.duffle.branch"],
+					"tapeGteInstruction": ["support.function.duffle.gte"],
+					"tapeGpuInstruction": ["support.function.duffle.gpu"],
+					"tapeComponentInstruction": ["support.function.duffle.component"],
+					"tapeDelaySlot": ["keyword.operator.duffle.delayslot"],
+					"tapeGprRegister": ["variable.other.constant.duffle.gpr"],
+					"tapeCop2Register": ["variable.other.constant.duffle.cop2"],
+					"tapeDuffleType": ["storage.type.duffle.type"],
+					"tapeAttribute": ["storage.modifier.duffle.attr"],
+				"keyword": ["keyword"],
+				"macro": ["entity.name.function.preprocessor"]
+				}
+			}
+		],
+		"grammars": [
+			{
+				"scopeName": "tape_atom.injection",
+				"path": "./syntaxes/tape_atom.tmLanguage.json",
+				"injectTo": ["source.c", "source.cpp"]
+			}
+		]
+	}
+}

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/source-index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const path = require("node:path");
+const { buildCallContexts, lex, nearestCall } = require("./lexer");
+
+const BASE_TYPES = [
+	"B1", "B2", "B4", "B8", "F4", "F8", "S1", "S2", "S4", "S8",
+	"U1", "U2", "U4", "U8", "MipsAtom", "MipsCode", "Reg",
+];
+
+const C_BUILTINS = new Set([
+	"void", "type", "char", "short", "int", "long", "float", "double",
+	"unsigned", "signed", "bool", "size_t", "uint8_t", "uint16_t", "uint32_t",
+	"int8_t", "int16_t", "int32_t",
+]);
+
+const BASE_ATTRIBUTES = [
+	"FI_", "I_", "NI_", "Relative_", "Struct_", "Enum_", "Union_", "Array_",
+	"Slice_", "TypeR_", "TypeV_", "align_", "internal", "local_persist", "global",
+	"RO_", "LP_", "gknown", "expect_", "cexpr_",
+	"asm", "asm_words", "asm_rpins", "asm_clobber",
+	"O_", "S_", "C_", "T_", "tmpl", "glue", "r_", "v_", "rt_", "vt_",
+	"rgcc", "r_use", "r_set", "r_mod", "r_imm", "r_mem",
+	"u1_", "u2_", "u4_", "u8_", "s1_", "s2_", "s4_", "s8_",
+	"u1_r", "u2_r", "u4_r", "u8_r", "u1_v", "u2_v", "u4_v", "u8_v",
+];
+
+function createIndex() {
+	return {
+		atoms: new Set(),
+		components: new Set(),
+		componentAliases: new Set(),
+		macros: new Map(),
+		registers: new Map(),
+		bindTypes: new Set(),
+		types: new Set(BASE_TYPES),
+		phases: new Set(),
+		labels: new Set(),
+		attributes: new Set(BASE_ATTRIBUTES),
+		componentCallees: new Map(),
+	};
+}
+
+function cloneIndex(source) {
+	const result = createIndex();
+	for (const key of ["atoms", "components", "componentAliases", "bindTypes", "types", "phases", "labels", "attributes"]) {
+		for (const value of source[key]) result[key].add(value);
+	}
+	for (const [name, domain] of source.macros) result.macros.set(name, domain);
+	for (const [name, domain] of source.registers) result.registers.set(name, domain);
+	for (const [name, callees] of source.componentCallees) result.componentCallees.set(name, callees.slice());
+	return result;
+}
+
+function mergeIndexes(...sources) {
+	const result = createIndex();
+	for (const source of sources) {
+		if (!source) continue;
+		for (const key of ["atoms", "components", "componentAliases", "bindTypes", "types", "phases", "labels", "attributes"]) {
+			for (const value of source[key]) result[key].add(value);
+		}
+		for (const [name, domain] of source.macros) {
+			const existing = result.macros.get(name);
+			if (!existing || domainRank(domain) >= domainRank(existing)) result.macros.set(name, domain);
+		}
+		for (const [name, domain] of source.registers) result.registers.set(name, domain);
+		for (const [name, callees] of source.componentCallees) {
+			const existing = result.componentCallees.get(name) || [];
+			result.componentCallees.set(name, existing.concat(callees));
+		}
+	}
+	return resolveComponentDomains(result);
+}
+
+function domainFromPath(filePath) {
+	const base = path.basename(filePath.replaceAll("\\", "/")).toLowerCase();
+	if (base === "mips.h") return "cpu";
+	if (base === "gte.h") return "gte";
+	if (base === "gp.h") return "gpu";
+	return null;
+}
+
+function prefixDomain(name) {
+	if (/^(?:branch_|jump_|call_)/.test(name)) return "control";
+	if (/^gte_(?!cr_)/.test(name) || name.startsWith("mac_gte_") || name.startsWith("ac_gte_")) return "gte";
+	if (/^gp[01]_/.test(name) || name.startsWith("mac_gp_") || name.startsWith("ac_gp_")) return "gpu";
+	return null;
+}
+
+function collectBraceIdentifiers(tokens, openBraceIndex) {
+	const names = [];
+	let depth = 0;
+	for (let tokenIndex = openBraceIndex; tokenIndex < tokens.length; tokenIndex += 1) {
+		if (tokens[tokenIndex].text === "{") depth += 1;
+		if (tokens[tokenIndex].text === "}") {
+			depth -= 1;
+			if (depth === 0) break;
+		}
+		if (tokens[tokenIndex].kind === "identifier") names.push(tokens[tokenIndex].text);
+	}
+	return names;
+}
+
+function resolveComponentDomains(index) {
+	const hardwareRank = { cpu: 1, gpu: 2, gte: 3, control: 4 };
+	let changed = true;
+	while (changed) {
+		changed = false;
+		for (const [alias, callees] of index.componentCallees) {
+			let best = index.macros.get(alias) || "component";
+			let bestRank = hardwareRank[best] || 0;
+			for (const callee of callees) {
+				const domain = prefixDomain(callee) || index.macros.get(callee);
+				const rank = hardwareRank[domain] || 0;
+				if (rank > bestRank) {
+					best = domain;
+					bestRank = rank;
+				}
+			}
+			if (bestRank > 0 && index.macros.get(alias) !== best) {
+				index.macros.set(alias, best);
+				changed = true;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return index;
+}
+
+function domainRank(domain) {
+	if (domain === "control") return 4;
+	if (domain === "cpu" || domain === "gte" || domain === "gpu") return 3;
+	if (domain === "component") return 2;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+function registerKind(name) {
+	if (/^R_[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/.test(name)) return "gpr";
+	if (/^(?:C2_|gte_cr_)[A-Za-z0-9_]+$/.test(name)) return "cop2";
+	return null;
+}
+
+function componentAlias(name) {
+	return name.startsWith("ac_") ? `mac_${name.slice(3)}` : null;
+}
+
+function findFunctionNameBefore(tokens, calleeTokenIndex) {
+	let closeIndex = calleeTokenIndex - 1;
+	while (closeIndex >= 0 && tokens[closeIndex].kind === "identifier" && tokens[closeIndex].text === "atom_dbg_skip") {
+		closeIndex -= 1;
+	}
+	if (!tokens[closeIndex] || tokens[closeIndex].text !== ")") return null;
+
+	let depth = 1;
+	for (let tokenIndex = closeIndex - 1; tokenIndex >= 0; tokenIndex -= 1) {
+		if (tokens[tokenIndex].text === ")") depth += 1;
+		if (tokens[tokenIndex].text === "(") depth -= 1;
+		if (depth !== 0) continue;
+		const name = tokens[tokenIndex - 1];
+		return name && name.kind === "identifier" ? name : null;
+	}
+	return null;
+}
+
+function scanSource(source, filePath) {
+	const lexical = lex(source);
+	const balanced = buildCallContexts(lexical.tokens);
+	const tokens = lexical.tokens;
+	const contexts = balanced.contexts;
+	const index = createIndex();
+	const declarations = new Map();
+	const domain = domainFromPath(filePath);
+
+	function mark(token, role, modifiers = ["declaration"]) {
+		declarations.set(token.start, { role, modifiers });
+	}
+
+	function addComponent(token) {
+		index.components.add(token.text);
+		mark(token, "componentName");
+		const alias = componentAlias(token.text);
+		if (alias) {
+			index.componentAliases.add(alias);
+			index.macros.set(alias, prefixDomain(alias) || prefixDomain(token.text) || "component");
+		}
+	}
+
+	function bindComponentCallees(alias, callees) {
+		if (!alias) return;
+		index.componentAliases.add(alias);
+		index.componentCallees.set(alias, callees);
+		if (!index.macros.has(alias)) index.macros.set(alias, "component");
+	}
+
+	for (let tokenIndex = 0; tokenIndex < tokens.length; tokenIndex += 1) {
+		const token = tokens[tokenIndex];
+		if (token.kind !== "identifier") continue;
+
+		const kind = registerKind(token.text);
+		if (kind) {
+			index.registers.set(token.text, kind);
+			if (tokens[tokenIndex + 1] && tokens[tokenIndex + 1].text === "=") {
+				mark(token, kind === "gpr" ? "gprRegister" : "cop2Register");
+			}
+		}
+
+		const context = nearestCall(contexts, tokenIndex);
+		if (context && context.argIndex === 0) {
+			if (context.callee === "MipsAtom_") {
+				index.atoms.add(token.text);
+				mark(token, "atomName");
+			}
+			if (context.callee === "MipsAtomComp_") addComponent(token);
+			if (context.callee === "atom_bind") index.bindTypes.add(token.text);
+			if (context.callee === "atom_phase" || context.callee === "phase_auto_reg") index.phases.add(token.text);
+			if (context.callee === "atom_label" || context.callee === "atom_offset") index.labels.add(token.text);
+		}
+
+		const isWrappedType = context && (
+			((context.callee === "Struct_" || context.callee === "Union_") && context.argIndex === 0) ||
+			(context.callee === "Enum_" && context.argIndex === 1)
+		);
+		if (isWrappedType) {
+			index.types.add(token.text);
+			mark(token, token.text.startsWith("Binds_") ? "bindType" : "duffleType");
+			if (token.text.startsWith("Binds_")) index.bindTypes.add(token.text);
+		}
+
+		if (context && context.callee === "atom_offset" && context.argIndex === 1) index.labels.add(token.text);
+
+		if (context && context.callee === "atom_auto_reg") {
+			if (context.argIndex === 0) index.atoms.add(token.text);
+			if (context.argIndex === 1) {
+				index.registers.set(token.text, "gpr");
+				mark(token, "gprRegister", ["declaration", "tapeAuto"]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (context && context.callee === "phase_auto_reg" && context.argIndex === 1) {
+			index.registers.set(token.text, "gpr");
+			mark(token, "gprRegister", ["declaration", "tapeAuto"]);
+		}
+
+		if (token.text === "define" && tokens[tokenIndex - 1] && tokens[tokenIndex - 1].text === "#") {
+			const name = tokens[tokenIndex + 1];
+			if (name && name.kind === "identifier" && name.line === token.line) {
+				if (/^(?:RegUse_|Struct_|Enum_|Union_|TypeR_|TypeV_|Relative_|Binds_)/.test(name.text)) {
+					index.types.add(name.text);
+				} else if (/^(?:ac_|mac_)/.test(name.text)) {
+					const alias = name.text.startsWith("ac_") ? componentAlias(name.text) : name.text;
+					const rest = [];
+					for (let restIndex = tokenIndex + 2; restIndex < tokens.length && tokens[restIndex].line === name.line; restIndex += 1) {
+						if (tokens[restIndex].kind === "identifier") rest.push(tokens[restIndex].text);
+					}
+					if (alias) {
+						index.componentAliases.add(alias);
+						index.macros.set(alias, prefixDomain(alias) || "component");
+						if (rest.length) index.componentCallees.set(alias, rest);
+					}
+				} else {
+					index.macros.set(name.text, domain || "utility");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (token.text === "typedef") {
+			let endIndex = tokenIndex + 1;
+			let hasBrace = false;
+			let lastIdentifier = null;
+			while (endIndex < tokens.length && tokens[endIndex].text !== ";") {
+				if (tokens[endIndex].text === "{") hasBrace = true;
+				if (tokens[endIndex].kind === "identifier" && !C_BUILTINS.has(tokens[endIndex].text)) lastIdentifier = tokens[endIndex];
+				endIndex += 1;
+			}
+			if (!hasBrace && lastIdentifier && !C_BUILTINS.has(lastIdentifier.text)) {
+				index.types.add(lastIdentifier.text);
+				mark(lastIdentifier, "duffleType");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (token.text === "MipsAtom_Proc_") {
+			const functionName = findFunctionNameBefore(tokens, tokenIndex);
+			if (functionName) {
+				const atomName = functionName.text.endsWith("_proc")
+					? functionName.text.slice(0, -5)
+					: functionName.text;
+				index.atoms.add(atomName);
+				index.atoms.add(functionName.text);
+				mark(functionName, "atomName");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (token.text === "MipsAtomComp_Proc_") {
+			const functionName = findFunctionNameBefore(tokens, tokenIndex);
+			if (functionName) addComponent(functionName);
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (const call of balanced.calls) {
+		if (call.callee === "MipsAtomComp_") {
+			const name = tokens[call.openTokenIndex + 1];
+			const brace = tokens[call.closeTokenIndex + 1];
+			if (name && name.kind === "identifier" && brace && brace.text === "{") {
+				bindComponentCallees(componentAlias(name.text), collectBraceIdentifiers(tokens, call.closeTokenIndex + 1));
+			}
+		}
+		if (call.callee === "MipsAtomComp_Proc_") {
+			const functionName = findFunctionNameBefore(tokens, call.calleeTokenIndex);
+			let braceIndex = -1;
+			for (let tokenIndex = call.openTokenIndex + 1; tokenIndex < call.closeTokenIndex; tokenIndex += 1) {
+				if (tokens[tokenIndex].text === "{") {
+					braceIndex = tokenIndex;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (functionName && braceIndex >= 0) {
+				bindComponentCallees(componentAlias(functionName.text), collectBraceIdentifiers(tokens, braceIndex));
+			}
+		}
+		if (!domain) continue;
+		const name = tokens[call.calleeTokenIndex];
+		const after = tokens[call.closeTokenIndex + 1];
+		if (!name || !after || after.text !== "{") continue;
+		if (/^(?:gp0_|gp1_|gte_|mac_)/.test(name.text)) index.macros.set(name.text, domain);
+	}
+
+	return {
+		index: resolveComponentDomains(cloneIndex(index)),
+		declarations,
+		tokens,
+		contexts,
+		errors: [...lexical.errors, ...balanced.errors],
+	};
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+	createIndex,
+	domainFromPath,
+	mergeIndexes,
+	resolveComponentDomains,
+	scanSource,
+};

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/syntaxes/tape_atom.tmLanguage.json

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+	"scopeName": "tape_atom.injection",
+	"injectionSelector": "L:source.c -comment -string, L:source.cpp -comment -string",
+	"patterns": [
+		{ "include": "#atom-declarations" },
+		{ "include": "#component-declarations" },
+		{ "include": "#annotation-arguments" },
+		{ "include": "#annotations" },
+		{ "include": "#delay-slots" },
+		{ "include": "#types" },
+		{ "include": "#attributes" }
+	],
+	"repository": {
+		"atom-declarations": {
+			"patterns": [
+				{
+					"match": "\\b(MipsAtom_)\\s*\\(\\s*([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)",
+					"captures": {
+						"1": { "name": "keyword.control.duffle.atom" },
+						"2": { "name": "entity.name.function.duffle.atom" }
+					}
+				},
+				{ "match": "\\bMipsAtom_Proc_\\b", "name": "keyword.control.duffle.atom" },
+				{ "match": "\\b[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*_proc\\b", "name": "entity.name.function.duffle.atom" }
+			]
+		},
+		"component-declarations": {
+			"patterns": [
+				{
+					"match": "\\b(MipsAtomComp_)\\s*\\(\\s*(ac_[A-Za-z0-9_]*)",
+					"captures": {
+						"1": { "name": "keyword" },
+						"2": { "name": "entity.name.function.duffle.component" }
+					}
+				},
+				{ "match": "\\bMipsAtomComp_Proc_\\b", "name": "keyword" }
+			]
+		},
+		"annotation-arguments": {
+			"patterns": [
+				{
+					"match": "\\b(atom_offset)\\s*\\(\\s*([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\\s*,\\s*([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)",
+					"captures": {
+						"1": { "name": "support.function.duffle.annotation" },
+						"2": { "name": "entity.name.label.duffle.atom" },
+						"3": { "name": "entity.name.label.duffle.atom" }
+					}
+				},
+				{ "match": "(?<=\\batom_bind\\()\\s*Binds_[A-Za-z0-9_]+", "name": "entity.name.type.duffle.bind" },
+				{ "match": "(?<=\\batom_phase\\()\\s*[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*", "name": "entity.name.tag.duffle.phase" },
+				{ "match": "(?<=\\batom_label\\()\\s*[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*", "name": "entity.name.label.duffle.atom" }
+			]
+		},
+		"annotations": {
+			"match": "\\b(atom_info|atom_bind|atom_reads|atom_writes|atom_label|atom_offset|atom_reg|atom_type|atom_ctx|atom_phase|atom_auto_reg|phase_auto_reg|atom_dbg_skip)\\b",
+			"name": "support.function.duffle.annotation"
+		},
+		"delay-slots": {
+			"match": "\\b(LdSlot_|BdSlot_|DmaSlot_|GteDelay_)\\b",
+			"name": "keyword.operator.duffle.delayslot"
+		},
+		"types": {
+			"match": "\\b(?:Binds_[A-Za-z0-9_]+|RegUse_[A-Za-z0-9_]+)\\b",
+			"name": "storage.type.duffle.type"
+		},
+		"attributes": {
+			"match": "\\b(?:FI_|I_|NI_|Relative_|Struct_|Enum_|Union_|Array_|Slice_|TypeR_|TypeV_|align_|internal|local_persist|global|RO_|LP_|gknown|expect_|cexpr_|asm|asm_words|asm_rpins|asm_clobber|O_|S_|C_|T_|tmpl|glue|r_|v_|tr_|tv_|rgcc|r_use|r_set|r_mod|r_imm|r_mem|u[1248]_|u[1248]_r|u[1248]_v|s[1248]_)\\b",
+			"name": "keyword"
+		}
+	}
+}

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/test/classifier.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const test = require("node:test");
+
+const { classifyDocument } = require("../classifier");
+const { createIndex } = require("../source-index");
+
+function byText(result, text) {
+	return result.spans.filter((span) => span.text === text);
+}
+
+test("classifyDocument distinguishes declaration, annotation, phase, bind, and label roles", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"typedef Struct_(Binds_CubeTri) { U4 PrimCursor; };",
+		"MipsAtom_(cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_CubeTri), atom_phase(cube_g4),",
+		"\tatom_reads(R_PrimCursor), atom_writes(R_FaceCursor)) {",
+		"\tbranch_le_zero(R_T0, atom_offset(cull, exit)),",
+		"\tatom_label(exit)",
+		"};",
+	].join("\n");
+
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.atom.c", createIndex());
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "MipsAtom_")[0].type, "tapeAtomKeyword");
+	assert.deepEqual(byText(result, "cube_g4_face")[0].modifiers, ["declaration"]);
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "atom_bind")[0].type, "tapeAnnotation");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "Binds_CubeTri").at(-1).type, "tapeBindType");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "cube_g4")[0].type, "tapePhase");
+	assert.deepEqual(byText(result, "cube_g4")[0].modifiers, ["declaration"]);
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "cull")[0].type, "tapeLabel");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "exit").every((span) => span.type === "tapeLabel"), true);
+});
+
+test("classifyDocument applies read and write modifiers to GPRs", () => {
+	const source = "atom_info(atom_reads(R_PrimCursor), atom_writes(R_FaceCursor))";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/test.atom.c", createIndex());
+
+	assert.deepEqual(byText(result, "R_PrimCursor")[0].modifiers, ["tapeRead"]);
+	assert.deepEqual(byText(result, "R_FaceCursor")[0].modifiers, ["tapeWrite"]);
+});
+
+test("classifyDocument separates CPU, GTE, GPU, and component domains", () => {
+	const workspace = createIndex();
+	workspace.macros.set("load_word", "cpu");
+	workspace.macros.set("gte_cmdw_rtpt", "gte");
+	workspace.macros.set("gp1_word_DisplayOn", "gpu");
+	workspace.macros.set("mac_yield", "control");
+	workspace.componentAliases.add("mac_yield");
+
+	const source = "load_word(R_T0, R_T1, 0), gte_cmdw_rtpt, gp1_word_DisplayOn(), mac_yield(), C2_MAC0, gte_cr_OFX_Code";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/test.c", workspace);
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "load_word")[0].type, "tapeCpuInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "gte_cmdw_rtpt")[0].type, "tapeGteInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "gp1_word_DisplayOn")[0].type, "tapeGpuInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_yield")[0].type, "tapeControlFlow");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "C2_MAC0")[0].type, "tapeCop2Register");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "gte_cr_OFX_Code")[0].type, "tapeCop2Register");
+});
+
+test("component invocations keep the domain resolved from their emitted instructions", () => {
+	const workspace = createIndex();
+	workspace.macros.set("mac_load_word_imm", "cpu");
+	workspace.macros.set("mac_gcmd_push", "gpu");
+	workspace.macros.set("mac_gte_store_f3", "gte");
+	workspace.macros.set("mac_load_v3s4", "cpu");
+
+	const source = "mac_load_word_imm(dst, imm), mac_gcmd_push(cmd), mac_gte_store_f3(cursor), mac_load_v3s4()";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.atom.c", workspace);
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_load_word_imm")[0].type, "tapeCpuInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_gcmd_push")[0].type, "tapeGpuInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_gte_store_f3")[0].type, "tapeGteInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_load_v3s4")[0].type, "tapeCpuInstruction");
+});
+
+test("utility macros without a hardware domain use the standard macro token", () => {
+	const workspace = createIndex();
+	workspace.macros.set("load_word", "cpu");
+	workspace.macros.set("assert", "utility");
+	workspace.macros.set("stringify", "utility");
+	workspace.macros.set("u4_hi", "utility");
+
+	const source = "load_word(R_T0, R_T1, 0), assert(ok), stringify(name), u4_hi(imm)";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c", workspace);
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "load_word")[0].type, "tapeCpuInstruction");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "assert")[0].type, "macro");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "stringify")[0].type, "macro");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "u4_hi")[0].type, "macro");
+});
+
+test("document-local declarations override an empty workspace index", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"MipsAtomComp_(ac_new_component) { nop };",
+		"MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, { nop })",
+		"mac_new_component(),",
+	].join("\n");
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/duffle/math.atom.c", createIndex());
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "MipsAtomComp_")[0].type, "keyword");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "MipsAtomComp_Proc_")[0].type, "keyword");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "ac_new_component")[0].type, "tapeComponentName");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "mac_new_component")[0].type, "tapeComponentInstruction");
+});
+
+test("delay slot markers share the tapeDelaySlot token", () => {
+	const source = "LdSlot_ nop, BdSlot_ nop, DmaSlot_ nop2, GteDelay_ nop";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/duffle/gte.atom.c", createIndex());
+
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "LdSlot_")[0].type, "tapeDelaySlot");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "BdSlot_")[0].type, "tapeDelaySlot");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "DmaSlot_")[0].type, "tapeDelaySlot");
+	assert.equal(byText(result, "GteDelay_")[0].type, "tapeDelaySlot");
+});
+
+test("classifier returns ordered non-overlapping spans and partial malformed output", () => {
+	const source = "atom_reads(R_A /* broken";
+	const result = classifyDocument(source, "C:/x/code/test.atom.c", createIndex());
+
+	assert.equal(result.errors.some((error) => error.kind === "unterminated-block-comment"), true);
+	for (let spanIndex = 1; spanIndex < result.spans.length; spanIndex += 1) {
+		const previous = result.spans[spanIndex - 1];
+		const current = result.spans[spanIndex];
+		assert.equal(previous.start + previous.length <= current.start, true);
+	}
+});

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/test/contract.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const fs = require("node:fs");
+const path = require("node:path");
+const test = require("node:test");
+
+const { TOKEN_MODIFIERS, TOKEN_TYPES } = require("../classifier");
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, "..");
+
+function readJson(filePath) {
+	const raw = fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8");
+	const stripped = raw.replace(/\/\/.*$/gm, "").replace(/,\s*([}\]])/g, "$1");
+	return JSON.parse(stripped);
+}
+
+function collectScopeNames(value, output = new Set()) {
+	if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+		for (const entry of value) collectScopeNames(entry, output);
+		return output;
+	}
+	if (!value || typeof value !== "object") return output;
+	if (typeof value.name === "string") output.add(value.name);
+	for (const child of Object.values(value)) collectScopeNames(child, output);
+	return output;
+}
+
+test("package semantic legend matches classifier exports", () => {
+	const packageJson = readJson(path.join(ROOT, "package.json"));
+	const contributedTypes = packageJson.contributes.semanticTokenTypes.map((entry) => entry.id);
+	const contributedModifiers = packageJson.contributes.semanticTokenModifiers.map((entry) => entry.id);
+
+	assert.equal(packageJson.version, "0.3.0");
+	assert.deepEqual(contributedTypes, TOKEN_TYPES);
+	assert.deepEqual(contributedModifiers, TOKEN_MODIFIERS.filter((name) => name !== "declaration"));
+});
+
+test("package includes runtime files only and acknowledges local-only metadata", () => {
+	const packageJson = readJson(path.join(ROOT, "package.json"));
+
+	assert.deepEqual(packageJson.files, [
+		"classifier.js",
+		"extension.js",
+		"lexer.js",
+		"source-index.js",
+		"syntaxes/tape_atom.tmLanguage.json",
+	]);
+	assert.equal(packageJson.scripts.package.includes("--allow-missing-repository"), true);
+	assert.equal(packageJson.scripts.package.includes("--skip-license"), true);
+});
+
+test("every semantic token has a scope mapping; DSL-specific tokens also have grammar scopes", () => {
+	const packageJson = readJson(path.join(ROOT, "package.json"));
+	const grammar = readJson(path.join(ROOT, "syntaxes", "tape_atom.tmLanguage.json"));
+	const mappings = packageJson.contributes.semanticTokenScopes[0].scopes;
+	const grammarScopes = collectScopeNames(grammar);
+
+	const grammarRequired = new Set([
+		"tapeAtomKeyword", "tapeAtomName", "tapeComponentName",
+		"tapeAnnotation", "tapeBindType", "tapePhase", "tapeLabel",
+		"tapeDelaySlot", "tapeDuffleType", "keyword",
+	]);
+
+	for (const tokenType of TOKEN_TYPES) {
+		assert.equal(Array.isArray(mappings[tokenType]), true, `missing scope mapping: ${tokenType}`);
+		if (grammarRequired.has(tokenType)) {
+			assert.equal(mappings[tokenType].some((scope) => grammarScopes.has(scope)), true, `grammar does not emit: ${tokenType}`);
+		}
+	}
+});
+
+test("TextMate offset labels stay scoped to atom_offset calls", () => {
+	const grammar = readJson(path.join(ROOT, "syntaxes", "tape_atom.tmLanguage.json"));
+	const serialized = JSON.stringify(grammar);
+	const offsetRule = grammar.repository["annotation-arguments"].patterns
+		.find((rule) => rule.match.includes("atom_offset"));
+
+	assert.equal(serialized.includes("(?<=,)"), false);
+	assert.equal(offsetRule.captures[1].name, "support.function.duffle.annotation");
+	assert.equal(offsetRule.captures[2].name, "entity.name.label.duffle.atom");
+	assert.equal(offsetRule.captures[3].name, "entity.name.label.duffle.atom");
+});
+
+test("workspace enables semantic highlighting", () => {
+	const settings = readJson(path.resolve(ROOT, "..", "settings.json"));
+	assert.equal(settings["editor.semanticHighlighting.enabled"], true);
+});

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/test/lexer.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const test = require("node:test");
+
+const { buildCallContexts, lex, nearestCall } = require("../lexer");
+
+test("lex skips comments, strings, and character literals", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"MipsAtom_(visible)",
+		"// MipsAtom_(line_comment)",
+		"const char *s = \"atom_reads(R_Hidden)\";",
+		"char c = '\\''; /* gte_cmdw_hidden */",
+		"atom_reads(R_Visible)",
+	].join("\n");
+
+	const result = lex(source);
+	const identifiers = result.tokens
+		.filter((token) => token.kind === "identifier")
+		.map((token) => token.text);
+
+	assert.deepEqual(result.errors, []);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("visible"), true);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("R_Visible"), true);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("line_comment"), false);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("R_Hidden"), false);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("gte_cmdw_hidden"), false);
+});
+
+test("lex reports unterminated block comments without returning comment tokens", () => {
+	const result = lex("R_Visible /* atom_reads(R_Hidden)");
+
+	assert.equal(result.tokens.some((token) => token.text === "R_Visible"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.tokens.some((token) => token.text === "R_Hidden"), false);
+	assert.deepEqual(result.errors.map((error) => error.kind), ["unterminated-block-comment"]);
+});
+
+test("line comments stop at CRLF boundaries", () => {
+	const result = lex("// atom_reads(R_Hidden)\r\natom_reads(R_Visible)\r\n");
+	const identifiers = result.tokens
+		.filter((token) => token.kind === "identifier")
+		.map((token) => token.text);
+
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("R_Hidden"), false);
+	assert.equal(identifiers.includes("R_Visible"), true);
+});
+
+test("balanced contexts retain multiline nesting and argument indexes", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"atom_info(",
+		"\tatom_phase(cube_g4),",
+		"\tatom_reads(R_A, nested(R_B, R_C)),",
+		"\tatom_writes(R_D)",
+		")",
+	].join("\n");
+	const lexical = lex(source);
+	const balanced = buildCallContexts(lexical.tokens);
+
+	const byText = new Map();
+	lexical.tokens.forEach((token, index) => {
+		if (token.kind === "identifier") byText.set(token.text, index);
+	});
+
+	assert.equal(nearestCall(balanced.contexts, byText.get("cube_g4")).callee, "atom_phase");
+	assert.equal(nearestCall(balanced.contexts, byText.get("R_A")).callee, "atom_reads");
+	assert.equal(nearestCall(balanced.contexts, byText.get("R_A")).argIndex, 0);
+	assert.equal(nearestCall(balanced.contexts, byText.get("R_C")).callee, "nested");
+	assert.equal(nearestCall(balanced.contexts, byText.get("R_D")).callee, "atom_writes");
+	assert.deepEqual(balanced.errors, []);
+});
+
+test("balanced contexts report unmatched parentheses", () => {
+	const lexical = lex("atom_reads(R_A");
+	const balanced = buildCallContexts(lexical.tokens);
+
+	assert.deepEqual(balanced.errors.map((error) => error.kind), ["unmatched-open-paren"]);
+});

.vscode/tape-atom-syntax/test/source-index.test.js

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"use strict";
+
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const test = require("node:test");
+
+const {
+	createIndex,
+	domainFromPath,
+	mergeIndexes,
+	scanSource,
+} = require("../source-index");
+
+test("scanSource discovers current atom and component forms", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"MipsAtom_(cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_phase(cube_g4), atom_reads(R_PrimCursor)) { mac_yield() };",
+		"MipsAtomComp_(ac_load_pair) { load_word(R_T0, R_T1, 0) };",
+		"internal MipsAtom* normalize_proc(AtomArena_R aa) MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, { mac_yield() })",
+		"FI_ void ac_store_pair(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, { store_word(R_T0, R_T1, 0) })",
+	].join("\n");
+
+	const result = scanSource(source, "C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/duffle/mips.atom.c");
+
+	assert.equal(result.index.atoms.has("cube_g4_face"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.atoms.has("normalize"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.components.has("ac_load_pair"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.components.has("ac_store_pair"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.componentAliases.has("mac_load_pair"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.componentAliases.has("mac_store_pair"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.macros.get("mac_store_pair"), "component");
+	assert.equal(result.index.componentCallees.get("mac_store_pair").includes("store_word"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.phases.has("cube_g4"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.registers.get("R_PrimCursor"), "gpr");
+	assert.deepEqual(result.errors, []);
+});
+
+test("scanSource discovers binds, labels, registers, typedefs, and macro domains", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"typedef Struct_(Binds_CubeTri) { U4 PrimCursor; };",
+		"typedef Enum_(U4, PadStatus) { PadStatus_Ok };",
+		"typedef U4 const MipsCode;",
+		"enum { R_PrimCursor = R_T7 atom_reg, C2_Custom = 12, gte_cr_Custom = 13 };",
+		"#define load_word(rt, base, off) enc_i(rt, base, off)",
+		"atom_bind(Binds_CubeTri)",
+		"atom_label(exit)",
+		"atom_offset(entry, exit)",
+	].join("\n");
+
+	const result = scanSource(source, "C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/duffle/mips.h");
+
+	assert.equal(result.index.bindTypes.has("Binds_CubeTri"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.types.has("PadStatus"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.types.has("MipsCode"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.registers.get("R_PrimCursor"), "gpr");
+	assert.equal(result.index.registers.get("C2_Custom"), "cop2");
+	assert.equal(result.index.registers.get("gte_cr_Custom"), "cop2");
+	assert.equal(result.index.macros.get("load_word"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(result.index.labels.has("entry"), true);
+	assert.equal(result.index.labels.has("exit"), true);
+});
+
+test("domainFromPath uses the declaration file rather than parent directory names", () => {
+	assert.equal(domainFromPath("C:/x/code/hello_gte/hello_gte.atom.c"), null);
+	assert.equal(domainFromPath("C:/x/code/duffle/mips.h"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(domainFromPath("C:/x/code/duffle/gte.h"), "gte");
+	assert.equal(domainFromPath("C:/x/code/duffle/gp.h"), "gpu");
+});
+
+test("component aliases inherit the domain of the instructions they emit", () => {
+	const headers = mergeIndexes(
+		scanSource("#define load_word(a,b,c) 1\n#define store_word(a,b,c) 1\n#define shift_aright_var(a,b,c) 1\n#define jump_reg(rd) 1\n", "C:/x/code/duffle/mips.h").index,
+		scanSource("#define gte_sw(rt, base, off) 1\n", "C:/x/code/duffle/gte.h").index
+	);
+	const math = scanSource(
+		[
+			"MipsAtomComp_(ac_load_v3s4) { load_word(R_T0, R_T1, 0) };",
+			"#define mac_load_p3s4 mac_load_v3s4",
+		].join("\n"),
+		"C:/x/code/duffle/math.atom.c"
+	);
+	const shift = scanSource(
+		"MipsAtomComp_(ac_shift_aright_var_v3_self) { shift_aright_var(R_T0, R_T0, R_T1) };",
+		"C:/x/code/duffle/gte.atom.c"
+	);
+	const gte = scanSource(
+		"MipsAtomComp_(ac_gte_store_f3) { gte_sw(C2_SXY0, R_T0, 0) };",
+		"C:/x/code/duffle/gte.atom.c"
+	);
+	const yieldAtom = scanSource(
+		"MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield) { load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), nop };",
+		"C:/x/code/duffle/lottes_tape.h"
+	);
+
+	const merged = mergeIndexes(headers, math.index, shift.index, gte.index, yieldAtom.index);
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_load_v3s4"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_load_p3s4"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_gte_store_f3"), "gte");
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_yield"), "control");
+});
+
+test("scanSource tags utility header defines as utility, not a hardware domain", () => {
+	const source = [
+		"#define assert(cond) ((void)(cond))",
+		"#define stringify(name) #name",
+		"#define u4_hi(imm) ((imm) >> 16)",
+	].join("\n");
+	const result = scanSource(source, "C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/duffle/dsl.h");
+
+	assert.equal(result.index.macros.get("assert"), "utility");
+	assert.equal(result.index.macros.get("stringify"), "utility");
+	assert.equal(result.index.macros.get("u4_hi"), "utility");
+});
+
+test("mergeIndexes prefers a hardware domain over a later utility define", () => {
+	const left = createIndex();
+	left.macros.set("sub_s", "utility");
+	const right = createIndex();
+	right.macros.set("sub_s", "cpu");
+
+	assert.equal(mergeIndexes(left, right).macros.get("sub_s"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(mergeIndexes(right, left).macros.get("sub_s"), "cpu");
+});
+
+test("mergeIndexes preserves domain-specific aliases", () => {
+	const left = createIndex();
+	left.macros.set("load_word", "cpu");
+	const right = createIndex();
+	right.componentAliases.add("mac_gte_store");
+	right.macros.set("mac_gte_store", "gte");
+
+	const merged = mergeIndexes(left, right);
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("load_word"), "cpu");
+	assert.equal(merged.macros.get("mac_gte_store"), "gte");
+});

LICENSE

@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
-This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
+Copyright (C) 2026 Edward R. Gonzalez
 
-Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
-distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
-binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
-means.
+This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+arising from the use of this software.
 
-In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
-of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
-software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
-of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
-successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
-relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
-software under copyright law.
+Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+freely, subject to the following restrictions:
 
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
-IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
-OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
-ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
-OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-For more information, please refer to <https://unlicense.org>
+1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+   appreciated but is not required.
+2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+   misrepresented as being the original software.
+3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

code/duffle/bios.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
 #	pragma once
 #endif
+
 enum {
 	bios_init_pad_2  = 0x12,
 	bios_start_pad_2 = 0x13,

code/duffle/dsl.atom.h

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
  *
  *  Annotation rules
  *  ----------------
- *      1. atom_info(...) is OPTIONAL. Atoms without atom_info are silently skipped by the metaprogram.
+ *      1. atom_info(...) is optional. Atoms without atom_info are silently skipped by the metaprogram.
  *      2. If present, atom_info takes up to three sub-calls, all order-independent within the arg list:
  *           - atom_bind(Binds_X)
  *           - atom_reads(...)
@@ -70,11 +70,31 @@
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * atom_reg (per-enum opt-in marker for the DWARF register-alias registry)
  *
- * The bare `atom_reg` token adjacent to an enum entry in mips.h / lottes_tape.h flags that alias as debug-visible for scan_source's register_alias_registry.
- * The C preprocessor strips it to a comment so no runtime symbol is created; the Lua scanner reads the bare token.
+ * Bare `atom_reg` token adjacent to an enum entry that alias as debug-visible for scan_source's register_alias_registry.
+ * Lua scanner reads the bare token.
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 #define atom_reg /* atom_reg: opt the preceding enum entry into the DWARF registry */
 
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// atom_auto_reg(atom, sym) — per-atom auto-allocated GPR binding.
+//   enum {
+//       atom_auto_reg(cube_g4_face, R_Fwdx),                // expands to: R_Fwdx = R_Fwdx_Code /* atom_auto_reg: cube_g4_face */,
+//       atom_auto_reg(cube_g4_face, R_Eye_z) atom_type(S4), // atom_type chains after
+//   };
+// (The macro IS the entire enum entry — no separate LHS=RHS. The `atom` scope is
+//  preserved in a trailing C-comment on the RHS so the Lua scanner can recover
+//  it after preprocessing strips the macro form. R_<Sym>_Code is resolved from gen/auto_reg.h which the .c file #include's before the enum declaration.)
+#define atom_auto_reg(atom, sym) sym = sym ## _Code /* atom_auto_reg: atom */
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// phase_auto_reg(phase, sym) — per-phase auto-allocated GPR binding.
+//   enum {
+//       phase_auto_reg(cube_g4, R_Temp0),     // expands to: R_Temp0 = R_Temp0_Code /* phase_auto_reg: cube_g4 */,
+//       phase_auto_reg(cube_g4, R_Temp1),
+//   };
+// (Same macro-as-enum-entry form as atom_auto_reg above; the `phase` scope is preserved in a trailing C-comment on the RHS for the Lua scanner to recover.)
+#define phase_auto_reg(phase, sym) sym = sym ## _Code /* phase_auto_reg: phase */
+
 /* ============================================================================
  *   atom_info :
  *      MipsAtom_(cube_tri) atom_info(
@@ -140,6 +160,8 @@
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 #define atom_bind(binds_struct)  /* atom_bind(binds_struct) */
 
+#define Binds_(type) (tmpl(Binds,type)) // TODO(Ed): Do we want to use this?
+
 /* ============================================================================
  * atom_label / atom_offset — branch target machinery
  *

code/duffle/dsl.h

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #	include "assert.h"
 #endif
 
-#define offset_of(type, member)  cast(U8,__builtin_offsetof(type,member))
+#define offset_of(type, member)  cast(U8,__builtin_offsetof(type,member)) // Compiler builtin version of O_
 #define static_assert            _Static_assert
 #define typeof                   __typeof__
 #define typeof_ptr(ptr)          typeof((ptr)[0])
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 #define asm           __asm__
 
-#define A_(data)      (& data)
+#define A_(data)      (& (data))
 #define align_(value) __attribute__((aligned (value)))             // for easy alignment
 #define align_(value) __attribute__((aligned (value)))             // for easy alignment
 #define C_(type,data) ((type)(data))                               // for enforced precedence
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@
 #define R_    restrict 
 #define V_    volatile 
 
-#pragma region Fictional //, used for intiution
+#pragma region Fictional 
+//, used for intiution
 
 #define EUB_  restrict // Execute Unit Bound:    Data is siloed in the ALU Register File. The Load/Store Unit is bypassed. (Route to Execution Unit.  Keep in registers)
 #define ISO_  restrict // Isolated Provenance:   Alternative to Exu_. Guarantees electrical memory isolation, 
@@ -83,20 +84,21 @@
 
 #define r_(ptr)        C_(T_(ptr[0])*R_, ptr) // Constrain pointer to restrict
 #define v_(ptr)        C_(T_(ptr[0])V_*, ptr) // 
-#define tr_(type, ptr) C_(type *R_, ptr)
-#define tv_(type, ptr) C_(type V_*, ptr)
+#define rt_(type, ptr) C_(type *R_, ptr)
+#define vt_(type, ptr) C_(type V_*, ptr)
 
 #define TypeR_(type)   type *R_ type ## _R  // type *restrict type_R
 #define TypeV_(type)   type V_* type ## _V  // type volatile* type_V
 #define PtrSet_(type)  TypeR_(type); typedef TypeV_(type)
 #define TSet_(type)    type; typedef PtrSet_(type)
 
-#define array_len(a)                   (U4)(sizeof(a) / sizeof(typeof((a)[0])))
-#define array_decl(type, ...)          (type[]){__VA_ARGS__}
+#define Array_len(a)                   (U4)(sizeof(a) / sizeof(typeof((a)[0])))
+#define Array_decl(type, ...)          (type[]){__VA_ARGS__}
 #define Array_sym(type,len)            A ## len ## _ ## type
 #define Array_expand(type,len)         type Array_sym(type, len)[len]; typedef PtrSet_(Array_sym(type, len))
 #define Array_(type,len)               Array_expand(type,len)
 #define Bit_(id,b)                     id = (1 << b), tmpl(id,pos) = b
+#define Bitmask_(b)                    (1u << b)
 #define Enum_(underlying_type, symbol) underlying_type TSet_(symbol); enum   symbol
 #define Proc_(symbol)                  symbol
 #define Relative_(symbol)              // Does nothing but annotate that a symbol is associated with another.
@@ -139,16 +141,16 @@ enum { false = 0, true  = 1, true_overflow, };
 
 typedef void Proc_(VoidFn) (void);
 
-#define kilo(n)                (C_(U4, n) << 10)
-#define mega(n)                (C_(U4, n) << 20)
-#define giga(n)                (C_(U4, n) << 30)
-#define tera(n)                (C_(U4, n) << 40)
+#define Kilo_(n) (C_(U4, n) << 10)
+#define Mega_(n) (C_(U4, n) << 20)
+#define Giga_(n) (C_(U4, n) << 30)
+#define Tera_(n) (C_(U4, n) << 40)
 
 #define null             C_(U4,    0)
 #define nullptr          C_(void*, 0)
 #define O_(type, field)  C_(U4, & C_(type*,0)->field)
-#define OA_(type, member, idx)  C_(U4, & C_(type*,0)->member[idx])
-#define OT_(field)              O_(typeof_ptr(& field), filed))
+#define OA_(type, aexpr) C_(U4, & C_(type*,0) aexpr)
+#define OT_(field)       O_(typeof_ptr(& field), field))
 #define S_(data)         C_(U4, sizeof(data))
 
 #define sop_1(op,a,b) C_(U1, s1_(a) op s1_(b))
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ def_signed_ops(le, <=)
 #define alignas                             _Alignas
 #define alignof                             _Alignof
 #define byte_pad(amount, ...)               B1 glue(_PAD_, __VA_ARGS__) [amount]
-#define pcast(type, data)                   (C_(type*, & (data)) [0])
+#define C_ptr(type, data)                   (C_(type*, & (data)) [0])
 
 #define dbg_args(...)                      __VA_ARGS__
 
@@ -200,6 +202,8 @@ def_signed_ops(le, <=)
 #define defer_info(type,expr, ...) for(type       info= {__VA_ARGS__}; info.once!=1;++info.once,(expr))    // Defer with tracked state
 
 #define do_while(cond) for (U8 once=0; once!=1 || (cond); ++once)
+
+#define Jmp_nZero_(cond,label) if (cond) goto label;
 #pragma endregion Control Flow & Iteration
 
 #define span_iter(type, iter, m_begin, op, m_end) ( \
@@ -216,16 +220,16 @@ def_signed_ops(le, <=)
 typedef Span_(S4);
 typedef Span_(U4);
 
-#if 0
 #pragma region Debug
-#define debug_trap() __builtin_debugtrap()
+#define debug_trap() __builtin_trap()
 #if BUILD_DEBUG
-IA_ void assert(U8 cond) { if(cond){return;} else{debug_trap(); ms_exit_process(1);} }
+	#define assert(cond) if(cond == false){debug_trap();}
 #else
-#define assert(cond)
+#	ifndef assert
+#		include <assert.h>
+#	endif
 #endif
 #pragma endregion Debug
-#endif
 
 #define GCC_OPTIMIZATION_DISABLE _Pragma("GCC push_options") _Pragma("GCC optimize(\"O0\")")
 #define GCC_OPTIMIZATION_ENABLE  _Pragma("GCC pop_options")

code/duffle/gcc_asm.h

@@ -79,14 +79,6 @@
  *  Why bundle the `__asm__()` wrapper?
  *  - The integer R_T4 (= 12, via R_T4_Code) already indicates the register.
  *  - The string "$12" is derived from it via reg_str, so they cannot drift apart.
- *  - Spelling `__asm__(reg_str(R_T4_Code))` at every call site is noise.
- *
- *  tmpl defined in dsl.h (token-paste glue). 
- *  rgcc define here (gcc_asm.h) because the `__asm__` keyword is GCC-specific. 
- *  Anyone porting to a different compiler's asm dialect overrides rgcc,
- *  and the integer→string derivation in rlit can be retargeted in one place.
- *
- *  For clobber lists and asm-template strings, use the bare `rlit(R_T4_Code)`.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 #define rgcc(n) __asm__(rlit(n))
 

code/duffle/gen/macs.h

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\bios.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\psyq.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\pad.c
-//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\math.atom.c
+//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\math.atom.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\mips.atom.c
-//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gte.atom.c
+//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gte.atom.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gp.atom.c
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\pad.atom.c
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\psyq.atom.c
@@ -35,15 +35,12 @@
  *  These do NOT yield. They are expanded inline inside Tape Atoms.
  * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 // The 'Yield' sequence for Tape Atoms (mac_yield).
-//   - mac_yield() is the safe default for atom-endings: 4 words, BD-slot of jr is mandatory nop.
-//   - mac_yield_load() + mac_yield_tail():
-//     - unconditional branch: mac_yield_load fills the branch's BD-slot (replaces a nop);
-//     - mac_yield_tail runs at the branch target (does NOT re-load R_AtomJmp).
 #define mac_yield(...) \
 	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0) \
+	LdSlot_ \
 ,	add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)) \
 ,	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp) \
-,	nop
+,	BdSlot_ nop
 WORD_COUNT(mac_yield, 4)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
@@ -55,13 +52,24 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_yield_load, 1)
 #define mac_yield_tail(...) \
 	add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)) \
 ,	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp) \
-,	nop
+,	BdSlot_ nop
 WORD_COUNT(mac_yield_tail, 3)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_load_half_v3(tx, ty, tz, base, offset) \
+	load_half(tx, base, offset + OA_(U2,[0])) \
+,	load_half(ty, base, offset + OA_(U2,[1])) \
+,	load_half(tz, base, offset + OA_(U2,[2]))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_load_half_v3, 3)
+
+#define mac_load_v3s2(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_load_half_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_load_v3s2, 3)
+
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_load_v2s2(rs_x, rs_y, r_base, offset) \
-	load_half( rs_x, r_base, O_(V3_S2,x)) \
-,	load_half( rs_y, r_base, O_(V3_S2,y))
+	load_half(rs_x, r_base, offset + O_(V3_S2,x)) \
+,	load_half(rs_y, r_base, offset + O_(V3_S2,y))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_load_v2s2, 2)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
@@ -71,26 +79,75 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_load_v2s2, 2)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_store_v2s2, 2)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_load_v3s4(rs_x, rs_y, rs_z, r_base, offset) \
-	load_word( rs_x, r_base, O_(V3_S4,x)) \
-,	load_word( rs_y, r_base, O_(V3_S4,y)) \
-,	load_word( rs_z, r_base, O_(V3_S4,z))
+#define mac_load_word_v3(tx, ty, tz, base, offset) \
+	load_word(tx, base, offset + OA_(U4,[0])) \
+,	load_word(ty, base, offset + OA_(U4,[1])) \
+,	load_word(tz, base, offset + OA_(U4,[2]))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_load_word_v3, 3)
+
+#define mac_load_v3s4(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_load_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_load_v3s4, 3)
 
-/* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_store_v3s4(rt_x, rt_y, rt_z, base, offset) \
-	store_word(rt_x, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,x)) \
-,	store_word(rt_y, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,y)) \
-,	store_word(rt_z, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,z))
-WORD_COUNT(mac_store_v3s4, 3)
+#define mac_load_p3s4(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_load_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_load_p3s4, 3)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_sub_v3s4(rds_x, rds_y, rds_z, rt_x, rt_y, rt_z) \
-	sub_s(rds_x, rds_x, rt_x) \
-,	sub_s(rds_y, rds_y, rt_y) \
-,	sub_s(rds_z, rds_z, rt_z)
+#define mac_store_half_v3(tx, ty, tz, base, offset) \
+	store_half(tx, base, offset + OA_(U2,[0])) \
+,	store_half(ty, base, offset + OA_(U2,[1])) \
+,	store_half(tz, base, offset + OA_(U2,[2]))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_store_half_v3, 3)
+
+#define mac_store_v3s2(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_store_half_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_store_v3s2, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_store_word_v3(tx, ty, tz, base, offset) \
+	store_word(tx, base, offset + OA_(U4,[0])) \
+,	store_word(ty, base, offset + OA_(U4,[1])) \
+,	store_word(tz, base, offset + OA_(U4,[2]))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_store_word_v3, 3)
+
+#define mac_store_v3s4(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_store_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_store_v3s4, 3)
+
+#define mac_store_p3s4(transfer, base, offset) \
+	mac_store_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_store_p3s4, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_add_si_v3s4(rt_x, rt_y, rt_z, base, offset) \
+	add_si(rt_x, base, O_(V3_S4,x)) \
+,	add_si(rt_y, base, O_(V3_S4,y)) \
+,	add_si(rt_z, base, O_(V3_S4,z))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_add_si_v3s4, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_sub_s_v3(dx, dy, dz, sx, sy, sz, tx, ty, tz) \
+	sub_s(dx, sx, tx) \
+,	sub_s(dy, sy, ty) \
+,	sub_s(dz, sz, tz)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_sub_s_v3, 3)
+
+#define mac_sub_v3s4(d, s, t) \
+	mac_sub_s_v3(d.x, d.y, d.z, s.x, s.y, s.z, t.x, t.y, t.z)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_sub_v3s4, 3)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_sub_s_v3_self(ds_x, ds_y, ds_z, tx, ty, tz) \
+	sub_s(ds_x, ds_x, tx) \
+,	sub_s(ds_y, ds_y, ty) \
+,	sub_s(ds_z, ds_z, tz)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_sub_s_v3_self, 3)
+
+#define mac_sub_v3s4_self(ds, t) \
+	mac_sub_s_v3_self(ds.x, ds.y, ds.z, t.x, t.y, t.z)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_sub_v3s4_self, 3)
+
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_store_rects2(rt_x, rt_y, rt_width, rt_height, base, offset) \
 	store_half(rt_x,      base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,x)) \
@@ -99,6 +156,39 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_sub_v3s4, 3)
 ,	store_half(rt_height, base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,height))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_store_rects2, 4)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_load_word_imm(dst, imm) \
+	load_upper_i(dst, u4_hi(imm)) \
+,	or_i_self(   dst, u4_lo(imm))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_load_word_imm, 2)
+
+#define mac_shift_aright_v3_self(dt_x, dt_y, dt_z, shift_amount) \
+	shift_aright(dt_x, dt_x, shift_amount) \
+,	shift_aright(dt_y, dt_y, shift_amount) \
+,	shift_aright(dt_z, dt_z, shift_amount)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_shift_aright_v3_self, 3)
+
+#define mac_shift_aright_v3s4_self(dt, shift) \
+	mac_shift_aright_v3_self(dt.x, dt.y, dt.z, shift)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_shift_aright_v3s4_self, 3)
+
+#define mac_shift_aright_var_v3(rd_v0, rd_v1, rd_v2, rs_v0, rs_v1, rs_v2, r_shift) \
+	shift_aright_var(rd_v0, rs_v0, r_shift) \
+,	shift_aright_var(rd_v1, rs_v1, r_shift) \
+,	shift_aright_var(rd_v2, rs_v2, r_shift)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_shift_aright_var_v3, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self(rds_v0, rds_v1, rds_v2, r_shift) \
+	shift_aright_var(rds_v0, rds_v0, r_shift) \
+,	shift_aright_var(rds_v1, rds_v1, r_shift) \
+,	shift_aright_var(rds_v2, rds_v2, r_shift)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self, 3)
+
+#define mac_shift_aright_var_v3s4_self(ds, shift) \
+	mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self(ds.x, ds.y, ds.z, shift)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_shift_aright_var_v3s4_self, 3)
+
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_load_tri_indices(r_face_cusor, r_i0, r_i1, r_i2) \
 	load_half_u(r_i0, r_face_cusor, 0 * S_(S2)) \
@@ -106,6 +196,30 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_store_rects2, 4)
 ,	load_half_u(r_i2, r_face_cusor, 2 * S_(S2))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_load_tri_indices, 3)
 
+#define mac_gte_mv_to_cr_diag_v3s4(v) \
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.y, gte_cr_RT13) \
+,	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.z, gte_cr_RT22) \
+,	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.x, gte_cr_RT11)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_mv_to_cr_diag_v3s4, 3)
+
+#define mac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4(v) \
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.x, C2_IR1) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.y, C2_IR2) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.z, C2_IR3)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_gte_op_cross_v3s4(a, b) \
+	mac_gte_mv_to_cr_diag_v3s4(a) \
+	GteDelay_  /* RT diagonal: D1 = a.x, D2 = a.y, D3 = a.z */ \
+,	mac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4(b) \
+	GteDelay_  /* IR: second operand (b.xyz) */ \
+,	gte_cmdw_cross                            /* OP: MAC1/2/3 = a × b (S12.20) */ \
+,	mac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4(a) \
+	GteDelay_  /* Read MAC1/2/3 → a.xyz (overwrites source-A's load targets) */ \
+,	mac_shift_aright_v3s4_self(a, 12) /* Right-shift MAC by 12 (S12.20 → S12.0 OuterProduct12) */
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_op_cross_v3s4, 13)
+
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_gte_store_f3(r_primitive_cursor) \
 	gte_sw(C2_SXY0, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p0)) \
@@ -114,24 +228,24 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_load_tri_indices, 3)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_store_f3, 3)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_gte_load_tri_verts(r_vert_base, r_v0, r_v1, r_v2) \
-	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v0, v3s2_byteoff) \
-,	add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base) \
+#define mac_gte_load_tri_verts(vbase, v0, v1, v2) \
+	shift_lleft(R_AT, v0, v3s2_byteoff) \
+,	add_u_self(R_AT, vbase) \
 ,	load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)) \
 ,	load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY0) \
+,	LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY0) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ0) \
-,	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v1, v3s2_byteoff) \
-,	add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base) \
+,	shift_lleft(R_AT, v1, v3s2_byteoff) \
+,	add_u_self(R_AT, vbase) \
 ,	load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)) \
 ,	load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY1) \
+,	LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY1) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ1) \
-,	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v2, v3s2_byteoff) \
-,	add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base) \
+,	shift_lleft(R_AT, v2, v3s2_byteoff) \
+,	add_u_self(R_AT, vbase) \
 ,	load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)) \
 ,	load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY2) \
+,	LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY2) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ2)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_load_tri_verts, 18)
 
@@ -149,23 +263,28 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_store_g4_p3, 1)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_gte_sqr_v3(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, r_sq_x, r_sq_y, r_sq_z) \
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx, C2_IR1) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy, C2_IR2) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz, C2_IR3) \
-,	nop \
-,	gte_cmdw_sqr \
+	mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, nop) \
 ,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_x, C2_MAC1) \
 ,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_y, C2_MAC2) \
 ,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_z, C2_MAC3)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_sqr_v3, 8)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(sx, sy, sz, delay_slot) \
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(sx, C2_IR1) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(sy, C2_IR2) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(sz, C2_IR3) \
+,	delay_slot \
+,	gte_cmdw_sqr
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_sqr_v3s4, 5)
+
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_gte_gpf_scale(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, r_recip_est, r_shift, r_dx, r_dy, r_dz) \
 	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_IR0) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx,        C2_IR1) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy,        C2_IR2) \
 ,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz,        C2_IR3) \
-,	nop2 /* retire IR0..IR3 → GPF input pre-fill (matches libgte 0x80016134..0x80016138) */ \
+,	GteDelay_ nop2 /* retire IR0..IR3 → GPF input pre-fill (matches libgte 0x80016134..0x80016138) */ \
 ,	gte_cmdw_gpf \
 ,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dx, C2_MAC1) \
 ,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dy, C2_MAC2) \
@@ -175,61 +294,50 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_sqr_v3, 8)
 ,	shift_aright_var(r_dz, r_dz, r_shift)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_gpf_scale, 13)
 
-/* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_normalize_v3s4(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, r_sq_y, r_sq_z, r_recip_est, r_lzcr, r_shift, r_tmp) \
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx, C2_IR1) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy, C2_IR2) \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz, C2_IR3) \
-,	nop \
-,	gte_cmdw_sqr	/* ─── Stage 2: mfc2 MAC1/2/3, sum, mtc2 LZCS ───	// Note: r_recip_est first used as the sum accumulator (= |v|²), which is also what LZCS needs. */ \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_y,      C2_MAC1) /* r_sq_y = MAC1 = sx² */ \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_z,      C2_MAC2) /* r_sq_z = MAC2 = sy² */ \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_MAC3) /* r_recip_est = MAC3 = sz² */ \
-,	nop                                      /* MFC2→GPR load delay (1 slot) */ \
-,	add_u(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_sq_z)  /* r_recip_est += sy² */ \
-,	add_u(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_sq_y)  /* r_recip_est += sx² (sum = |v|²) */ \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(  r_recip_est, C2_LZCS) /* LZCS = |v|² */ \
-,	nop2 \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_lzcr, C2_LZCR)      /* r_lzcr = LZCR (count of leading bits) */ \
-,	nop                                      /* MFC2→GPR load delay (1 slot) */	/* ─── Stage 3: compute shift amount, align |v|² to bit 24, lookup 1/|v| ───	// Matches libgte `bltz +0x10 ; nop ; b +0x14 ; sllv t4,v0,t3` pattern:	//   - bltz TAKEN  → nop (BD), jump to srav_path; sllv SKIPPED	//   - bltz !TAKEN → nop (BD), b +0x14 jumps to aligned_done; sllv (BD of b) executes */ \
-,	and_i(         r_lzcr, r_lzcr, -2)       /* r_lzcr &= ~1 (force even for halving) */ \
-,	li_s(          r_shift, 31)              /* r_shift = 31 */ \
-,	sub_s(         r_shift, r_shift, r_lzcr) /* r_shift = 31 - LZCR */ \
-,	shift_aright(  r_shift, r_shift,  1)     /* r_shift = (31 - LZCR) / 2 */ \
-,	add_si(        r_tmp,   r_lzcr, -24)     /* r_tmp = LZCR - 24 (signed, for branch) */ \
-,	branch_lt_zero(r_tmp, atom_offset(srav_path, aligned_done)) \
-,	nop \
-,	jump_rel(             atom_offset(aligned_done, srav_path)) \
-,	shift_lleft_var(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_tmp)     /* BD-slot of branch_equal: r_recip_est = |v|² << (LZCR - 24) */ \
-,	atom_label(srav_path)                                 /* SRAV path: |v|² is small (top bit < bit 24) */ \
-,	li_s(          r_tmp, 24) \
-,	sub_s(         r_tmp, r_tmp, r_lzcr)                 /* r_tmp = 24 - LZCR */ \
-,	shift_aright_var(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_tmp)    /* r_recip_est = |v|² >> (24 - LZCR) */ \
-,	atom_label(aligned_done)                                /* Both paths converge here with |v|² aligned to bit 24 */	/* r_recip_est now holds |v|² aligned to bit 24 — convert to byte offset, -64 to skip zero pad. */ \
-,	add_si(        r_recip_est, r_recip_est, -64) \
-,	shift_lleft(   r_recip_est, r_recip_est, 1)           /* r_recip_est *= 2 (half-word index) */	/* Reference OUR local sqrtbl via &-address split. Compiler/linker resolves both halves. */ \
-,	load_upper_i(  r_tmp, u4_hi(& gte_normalize_sqr_tbl)) /* lui */ \
-,	or_i_self(     r_tmp, u4_lo(& gte_normalize_sqr_tbl)) /* ori */ \
-,	add_u(         r_tmp, r_tmp, r_recip_est)             /* r_tmp = sqrtbl base + byte offset (matches libgte 0x80016118: addu t5,t5,t4) */ \
-,	load_half(     r_recip_est, r_tmp, 0)                 /* r_recip_est = sqrtbl[r_recip_est] = 1/|v| estimate */ \
-,	nop                                                   /* retire load_half before MTC2 (matches libgte 0x80016120: nop) */	/* ─── Stage 4: mtc2 IR0..3, GPF (MAC = IR0*IR), mfc2 MAC, srav finalize ───	// Componentized equivalent: mac_gte_gpf_scale. */ \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_IR0)  /* IR0 = 1/|v| estimate */ \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx,        C2_IR1)  /* IR1 = src.x */ \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy,        C2_IR2)  /* IR2 = src.y */ \
-,	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz,        C2_IR3)  /* IR3 = src.z */ \
-,	nop2                                   /* COP2 transfer latency (2 slots) */ \
-,	gte_cmdw_gpf \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sx, C2_MAC1)      /* MAC1 → r_sx (overwrites src.x with raw reciprocal-scaled) */ \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sy, C2_MAC2) \
-,	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sz, C2_MAC3) \
-,	shift_aright_var(r_sx, r_sx, r_shift) \
-,	shift_aright_var(r_sy, r_sy, r_shift) \
-,	shift_aright_var(r_sz, r_sz, r_shift)
-WORD_COUNT(mac_normalize_v3s4, 48)
+#define mac_trans_mt3s3s4(r_mtx, r_off, r_t0, r_t1, r_t2) \
+	load_word( r_t0, r_off, O_(V3_S4,x)) \
+,	load_word( r_t1, r_off, O_(V3_S4,y)) \
+,	load_word( r_t2, r_off, O_(V3_S4,z)) \
+,	store_word(r_t0, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[0])) \
+,	store_word(r_t1, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[1])) \
+,	store_word(r_t2, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[2]))
+WORD_COUNT(mac_trans_mt3s3s4, 6)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
+#define mac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift(shift, mag_sq, mag_sq_copy) \
+	and_i(shift, shift, gte_lzcr_even_mask) \
+,	or_u(mag_sq_copy, mag_sq, 0) \
+,	li_s(        mag_sq, 31) \
+,	sub_s(       mag_sq, mag_sq, shift) \
+,	shift_aright(mag_sq, mag_sq, 1)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift, 5)
+
+#define mac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation(to_ir0, to_ir1, to_ir2, to_ir3, fr_mac1, fr_mac2, fr_mac3, nop_slot1, nop_slot2) \
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir0, C2_IR0) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir1, C2_IR1) /* IR1 = src.x (preserved in r_tmp — r_mac2_scratch was clobbered to MAC2 in stage 1.5) */ \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir2, C2_IR2) \
+,	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir3, C2_IR3) /* IR3 = src.z (reloaded) */ \
+,	GteDelay_ nop_slot1 \
+,	GteDelay_ nop_slot2 \
+,	gte_cmdw_gpf \
+,	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac1, C2_MAC1) \
+,	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac2, C2_MAC2) \
+,	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac3, C2_MAC3)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation, 10)
+
+#define mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(fr_mac1, fr_mac2, fr_mac3) \
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac1, C2_MAC1) \
+,	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac2, C2_MAC2) \
+,	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac3, C2_MAC3)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123, 3)
+
+#define mac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4(v) \
+	mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(v.x, v.y, v.z)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4, 3)
+
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_gcmd_push(cmd, reg_transfer, reg_base, port) \
-	load_upper_i(reg_transfer, cmd >> 16) \
-,	or_i_self(   reg_transfer, cmd & 0xFFFF) \
+	mac_load_word_imm(reg_transfer, cmd) \
 ,	store_word(       reg_transfer, reg_base, port)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_gcmd_push, 3)
 
@@ -252,6 +360,7 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_pack_color_word, 3)
 	mac_pack_color_word(r_base, O_(Poly_F3,color), gp0_cmd_poly_f3, r, g, b)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_format_f3_color, 3)
 
+/* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_format_g4_color(r_prim_cursor, r0, g0, b0, r1, g1, b1, r2, g2, b2, r3, g3, b3) \
 	mac_pack_color_word(r_prim_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,c0), gp0_cmd_poly_g4, r0,g0,b0) \
 ,	mac_pack_color_word(r_prim_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,c1), 0,               r1,g1,b1) \
@@ -273,16 +382,16 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_format_g4_color, 12)
 WORD_COUNT(mac_insert_ot_tag, 11)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_pad_set_centered_axes(r_state, r_scratch) \
-	load_upper_i(r_scratch, (PadAxis_Centered_Word >> 16) & 0xFFFF) \
-,	or_i_self(   r_scratch,  PadAxis_Centered_Word        & 0xFFFF) \
-,	store_word(  r_scratch, r_state, O_(PadState,axes))
+#define mac_pad_set_centered_axes(state, scratch) \
+	load_upper_i(scratch, (PadAxis_Centered >> 16) & 0xFFFF) \
+,	or_i_self(   scratch,  PadAxis_Centered        & 0xFFFF) /* mac_load_word_imm(scratch, PadAxis_Centered), */ \
+,	store_word(  scratch, state, O_(PadState,axes))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_pad_set_centered_axes, 3)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
-#define mac_pad_set_id_byte(r_state, r_id, id_value) \
+#define mac_pad_set_id_byte(state, r_id, id_value) \
 	add_ui(    r_id, R_0, id_value) \
-,	store_byte(r_id, r_state, O_(PadState,id))
+,	store_byte(r_id, state, O_(PadState,id))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_pad_set_id_byte, 2)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
@@ -294,6 +403,6 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_pad_set_status, 2)
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_pad_store_inverted_buttons(r_buttons, r_pad_state) \
 	nor_u(     r_buttons, r_buttons, R_0) \
-,	store_half(  r_buttons, r_pad_state, O_(PadState,   buttons))
+,	store_half(r_buttons, r_pad_state, O_(PadState,buttons))
 WORD_COUNT(mac_pad_store_inverted_buttons, 2)
 

code/duffle/gen/offsets.h

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\bios.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\psyq.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\pad.c
-//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\math.atom.c
+//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\math.atom.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\mips.atom.c
-//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gte.atom.c
+//   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gte.atom.h
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\gp.atom.c
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\pad.atom.c
 //   source: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\duffle\psyq.atom.c
@@ -25,14 +25,22 @@
 #pragma region duffle
 
 
-// --- atom: ac_normalize_v3s4 (48 words) ---
+// --- atom: example_atom_proc (10 words) ---
 
-#define _atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done           6
-#define _atom_offset_aligned_done_srav_path           1
+#define _atom_offset_example_atom_proc_skip           2
+
+enum {
+    atom_offset_example_atom_proc_skip = _atom_offset_example_atom_proc_skip,
+};
+
+// --- atom: normalize_v3s4 (62 words) ---
+
+#define _atom_offset_aligned_done_srav_path           3
+#define _atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done           4
 
 enum {
-    atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done = _atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done,
     atom_offset_aligned_done_srav_path = _atom_offset_aligned_done_srav_path,
+    atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done = _atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done,
 };
 
 // --- atom: pad_bios_snapshot (84 words) ---

code/duffle/gp.atom.c

@@ -8,35 +8,35 @@ ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(gp_atom_c);
 
 #pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Components)
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gcmd_push(U4 cmd, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gcmd_push, {
-	load_upper_i(reg_transfer, cmd >> 16),
-	or_i_self(   reg_transfer, cmd & 0xFFFF),
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gcmd_push(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 cmd, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	mac_load_word_imm(reg_transfer, cmd),
 	store_word(       reg_transfer, reg_base, port),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_rgb8(U1 rr, U1 rg, U1 rb, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_store_rgb8, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_rgb8(AtomBuilder_R ab, U1 rr, U1 rg, U1 rb, U4 base, U4 offset) 
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	store_byte(rr, base, offset + O_(RGB8,r)),
 	store_byte(rg, base, offset + O_(RGB8,g)),
 	store_byte(rb, base, offset + O_(RGB8,b)),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pack_color_word(U4 r_base, U4 off, U4 cmd, U1 r, U1 g, U1 b)
-atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pack_color_word, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pack_color_word(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_base, U4 off, U4 cmd, U1 r, U1 g, U1 b)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	load_upper_i(R_AT, (cmd) << 8  | (b)),
 	or_i_self(   R_AT, ((g)  << 8) | (r)),
 	store_word(  R_AT, r_base, (off)),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_format_f3_color(U4 r_base, U1 r, U1 g, U1 b)
-atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_format_f3_color, { mac_pack_color_word(r_base, O_(Poly_F3,color), gp0_cmd_poly_f3, r, g, b) })
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_format_f3_color(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_base, U1 r, U1 g, U1 b)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, { mac_pack_color_word(r_base, O_(Poly_F3,color), gp0_cmd_poly_f3, r, g, b) })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_format_g4_color(U4 r_prim_cursor,
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_format_g4_color(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_prim_cursor,
 	U1 r0, U1 g0, U1 b0,
   U1 r1, U1 g1, U1 b1,
   U1 r2, U1 g2, U1 b2,
   U1 r3, U1 g3, U1 b3)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_format_g4_color, {
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	mac_pack_color_word(r_prim_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,c0), gp0_cmd_poly_g4, r0,g0,b0),
 	mac_pack_color_word(r_prim_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,c1), 0,               r1,g1,b1),
 	mac_pack_color_word(r_prim_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,c2), 0,               r2,g2,b2),
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_format_g4_color, {
 })
 
 /* Words: 11; Correctly inserts a primitive into the Ordering Table linked list. */
-I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_insert_ot_tag(U4 r_ot_base, U4 r_prim_cursor, U4 poly_size) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_insert_ot_tag, {
+// TODO(Ed): Expose R_T1 as a r_t0, r_V0 as r_t2
+I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_insert_ot_tag(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg r_ot_base, Reg r_prim_cursor, U2 poly_size) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	shift_lleft( R_T1, R_T1, S_(U4)/2),                        // T1 = otz * S_(U4) (otz arg is implicit R_T1)
 	add_u_self(  R_T1, r_ot_base),                             // T1 = & OrderingTable[OTZ]
 	load_word(   R_AT, R_T1,          O_(PolyTag,code)),       // AT = old_ot_head

code/duffle/gp.h

@@ -6,26 +6,13 @@
  *  Primitive commands: gp0_cmd_poly_f3 = 0x20    (byte opcode)
  *  Packed 32-bit cmd:  gp0_word_poly_f3(r, g, b) (32-bit, shifted)
  *
- *  Type ordering: domain?_(direction)?_action_target_modifier_type?
- *  Examples: add_ui             (add + unsigned + immediate)
- *            add_s              (add + signed, R-type implicit)
- *            shift_lleft        (shift + logical + left)
- *            shift_aright       (shift + arithmetic + right)
- *            call_reg(rs)       (call + register, $ra implicit)
- *            gte_mv_to_data_r   (gte + mv + to + data + register)
- *            gte_lw_v0_xy(base) (gte + lw + v0 + xy)
- *            load_upper_i       (load-upper + immediate, unique verb)
- *
  *  --- GPU-domain layer cake ---
  *  Every gp.h macro follows the same 4-layer composition as mips.h and gte.h:
  *    4. Semantic encoders      gp0_word_poly_f3(r,g,b)
  *    3. Composite encoders     enc_color_word(cmd, r, g, b)
  *    2. Per-field encoders     enc_gp0_color_r(r), enc_gp0_color_g(g), ...
- *    1. Bitfield layout consts gp0_color_red_shift = 0, gp0_color_red_mask = 0xFF
+ *    1. Bitfield layout consts gp0_color_red_pos = 0, gp0_color_red_width = 8
  *    0. Opcode IDs             gp0_cmd_poly_f3 = 0x20
- *
- *  Vendor mnemonics (gte_mtc2, gte_mfc2, etc.) are NOT in this header.
- *  They live in the opt-in `gp_vendor_sym.h` for users who prefer the PSYQ-style names.
  * ============================================================================ */
 
 #ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
@@ -68,13 +55,14 @@ enum {
 
 #define gp0_send(word) (HW_GP0[0] = (word))
 #define gp1_send(word) (HW_GP1[0] = (word))
+#define DmaSlot_ // Annotate an instruction as filling a CPU <-> Command DMA delay slot/s
 
 /* ============================================================================
  *  GP0 command byte constants + Layer 1 (GPU bitfield shifts)
  *  ============================================================================
  *  8-bit GP0 opcodes (the upper byte of a primitive's first word). These are the BYTE only.
  *  NO macro body past this point uses a raw shift or raw mask.
- *  Mirrors the OPCODE_SHIFT / RS_SHIFT / REG_MASK convention from mips.h.
+ *  Mirrors the OPCODE_POS / RS_POS convention from mips.h.
  * ============================================================================ */
 enum {
 	gp0_cmd_Nop             = 0x00,
@@ -116,21 +104,20 @@ enum {
 	gp0_cmd_SetDrawOffset        = 0xE5,
 	gp0_cmd_SetMaskBit           = 0xE6,
 
-	/* bitfield shifts / widths / masks ----
+	/* bitfield offset pos / widths ----
 		* Generic GP0/GP1 command byte (upper 8 bits of every word sent to either port). */
-	gp0_cmd_shift = 24,
+	gp0_cmd_pos   = 24,
 	gp0_cmd_width =  8,
-	gp0_cmd_mask  = 0xFF,
 
 	/* Color word layout (lives in Poly_F3.color, Poly_G4.c0..c3, etc.):
 		*   bits 31..24 = command byte
 		*   bits 23..16 = BLUE
 		*   bits 15..08 = GREEN
 		*   bits 07..00 = RED     (PSX GPU is BGR, NOT RGB) */
-	gp0_color_cmd_shift   = 24, gp0_color_cmd_width   = 8, gp0_color_cmd_mask   = 0xFF,
-	gp0_color_blue_shift  = 16, gp0_color_blue_width  = 8, gp0_color_blue_mask  = 0xFF,
-	gp0_color_green_shift =  8, gp0_color_green_width = 8, gp0_color_green_mask = 0xFF,
-	gp0_color_red_shift   =  0, gp0_color_red_width   = 8, gp0_color_red_mask   = 0xFF,
+	gp0_color_cmd_pos   = 24, gp0_color_cmd_width   = 8,
+	gp0_color_blue_pos  = 16, gp0_color_blue_width  = 8,
+	gp0_color_green_pos =  8, gp0_color_green_width = 8,
+	gp0_color_red_pos   =  0, gp0_color_red_width   = 8,
 };
 
 /* ============================================================================
@@ -143,12 +130,12 @@ enum {
  * ============================================================================ */
 
 /* ---- Layer 1.5: per-field encoders ---- */
-#define enc_gp0_cmd(cmd)       (((cmd) & gp0_cmd_mask)         << gp0_cmd_shift)
+#define enc_gp0_cmd(cmd)       ((cmd) << gp0_cmd_pos)
 
-#define enc_gp0_color_cmd(cmd) (((cmd) & gp0_color_cmd_mask)   << gp0_color_cmd_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_color_r(r)     (((r)   & gp0_color_red_mask)   << gp0_color_red_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_color_g(g)     (((g)   & gp0_color_green_mask) << gp0_color_green_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_color_b(b)     (((b)   & gp0_color_blue_mask)  << gp0_color_blue_shift)
+#define enc_gp0_color_cmd(cmd) ((cmd) << gp0_color_cmd_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_color_r(r)     ((r)   << gp0_color_red_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_color_g(g)     ((g)   << gp0_color_green_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_color_b(b)     ((b)   << gp0_color_blue_pos)
 
 /* ---- Layer 2: composite encoders ---- */
 #define enc_color_word(cmd, r, g, b) (enc_gp0_color_cmd(cmd) | enc_gp0_color_r(r) | enc_gp0_color_g(g) | enc_gp0_color_b(b))
@@ -211,38 +198,38 @@ enum {
 	gp1_disp_Color24    = 0x1,
 	gp1_disp_VInterlace = 0x1,
 
-	/* ---- Layer 1: GP1 display-mode + range + draw-area shifts/masks ---- */
-	gp1_disp_hres_shift      =  0, gp1_disp_hres_width      = 2, gp1_disp_hres_mask      = 0x3,
-	gp1_disp_vres_shift      =  2, gp1_disp_vres_width      = 1, gp1_disp_vres_mask      = 0x1,
-	gp1_disp_color_shift     =  4, gp1_disp_color_width     = 1, gp1_disp_color_mask     = 0x1,
-	gp1_disp_interlace_shift =  5, gp1_disp_interlace_width = 1, gp1_disp_interlace_mask = 0x1,
+	/* ---- Layer 1: GP1 display-mode + range + draw-area shifts/widths ---- */
+	gp1_disp_hres_pos      =  0, gp1_disp_hres_width      = 2,
+	gp1_disp_vres_pos      =  2, gp1_disp_vres_width      = 1,
+	gp1_disp_color_pos     =  4, gp1_disp_color_width     = 1,
+	gp1_disp_interlace_pos =  5, gp1_disp_interlace_width = 1,
 
 	/* GP1 horizontal display range: bits 0..11 = X2, bits 12..23 = X1 */
-	gp1_hrange_x1_shift = 12, gp1_hrange_x1_width = 12, gp1_hrange_x1_mask = 0xFFF,
-	gp1_hrange_x2_shift =  0, gp1_hrange_x2_width = 12, gp1_hrange_x2_mask = 0xFFF,
+	gp1_hrange_x1_pos = 12, gp1_hrange_x1_width = 12,
+	gp1_hrange_x2_pos =  0, gp1_hrange_x2_width = 12,
 
 	/* GP1 vertical display range: bits 0..9 = Y2, bits 10..19 = Y1 */
-	gp1_vrange_y1_shift = 10, gp1_vrange_y1_width = 10, gp1_vrange_y1_mask = 0x3FF,
-	gp1_vrange_y2_shift =  0, gp1_vrange_y2_width = 10, gp1_vrange_y2_mask = 0x3FF,
+	gp1_vrange_y1_pos = 10, gp1_vrange_y1_width = 10,
+	gp1_vrange_y2_pos =  0, gp1_vrange_y2_width = 10,
 
 	/* GP1 draw area (top-left or bottom-right): bits 0..9 = X, bits 10..19 = Y
-		* (10-bit signed — caller pre-signs and masks with the named mask) */
-	gp1_draw_x_shift =  0, gp1_draw_x_width = 10, gp1_draw_x_mask = 0x3FF,
-	gp1_draw_y_shift = 10, gp1_draw_y_width = 10, gp1_draw_y_mask = 0x3FF,
+		* (10-bit signed — caller pre-signs) */
+	gp1_draw_x_pos =  0, gp1_draw_x_width = 10,
+	gp1_draw_y_pos = 10, gp1_draw_y_width = 10,
 };
 
 /* ---- Layer 1.5: GP1 per-field encoders ---- */
-#define enc_gp1_disp_hres(h)      (((h) & gp1_disp_hres_mask)      << gp1_disp_hres_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_disp_vres(v)      (((v) & gp1_disp_vres_mask)      << gp1_disp_vres_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_disp_color(c)     (((c) & gp1_disp_color_mask)     << gp1_disp_color_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_disp_interlace(i) (((i) & gp1_disp_interlace_mask) << gp1_disp_interlace_shift)
+#define enc_gp1_disp_hres(h)      ((h) << gp1_disp_hres_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_disp_vres(v)      ((v) << gp1_disp_vres_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_disp_color(c)     ((c) << gp1_disp_color_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_disp_interlace(i) ((i) << gp1_disp_interlace_pos)
 
-#define enc_gp1_hrange_x1(x1) (((x1) & gp1_hrange_x1_mask) << gp1_hrange_x1_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_hrange_x2(x2) (((x2) & gp1_hrange_x2_mask) << gp1_hrange_x2_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_vrange_y1(y1) (((y1) & gp1_vrange_y1_mask) << gp1_vrange_y1_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_vrange_y2(y2) (((y2) & gp1_vrange_y2_mask) << gp1_vrange_y2_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_draw_x(x)     (((x)  & gp1_draw_x_mask)    << gp1_draw_x_shift)
-#define enc_gp1_draw_y(y)     (((y)  & gp1_draw_y_mask)    << gp1_draw_y_shift)
+#define enc_gp1_hrange_x1(x1) ((x1) << gp1_hrange_x1_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_hrange_x2(x2) ((x2) << gp1_hrange_x2_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_vrange_y1(y1) ((y1) << gp1_vrange_y1_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_vrange_y2(y2) ((y2) << gp1_vrange_y2_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_draw_x(x)     ((x)  << gp1_draw_x_pos)
+#define enc_gp1_draw_y(y)     ((y)  << gp1_draw_y_pos)
 
 /* ---- Layer 2: GP1 composite encoders ---- */
 #define enc_gp1_disp_mode_word(h, v, c, i) (enc_gp0_cmd(gp1_cmd_DisplayMode)            | enc_gp1_disp_hres(h)  | enc_gp1_disp_vres(v) | enc_gp1_disp_color(c) | enc_gp1_disp_interlace(i))
@@ -391,10 +378,8 @@ enum {
  *  Primitive structs (8 polygon variants + tag)
  *  ============================================================================
  *  Each struct follows the GPU-documented memory layout for the corresponding primitive command. 
- *  The PolyTag is the OT-link header; the rest of the struct is the primitive's body.
+ *  PolyTag is an OT-link header. Rest of the struct is the primitive's body.
  *
- *  The current working layouts match the existing demo 
- *  (floor_tri uses Poly_F3; cube_tri uses Poly_G4). 
  *  They are NOT necessarily byte-identical to the PSX-SPX reference layout. 
  *  The demo layout uses color+vertex interleaving that doesn't match the standard PSX SDK file format. 
  *  For PSX-SDK file compatibility, the textured variants (FT*, GT*) would need layout adjustments.
@@ -419,14 +404,11 @@ typedef Struct_(PolyTag) {
 	};
 };
 
-/* DSL cast convention: every cast uses `C_()`, every pointer qualifier is `R_` (restrict) or `V_` (volatile).
- * No raw C-style casts. RHS values are assumed to be `U4` — caller passes a `U4` directly. */
 #define set_len(tag,v)  (C_(PolyTag_R,tag)->len  = u4_(v))
 #define set_addr(tag,v) (C_(PolyTag_R,tag)->addr = u4_(v))
-/* `set_code` is no longer in the new PolyTag design — the code byte lives in the primitive body
+/* `set_code` is no longer in the new PolyTag design
  * (e.g. `((Poly_F3*)(p))->code`), not in the tag.
- *  Use the typed primitive structs (Poly_F3, Poly_G4, etc.) and the `set_poly_*` setters,
- *  which set both the tag's length and the code. */
+ *  Use the typed primitive structs (Poly_F3, Poly_G4, etc.) and the `set_poly_*` setters, which set both the tag's length and the code. */
 #define get_len(tag)  C_(U4,C_(PolyTag_R,tag)->len)
 #define get_addr(tag) C_(U4,C_(PolyTag_R,tag)->addr)
 
@@ -555,17 +537,17 @@ typedef Struct_(Poly_GT4) {
  *    bits 12..31  = reserved (zero)
  * ============================================================================ */
 enum {
-	/* ---- Layer 1: TPage bitfield shifts / widths / masks ---- */
-	gp0_tpage_x_shift            =  0, gp0_tpage_x_width            =  4, gp0_tpage_x_mask            = 0xF,
-	gp0_tpage_y_shift            =  4, gp0_tpage_y_width            =  1, gp0_tpage_y_mask            = 0x1,
-	gp0_tpage_semi_trans_shift   =  5, gp0_tpage_semi_trans_width   =  2, gp0_tpage_semi_trans_mask   = 0x3,
-	gp0_tpage_color_depth_shift  =  7, gp0_tpage_color_depth_width  =  2, gp0_tpage_color_depth_mask  = 0x3,
-	gp0_tpage_dither_shift       =  9, gp0_tpage_dither_width       =  1, gp0_tpage_dither_mask       = 0x1,
-	gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_shift = 10, gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_width =  1, gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_mask = 0x1,
-	gp0_tpage_tex_disable_shift  = 11, gp0_tpage_tex_disable_width  =  1, gp0_tpage_tex_disable_mask  = 0x1,
+	/* ---- Layer 1: TPage bitfield shifts / widths ---- */
+	gp0_tpage_x_pos            =  0, gp0_tpage_x_width            =  4,
+	gp0_tpage_y_pos            =  4, gp0_tpage_y_width            =  1,
+	gp0_tpage_semi_trans_pos   =  5, gp0_tpage_semi_trans_width   =  2,
+	gp0_tpage_color_depth_pos  =  7, gp0_tpage_color_depth_width  =  2,
+	gp0_tpage_dither_pos       =  9, gp0_tpage_dither_width       =  1,
+	gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_pos = 10, gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_width =  1,
+	gp0_tpage_tex_disable_pos  = 11, gp0_tpage_tex_disable_width  =  1,
 
 	/* TPage color-depth payload values (NOT bit positions — these go in
-	 * the 2-bit field at gp0_tpage_color_depth_shift). */
+	 * the 2-bit field at gp0_tpage_color_depth_pos). */
 	gp0_tpage_color_4bpp  = 0x0,
 	gp0_tpage_color_8bpp  = 0x1,
 	gp0_tpage_color_16bpp = 0x2,
@@ -573,7 +555,7 @@ enum {
 	/* Default TPage value libpsyx's SetDefDrawEnv writes (matches the `li v1, 10; sh v1, 20(v0)` sequence at C11_only.elf:0x8001273C). */
 	gp0_tpage_default    = 10,
 
-	/* TPage semi-transparency mode payload values (NOT bit positions). */
+	/* TPage semi-transparency mode payload values. */
 	gp0_tpage_semi_trans_none  = 0x0,
 	gp0_tpage_semi_trans_alpha = 0x1,
 	gp0_tpage_semi_trans_add   = 0x2,
@@ -581,13 +563,13 @@ enum {
 };
 
 /* ---- Layer 1.5: TPage per-field encoders. Mirrors enc_gte_sf/mx/v in gte.h. ---- */
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_x(x)            (((x) & gp0_tpage_x_mask)            << gp0_tpage_x_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_y(y)            (((y) & gp0_tpage_y_mask)            << gp0_tpage_y_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_semi_trans(s)   (((s) & gp0_tpage_semi_trans_mask)   << gp0_tpage_semi_trans_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_color_depth(c)  (((c) & gp0_tpage_color_depth_mask)  << gp0_tpage_color_depth_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_dither(d)       (((d) & gp0_tpage_dither_mask)       << gp0_tpage_dither_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp(d) (((d) & gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_mask) << gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_tpage_tex_disable(t)  (((t) & gp0_tpage_tex_disable_mask)  << gp0_tpage_tex_disable_shift)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_x(x)            ((x) << gp0_tpage_x_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_y(y)            ((y) << gp0_tpage_y_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_semi_trans(s)   ((s) << gp0_tpage_semi_trans_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_color_depth(c)  ((c) << gp0_tpage_color_depth_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_dither(d)       ((d) << gp0_tpage_dither_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp(d) ((d) << gp0_tpage_draw_to_disp_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_tpage_tex_disable(t)  ((t) << gp0_tpage_tex_disable_pos)
 
 /* ---- Layer 2: TPage composite encoder. Mirrors enc_gte_cmdw in gte.h ---- */
 #define enc_gp0_tpage_word(x, y, semi_trans, color_depth, dither, draw_to_disp, tex_disable) \
@@ -617,17 +599,17 @@ typedef Struct_(TexturePage) { U4 raw; };
  *    bits 24..31  = command byte — 0x20 (4bpp load) or 0x25 (8bpp load)
  * ============================================================================ */
 enum {
-	/* ---- Layer 1: CLUT bitfield shifts / widths / masks ---- */
-	gp0_clut_y_shift = 0, gp0_clut_y_width = 6, gp0_clut_y_mask = 0x3F,
-	gp0_clut_x_shift = 6, gp0_clut_x_width = 9, gp0_clut_x_mask = 0x1FF,
+	/* ---- Layer 1: CLUT bitfield shifts / widths ---- */
+	gp0_clut_y_pos = 0, gp0_clut_y_width = 6,
+	gp0_clut_x_pos = 6, gp0_clut_x_width = 9,
 	/* CLUT-load cmd-byte variants — the upper byte of the GP0 word. */
 	gp0_clut_cmd_Load4bpp = 0x20,
 	gp0_clut_cmd_Load8bpp = 0x25,
 };
 
 /* ---- Layer 1.5: CLUT per-field encoders ---- */
-#define enc_gp0_clut_x(x) (((x) & gp0_clut_x_mask) << gp0_clut_x_shift)
-#define enc_gp0_clut_y(y) (((y) & gp0_clut_y_mask) << gp0_clut_y_shift)
+#define enc_gp0_clut_x(x) ((x) << gp0_clut_x_pos)
+#define enc_gp0_clut_y(y) ((y) << gp0_clut_y_pos)
 
 /* ---- Layer 2: CLUT composite encoder ---- */
 #define enc_gp0_clut_word(cmd, x, y) (enc_gp0_cmd(cmd) | enc_gp0_clut_x(x) | enc_gp0_clut_y(y))

code/duffle/gte.atom.c

@@ -1,284 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
-#	include "gen/macs.h"
-#	include "gen/offsets.h"
-#	include "gte.h"
-#	include "gp.h"
-#	include "lottes_tape.h"	
-#endif
-
-ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(gte_atom_c);
-
-#pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Components)
-
-/* Words: 3; Loads 3 S2 indices from the face array */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_tri_indices(U4 r_face_cusor, U4 r_i0, U4 r_i1, U4 r_i2) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_load_tri_indices, {
-	load_half_u(r_i0, r_face_cusor, 0 * S_(S2)),
-	load_half_u(r_i1, r_face_cusor, 1 * S_(S2)),
-	load_half_u(r_i2, r_face_cusor, 2 * S_(S2)),
-})
-
-/* Words: 3; Stores the 3 transformed (V2_S2 screen) vertices to the F3.
- * PIPELINE: post-RTPT (SXY0=v0.screen, SXY1=v1.screen, SXY2=v2.screen). */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_f3(U4 r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_store_f3, {
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY0, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p0)),
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY1, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p1)),
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p2)),
-})
-
-/* Words: 18; Translates indices to vertex addresses and pushes them to GTE  */
-I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_load_tri_verts(U4 r_vert_base, U4 r_v0, U4 r_v1, U4 r_v2) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_load_tri_verts, {
-	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v0, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY0), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ0),
-	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v1, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY1), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ1),
-	shift_lleft(R_AT, r_v2, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, r_vert_base), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY2), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ2),
-})
-
-/* Words: 3; Stores the 3 transformed (V2_S2 screen) vertices of the
- * G4 triangle portion to p0/p1/p2.
- * PIPELINE: post-RTPT, pre-RTPS (SXY0=v0.screen, SXY1=v1.screen, SXY2=v2.screen). 
- * MUST be called BEFORE V3-RTPS, otherwise SXY0/1/2 get overwritten with v3
- * (RTPS writes only to SXY2, but to keep the three registers aligned with v0/v1/v2 you must store before RTPS). */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_g4_p012(U4 r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_store_g4_p012, {
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY0, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p0)),
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY1, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p1)),
-	gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p2)),
-})
-
-/* Words: 1; Stores the V3 screen coord to the G4's p3 slot.
- * PIPELINE: post-RTPS (SXY2 holds v3.screen because RTPS writes its single-vertex result to SXY2;
- * SXY0 still holds v0.screen from the earlier RTPT.
- */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_g4_p3(U4 r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_store_g4_p3, { gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p3)) })
-
-/* ─── STAGE 1 of normalize: SQR + mfc2 MAC1/2/3 ───
- * Emits squared magnitude per component (in MAC1/2/3) into caller-provided scratch regs.
- * Stage 2 of normalize consumes these directly.
- * Words: 8.  Clobbers: IR1/2/3, MAC1/2/3.  Uses gte_cmdw_sqr (sf=0, lm=1). */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_sqr_v3(U4 r_sx, U4 r_sy, U4 r_sz, U4 r_sq_x, U4 r_sq_y, U4 r_sq_z) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_sqr_v3, {
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx, C2_IR1),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy, C2_IR2),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz, C2_IR3),
-	nop, gte_cmdw_sqr,
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_x, C2_MAC1),
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_y, C2_MAC2),
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_z, C2_MAC3),
-})
-
-/* ─── STAGE 4 of normalize: mtc2 IR0..3 + GPF + mfc2 MAC + srav finalize ───
- * Reusable standalone — given an IR0 = 1/|v| estimate (typically from a sqrtbl lookup) and a shift count 
- * (typically (31 - LZCR)/2), multiplies IR0*IR[i] via GPF and shifts right to produce the normalized output.
- * Used standalone for "scale vector by scalar".
- * Words: 11.  Clobbers: IR0..3, MAC1..3.  Uses gte_cmdw_gpf (sf=0, lm=0). */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_gpf_scale(U4 r_sx, U4 r_sy, U4 r_sz, U4 r_recip_est, U4 r_shift, U4 r_dx, U4 r_dy, U4 r_dz) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_gte_gpf_scale, {
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_IR0),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx,        C2_IR1),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy,        C2_IR2),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz,        C2_IR3),
-	nop2, /* retire IR0..IR3 → GPF input pre-fill (matches libgte 0x80016134..0x80016138) */
-	gte_cmdw_gpf,
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dx, C2_MAC1),
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dy, C2_MAC2),
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dz, C2_MAC3),
-	shift_aright_var(r_dx, r_dx, r_shift),
-	shift_aright_var(r_dy, r_dy, r_shift),
-	shift_aright_var(r_dz, r_dz, r_shift),
-})
-
-/* ─── Local copy of PSYQ's sqrtbl (1/sqrt lookup table for VectorNormal). ───
- * Source: PSYQ 4.7 libgte sqrtbl at 0x800185B4 in hello_camera.elf.
- *   objdump -s --start-address=0x800185B4 --stop-address=0x800185F4 hello_camera.elf
- *   → 192 entries × 16-bit signed, in 1.12 fixed-point (max value 0x1000 = 1.0).
- *
- * Data is identical to the libgte original (byte-for-byte verified).
- * 
- * ─── Per-entry semantics (decoded from libgte msc02 VectorNormal) ───
- * Each entry is `1/sqrt(x)` in 1.12 fixed point (value / 4096).
- * The 192 entries span 4 octaves of the input magnitude, with 48 entries per octave:
- *   Octave 0 (entries  0- 47): mantissa in [0x8000,  0x10000)  output ~[1.000, 0.707]
- *   Octave 1 (entries 48- 95): mantissa in [0x10000, 0x20000)  output ~[0.707, 0.500]
- *   Octave 2 (entries 96-143): mantissa in [0x20000, 0x40000)  output ~[0.500, 0.354]
- *   Octave 3 (entries144-191): mantissa in [0x40000, 0x80000)  output ~[0.354, 0.251]
- * Within each octave, 8 sub-entries interpolate over the 8 fractional bits of the
- * mantissa (the byte `(0x80 | (i mod 8))` for the lower-byte of the aligned value).
- * Sampling the first value of each octave:
- *   [0]   0x1000 = 1.0000                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.0000)
- *   [48]  0x0e4f = 0.8940                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.2500)
- *   [96]  0x0d10 = 0.8164                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.5000)
- *   [144] 0x0c0a = 0.7520                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.7500)
- * And representative sub-entries within octave 0 (mantissa in [0x8000, 0x8100)):
- *   [0]   0x1000 = 1.0000                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8000)
- *   [1]   0x0fe0 = 0.9922                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8100)
- *   [2]   0x0fc1 = 0.9846                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8200)
- *   [3]   0x0fa3 = 0.9773                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8300)
- *   [4]   0x0f85 = 0.9700                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8400)
- *   [5]   0x0f68 = 0.9629                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8500)
- *   [6]   0x0f4c = 0.9561                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8600)
- *   [7]   0x0f30 = 0.9492                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8700)
- *
- * The algorithm's `addi -64 / sll 1 / lh` selects the entry at `(aligned - 64) * 2` for the case where `aligned` has its top bit at bit 24.
- * After the sllv/srav pair, `aligned` always lands in `[0x80, 0x100)` 
- * (with top bit at bit 24 → after `sub $aligned - 64`, the index sits in `[0x40, 0x80) * 2 = [0x80, 0x100)` bytes = entries [64, 128) within the sqrtbl).
- * The earlier 64 entries (octave 0) are reached when the magnitude after shifting puts the top bit below bit 24 (the `sllv` branch),
- * and the load upper_halves of the table bracket the input range.
- * The later 64 entries (octaves 2-3) are the `srav` branch when the magnitude's top bit is well above bit 24.
- *
- * 192-entry table is reproduced verbatim from libgte (verified against libpsn00b/psxgte/vector.s:100-123 — 24 rows × 8 halfwords, last entry 0x0804). */
-internal S2 const gte_normalize_sqr_tbl[192] align_(2) = {
-	0x1000, 0x0fe0, 0x0fc1, 0x0fa3, 0x0f85, 0x0f68, 0x0f4c, 0x0f30,
-	0x0f15, 0x0efb, 0x0ee1, 0x0ec7, 0x0eae, 0x0e96, 0x0e7e, 0x0e66,
-	0x0e4f, 0x0e38, 0x0e22, 0x0e0c, 0x0df7, 0x0de2, 0x0dcd, 0x0db9,
-	0x0da5, 0x0d91, 0x0d7e, 0x0d6b, 0x0d58, 0x0d45, 0x0d33, 0x0d21,
-	0x0d10, 0x0cff, 0x0cee, 0x0cdd, 0x0ccc, 0x0cbc, 0x0cac, 0x0c9c,
-	0x0c8d, 0x0c7d, 0x0c6e, 0x0c5f, 0x0c51, 0x0c42, 0x0c34, 0x0c26,
-	0x0c18, 0x0c0a, 0x0bfd, 0x0bef, 0x0be2, 0x0bd5, 0x0bc8, 0x0bbb,
-	0x0baf, 0x0ba2, 0x0b96, 0x0b8a, 0x0b7e, 0x0b72, 0x0b67, 0x0b5b,
-	0x0b50, 0x0b45, 0x0b39, 0x0b2e, 0x0b24, 0x0b19, 0x0b0e, 0x0b04,
-	0x0af9, 0x0aef, 0x0ae5, 0x0adb, 0x0ad1, 0x0ac7, 0x0abd, 0x0ab4,
-	0x0aaa, 0x0aa1, 0x0a97, 0x0a8e, 0x0a85, 0x0a7c, 0x0a73, 0x0a6a,
-	0x0a61, 0x0a59, 0x0a50, 0x0a47, 0x0a3f, 0x0a37, 0x0a2e, 0x0a26,
-	0x0a1e, 0x0a16, 0x0a0e, 0x0a06, 0x09fe, 0x09f6, 0x09ef, 0x09e7,
-	0x09e0, 0x09d8, 0x09d1, 0x09c9, 0x09c2, 0x09bb, 0x09b4, 0x09ad,
-	0x09a5, 0x099e, 0x0998, 0x0991, 0x098a, 0x0983, 0x097c, 0x0976,
-	0x096f, 0x0969, 0x0962, 0x095c, 0x0955, 0x094f, 0x0949, 0x0943,
-	0x093c, 0x0936, 0x0930, 0x092a, 0x0924, 0x091e, 0x0918, 0x0912,
-	0x090d, 0x0907, 0x0901, 0x08fb, 0x08f6, 0x08f0, 0x08eb, 0x08e5,
-	0x08e0, 0x08da, 0x08d5, 0x08cf, 0x08ca, 0x08c5, 0x08bf, 0x08ba,
-	0x08b5, 0x08b0, 0x08ab, 0x08a6, 0x08a1, 0x089c, 0x0897, 0x0892,
-	0x088d, 0x0888, 0x0883, 0x087e, 0x087a, 0x0875, 0x0870, 0x086b,
-	0x0867, 0x0862, 0x085e, 0x0859, 0x0855, 0x0850, 0x084c, 0x0847,
-	0x0843, 0x083e, 0x083a, 0x0836, 0x0831, 0x082d, 0x0829, 0x0824,
-	0x0820, 0x081c, 0x0818, 0x0814, 0x0810, 0x080c, 0x0808, 0x0804,
-};
-
-/* ─── Full normalize (all 4 stages inline) ───
- * Direct port of PSYQ libgte msc02.rel.text VectorNormal disassembly (0x800160a0..0x8001615c).
- *
- * Component variants that could apply:
- *   - `ac_gte_sqr_v3` (line ~56) covers stage 1's `mtc2 IR1/2/3 + nop + gte_cmdw_sqr`.
- *     We do NOT call it because the inlined version of stage 1 is followed immediately by stage 2's `mfc2 MAC1/2/3` chain 
- *     (the operands of `ac_gte_sqr_v3`'s r_sq_x/r_sq_y/r_sq_z would each require an explicit GPR to receive the MAC result,
- *      then a move to land in r_recip_est for the partial-sum chain).
- *     Inlining saves ~3 cycles of `or`-merge + register pressure
- *     (squared MAC3 lands DIRECTLY in r_recip_est which doubles as the partial-sum accumulator and the LZCS input — see r_recip_est row below).
- *   - `ac_gte_gpf_scale` (line ~71) covers stage 4's `mtc2 IR0..3 + nop2 + gte_cmdw_gpf + mfc2 MAC1/2/3 + sra`.
- *     We do NOT call it for the symmetric reason: the normalize in-place semantics overwrite the input regs (r_sx/r_sy/r_sz) with the normalized output,
- *     which `ac_gte_gpf_scale`'s r_dx/r_dy/r_dz output GPRs would not match.
- *   `gte_cmdw_sqr` and `gte_cmdw_gpf` primitive macros ARE used in the inlined body, so changes to those primitives
- *   (e.g., the libgte `fake_cmd` signature bits) propagate automatically. The components remain available for callers that want the explicit GPR-shape variants.
- *
- * Argument aliasing (9 unique physical regs needed, can drop to 8 with r_sq_y ≡ r_lzcr):
- *   r_sx, r_sy, r_sz        : src components in regs (clobbered by mtc2 → IR1/2/3 in stage 1, then by mfc2 MAC1/2/3 in stage 4 — in-place semantics)
- *   r_sq_y, r_sq_z          : MAC2, MAC3 → DIE after stage 2 accumulate (r_sq_y can alias r_lzcr after stage 2 to save one reg)
- *   r_recip_est             : ≡ r_sqmag — multi-purpose (holds |v|² in stage 2, shift-input in stage 3, sqrtbl[index] in stage 4)
- *   r_lzcr                  : LZCR value, alive across stage 3 (srav path needs `24 - LZCR`)
- *   r_shift                 : (31 - LZCR & ~1) >> 1 — final srav amount (stages 3-4)
- *   r_tmp                   : scratch (shift count, branch target, lookup addr, table base)
- *
- * GPR ccount peak: 9.
- * Pipeline: clobbers IR0..3, MAC1..3, LZCS, LZCR.
- * Words: ~35 (pending re-gen; matches libgte 0x800160a0..0x8001615c at +/- 0-2 words for BD-slot reshuffling).
- * Sqrtbl: hardcoded to 0x800185B4 (libgte msc02.rel.data). Note: swapped to local. */
-I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_normalize_v3s4(U4 r_sx, U4 r_sy, U4 r_sz, U4 r_sq_y, U4 r_sq_z, U4 r_recip_est, U4 r_lzcr, U4 r_shift, U4 r_tmp)
-atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_normalize_v3s4, {
-	/* 9-arg signature — must be on one line so the metaprogram captures the full arg list.
-	 *   r_sx, r_sy, r_sz        : in/out — src components, overwritten with normalized
-	 *   r_sq_y, r_sq_z          : scratch — MAC2, MAC3 → die after stage 2 accumulate (r_sq_y may alias r_lzcr post-stage-2)
-	 *   r_recip_est             : ≡ r_sqmag — multi-purpose (|v|² → shift-input → sqrtbl entry)
-	 *   r_lzcr                  : LZCR value (alive across stage 3 srav path)
-	 *   r_shift                 : (31 - LZCR & ~1) / 2 — final srav amount (stages 3-4)
-	 *   r_tmp                   : scratch — shift count, branch target, lookup addr, table base
-	 *
-	 * GPR ccount peak: 9.
-	 * Pipeline: clobbers IR0..3, MAC1..3, LZCS, LZCR.
-	 * Words: ~35 (pending re-gen; matches libgte 0x800160a0..0x8001615c at +/- 0-2 words).
-	 *
-	 * Sqrtbl address: link-time constant `&gte_normalize_sqrtbl`, split via >>16 and &0xFFFF. */
-
-	// ─── Stage 1: mtc2 src → IR1/2/3, SQR fires (MAC1/2/3 = IR², IR ← MAC saturated) ───
-	// Componentized equivalent: mac_gte_sqr_v3(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, r_sq_x, r_sq_y, r_sq_z).
-	// We inline for GPR-pressure reasons (see file-level comment).
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx, C2_IR1),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy, C2_IR2),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz, C2_IR3),
-	nop, gte_cmdw_sqr,
-
-	// ─── Stage 2: mfc2 MAC1/2/3, sum, mtc2 LZCS ───
-	// Note: r_recip_est first used as the sum accumulator (= |v|²), which is also what LZCS needs.
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_y,      C2_MAC1), /* r_sq_y = MAC1 = sx² */
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_z,      C2_MAC2), /* r_sq_z = MAC2 = sy² */
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_MAC3), /* r_recip_est = MAC3 = sz² */
-	nop,                                      /* MFC2→GPR load delay (1 slot) */
-	add_u(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_sq_z),  /* r_recip_est += sy² */
-	add_u(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_sq_y),  /* r_recip_est += sx² (sum = |v|²) */
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(  r_recip_est, C2_LZCS), /* LZCS = |v|² */
-	nop2,
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_lzcr, C2_LZCR),      /* r_lzcr = LZCR (count of leading bits) */
-	nop,                                      /* MFC2→GPR load delay (1 slot) */
-
-	// ─── Stage 3: compute shift amount, align |v|² to bit 24, lookup 1/|v| ───
-	// Matches libgte `bltz +0x10 ; nop ; b +0x14 ; sllv t4,v0,t3` pattern:
-	//   - bltz TAKEN  → nop (BD), jump to srav_path; sllv SKIPPED
-	//   - bltz !TAKEN → nop (BD), b +0x14 jumps to aligned_done; sllv (BD of b) executes
-	and_i(         r_lzcr, r_lzcr, -2),       /* r_lzcr &= ~1 (force even for halving) */
-	li_s(          r_shift, 31),              /* r_shift = 31 */
-	sub_s(         r_shift, r_shift, r_lzcr), /* r_shift = 31 - LZCR */
-	shift_aright(  r_shift, r_shift,  1),     /* r_shift = (31 - LZCR) / 2 */
-	add_si(        r_tmp,   r_lzcr, -24),     /* r_tmp = LZCR - 24 (signed, for branch) */
-	branch_lt_zero(r_tmp, atom_offset(srav_path, aligned_done)), nop,
-	jump_rel(             atom_offset(aligned_done, srav_path)),
-	shift_lleft_var(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_tmp),     /* BD-slot of branch_equal: r_recip_est = |v|² << (LZCR - 24) */
-	atom_label(srav_path)                                 /* SRAV path: |v|² is small (top bit < bit 24) */
-	li_s(          r_tmp, 24),
-	sub_s(         r_tmp, r_tmp, r_lzcr),                 /* r_tmp = 24 - LZCR */
-	shift_aright_var(r_recip_est, r_recip_est, r_tmp),    /* r_recip_est = |v|² >> (24 - LZCR) */
-atom_label(aligned_done)                                /* Both paths converge here with |v|² aligned to bit 24 */
-	/* r_recip_est now holds |v|² aligned to bit 24 — convert to byte offset, -64 to skip zero pad. */
-	add_si(        r_recip_est, r_recip_est, -64),
-	shift_lleft(   r_recip_est, r_recip_est, 1),           /* r_recip_est *= 2 (half-word index) */
-	/* Reference OUR local sqrtbl via &-address split. Compiler/linker resolves both halves. */
-	load_upper_i(  r_tmp, u4_hi(& gte_normalize_sqr_tbl)), /* lui */
-	or_i_self(     r_tmp, u4_lo(& gte_normalize_sqr_tbl)), /* ori */
-	add_u(         r_tmp, r_tmp, r_recip_est),             /* r_tmp = sqrtbl base + byte offset (matches libgte 0x80016118: addu t5,t5,t4) */
-	load_half(     r_recip_est, r_tmp, 0),                 /* r_recip_est = sqrtbl[r_recip_est] = 1/|v| estimate */
-	nop,                                                   /* retire load_half before MTC2 (matches libgte 0x80016120: nop) */
-
-	// ─── Stage 4: mtc2 IR0..3, GPF (MAC = IR0*IR), mfc2 MAC, srav finalize ───
-	// Componentized equivalent: mac_gte_gpf_scale.
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_IR0),  /* IR0 = 1/|v| estimate */
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx,        C2_IR1),  /* IR1 = src.x */
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy,        C2_IR2),  /* IR2 = src.y */
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz,        C2_IR3),  /* IR3 = src.z */
-	nop2,                                   /* COP2 transfer latency (2 slots) */
-	gte_cmdw_gpf,
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sx, C2_MAC1),      /* MAC1 → r_sx (overwrites src.x with raw reciprocal-scaled) */
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sy, C2_MAC2),
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sz, C2_MAC3),
-	shift_aright_var(r_sx, r_sx, r_shift),
-	shift_aright_var(r_sy, r_sy, r_shift),
-	shift_aright_var(r_sz, r_sz, r_shift),
-})
-
-#pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Components)
-
-#pragma region Bsked Atoms
-
-typedef Struct_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4) {
-	MT3_S2S4* transform;
-};
-internal MipsAtom_(set_gte_mt3s2s4) atom_info(
-		atom_bind(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4)
-	,	atom_reads(R_TapePtr)
-){
-	/* Pop matrix address from tape into R_T3 ($11) */
-	load_word(R_T3, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4,transform)),
-	add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4)),
-	/* Load 3x3 Rotation + 3x1 Translation from R_T3 into GTE CONTROL Regs (ctc2) */
-	load_word(R_T0, R_T3, 0),  load_word(R_T1, R_T3,  4),
-	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_RT11), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_RT12),
-	load_word(R_T0, R_T3, 8),  load_word(R_T1, R_T3, 12), load_word(R_T2, R_T3, 16),
-	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_RT13), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_RT21), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T2, gte_cr_RT22),
-	load_word(R_T0, R_T3, 20), load_word(R_T1, R_T3, 24), load_word(R_T2, R_T3, 28),
-	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_TRX),  gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_TRY),  gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T2, gte_cr_TRZ),
-	mac_yield()
-};
-
-#pragma endregion Baked Atoms

code/duffle/gte.atom.h

@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
+#	include "gen/macs.h"
+#	include "gen/offsets.h"
+#	include "gte.h"
+#	include "gp.h"
+#	include "lottes_tape.h"	
+#endif
+
+ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(gte_atom_c);
+
+#pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Components)
+
+/* Words: 3; Loads 3 S2 indices from the face array */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_tri_indices(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_face_cusor, U4 r_i0, U4 r_i1, U4 r_i2)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_half_u(r_i0, r_face_cusor, 0 * S_(S2)),
+	load_half_u(r_i1, r_face_cusor, 1 * S_(S2)),
+	load_half_u(r_i2, r_face_cusor, 2 * S_(S2)),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_mv_to_cr_diag_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) v) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.y, gte_cr_RT13),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.z, gte_cr_RT22),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(v.x, gte_cr_RT11),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) v) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.x, C2_IR1),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.y, C2_IR2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(v.z, C2_IR3),
+})
+
+/* ─── GTE OP cross product (a × b → a) ───
+ * Sets up RT diagonal from a.xyz, IR1/2/3 from b.xyz, fires OP,
+ * reads MAC1/2/3, shifts right 12 (S12.20 → S12.0 OuterProduct12), writes back to a.xyz.
+ * Composes the three sub-primitives (RT-load, IR-load, OP, MAC-read, shift)
+ * into one component for use by atoms that need the cross product inline.
+ *
+ * Output gpr (a) aliases source-A gpr; MAC read clobbers source-A's load targets,
+ * but by that point the RT load is complete and source A is dead.
+ * Pipeline: clobbers IR1..3, MAC1..3, RT11..33.
+ *
+ * The CPU→COP2 transfer chains (3 ctc2, 3 mtc2) require a 2-slot retirement gap,
+ * and the MFC2→GPR chain (3 mfc2) requires a 1-slot retirement gap, before the GPR can be read.
+ * The hazard nops are inlined below — same convention as ac_gte_gpf_scale — so any atom body inlining this component inherits them.
+ *
+ * Words: 18 (3 ctc2 + 2 nop + 3 mtc2 + 2 nop + 1 op + 3 mfc2 + 1 nop + 3 sra).
+ */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_op_cross_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) a, Reg_(V3_S4) b) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	mac_gte_mv_to_cr_diag_v3s4(a),  GteDelay_  /* RT diagonal: D1 = a.x, D2 = a.y, D3 = a.z */
+	mac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4(b),       GteDelay_  /* IR: second operand (b.xyz) */
+	gte_cmdw_cross,                            /* OP: MAC1/2/3 = a × b (S12.20) */
+	mac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4(a), GteDelay_  /* Read MAC1/2/3 → a.xyz (overwrites source-A's load targets) */
+	mac_shift_aright_v3s4_self(a, 12), /* Right-shift MAC by 12 (S12.20 → S12.0 OuterProduct12) */
+})
+
+/* Words: 3; Stores the 3 transformed (V2_S2 screen) vertices to the F3.
+ * PIPELINE: post-RTPT (SXY0=v0.screen, SXY1=v1.screen, SXY2=v2.screen). */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_f3(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY0, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p0)),
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY1, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p1)),
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_F3,p2)),
+})
+
+/* Words: 18; Translates indices to vertex addresses and pushes them to GTE  */
+I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_load_tri_verts(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg vbase, Reg v0, Reg v1, Reg v2) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	shift_lleft(R_AT, v0, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, vbase), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY0), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ0),
+	shift_lleft(R_AT, v1, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, vbase), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY1), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ1),
+	shift_lleft(R_AT, v2, v3s2_byteoff), add_u_self(R_AT, vbase), load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,x)), load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2,z)), LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY2), gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ2),
+})
+
+/* Words: 3; Stores the 3 transformed (V2_S2 screen) vertices of the
+ * G4 triangle portion to p0/p1/p2.
+ * PIPELINE: post-RTPT, pre-RTPS (SXY0=v0.screen, SXY1=v1.screen, SXY2=v2.screen).
+ * MUST be called BEFORE V3-RTPS, otherwise SXY0/1/2 get overwritten with v3
+ * (RTPS writes only to SXY2, but to keep the three registers aligned with v0/v1/v2 you must store before RTPS). */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_g4_p012(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY0, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p0)),
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY1, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p1)),
+	gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p2)),
+})
+
+/* Words: 1; Stores the V3 screen coord to the G4's p3 slot.
+ * PIPELINE: post-RTPS (SXY2 holds v3.screen because RTPS writes its single-vertex result to SXY2;
+ * SXY0 still holds v0.screen from the earlier RTPT.
+ */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_store_g4_p3(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_primitive_cursor) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, { gte_sw(C2_SXY2, r_primitive_cursor, O_(Poly_G4,p3)) })
+
+/* ─── STAGE 1 of normalize: SQR + mfc2 MAC1/2/3 ───
+ * Emits squared magnitude per component (in MAC1/2/3) into caller-provided scratch regs. */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_sqr_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_sx, U4 r_sy, U4 r_sz, U4 r_sq_x, U4 r_sq_y, U4 r_sq_z) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(r_sx, r_sy, r_sz, nop),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_x, C2_MAC1),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_y, C2_MAC2),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_sq_z, C2_MAC3),
+})
+
+/* ─── SQR FIRE — mtc2 3 GPRs into IR1/IR2/IR3, then fire SQR. ─── */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_sqr_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg sx, Reg sy, Reg sz, MipsCode delay_slot)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(sx, C2_IR1),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(sy, C2_IR2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(sz, C2_IR3),
+	delay_slot, gte_cmdw_sqr,
+})
+
+/* ─── STAGE 4 of normalize: mtc2 IR0..3 + GPF + mfc2 MAC + srav finalize ───
+ * Reusable standalone — given an IR0 = 1/|v| estimate (typically from a sqrtbl lookup) and a shift count 
+ * (typically (31 - LZCR)/2), multiplies IR0*IR[i] via GPF and shifts right to produce the normalized output.
+ * Used standalone for "scale vector by scalar".
+ * Words: 11.  Clobbers: IR0..3, MAC1..3.  Uses gte_cmdw_gpf (sf=0, lm=0). */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_gpf_scale(AtomBuilder_R ab, 
+	U4 r_sx, U4 r_sy, U4 r_sz, 
+	U4 r_recip_est, U4 r_shift, 
+	U4 r_dx, U4 r_dy, U4 r_dz)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_recip_est, C2_IR0),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sx,        C2_IR1),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sy,        C2_IR2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r_sz,        C2_IR3),
+	GteDelay_ nop2, /* retire IR0..IR3 → GPF input pre-fill (matches libgte 0x80016134..0x80016138) */
+	gte_cmdw_gpf,
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dx, C2_MAC1),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dy, C2_MAC2),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r_dz, C2_MAC3),
+	shift_aright_var(r_dx, r_dx, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(r_dy, r_dy, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(r_dz, r_dz, r_shift),
+})
+
+/* ─── TRANS MATRIX (libgte TransMatrix port) ───
+ * Atom component — auto-generates mac_trans_matrix Mac composer macro.
+ * m->t = v (struct copy; libgte's TransMatrix at 0x8001a540 is just 3 store_words, no GTE, no add).
+ * Uses 1 GPR (r_t1 = off value) per axis; per-axis load-delay-slot pattern.
+ * Words: 9.  Clobbers: r_t1. */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_trans_mt3s3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab
+	,	U4 r_mtx, U4 r_off
+	,	U4 r_t0, U4 r_t1, U4 r_t2
+) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_word( r_t0, r_off, O_(V3_S4,x)),
+	load_word( r_t1, r_off, O_(V3_S4,y)),
+	load_word( r_t2, r_off, O_(V3_S4,z)),
+	store_word(r_t0, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[0])),
+	store_word(r_t1, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[1])),
+	store_word(r_t2, r_mtx, O_(MT3_S2S4,t[2])),
+})
+
+/* ─── LZCR ROUND EVEN + HALF-SHIFT ───
+ * Takes the raw LZCR leading-zero/ones count (from mfc2 C2_LZCR, range 1..32 per PSX-SPX cop2r31) and the |v|² sum (in r_mag_sq from the MAC1+MAC2+MAC3 add).
+ * Produces:
+ *   r_shift        ← LZCR rounded down to even (clear bit 0)
+ *   r_mag_sq_copy  ← |v|² sum (moved out of r_mag_sq before it's overwritten)
+ *   r_mag_sq       ← (31 - even_LZCR) / 2 = the final srav/GPF shift amount
+ *
+ * Rounding to even ensures (31 - LZCR) is always odd, so the >> 1 division is consistent — no 0.5 loss.
+ * The caller branches on LZCR < 24 to decide left-shift vs right-shift of r_mag_sq_copy, then saves the shift count.
+ *
+ * Note: C2_LZCR (cop2r31) is a fixed read-only C2 data register — the caller must read it via mfc2 from C2_LZCR;
+ * there is no register choice at the hardware level. Only the GPR that holds the result is caller-determined. */
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg shift, Reg mag_sq, Reg mag_sq_copy)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	and_i(shift, shift, gte_lzcr_even_mask),
+	or_u(mag_sq_copy, mag_sq, 0),
+	li_s(        mag_sq, 31),
+	sub_s(       mag_sq, mag_sq, shift),
+	shift_aright(mag_sq, mag_sq, 1),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation(AtomBuilder_R ab
+	, Reg to_ir0,  Reg to_ir1,  Reg to_ir2, Reg to_ir3
+	, Reg fr_mac1, Reg fr_mac2, Reg fr_mac3
+	, MipsCode nop_slot1, MipsCode nop_slot2)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir0, C2_IR0),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir1, C2_IR1), /* IR1 = src.x (preserved in r_tmp — r_mac2_scratch was clobbered to MAC2 in stage 1.5) */
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir2, C2_IR2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(to_ir3, C2_IR3), /* IR3 = src.z (reloaded) */
+	GteDelay_ nop_slot1,
+	GteDelay_ nop_slot2,
+	gte_cmdw_gpf,
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac1, C2_MAC1),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac2, C2_MAC2),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac3, C2_MAC3),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(AtomBuilder_R ab
+	, Reg fr_mac1, Reg fr_mac2, Reg fr_mac3)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac1, C2_MAC1),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac2, C2_MAC2),
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(fr_mac3, C2_MAC3),
+})
+
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) v) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(v.x, v.y, v.z))
+
+#pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Components)
+
+#pragma region Atom Procs
+
+/* ─── Local copy of PSYQ's sqrtbl (1/sqrt lookup table for VectorNormal). ───
+ * Source: PSYQ 4.7 libgte sqrtbl at 0x800185B4 in hello_camera.elf.
+ *   objdump -s --start-address=0x800185B4 --stop-address=0x800185F4 hello_camera.elf → 192 entries × 16-bit signed, in 1.12 fixed-point (max value 0x1000 = 1.0).
+ *
+ * Data is identical to the libgte original (byte-for-byte verified).
+ * 
+ * ─── Per-entry semantics (decoded from libgte msc02 VectorNormal) ───
+ * Each entry is `1/sqrt(x)` in 1.12 fixed point (value / 4096).
+ * The 192 entries span 4 octaves of the input magnitude, with 48 entries per octave:
+ *   Octave 0 (entries  0- 47): mantissa in [0x8000,  0x10000)  output ~[1.000, 0.707]
+ *   Octave 1 (entries 48- 95): mantissa in [0x10000, 0x20000)  output ~[0.707, 0.500]
+ *   Octave 2 (entries 96-143): mantissa in [0x20000, 0x40000)  output ~[0.500, 0.354]
+ *   Octave 3 (entries144-191): mantissa in [0x40000, 0x80000)  output ~[0.354, 0.251]
+ * Within each octave, 8 sub-entries interpolate over the 8 fractional bits of the mantissa
+ * (the byte `(0x80 | (i mod 8))` for the lower-byte of the aligned value).
+ * Sampling the first value of each octave:
+ *   [0]   0x1000 = 1.0000                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.0000)
+ *   [48]  0x0e4f = 0.8940                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.2500)
+ *   [96]  0x0d10 = 0.8164                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.5000)
+ *   [144] 0x0c0a = 0.7520                 ; 1 / sqrt(1.7500)
+ * And representative sub-entries within octave 0 (mantissa in [0x8000, 0x8100)):
+ *   [0]   0x1000 = 1.0000                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8000)
+ *   [1]   0x0fe0 = 0.9922                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8100)
+ *   [2]   0x0fc1 = 0.9846                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8200)
+ *   [3]   0x0fa3 = 0.9773                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8300)
+ *   [4]   0x0f85 = 0.9700                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8400)
+ *   [5]   0x0f68 = 0.9629                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8500)
+ *   [6]   0x0f4c = 0.9561                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8600)
+ *   [7]   0x0f30 = 0.9492                 ; 1 / sqrt(0x8700)
+ *
+ * The algorithm's `addi -64 / sll 1 / lh` selects the entry at `(aligned - 64) * 2` for the case where `aligned` has its top bit at bit 24.
+ * After the sllv/srav pair, `aligned` always lands in `[0x80, 0x100)` 
+ * (with top bit at bit 24 → after `sub $aligned - 64`, the index sits in `[0x40, 0x80) * 2 = [0x80, 0x100)` bytes = entries [64, 128) within the sqrtbl).
+ * The earlier 64 entries (octave 0) are reached when the magnitude after shifting puts the top bit below bit 24 (the `sllv` branch),
+ * and the load upper_halves of the table bracket the input range.
+ * The later 64 entries (octaves 2-3) are the `srav` branch when the magnitude's top bit is well above bit 24.
+ *
+ * Reproduced verbatim from libgte (verified against libpsn00b/psxgte/vector.s:100-123 — 24 rows × 8 halfwords, last entry 0x0804).
+ * */
+internal S2 const gte_normalize_sqr_tbl[192] align_(2) = {
+	0x1000, 0x0fe0, 0x0fc1, 0x0fa3, 0x0f85, 0x0f68, 0x0f4c, 0x0f30,
+	0x0f15, 0x0efb, 0x0ee1, 0x0ec7, 0x0eae, 0x0e96, 0x0e7e, 0x0e66,
+	0x0e4f, 0x0e38, 0x0e22, 0x0e0c, 0x0df7, 0x0de2, 0x0dcd, 0x0db9,
+	0x0da5, 0x0d91, 0x0d7e, 0x0d6b, 0x0d58, 0x0d45, 0x0d33, 0x0d21,
+	0x0d10, 0x0cff, 0x0cee, 0x0cdd, 0x0ccc, 0x0cbc, 0x0cac, 0x0c9c,
+	0x0c8d, 0x0c7d, 0x0c6e, 0x0c5f, 0x0c51, 0x0c42, 0x0c34, 0x0c26,
+	0x0c18, 0x0c0a, 0x0bfd, 0x0bef, 0x0be2, 0x0bd5, 0x0bc8, 0x0bbb,
+	0x0baf, 0x0ba2, 0x0b96, 0x0b8a, 0x0b7e, 0x0b72, 0x0b67, 0x0b5b,
+	0x0b50, 0x0b45, 0x0b39, 0x0b2e, 0x0b24, 0x0b19, 0x0b0e, 0x0b04,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aef, 0x0ae5, 0x0adb, 0x0ad1, 0x0ac7, 0x0abd, 0x0ab4,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0aa1, 0x0a97, 0x0a8e, 0x0a85, 0x0a7c, 0x0a73, 0x0a6a,
+	0x0a61, 0x0a59, 0x0a50, 0x0a47, 0x0a3f, 0x0a37, 0x0a2e, 0x0a26,
+	0x0a1e, 0x0a16, 0x0a0e, 0x0a06, 0x09fe, 0x09f6, 0x09ef, 0x09e7,
+	0x09e0, 0x09d8, 0x09d1, 0x09c9, 0x09c2, 0x09bb, 0x09b4, 0x09ad,
+	0x09a5, 0x099e, 0x0998, 0x0991, 0x098a, 0x0983, 0x097c, 0x0976,
+	0x096f, 0x0969, 0x0962, 0x095c, 0x0955, 0x094f, 0x0949, 0x0943,
+	0x093c, 0x0936, 0x0930, 0x092a, 0x0924, 0x091e, 0x0918, 0x0912,
+	0x090d, 0x0907, 0x0901, 0x08fb, 0x08f6, 0x08f0, 0x08eb, 0x08e5,
+	0x08e0, 0x08da, 0x08d5, 0x08cf, 0x08ca, 0x08c5, 0x08bf, 0x08ba,
+	0x08b5, 0x08b0, 0x08ab, 0x08a6, 0x08a1, 0x089c, 0x0897, 0x0892,
+	0x088d, 0x0888, 0x0883, 0x087e, 0x087a, 0x0875, 0x0870, 0x086b,
+	0x0867, 0x0862, 0x085e, 0x0859, 0x0855, 0x0850, 0x084c, 0x0847,
+	0x0843, 0x083e, 0x083a, 0x0836, 0x0831, 0x082d, 0x0829, 0x0824,
+	0x0820, 0x081c, 0x0818, 0x0814, 0x0810, 0x080c, 0x0808, 0x0804,
+};
+
+typedef Struct_(Binds_normalize_v3s4) {
+	U2 src_offset;    /* offset of src V3_S4 within the BIOS scratchpad */
+	U2 dst_offset;    /* offset of dst V3_S4 within the BIOS scratchpad */
+};
+typedef Struct_(RegUse_normalize_v3s4) {
+	union { Reg_(V3_S4) res, src; };
+	union { Reg r0, src_ptr, mac2; };
+	union { Reg r1, dst_ptr; };
+	union { Reg r2, dst_offset, mac1, v_sqr_aligned; };
+	union { Reg r3, src_offset, btarget, shift_count, sqrtbl_index; };
+	union { Reg r4, mac3, v_sqr_sum, scale_exp, srav_shift; };
+	union { Reg r5, lzcr, inv_len; };
+};
+/* ─── Full normalize (all 4 stages inline) ───
+ * Generic 4-stage GTE normalize (SQR → sum+LZCR → align+sqrtbl → GPF+srav). */
+internal MipsAtom* normalize_v3s4(AtomArena_R aa, RegUse_normalize_v3s4 r)
+MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
+	load_half(r.src_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_normalize_v3s4, src_offset)),
+	load_half(r.dst_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_normalize_v3s4, dst_offset)),
+	LdSlot_ add_u(r.src_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.src_offset),
+	LdSlot_ add_u(r.dst_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.dst_offset),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_normalize_v3s4)),
+
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.src, r.src_ptr, 0),
+
+	/* Stage 1: mtc2 src → IR1/2/3, SQR fires. */
+	LdSlot_ mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(r.src.x, r.src.y, r.src.z, LdSlot_ nop),
+
+	/* Stage 2: mfc2 MAC1/2/3, sum, mtc2 LZCS. src_ptr is dead; reuse as mac2. */
+	mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(r.mac1, r.mac2, r.mac3), LdSlot_ nop,
+	add_u_self(        r.v_sqr_sum, r.mac1),
+	add_u_self(        r.v_sqr_sum, r.mac2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(  r.v_sqr_sum, C2_LZCS), GteDelay_ nop2,
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r.lzcr,      C2_LZCR), GteDelay_ nop,
+
+	/* Stage 3: even(LZCR), half-shift, align |v|² to bit 24. */
+	mac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift(r.lzcr, r.v_sqr_sum, r.v_sqr_aligned),
+	add_si(        r.btarget, r.lzcr, -24),
+	branch_lt_zero(r.btarget, atom_offset(aligned_done, srav_path)), BdSlot_ nop, /* bltz → srav_path (LZCR <  24 path) */
+		jump_rel(atom_offset(srav_path, aligned_done)),                             /* b → aligned_done (LZCR >= 24 path) */
+		BdSlot_ shift_lleft_var(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, r.btarget),
+		atom_label(srav_path)
+			li_s( r.shift_count, 24),
+			sub_s(r.shift_count, r.shift_count, r.lzcr),
+			shift_aright_var(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, r.shift_count),
+	atom_label(aligned_done)
+		add_si(     r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, -64),
+		shift_lleft(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, 1),
+		mac_load_word_imm(r.sqrtbl_index, & gte_normalize_sqr_tbl), add_u_self(r.sqrtbl_index, r.v_sqr_aligned),
+		load_half(r.inv_len, r.sqrtbl_index, 0),
+		LdSlot_ nop,
+
+	mac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation(r.inv_len,
+		r.src.x, r.src.y, r.src.z,
+		r.res.x, r.res.y, r.res.z,
+		GteDelay_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), LdSlot_   // ac_yield: word 1
+		GteDelay_ add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)) // ac_yield: word 2
+	),
+	mac_shift_aright_var_v3s4_self(r.res, r.srav_shift),
+	mac_store_v3s4(r.res, r.dst_ptr, 0),
+
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop // ac_yield: word 3-4
+})
+
+
+/* ─── GTE OP cross product (a × b → out) ───
+ * Generalized V3_S4 cross product via GTE OP (OuterProduct12 libpsyx convention).
+ * The >> 12 shift converts S12.20 → S12.0 OuterProduct12. */
+typedef Struct_(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4) { V3_S4* src_a; V3_S4* src_b; V3_S4* out; };
+typedef Struct_(RegUse_gte_cross_v3s4) {
+	Reg_(V3_S4) a;
+	Reg_(V3_S4) b;
+	Reg out;
+	Reg src_a;
+	Reg src_b;
+};
+internal MipsAtom* gte_cross_v3s4(AtomArena_R aa, RegUse_gte_cross_v3s4 r)
+atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4)) MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
+	load_word(r.src_a,  R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4,src_a)),
+	load_word(r.src_b,  R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4,src_b)),
+	load_word(r.out,    R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4,out)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_gte_cross_v3s4)),
+
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.a, r.src_a, 0), LdSlot_
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.b, r.src_b, 0), LdSlot_
+	mac_gte_op_cross_v3s4(r.a, r.b), /* RT diagonal + IR + OP + MAC read + shift */
+	mac_store_v3s4(r.a, r.out, 0),
+
+	mac_yield()
+})
+#pragma endregion Atom Procs
+
+#pragma region Baked Atoms
+
+typedef Struct_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4) {
+	MT3_S2S4* transform;
+};
+internal MipsAtom_(set_gte_mt3s2s4) atom_info(
+		atom_bind(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4)
+	,	atom_reads(R_TapePtr)
+){
+	/* Pop matrix address from tape into R_T3 ($11) */
+	load_word(R_T3, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4,transform)),
+	add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_SetGteMT3S2S4)),
+	/* Load 3x3 Rotation + 3x1 Translation from R_T3 into GTE CONTROL Regs (ctc2) */
+	load_word(R_T0, R_T3, 0), 
+	load_word(R_T1, R_T3, 4), 
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_RT11),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_RT12),
+	load_word(R_T0, R_T3,  8),
+	load_word(R_T1, R_T3, 12),
+	load_word(R_T2, R_T3, 16),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_RT13),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_RT21),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T2, gte_cr_RT22),
+	load_word(R_T0, R_T3, 20),
+	load_word(R_T1, R_T3, 24),
+	load_word(R_T2, R_T3, 28),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T0, gte_cr_TRX),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T1, gte_cr_TRY),
+	gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T2, gte_cr_TRZ),
+	mac_yield()
+};
+
+#pragma endregion Baked Atoms

code/duffle/gte.h

@@ -1,24 +1,10 @@
 /* ============================================================================
  *  duffle DSL Suffix Conventions
  *  ============================================================================
- *
  *  Every mnemonic in this header follows the same suffix grammar:
  *
  *  Primitive commands: gp0_cmd_poly_f3 = 0x20    (byte opcode)
  *  Packed 32-bit cmd:  gp0_word_poly_f3(r, g, b) (32-bit, shifted)
- *
- *  Type ordering: domain?_(direction)?_action_target_modifier_type?
- *  Examples: add_ui             (add + unsigned + immediate)
- *            add_s              (add + signed, R-type implicit)
- *            shift_lleft        (shift + logical + left)
- *            shift_aright       (shift + arithmetic + right)
- *            call_reg(rs)       (call + register, $ra implicit)
- *            gte_mv_to_data_r   (gte + mv + to + data + register)
- *            gte_lw_v0_xy(base) (gte + lw + v0 + xy)
- *            load_upper_i       (load-upper + immediate, unique verb)
- *
- *  Vendor mnemonics (gte_mtc2, gte_mfc2, gte_lwc2, gte_swc2, etc.) are NOT in this header.
- *  They are in the opt-in `gte_vendor_sym.h` for users who prefer the textbook MIPS assembly mnemonics.
  * ============================================================================ */
 
 #ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
@@ -32,21 +18,7 @@
 /* ============================================================================
  *  gte.h — Geometry Transformation Engine (COP2) for the PS1
  * ============================================================================
- *
- *  Hand-rolled DSL for emitting GTE/MIPS instruction words as raw `.word` constants from C.
- *  No GCC inline-assembly string syntax in the code body.
- *
- *  STYLE NOTES
- *  -----------
- *  - Per-field encoders are named `enc_gte_<field>(value)` and each one self-masks its argument before shifting.
- *    Mirrors the `enc_op / enc_rs / enc_rt / ...` family in mips.h.
- *  - The composite `enc_gte_cmdw(sf, mx, v, cv, lm, cmd)` is a flat OR of the per-field encoders, plus the COP2/CO base.
- *  - Pre-baked shortcuts (`gte_cmd_rtpt`, `gte_cmd_rtps`, …) are defined for the common cases so call sites read like assembly source.
- *  - All register/field values are enums (not `#define`s) so they show up in debugger symbol tables and IDE autocomplete.
- *
- *  SEE ALSO
- *  --------
- *  - mips.h: The MIPS encoder layer this builds on.
+ *  DSL for emitting GTE/MIPS instruction words from C.
  */
 
 /* C2 data registers */
@@ -101,20 +73,20 @@ enum {
 
 /* Semantic Aliases for GTE Data Registers */
 enum {
-	gte_in_v0_xy     = C2_VXY0, /* Input Vector 0 (X, Y) */
-	gte_in_v0_z      = C2_VZ0,  /* Input Vector 0 (Z) */
-	gte_in_v1_xy     = C2_VXY1, /* Input Vector 1 (X, Y) */
-	gte_in_v1_z      = C2_VZ1,  /* Input Vector 1 (Z) */
-	gte_in_v2_xy     = C2_VXY2, /* Input Vector 2 (X, Y) */
-	gte_in_v2_z      = C2_VZ2,  /* Input Vector 2 (Z) */
-	gte_in_rgb       = C2_RGB,  /* Input Color (R, G, B, MipsCode) */
-	gte_out_scr_xy0  = C2_SXY0, /* Output Screen Coord 0 (X, Y) */
-	gte_out_scr_xy1  = C2_SXY1, /* Output Screen Coord 1 (X, Y) */
-	gte_out_scr_xy2  = C2_SXY2, /* Output Screen Coord 2 (X, Y) */
-	gte_out_depth    = C2_OTZ,  /* Output Ordering Table Z (Depth) */
-	gte_math_accum0  = C2_MAC0, /* Math Accumulator 0 */
-	gte_math_accum1  = C2_MAC1, /* Math Accumulator 1 */
-	gte_math_accum2  = C2_MAC2, /* Math Accumulator 2 */
+	C2_InV0_XY    = C2_VXY0, /* Input Vector 0 (X, Y) */
+	C2_InV0_Z     = C2_VZ0,  /* Input Vector 0 (Z) */
+	C2_InV1_XY    = C2_VXY1, /* Input Vector 1 (X, Y) */
+	C2_InV1_Z     = C2_VZ1,  /* Input Vector 1 (Z) */
+	C2_InV2_XY    = C2_VXY2, /* Input Vector 2 (X, Y) */
+	C2_InV2_Z     = C2_VZ2,  /* Input Vector 2 (Z) */
+	C2_In_RGB     = C2_RGB,  /* Input Color (R, G, B, MipsCode) */
+	C2_OutSrc_XY0 = C2_SXY0, /* Output Screen Coord 0 (X, Y) */
+	C2_OutSrc_XY1 = C2_SXY1, /* Output Screen Coord 1 (X, Y) */
+	C2_OutSrc_XY2 = C2_SXY2, /* Output Screen Coord 2 (X, Y) */
+	C2_OutDepth   = C2_OTZ,  /* Output Ordering Table Z (Depth) */
+	C2_MathAccu0  = C2_MAC0, /* Math Accumulator 0 */
+	C2_MathAccu1  = C2_MAC1, /* Math Accumulator 1 */
+	C2_MathAccu2  = C2_MAC2, /* Math Accumulator 2 */
 };
 
 /* --- GTE Command Semantics (The Bitfield Meanings) --- 
@@ -173,24 +145,42 @@ enum {
  *   +------------+--+-----+------+------+------+------+---+--------+----------+
  *                                    \_____ GTE_PAYLOAD _____/       \__ GTE_CMD __/
  *
- * Shifts/masks below are the *bit positions* and *bit widths* of each configurable field, used by the ENC_GTE_CMD encoder. 
- * Mirrors the OPCODE_SHIFT / RS_SHIFT convention used in mips.h.
+ * Offset position & masks below are the *bit positions* and *bit widths* of each configurable field, used by the ENC_GTE_CMD encoder. 
+ * Mirrors the OPCODE_POS / RS_POS convention used in mips.h.
  */
 
-	gte_shift_sf  = 19,  gte_width_sf  = 1,  gte_mask_sf  = 0x1,
-	gte_shift_mx  = 17,  gte_width_mx  = 2,  gte_mask_mx  = 0x3,
-	gte_shift_v   = 15,  gte_width_v   = 2,  gte_mask_v   = 0x3,
-	gte_shift_cv  = 13,  gte_width_cv  = 2,  gte_mask_cv = 0x3,
-	gte_shift_lm  = 10,  gte_width_lm  = 1,  gte_mask_lm  = 0x1,
-	gte_shift_cmd =  0,  gte_width_cmd = 6,  gte_mask_cmd = 0x3F,
+	gte_pos_sf  = 19,  gte_width_sf  = 1,
+	gte_pos_mx  = 17,  gte_width_mx  = 2,
+	gte_pos_v   = 15,  gte_width_v   = 2,
+	gte_pos_cv  = 13,  gte_width_cv  = 2,
+	gte_pos_lm  = 10,  gte_width_lm  = 1,
+	gte_pos_cmd =  0,  gte_width_cmd = 6,
 
 	/* Fake command number (bits 24-20) — IGNORED by the GTE hardware per PSX-SPX `geometrytransformationenginegte.md` line 48.
 	 * libgte's compiler emits non-zero values in this field as a disassembly signature. */
-	gte_shift_fake_cmd = 20,
+	gte_pos_fake_cmd   = 20,
 	gte_width_fake_cmd = 5,
-	gte_mask_fake_cmd  = 0x1F,
 };
 
+/* --- GTE Control Register Aliases (Pitfall 1) ---
+ * Three pairs of aliases map to the C2 control-register slot:
+ *   C2[24] = gte_cr_RBK (background R)         | gte_cr_OFX (screen offset X)
+ *   C2[25] = gte_cr_GBK (background G)         | gte_cr_OFY (screen offset Y)
+ *   C2[26] = gte_cr_BBK (background B)         | gte_cr_H   (projection plane distance H)
+ * Cross-alias writes inside one atom body, or across the wave-context boundary, silently clobber each other.
+ * The metaprogram's check_gte_cr_alias_writes (CHECK_RULES row) warns about each pair per source.
+ * See psx-spx docs/gte_reference.md §"Control-register alias table" for the silicon rationale and the libgte outer-product convention.
+ */
+
+/* --- RT-matrix packed-slot convention (Pitfall 4) ---
+ * The silicon packs two 16-bit RT elements per 32-bit C2 slot:
+ *   C2[2] = (RT22 << 16) | RT13       (gte_cr_RT13 writes the low  half, gte_cr_RT22 writes the high half)
+ *   C2[4] = (RT33 << 16) | RT22       (gte_cr_RT22 writes the low  half — clobbers prior RT22 value if RT13 was also written)
+ * OP and MVMVA read D1/D2/D3 from these packed slots.
+ * The libgte outer-product convention (see ac_apply_matrix_lv at gte.atom.c:108-122) writes C2[2] then C2[4] in sequence;
+ * the SECOND write's low half is RT22, not RT13. 
+ */
+
 /* --- GTE Control Register Indices (for ctc2/cfc2) ---
  * Preprocessor-visible integer ids for the COP2 control register file.
  * Each enum value is bound to a parallel `_Code` `#define` so the preprocessor can stringify the integer (for `reg_str`/`rgcc` paths).
@@ -277,8 +267,7 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
 // #define gte_mv_from_data_r(rt, rd) enc_gte_tx(cop_mf, (rt), (rd)) /* Move GTE Control Register (rd) to GPR (rt) */
 
 /* GTE Data vs Control Register Transfers
- *
- * Each macro emits a single .word constant for one of MFC2/CFC2/MTC2/CTC2.
+ * Each macro emits a single instruction for one of MFC2/CFC2/MTC2/CTC2.
  *
  * `rd` is the C2 register index in the file the sub-opcode names:
  *   gte_mv_from_data_r / gte_mv_to_data_r  →  C2 data register file
@@ -293,14 +282,14 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
 #define gte_mv_from_ctrl_r(rt, rd) enc_gte_tx(sub_cfc2, (rt), (rd)) /* Copy From ctrl reg */
 #define gte_mv_to_data_r(rt, rd)   enc_gte_tx(sub_mtc2, (rt), (rd)) /* Move To   data reg */
 #define gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(rt, rd)   enc_gte_tx(sub_ctc2, (rt), (rd)) /* Copy To   ctrl reg */
+#define GteDelay_ // Annotate an instruction as filling a CPU <-> GTE DMA delay slot/s
 
 /* COP2 Data Load (lwc2): `lwc2 rt, off(rs)`
  * Layout: [op_lwc2:6][rs:5][rt:5][imm:16]
  *   - rs: GPR base address
  *   - rt: COP2 data register index (0..31)
  *   - imm: signed 16-bit offset
- * NOTE: When `rs` is a runtime register, the encoding cannot be pre-baked
- * into a .word — use the string-style `gte_load_v0` macro below instead. */
+ * NOTE: When `rs` is a runtime register, the encoding cannot be pre-baked into a .word — use the string-style `gte_load_v0` macro below instead. */
 #define enc_gte_lw(rt, base, off) enc_i(op_lwc2, (base), (rt), (off))
 /* Store Word */
 #define enc_gte_sw(rt, base, off) enc_i(op_swc2, (base), (rt), (off))
@@ -309,8 +298,7 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
  * `swc2` is redundant when we're already inside the `gte_` namespace.
  *   gte_lw rt, base, off  →  lwc2 rt, off(base)
  *   gte_sw rt, base, off  →  swc2 rt, off(base)
- * For the typical user-facing vector-level load (xy + z as two instructions),
- * use the higher-level `gte_load_vN` macros below. */
+ * For the typical user-facing vector-level load (xy + z as two instructions), use the higher-level `gte_load_vN` macros below. */
 #define gte_lw(rt, base, off) enc_gte_lw(rt, base, off)
 #define gte_sw(rt, base, off) enc_gte_sw(rt, base, off)
 
@@ -327,13 +315,13 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
 #define gte_cmd_base (enc_op(op_cop2) | (1 << 25))
 
 /* Per-field encoders. Each one does (value & mask) << shift on its own. */
-#define enc_gte_sf(sf)          (((sf)  & gte_mask_sf      ) << gte_shift_sf )
-#define enc_gte_mx(mx)          (((mx)  & gte_mask_mx      ) << gte_shift_mx )
-#define enc_gte_v(v)            (((v)   & gte_mask_v       ) << gte_shift_v  )
-#define enc_gte_cv(cv)          (((cv)  & gte_mask_cv      ) << gte_shift_cv )
-#define enc_gte_lm(lm)          (((lm)  & gte_mask_lm      ) << gte_shift_lm )
-#define enc_gte_cmd(cmd)        (((cmd) & gte_mask_cmd     ) << gte_shift_cmd )
-#define enc_gte_fake_cmd(x)     (((x)   & gte_mask_fake_cmd) << gte_shift_fake_cmd)
+#define enc_gte_sf(sf)      ((sf)  << gte_pos_sf )
+#define enc_gte_mx(mx)      ((mx)  << gte_pos_mx )
+#define enc_gte_v(v)        ((v)   << gte_pos_v  )
+#define enc_gte_cv(cv)      ((cv)  << gte_pos_cv )
+#define enc_gte_lm(lm)      ((lm)  << gte_pos_lm )
+#define enc_gte_cmd(cmd)    ((cmd) << gte_pos_cmd )
+#define enc_gte_fake_cmd(x) ((x)   << gte_pos_fake_cmd)
 
 /* Composite: all six GTE fields + the COP2/CO base. */
 #define enc_gte_cmdw(sf, mx, v, cv, lm, cmd) ( \
@@ -385,12 +373,51 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
 #define gte_cmdw_rtpt   (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_rtpt ) | gte_cmdw_psyq_compat)
 #define gte_cmdw_nclip  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_nclip))
 #define gte_cmdw_op     (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_op   ))
-#define gte_cmdw_outer_product gte_cmdw_op      /* "outer product" -- NOCASH/Sdk terminology */
-#define gte_cmdw_wedge         gte_cmdw_op      /* "wedge product"  -- geometric-algebra terminology.
-	* RGA(Lengyel): the GTE OP is a 3D signed-16-bit D x IR cross, not a generic RGA exterior product.
-	* The wedge alias is the 3D complement interpretation of the same 3 scalars (MAC1..MAC3). */
+#define gte_cmdw_outer_product gte_cmdw_op      /* "outer product" -- PSY-Q terminology */
+#define gte_cmdw_wedge         gte_cmdw_op      /* "wedge product"  -- geometric-algebra terminology. */
+#define gte_cmdw_cross         gte_cmdw_op      /* "cross product"  -- geometric-algebra terminology.
+	* RGA(Lengyel): The GTE OP is a 3D signed-16-bit D x IR cross, not a generic RGA exterior product.
+	* The wedge alias is a 3D complement interpretation of the same 3 scalars (MAC1..MAC3). */
 #define gte_cmdw_mvmva  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
 
+/* MVMVA with sf=0 (no shift, full-integer), cv=3 (no translation), v=3 (IR vector input).
+ * Reads input from IR1/2/3 (loaded via mtc2 rt, C2_IRx). MAC1/2/3 = RT row · IR (full product, no >>12).
+ * Per PSX-SPX: SAR (sf*12) with sf=0 = SAR 0 = no shift. */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_sf0_ir  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_v(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* MVMVA with sf=1 (>>12 shift, 4.12 fixed-point), cv=3 (no translation), v=3 (IR): for ApplyMatrixLV.
+ * Reads input from IR1/2/3 (loaded via mtc2 rt, C2_IRx). MAC1/2/3 = (RT row · IR) >> 12.
+ * Per PSX-SPX: SAR (sf*12) with sf=1 = SAR 12 = arithmetic right-shift by 12.
+ * This matches the libgte C-side ApplyMatrixLV output (R*pos >> 12). */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_ir    (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_sf(1) | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_v(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* MVMVA: sf=0, mx=3 (Light matrix), v=3 (IR), cv=3 (no TR).
+ * For pass1 of the C11 two-pass decomposition. Reads L matrix.
+ * Since L matrix is typically zero, pass1 contributes 0 to the combine. */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_sf0_mx3_v3_cv3  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_sf(0) | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_v(3) | enc_gte_mx(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* MVMVA: sf=1 (>>12), mx=3 (Light matrix), v=2 (V0), cv=0 (with TR).
+ * Matches the C11 ApplyMatrixLV pass 2 command word (0x49E012) exactly.
+ * The combine is (pass1 << 3) + pass2. */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_pass2_c11  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_sf(1) | enc_gte_v(2) | enc_gte_mx(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* MVMVA: sf=0, mx=3, v=2, cv=0. Matches the C11 pass 1 command. */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_pass1_c11  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_v(2) | enc_gte_mx(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_no_tr gte_cmdw_mvmva_ir
+
+/* MVMVA pass 2 — C11 ApplyMatrixLV command.
+ * Decoded: op_cop2 | CO | fake_cmd=4 | sf=1 (>>12) | mx=0 (RT matrix) | v=3 (IR) | cv=3 (no translation) | lm=0 | cmd=MVMVA.
+ * Reads (RT row · IR) >> 12 into MAC1/2/3. Per-field composition (no opaque literal)
+ * keeps the bit layout visible at the call site + matches the libgte C-side byte-exact. */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_c11_pass2  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_fake_cmd(4) | enc_gte_sf(1) | enc_gte_v(3) | enc_gte_mx(0) | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* MVMVA: sf=1 (>>12), mx=0 (RT matrix), v=0 (V0), cv=3 (no TR). */
+#define gte_cmdw_mvmva_sf1_mx0_v0_cv3  (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_sf(1) | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_v(0) | enc_gte_mx(0) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_mvmva))
+
+/* RTPS with sf=1 (12-bit shift, no translation): matches the output of libgte's ApplyMatrixLV when the GTE pipeline expects R*pos >> 12. 
+ * The shift produces values like (-270, 710, 1713) which match the C11 reference path. */
+#define gte_cmdw_rtps_sf1   (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_sf(1) | enc_gte_cv(3) | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_rtps))
+
 /* SQR / GPF cosmetic-bits compat helpers.
  * Each command's `_compat` macro ORs in the `fake_cmd` field value libgte happens to emit.
  * The hardware ignores these bits (per PSX-SPX line 48). */
@@ -411,16 +438,22 @@ enum { _C2_TX_SUBS_ = 0
 
 /* GPF — General-purpose Interpolation.
  * PSX-SPX `geometrytransformationenginegte.md` §"GPF":
- *   [MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] = (([IR1,IR2,IR3] * IR0) + [MAC1,MAC2,MAC3]) SAR (sf*12)
+ *   [MAC1,MAC2,MAC3] = (([IR1,IR2,IR3] * IR0) + [MAC1,MAC2,MAC3]) SAR (sf * 12)
  *   [IR1,IR2,IR3]    = [MAC1,MAC2,MAC3]
  * Sourced verbatim from libgte msc02 VectorNormal disassembly at 0x8001613c:
  *   0x4B90003D = gte_cmd_base | gte_cmdw_gpf_compat | enc_gte_cmd(0x3D)
- *   bit 19     sf=0
- *   bit 10     lm=0
- *   bits 5-0   cmd=0x3D=GPF
+ *   bit 19     sf = 0
+ *   bit 10     lm = 0
+ *   bits 5-0   cmd = 0x3D = GPF
  *   bits 24-20 = 0x19 (libgte "nonsense SDK command number" signature) */
 #define gte_cmdw_gpf   (gte_cmd_base | enc_gte_cmd(gte_cmd_gpf) | gte_cmdw_gpf_fake_sig)
 
+/* Mask to round LZCR (leading-zero/ones count, range 1..32 per PSX-SPX cop2r31) down to even.
+ * The normalize_v3s4 half-shift logic computes (31 - LZCR) >> 1; clearing bit 0 ensures the subtraction result is always odd, so the >> 1 division is consistent (no 0.5 loss). */
+enum {
+	gte_lzcr_even_mask = 0xFFFE, /* all bits except bit 0 */
+};
+
 #define gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_single gte_cmdw_rtps
 #define gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple gte_cmdw_rtpt
 /* RGA(Lengyel): RTPS/RTPT consume the matrix expansion of a rigid transformation (rotation matrix + translation vector) loaded into the RT/TR control registers.
@@ -523,8 +556,8 @@ enum {
 
 /* gte_load_v0v1v2(p0, p1, p2, b0, b1, b2) — prelude to gte_cmd_rtpt.
  *
- * Loads all three GTE input vectors (6 words) from three separate pointers, one per GTE vector register,
- * each loaded from its own base GPR. Caller must bind each `pN` to `bN` via a register variable.
+ * Loads all three GTE input vectors (6 words) from three separate pointers, one per GTE vector register, each loaded from its own base GPR.
+ * Caller must bind each `pN` to `bN` via a register variable.
  *   register V3_S2* p0 rgcc(R_T4) = verts[0].ptr;  // → __asm__("$12")
  *   register V3_S2* p1 rgcc(R_T5) = verts[1].ptr;  // → __asm__("$13")
  *   register V3_S2* p2 rgcc(R_T6) = verts[2].ptr;  // → __asm__("$14")
@@ -618,8 +651,7 @@ enum {
  * Loads the 3x3 rotation matrix at `r0` into the GTE's rotation-matrix control registers (RT11..RT22, indices 0..4) via ctc2.
  *
  * Memory layout at r0: five contiguous 32-bit words (offsets 0..16), each holding two packed 16-bit matrix elements.
- * The first 1.5 rows of a standard PSX SDK MATRIX struct (where each row is laid out as
- * [RT_xx, RT_xy] | [RT_xz, pad] | ...).
+ * The first 1.5 rows of a standard PSX SDK MATRIX struct (where each row is laid out as [RT_xx, RT_xy] | [RT_xz, pad] | ...).
  *
  * Generated MIPS (mirrors the source macro):
  *   lw   $12,  0( %0 )    ; word 0

code/duffle/lottes_tape.h

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@
  * directly executed chain of assemby arrays (Atoms) that terminate with a yield sequence to the next atom.
  * These eventually lead to a terminal atom for the tape which is defined below as "tape_exit".
  * 
- * This behaves as one of the simplest runtime harnesses ontop of a host-enviornment's execution engine 
+ * It behaves as one of the simplest runtime harnesses ontop of a host-enviornment's execution engine 
  * to author and compose programs with. From here various conventions can be further applied. 
  * To make things easier  to understand it may be better to focus on what this ABI does not have. 
  * It does not have have any branching within the tape but relative branches within atoms or between atoms.
- * Branching nearly is always downstream. Stack usage is non-existent.
+ * Branching nearly is always downstream. Automatic stack usage is non-existent.
  * Push/Pop, FIFO, or Arena/Bump data structures are used by atoms explicitly.
- * In it's current form with the C11 macro dsl, the user also has fullfill manual register allocation per atom.
+ * In it's current form with the C11 macro DSL, the user also has fullfill manual register allocation per atom.
  * 
  * One of the remarkable things about utilizing this ABI is its essentially interopable with CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, 
  * or, basically anything from the 5th generation consoles and onward.
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
  * but, we can set the foundation for legoing whats required for eventually expanding this ABI's paradigm 
  * and core atoms to take those newer hardware features into account. For example, you can easily expand 
  * this to support wave-based execution model on a PS2 or PS3. Not having a stack or 
- * automatic register allocation means the user cannott ignore excessive argument shuffle across workload or
+ * automatic register allocation means the user cannot ignore excessive argument shuffle across workload or
  * waves and thier phases. Crossing ABI boundaries to other runtimes that do has obviouss penalties.
  * 
- * Learning data-oreinted code becomes a natural progression. Your not fighting a stack-based procedural 
+ * Learning data-oriented code becomes a natural progression. Your not fighting a stack-based procedural 
  * paradigm that wants to argument shuffle. There is no ambiguity due to the lack of constraints, for example,
  * on how the user may "call" a procedure in traditional random dispatch runtimes. The user does have to
  * hammer down "rules" or patterns for massaging the compiler to dissolve those call frames; just to get 
@@ -66,51 +66,81 @@
  * */
 /* Register Allocation Info */
 enum {
-	R_AtomJmp  = R_T8 atom_reg,  /* debug-visible; tape yield handshake scratch */
-	R_TapePtr  = R_T9 atom_reg,  /* The Instruction Stream Pointer */
+	R_ScratchBase = R_SP atom_reg, /* Scratchpad base address (host frame top) */
+	R_AtomJmp     = R_FP atom_reg, /* Next atom target (yield handshake scratch) */
+	R_TapePtr     = R_RA atom_reg, /* The Instruction Stream Pointer */
 /* Stringification codes for the GCC inline assembler clobber lists. */
-#define R_AtomJmp_Code R_T8_Code
-#define R_TapePtr_Code R_T9_Code
+#define R_ScratchBase_Code R_SP_Code
+#define R_AtomJmp_Code     R_FP_Code
+#define R_TapePtr_Code     R_RA_Code
 
 // R_InCursor = R_T4,
 // #define R_InCursor_Code    R_T4_Code
 
-// Reserved Registers (Callee-saved):
-// - R_T9: Holds the Tape Ptr which we need to increment
-//         If we hit a wall with register allocations we can clobber V0 & V1 (return values), defering as opt-in by user.
-// - R_RA: Not sure??
-// Needed by ac_yield but can be used as atom scratch:
-// - R_T8: Will be used as the atom jump register.
+// Reserved Registers (Callee-saved across the host ABI transition):
+// - R_SP: Holds the scratchpad base while tape code executes.
+// - R_FP: Holds the next atom target.
+// - R_RA: Holds the tape cursor.
+// All atom-body allocations must stay out of these.
+// Atom bodies may freely use R2-R25.
 
-// All allocatable registers for mips atoms:
-	R_TScratchVolatile = R_AT, // This one is reserved for psuedo instructions, but you can technically use it.
-	R_TScratch0  = R_T0,
-	R_TScratch1  = R_T1,
-	R_TScratch2  = R_T2,
-	R_TScratch3  = R_T3,
-	R_TScratch4  = R_T4,
-	R_TScratch5  = R_T5,
-	R_TScratch6  = R_T6,
-	R_TScratch7  = R_T7,
-	R_TScratch8 =  R_T8,
-	R_TScratch10 = R_V0, // Tend to be used with gte DMAs
-	R_TScratch11 = R_V1, // Tend to be used with gte DMAs
-	// Note(Ed): We can technically clobber these, but don't unless we hit a bottleneck.
-	// A 0-2
-	// S 0-7
+// All allocatable registers for atom bodies (R2-R25, 24 registers):
+
+	R_PsuedoVolatile = R_AT, // Assembler temporary; never allocate.
+
+	// Atom Allocation Pool
+	R_Atom0  = R_T0,
+	R_Atom1  = R_T1,
+	R_Atom2  = R_T2,
+	R_Atom3  = R_T3,
+	R_Atom4  = R_T4,
+	R_Atom5  = R_T5,
+	R_Atom6  = R_T6,
+	R_Atom7  = R_T7,
+	R_Atom8  = R_T8,
+	R_Atom9  = R_T9,
+	R_Atom10 = R_V0, // Tend to be used with gte moves
+	R_Atom11 = R_V1, // Tend to be used with gte moves
+	R_Atom12 = R_A0,
+	R_Atom13 = R_A1,
+	R_Atom14 = R_A2,
+	R_Atom15 = R_A3,
+	R_Atom16 = R_S0,
+	R_Atom17 = R_S1,
+	R_Atom18 = R_S2,
+	R_Atom19 = R_S3,
+	R_Atom20 = R_S4,
+	R_Atom21 = R_S5,
+	R_Atom22 = R_S6,
+	R_Atom23 = R_S7,
 };
 
+typedef U2 Reg; // Register parameter used with atom or atom component procedures
+#define Reg_(type) tmpl(Reg,type) // Just a way to template register allocations of C-struct types.
+
 typedef U4 const MipsCode; // Underlying type to mips asm words.
 typedef Slice_(MipsCode);
 
-typedef U4 const MipsAtom; // Underlying type to an array of mips asm words that must terminate with an ac_yield.
+typedef U4 const MipsAtom; // Underlying type to a mips atom defnition 
+typedef Slice_(MipsAtom);
+
+// Sometimes a user will define a bundle of atoms that represent a procedure of work as:
+//   MipsAtom* <identifier>[...];
+// Unfortuantely if using slice_from_array it will make the slice's pointer: MipsAtom** so this enforce its defined as MipsAtom*
+// TODO(Ed): Alternatively we can make the MipsAtom an opaque pointer to the atom... so that the proc returns 'MipsAtom'.
+#define atombundle_from_array(array) (Slice_MipsAtom){.ptr=array[0],.len=Array_len(array)}
+
+// Underlying type to an ptr to an array of mips asm words that must terminate with an ac_yield.
 #define MipsAtom_(sym) MipsCode sym [] align_(4) =
 
 // Used for atoms with value-args
-//   FI_ void ac_X(args) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_X, { body })
+//   internal MipsAtom* X_proc(AtomArena_R aa, args) MipsAtom_Proc_(X, aa, { body })
 // expands to:
-//   FI_ void ac_X(args) { MipsCode ac_X[] align_(4) = { body }; return ac_X; }
-#define MipsAtom_Proc_(sym, abuilder, ...) { MipsCode sym [] align_(4) = __VA_ARGS__; atombuilder_unroll(abuilder, slice_from_array(MipsCode, sym)); }
+//   internal MipsAtom* X_proc(AtomArena_R aa, args) { MipsCode atom_comp_code[] align_(4) = { body }; return atomarena_push(aa, slice_from_array(MipsCode, atom_comp_code)); }
+// The atom name is derived by the Lua metaprogram from the preceding
+// `MipsAtom* X_proc(...)` declaration (backward walk from the macro site,
+// strips the `_proc` suffix).
+#define MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, ...) { MipsCode atom_comp_code[] align_(4) = __VA_ARGS__; return atomarena_push(aa, slice_from_array(MipsCode, atom_comp_code)); }
 
 // Used for components with no args (e.g., ac_load_tri_indices) or identifier-args (hardcoded register names).
 //   MipsAtomComp_(ac_X) { body }
@@ -118,87 +148,113 @@ typedef U4 const MipsAtom; // Underlying type to an array of mips asm words that
 //   MipsCode ac_X[] align_(4) = { body };
 #define MipsAtomComp_(sym) MipsCode sym [] align_(4) =
 
-// Used for components with value-args (e.g., ac_format_f3_color).
-//   FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_X(args) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_X, { body })
+// Used for components with value-args (mandatory `ab` (atom-builder) arg).
+//   FI_ void ac_X(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, args) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, { body })
 // expands to:
-//   FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_X(args) { MipsCode ac_X[] align_(4) = { body }; return slice_from_array(MipsCode, ac_X); }
-#define MipsAtomComp_Proc_(sym, ...) { MipsCode sym [] align_(4) = __VA_ARGS__; return slice_from_array(MipsCode, sym); }
+//   FI_ void ac_X(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, args) {
+//       MipsCode atom_comp_code[] align_(4) = { body };
+//       atombuilder_push(ab, slice_from_array(MipsCode, atom_comp_code));
+//   }
+// The body must NOT include mac_yield() (the parent atom yields).
+// The component name is derived by the Lua metaprogram from the preceding `FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_X(...)` declaration (backward walk from the macro site).
+// Inline-only callers (the generated `mac_<name>` aliases) skip the `ab` arg via metaprogram filtering; escape callers (ac_<name> invoked as a function) pass a long-lived builder.
+#define MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, ...) { MipsCode atom_comp_code[] align_(4) = __VA_ARGS__; atombuilder_push(ab, slice_from_array(MipsCode, atom_comp_code)); }
 
-// Used for components with value-args (e.g., ac_format_f3_color).
-//   FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_X(args) MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_X, { body })
-// expands to:
-//   FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_X(args) { MipsCode ac_X[] align_(4) = { body }; return slice_from_array(MipsCode, ac_X); }
-// #define MipsAtomComp_Proc_(sym, abuilder, ...) { MipsCode sym [] align_(4) = __VA_ARGS__; atombuilder_unroll(abuilder, slice_from_array(MipsCode, sym)); }
+// Used for trivial mappings from one atom component proc to the command of a more baser (meant for type-mapping)
+#define MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, base_command) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {base_command })
+
+// WIP: Atoms Assocated closely with each other to form a tape procedure. (Maybe also a phase in a procedure/pipeline?)
+
+#define AtomBundle_(name)              Struct_(tmpl(AtomBundle,name))
+#define AtomBundle_Len(name)           S_(tmpl(AtomBundle,name))/S_(MipsAtom*)
+#define AtomBundleEntry_(bundle,entry) tmpl(bundle,entry)
 
 /* Line-table anchor: gcc only adds a file to the .debug_line file table when the contains line-numbered content.
-	Files containing only:
-	- `MipsAtomComp_` static-array declarations, or
-	- `MipsAtomComp_Proc_` (force-inline) function bodies whose line info gets
-	  attributed to the call site at the include point are otherwise omitted from the file table, 
-		which breaks the DWARF injection when it tries to resolve atom-component provenance paths.
-
+	Files containing only atoms and atom components.
    Place `ATOM_FILE_LINE_MARKER();` once at file scope in any `.atom.c` that defines atoms.
-	 The macro expands to a file-scope `internal U4 const` declaration keeps the file in the line table.
-	 The constant is in `.rodata` and unreferenced; the linker may eliminate it.
-	 The two-level concat + `__LINE__` suffix makes the identifier unique per call site
-	 (the identifier embeds the source line, so duplicates across `#include`d files don't collide). */
+	 Macro expands to a file-scope `internal U4 const` declaration keeps the file in the line table.
+	 The constant is in `.rodata` so the linker may eliminate it. */
 #define ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(file_name) internal U4 const tmpl(atom_file_debugger_line_marker,file_name) = 0
 
- typedef Slice_(MipsAtom); typedef Slice_MipsAtom Tape;
+typedef Slice_MipsAtom Tape;
 
-/* The 'Exit' Atom */
-atom_dbg_skip MipsAtom_(tape_exit) { jump_reg(rret_addr), nop };
+typedef Struct_(TapeHostFrame) {
+	U4 s0;
+	U4 s1;
+	U4 s2;
+	U4 s3;
+	U4 s4;
+	U4 s5;
+	U4 s6;
+	U4 s7;
+	U4 fp;
+	U4 sp;
+	U4 ra;
+};
 
-// TODO(Ed): When we have a substantial workload/throughput, profile each of these to see impact at ABI boundaries.
+enum {
+	TapeHostFrame_Loc = Scratchpad_End - S_(TapeHostFrame),
+	TapeScratch_Len   = TapeHostFrame_Loc - Scratchpad_Loc,
+};
+static_assert(S_(TapeHostFrame) == 11 * S_(U4));
+static_assert(TapeHostFrame_Loc == 0x1F8003D4);
 
-/* Tape Runner (Default) */
-FI_ void tape_run(Tape tape) { register U4* tape_ptr rgcc(R_TapePtr) = u4_r(tape.ptr); asm volatile(
-	asm_words(
-		  load_word(  R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0) /* Bootstrap the first jump */
-		, add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsAtom)) /* Advance tape */
-		, call_reg(   R_AtomJmp)               /* jalr $t9 */
-		, nop                                  /* Branch delay slot */
-	)
-	asm_rpins, r_use(tape_ptr)
-	asm_clobber: 
-		rlit(R_AT),
-		rlit(R_V0), rlit(R_V1), // We clobber these for GTE ACs (that don't expose register selection, might expose them in the future...)
-		rlit(R_T0), rlit(R_T1), rlit(R_T2), rlit(R_T3), rlit(R_T4),
-		rlit(R_T5), rlit(R_T6), rlit(R_T7), rlit(R_T8),
-		clb_mem_drain 
-); }
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtom_(tape_enter) {
+	mac_load_word_imm(R_V0, u4_(TapeHostFrame_Loc)),
+	store_word(R_S0, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s0)),
+	store_word(R_S1, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s1)),
+	store_word(R_S2, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s2)),
+	store_word(R_S3, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s3)),
+	store_word(R_S4, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s4)),
+	store_word(R_S5, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s5)),
+	store_word(R_S6, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s6)),
+	store_word(R_S7, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s7)),
+	store_word(R_FP, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,fp)),
+	store_word(R_SP, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,sp)),
+	store_word(R_RA, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,ra)),
+	add_ui(R_TapePtr, R_A0, 0),
+	load_upper_i(R_ScratchBase, u4_hi(Scratchpad_Loc)),
+	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0),
+	add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsAtom)),
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop,
+};
 
-/* Tape Runner (Static and Arg Clobbers) */
-FI_ void tape_run_a02_s07(Tape tape) { register U4* tape_ptr rgcc(R_TapePtr) = u4_r(tape.ptr); asm volatile(
-	asm_words(
-		  load_word(  R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0) /* Bootstrap the first jump */
-		, add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsAtom)) /* Advance tape */
-		, call_reg(   R_AtomJmp)               /* jalr $t9 */
-		, nop                                  /* Branch delay slot */
-	)
-	asm_rpins, r_use(tape_ptr)
-	asm_clobber: 
-		rlit(R_AT),
-		rlit(R_V0), rlit(R_V1), rlit(R_A0), rlit(R_A1), rlit(R_A2),
-		rlit(R_T0), rlit(R_T1), rlit(R_T2), rlit(R_T3), rlit(R_T4),
-		rlit(R_T5), rlit(R_T6), rlit(R_T7), rlit(R_T8),
-		rlit(R_S0), rlit(R_S1), rlit(R_S2), rlit(R_S3), rlit(R_S4),
-		rlit(R_S5), rlit(R_S6), rlit(R_S7),
-		clb_mem_drain 
-); }
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtom_(tape_exit) {
+	mac_load_word_imm(R_V0, u4_(TapeHostFrame_Loc)),
+	load_word(R_S0, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s0)),
+	load_word(R_S1, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s1)),
+	load_word(R_S2, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s2)),
+	load_word(R_S3, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s3)),
+	load_word(R_S4, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s4)),
+	load_word(R_S5, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s5)),
+	load_word(R_S6, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s6)),
+	load_word(R_S7, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,s7)),
+	load_word(R_RA, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,ra)),
+	load_word(R_FP, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,fp)),
+	load_word(R_SP, R_V0, O_(TapeHostFrame,sp)),
+	jump_reg(R_RA), BdSlot_ nop,
+};
+
+typedef void Proc_(TapeEntryFn)(MipsAtom* tape_ptr);
+
+FI_ void tape_run(Tape tape) { C_(TapeEntryFn*, tape_enter)(tape.ptr); }
 
 // Procedural authoring of tapes:
 typedef Relative_(FArena) Struct_(TapeBuilder) { U4 ptr; U4 capacity; U4 used; };
 FI_ void        tb_init(TapeBuilder* tb, FArena* arena) { tb->ptr = arena->start; tb->used = 0; }
 FI_ TapeBuilder tb_make_old(             FArena* arena) { return (TapeBuilder){ arena->start, 0 }; }
-FI_ TapeBuilder tb_make(Slice mem) { return (TapeBuilder){ mem.ptr, mem.len, 0 }; }
+FI_ TapeBuilder tb_make(Slice mem) { return (TapeBuilder){ u4_(mem.ptr), mem.len, 0 }; }  /* capacity in elements (matches used units) */
 
 FI_ void tb_emit(TapeBuilder* tb, MipsAtom* atom) { u4_r(tb->ptr)[tb->used] = u4_(atom); ++ tb->used; }
 FI_ void tb_data(TapeBuilder* tb, U4        data) { u4_r(tb->ptr)[tb->used] = u4_(data); ++ tb->used; }
 #define tb_emit_(atom)        tb_emit(& tb, atom)
-#define tb_data_(field, data) tb_data(& tb, u4_(data))
 
-FI_ void tb_emit_bundle(TapeBuilder_R tb, Slice_MipsAtom atoms) { mem_copy(u4_(tb->ptr), u4_(atoms.ptr), tb->used); tb->used += atoms.len; }
+FI_ void tb_bind(TapeBuilder* tb, Slice data) { mem_copy(tb->ptr + tb->used * S_(MipsCode), u4_(data.ptr), data.len); tb->used += data.len / S_(MipsCode); }
+#define tb_bind_(tb,type,...) tb_bind(tb, (Slice){ (B1*)(& (type){__VA_ARGS__}), S_(type) }); static_assert(S_(type) % S_(MipsCode) == 0)
+
+// NOTE(Ed): Wip still ideating convention. Possibly will never use a composite.
+#define tb_emit_wbind_(tb,atom,...)       tb_emit(tb,atom); tb_bind_(tb,tmpl(Binds,atom),__VA_ARGS__)
+#define tb_emit_wbind2_(tb,atom,type,...) tb_emit(tb,atom); tb_bind_(tb,type,__VA_ARGS__)
 
 FI_ Tape tb_end  (TapeBuilder* tb) { tb_emit(tb,tape_exit); return (Tape){ C_(U4*,tb->ptr), tb->used }; }
 FI_ Tape tb_slice(TapeBuilder  tb) {                        return (Tape){ C_(U4*,tb.ptr),  tb.used }; }
@@ -215,15 +271,11 @@ FI_ void tb_scope_run_end(TapeBuilder* tb) { tb_emit(tb,tape_exit); tape_run(tb_
  * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 // The 'Yield' sequence for Tape Atoms (mac_yield).
-//   - mac_yield() is the safe default for atom-endings: 4 words, BD-slot of jr is mandatory nop.
-//   - mac_yield_load() + mac_yield_tail():
-//     - unconditional branch: mac_yield_load fills the branch's BD-slot (replaces a nop);
-//     - mac_yield_tail runs at the branch target (does NOT re-load R_AtomJmp).
 
 atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield) {
-	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0),
+	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), LdSlot_
 	add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)),
-	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp), nop,
+	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop,
 };
 
 atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield_load) {
@@ -232,61 +284,169 @@ atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield_load) {
 
 atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield_tail) {
 	add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)),
-	jump_reg(  R_AtomJmp), nop,
+	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop,
 };
 
 #pragma endregion Macro Atom Components
 
-#pragma region Mips Atom Builder
+#pragma region Atom Builder
 // This helps with runtime procedural authoring of mips atoms.
+typedef Relative_(FArena) Struct_(AtomBuilder) { U4 start; U4 capacity; U4 used; };
 
-typedef Struct_(FMipsAtom512) { U4 data[512]; U4 used; };
+// Usual way to resolve an atom after the bulder is done.
+#define atom_from_atombuilder(ab) C_(MipsAtom*, (ab).start)
 
-// FArena Related
-typedef Relative_(FArena) Struct_(MipsAtomBuilder) { U4 start; U4 capacity; U4 used; };
-// Whatever the builder is writting to should most likely coresspond
-// to something that can fit within instruction cache?
-
-FI_ void atombuilder_unroll(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, Slice_MipsCode code) {
+FI_ void atombuilder_push(AtomBuilder_R ab, Slice_MipsCode code) {
 	assert(ab->capacity - ab->used - code.len);
-	mem_copy(ab->start, u4_(code.ptr), code.len);
-	mem_bump(ab->start, ab->capacity, & ab->used, code.len);
+	U4 dest = ab->start + ab->used * S_(MipsCode); U4 size = S_slice(code);
+	mem_copy(dest, u4_(code.ptr), size); ab->used += size;
 }
-#define atombuilder_unroll_mac(ab, mac) atombuilder_unroll(ab, slice_arg_from_array(Slice_MipsCode, mac))
+#define atombuilder_push_mac(ab, mac) atombuilder_push(ab, slice_arg_from_array(Slice_MipsCode, mac))
 
 // When done authoring, utilize this to cap-off the atom (if not utilizing a MipsAtom_Proc).
-FI_ void atombuilder_end(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab) {
-	mem_copy(ab->start, u4_(ac_yield), S_(ac_yield));
-	mem_bump(ab->start, ab->capacity, & ab->used, S_(ac_yield));
-}
+FI_ void atombuilder_end(AtomBuilder_R ab) { atombuilder_push(ab, slice_from_array(MipsCode, ac_yield)); }
 
-#define mipsatom_from_builder(ab) C_(MipsAtom*, (ab).start)
+FI_ void tb_emit_atombuilder(TapeBuilder_R tb, AtomBuilder_R ab) { tb_emit(tb, atom_from_atombuilder(ab[0])); }
 #pragma endregion Mips Atom Builder
 
-#pragma region Mips Atom Procs
+#pragma region Atom Arena
+// Just a dedicated FArena that is meant to mem_copy and return atom definitions made with MipsAtom_Proc_
+typedef Relative_(FArena) Struct_(AtomArena) { U4 start; U4 capacity; U4 used; };
 
-#if 0
-typedef Struct_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena) { U4 used; U4 cursor; };
-FI_ void sync_prim_arean_proc_demo(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_extra, U4 add_amnt_extra) 
-MipsAtom_Proc_(sync_primitive_arena_proc_demo, ab, atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena)
-	, atom_reads( R_TapePtr, R_PrimCursor)
-	, atom_writes(R_TapePtr)
-){
-	load_word(R_AT, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena,used)),
-	load_word(R_T0, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena,cursor)),
-	add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena)),
-	/* Calculate byte offset and store directly back to RAM */
-	sub_u(     R_T0, R_PrimCursor, R_T0), // R_T0    = R_PrimCursor - binds.cursor
-	store_word(R_T0, R_AT, 0),            // R_AT[0] = R_T0
-	add_ui_self(r_extra, add_amnt_extra), // extra op for demonstration purposes.
-	mac_yield()
-})
-
-void demo_make_make_and_emit_atom(TapeBuilder* tb, MipsAtomBuilder* ab){
-	sync_prim_arean_proc_demo(ab, R_T4, 4);
-	tb_emit(tb, mipsatom_from_builder(ab[0]));
+#define atomarena_unused_start(ab) ((ab).start + (ab).used)
+FI_ void atomarena_init(AtomArena_R arena, Slice mem) {  assert(arena != nullptr);
+	arena->start    = u4_(mem.ptr);
+	arena->capacity = mem.len;
+	arena->used     = 0;
 }
-#endif
+FI_ AtomArena atomarena_make(Slice mem) { AtomArena a; atomarena_init(& a, mem); return a; }
+FI_ MipsAtom* atomarena_push(AtomArena_R aa, Slice_MipsCode code) {
+	assert(aa->capacity - aa->used - code.len);
+	U4 dest = atomarena_unused_start(aa[0]); U4 size = S_slice(code);
+	mem_copy(dest, u4_(code.ptr), size); aa->used += size;
+	return C_(MipsAtom*, dest);
+}
+FI_ void atomarena_reset(AtomArena_R aa) { aa->used = 0; }
+#pragma endregion Atom Arena
+
+#pragma region RegFile (Register File Allocator)
+// A specialized allocator utilized to help the user track which registers are bound to values
+// that must be preserved for the arena's bounds.
+// TODO(Ed): Technically we can do this at comp-time with the metaprogram, but we may have namespace conflicts.
+// Unless we follow a convention for #define <Scope_Prefix> or something per register allocation boundary.
+
+/* ABI reserves that are never handed out by alloc.
+ * R_AT is the assembler temporary (per the MIPS O32 ABI). 
+ * R_K0/K1 are kernel reserves.
+ * R_GP stays the host global pointer.
+ * R_SP/R_FP/R_RA are tape runtime carriers between tape_enter and tape_exit. */
+U4 const regfile_abi_mask =
+	(1u << R_0)  | (1u << R_AT) |
+	(1u << R_K0) | (1u << R_K1) |
+	(1u << R_GP) | (1u << R_SP) |
+	(1u << R_FP) | (1u << R_RA);
+
+internal Reg const regfile_alloc_order[] = {
+	R_V0, R_V1,
+	R_A0, R_A1, R_A2, R_A3,
+	R_T0, R_T1, R_T2, R_T3, R_T4, R_T5, R_T6, R_T7,
+	R_S0, R_S1, R_S2, R_S3, R_S4, R_S5, R_S6, R_S7,
+	R_T8, R_T9,
+};
+
+typedef Struct_(RegFile) {
+	A2_U2 GPR;
+	A2_U2 GTE;
+};
+#define regfile(pin_mask) {.GPR={u4_lo(pin_mask), u4_hi(pin_mask)} }
+FI_ void regfile_init(RegFile_R rf) {
+	/* pack the 32-bit ABI mask into the two U2s */
+	rf->GPR[0] = u4_lo(regfile_abi_mask);
+	rf->GPR[1] = u4_hi(regfile_abi_mask);
+	rf->GTE[0] = rf->GTE[1] = 0;
+}
+FI_ RegFile regfile_make(void) { RegFile rf; regfile_init(& rf); return rf; }
+
+typedef Struct_(RegFile_RInfo) {
+	U2_R section;
+	U2   mask;
+	B2   occupied;
+};
+FI_ RegFile_RInfo regfile_rinfo(A2_U2 file, Reg r_id) {
+	U2   s_id     = r_id >> 4;
+	U2_R section  = & file[s_id];
+	U2   mask     = u2_(1u << (r_id & 15));
+	B2   occupied = (section[0] & mask) != 0;
+	return (RegFile_RInfo){section, mask, occupied};
+}
+FI_ Reg regfile__alloc_helper(A2_U2 file, Reg r_id) {
+	Reg result = 0; RegFile_RInfo info = regfile_rinfo(file, r_id);
+	if (info.occupied == false) {
+		info.section[0] |= info.mask;
+		result           = r_id;
+	}
+	return result; 
+}
+I_ Reg regfile_alloc(RegFile_R rf) {
+	Reg allocated = 0;
+	for index_iter(U4, r_id, R_V0, <, R_T9) {
+		allocated = regfile__alloc_helper(rf->GPR, r_id);
+		Jmp_nZero_(allocated,resolved);
+	}
+	assert(allocated != 0);
+resolved: return allocated;
+}
+FI_ Reg regfile_pin(RegFile_R rf, Reg r_id) {
+	RegFile_RInfo info = regfile_rinfo(rf->GPR, r_id);
+	assert(info.occupied == false);
+	info.section[0] |= info.mask;
+	return r_id;
+}
+FI_ void regfile_pin_mask(RegFile_R rf, U4 mask) {
+	B4 occupied = u4_r(rf->GPR)[0] & mask;
+	assert(occupied == false);
+	u4_r(rf->GPR)[0] |= mask;
+}
+FI_ void regfile_free_mask(RegFile_R rf, U4 mask) {
+	if (regfile_abi_mask & mask) return;
+	u4_r(rf->GPR)[0] &= ~mask;
+}
+FI_ void regfile_free_reg(RegFile_R rf, Reg r_id) {
+	/* never free the ABI set */
+	if (regfile_abi_mask & (1u << r_id)) return;
+	RegFile_RInfo info = regfile_rinfo(rf->GPR, r_id);
+	info.section[0] &= ~info.mask;
+}
+FI_ void regfile_reset(RegFile_R rf) {
+	rf->GPR[0] = u4_lo(regfile_abi_mask);
+	rf->GPR[1] = u4_hi(regfile_abi_mask);
+}
+FI_ void regfile_reset_to_mask(RegFile_R rf, U4 mask) {
+	rf->GPR[0] = u4_lo(mask);
+	rf->GPR[1] = u4_hi(mask);
+}
+#pragma endregion RegFileArena (Register File Allocator)
+
+#pragma region Mips Atom Procs
+/* RegUse structs are a convention to organize register allocations for a mips atom procedure.
+	Unlike the usual enum-based declarations, they provide a namespaced scope and have view types via union declarations. */
+#define RegUse_(proc_name) (tmpl(RegUse,proc_name))
+
+	typedef Struct_(RegUse_example_atom_proc) {
+		Reg const ro_register; // Scratch base carrier.
+		Reg usual_modifiable;
+		union { Reg view_1, view_2, view_3; } t1;
+	};
+	internal MipsAtom* example_atom_proc(AtomArena_R aa, U2 offset, RegUse_example_atom_proc r) 
+	MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
+		add_si(r.usual_modifiable, r.ro_register, offset),
+		or_u(r.t1.view_1, r.ro_register, 0),
+		branch_lt_zero(r.t1.view_1, atom_offset(example_atom_proc, skip)), BdSlot_ nop,
+		li_s(r.t1.view_2, 100),
+	atom_label(skip)
+		add_si(r.t1.view_3, r.usual_modifiable, 10),
+		mac_yield(),
+	})
 
 #pragma endregion Mips Atom Procs
 

code/duffle/math.atom.c

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
-#	include "gen/macs.h"
-#	include "gen/offsets.h"
-#	include "math.h"
-#	include "lottes_tape.h"
-#endif
-
-ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(math_atom_c);
-
-#pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Component)
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_v2s2(U4 rs_x, U4 rs_y, U4 r_base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_load_v2s2, {
-	load_half( rs_x, r_base, O_(V3_S2,x)),
-	load_half( rs_y, r_base, O_(V3_S2,y)),
-})
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_v2s2(U4 rt_x, U4 rt_y, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_store_v2s2, {
-	store_half(rt_x, base, offset + O_(V2_S2,x)),
-	store_half(rt_y, base, offset + O_(V2_S2,y)),
-})
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_v3s4(U4 rs_x, U4 rs_y, U4 rs_z, U4 r_base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_load_v3s4, {
-	load_word( rs_x, r_base, O_(V3_S4,x)),
-	load_word( rs_y, r_base, O_(V3_S4,y)),
-	load_word( rs_z, r_base, O_(V3_S4,z)),
-})
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_v3s4(U4 rt_x, U4 rt_y, U4 rt_z, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_store_v3s4, {
-	store_word(rt_x, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,x)),
-	store_word(rt_y, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,y)),
-	store_word(rt_z, base, offset + O_(V3_S4,z)),
-})
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_sub_v3s4(U4 rds_x, U4 rds_y, U4 rds_z, U4 rt_x,  U4 rt_y,  U4 rt_z) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_sub_v3s4, {
-	sub_s(rds_x, rds_x, rt_x),
-	sub_s(rds_y, rds_y, rt_y),
-	sub_s(rds_z, rds_z, rt_z),
-})
-
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_rects2(U4 rt_x, U4 rt_y, U4 rt_width, U4 rt_height, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_store_rects2, {
-	store_half(rt_x,      base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,x)),
-	store_half(rt_y,      base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,y)),
-	store_half(rt_width,  base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,width)),
-	store_half(rt_height, base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,height)),
-})
-
-#pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Component)

code/duffle/math.atom.h

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
+#	include "gen/macs.h"
+#	include "gen/offsets.h"
+#	include "math.h"
+#	include "lottes_tape.h"
+#endif
+
+ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(math_atom_c);
+
+#define v3s4_R_0() ((Reg_(V3_S4)){R_0,R_0,R_0})
+
+typedef Struct_(Reg_V3_S2) { Reg x, y, z; };
+typedef Struct_(Reg_V3_S4) { Reg x, y, z; }; // Register allocation of a V3_S4
+typedef Struct_(Reg_P3_S4) { Reg x, y, z; }; // Register allocation of a P3_S4
+
+#pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Component)
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_half_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg tx, Reg ty, Reg tz, Reg base, U2 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_half(tx, base, offset + OA_(U2,[0])),
+	load_half(ty, base, offset + OA_(U2,[1])),
+	load_half(tz, base, offset + OA_(U2,[2])),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_v3s2(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S2) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_load_half_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_v2s2(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 rs_x, U4 rs_y, U4 r_base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_half(rs_x, r_base, offset + O_(V3_S2,x)),
+	load_half(rs_y, r_base, offset + O_(V3_S2,y)),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_v2s2(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 rt_x, U4 rt_y, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	store_half(rt_x, base, offset + O_(V2_S2,x)),
+	store_half(rt_y, base, offset + O_(V2_S2,y)),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_word_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg tx, Reg ty, Reg tz, Reg base, U2 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_word(tx, base, offset + OA_(U4,[0])),
+	load_word(ty, base, offset + OA_(U4,[1])),
+	load_word(tz, base, offset + OA_(U4,[2])),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_load_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_p3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(P3_S4) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_load_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_half_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg tx, Reg ty, Reg tz, Reg base, U2 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	store_half(tx, base, offset + OA_(U2,[0])),
+	store_half(ty, base, offset + OA_(U2,[1])),
+	store_half(tz, base, offset + OA_(U2,[2])),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_v3s2(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S2) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_store_half_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_word_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg tx, Reg ty, Reg tz, Reg base, U2 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	store_word(tx, base, offset + OA_(U4,[0])),
+	store_word(ty, base, offset + OA_(U4,[1])),
+	store_word(tz, base, offset + OA_(U4,[2])),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_store_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_p3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(P3_S4) transfer, Reg base, U2 offset) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_store_word_v3(transfer.x, transfer.y, transfer.z, base, offset))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_add_si_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg rt_x,  Reg rt_y,  Reg rt_z, Reg base, U2 offset)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	add_si(rt_x, base, O_(V3_S4,x)),
+	add_si(rt_y, base, O_(V3_S4,y)),
+	add_si(rt_z, base, O_(V3_S4,z)),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_sub_s_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab
+	, Reg dx, Reg dy, Reg dz
+	, Reg sx, Reg sy, Reg sz
+	, Reg tx, Reg ty, Reg tz
+) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	sub_s(dx, sx, tx),
+	sub_s(dy, sy, ty),
+	sub_s(dz, sz, tz),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_sub_v3s4(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) d, Reg_(V3_S4) s, Reg_(V3_S4) t) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_sub_s_v3(d.x, d.y, d.z, s.x, s.y, s.z, t.x, t.y, t.z))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_sub_s_v3_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg ds_x, Reg ds_y, Reg ds_z, Reg tx,  Reg ty,  Reg tz) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	sub_s(ds_x, ds_x, tx),
+	sub_s(ds_y, ds_y, ty),
+	sub_s(ds_z, ds_z, tz),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_sub_v3s4_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) ds, Reg_(V3_S4) t) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_sub_s_v3_self(ds.x, ds.y, ds.z, t.x, t.y, t.z))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_store_rects2(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 rt_x, U4 rt_y, U4 rt_width, U4 rt_height, U4 base, U4 offset) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	store_half(rt_x,      base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,x)),
+	store_half(rt_y,      base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,y)),
+	store_half(rt_width,  base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,width)),
+	store_half(rt_height, base, offset + O_(Rect_S2,height)),
+})
+
+#pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Component)

code/duffle/math.h

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ enum {
 };
 
 typedef Array_(U1, 2);
+typedef Array_(U2, 2);
 typedef Array_(U4, 2);
 typedef Array_(S2, 2);
 typedef Array_(S2, 3);
@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ typedef Struct_(V4_S4)      { S4 x; S4 y; S4 z; S4 w; };
 // typedef Struct_(P3_S4)      { S4 x; S4 y; S4 z; S4 w1; }; // RGA(Lengyel): Affine point with implicit weight one. Storage alias of V3_S4. Use P3_S4 when the value is a point.
 typedef V3_S4 P3_S4;
 
+typedef Struct_(R1_U2) { U2 p0; U2 p1; };
+typedef Struct_(R1_S2) { S2 p0; S2 p1; };
+
 typedef Struct_(R2_S2)      { V2_S2 p0; V2_S2 p1; }; // Range-2 Signed 2-Byte (16-bit)
 typedef Struct_(R2_S4)      { V2_S4 p0; V2_S4 p1; }; // Range-2 Signed 4-Byte (32-bit)
 
@@ -64,6 +68,8 @@ typedef Array_(V2_S2, 2);
 typedef Array_(V2_S2, 3);
 typedef Array_(V2_S2, 4);
 
+#define r1u2(p0,p1) (R1_U2){p0,p1}
+
 enum {
 	fp_one = (1 << 12),
 };
@@ -106,10 +112,10 @@ FI_ void mul_a3s4(A3_S4_R out_a, A3_S4 b) {
 	(out_a[0])[2] *= b[2];
 }
 
-FI_ void add_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  add_a3s4   (pcast(A3_S4_R, out_a), pcast(A3_S4, b));  }
-FI_ void add_v3s4_fp(V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  add_a3s4_fp(pcast(A3_S4_R, out_a), pcast(A3_S4, b));  }
+FI_ void add_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  add_a3s4   (C_ptr(A3_S4_R, out_a), C_ptr(A3_S4, b));  }
+FI_ void add_v3s4_fp(V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  add_a3s4_fp(C_ptr(A3_S4_R, out_a), C_ptr(A3_S4, b));  }
 
-FI_ void sub_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  sub_a3s4   (pcast(A3_S4_R, out_a), pcast(A3_S4, b));  }
-FI_ void sub_v3s4_fp(V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  sub_a3s4_fp(pcast(A3_S4_R, out_a), pcast(A3_S4, b));  }
+FI_ void sub_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  sub_a3s4   (C_ptr(A3_S4_R, out_a), C_ptr(A3_S4, b));  }
+FI_ void sub_v3s4_fp(V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  sub_a3s4_fp(C_ptr(A3_S4_R, out_a), C_ptr(A3_S4, b));  }
 
-FI_ void mul_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  mul_a3s4   (pcast(A3_S4_R, out_a), pcast(A3_S4, b));  }
+FI_ void mul_v3s4   (V3_S4_R out_a, V3_S4 b) {  mul_a3s4   (C_ptr(A3_S4_R, out_a), C_ptr(A3_S4, b));  }

code/duffle/memory.h

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ I_ U4 align_pow2(U4 x, U4 b) {
 
 #define align_struct(type_width) ((U4)(((type_width) + 3) & ~3))
 
-FI_ void mem_bump(U4 start, U4 cap, U4*R_ used, U4 amount) {
+FI_ void mem_bump(U4 cap, U4*R_ used, U4 amount) {
 	assert(amount <= (cap - used[0])); 
 	used[0] += amount; 
 }
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ typedef Struct_(Str8)        { UTF8* ptr; U4 len; };
 typedef Struct_(Slice_Str8)  { Str8* ptr; U4 len; };
 #define slit(string_literal) (Str8){ (UTF8*) string_literal, S_(string_literal) - 1 }
 
-typedef Struct_(Slice) { U4 ptr, len; }; // Untyped Slice
-FI_ Slice slice_ut_(U4 ptr, U4 len) { return (Slice){ptr, len}; }
+typedef Struct_(Slice) { B1* ptr; U4 len; };
+FI_ Slice slice_ut_(U4 ptr, U4 len) { return (Slice){(B1*)ptr, len}; }
 
 #define Slice_(type)       Struct_(tmpl(Slice,type)) { type* ptr; U4 len; }
 typedef Slice_(B1);
 #define slice_assert(s)    do { assert((s).ptr != 0); assert((s).len > 0); } while(0)
-#define slice_end(slice)   ((slice).ptr + (slice).len)
+#define slice_end(slice)   ((slice).ptr + S_slice(slice) / S_(B1))
 #define S_slice(s)         ((s).len * S_((s).ptr[0]))
 
 #define slice_ut(ptr,len)  slice_ut_(u4_(ptr),     u4_(len))
@@ -72,23 +72,30 @@ typedef Slice_(B1);
 #define slice_to_ut(s)     slice_ut_(u4_((s).ptr), S_slice(s))
 
 #define slice_iter(container, iter)     (T_((container).ptr) iter = (container).ptr; iter != slice_end(container); ++ iter)
-#define slice_arg_from_array(type, ...) & (tmpl(Slice,type)) { .ptr = array_decl(type,__VA_ARGS__), .len = array_len( array_decl(type,__VA_ARGS__)) }
-#define slice_from_array(type, array)     (tmpl(Slice,type)) { .ptr = array, .len = S_(array) }
+#define slice_arg_from_array(type, ...) & (tmpl(Slice,type)) { .ptr = Array_decl(type,__VA_ARGS__), .len = Array_len( Array_decl(type,__VA_ARGS__)) }
+#define slice_from_array(type, array)     (tmpl(Slice,type)) { .ptr = array, .len = Array_len(array) }
 
-FI_ void slice_zero_(Slice s) { slice_assert(s); mem_zero(s.ptr, s.len); }
+FI_ void slice_zero_(Slice s) { slice_assert(s); mem_zero(u4_(s.ptr), s.len); }
 #define  slice_zero(s)        slice_zero_(slice_to_ut(s))
 
 FI_ void slice_copy_(Slice dest, Slice src) {
-	assert(dest.len >= src.len);
+	assert(S_slice(dest) >= S_slice(src));
 	slice_assert(dest);
 	slice_assert(src);
-	mem_copy(dest.ptr, src.ptr, src.len);
+	mem_copy(u4_(dest.ptr), u4_(src.ptr), S_slice(src));
 }
 #define slice_copy(dest, src) do {  \
 	static_assert(T_same(dest, src)); \
 	slice_copy_(slice_to_ut(dest), slice_to_ut(src)); \
 } while(0)
 
+FI_ Slice slice_bump(U4_R used, U4 start, U4 len, U4 amount) {
+	assert(len - used[0] - amount);
+	U4 ptr = start + used[0]; used[0] += amount;
+	return slice_ut(ptr, amount);
+}
+
+typedef Slice_(U1);
 typedef Slice_(U4);
 
 #pragma endregion Slice
@@ -98,18 +105,19 @@ typedef Slice_(U4);
 typedef Opt_(farena)    { U4 alignment, type_width; };
 typedef Struct_(FArena) { U4 start, capacity, used; };
 FI_ void farena_init(FArena_R arena, Slice mem) {  assert(arena != nullptr);
-	arena->start    = mem.ptr;
+	arena->start    = u4_(mem.ptr);
 	arena->capacity = mem.len;
 	arena->used     = 0;
 }
 FI_ FArena farena_make(Slice mem) { FArena a; farena_init(& a, mem); return a; }
+FI_ Slice farena_bump(FArena_R a, U4 amount) { return slice_bump(& a->used, a->start, a->capacity, amount); }
 I_  Slice farena_push(FArena_R arena, U4 amount, Opt_farena o) {
 	if (amount == 0) { return (Slice){}; }
 	U4 desired   = amount * (o.type_width == 0 ? 1 : o.type_width);
 	U4 to_commit = align_pow2(desired, o.alignment ?  o.alignment : MEM_ALIGNMENT_DEFAULT);
 	U4 ptr       = arena->start + arena->used;
-	mem_bump(arena->start, arena->capacity, & arena->used, to_commit);
-	return (Slice){ ptr, to_commit };
+	mem_bump(arena->capacity, & arena->used, to_commit);
+	return (Slice){ (B1*)ptr, to_commit };
 }
 FI_ void farena_reset (FArena_R arena) { arena->used = 0; }
 FI_ void farena_rewind(FArena_R arena, U4 save_point) {
@@ -117,8 +125,20 @@ FI_ void farena_rewind(FArena_R arena, U4 save_point) {
 	arena->used -= save_point - arena->start;
 }
 FI_ U4 farena_save(FArena arena) { return arena.used; }
+FI_ U4 farena_unused_start(FArena arena) { return arena.start + arena.used; }
 #define farena_push_(arena, amount, ...)                                          farena_push((arena), (amount), opt_(farena, __VA_ARGS__))
 #define farena_push_type(arena, type, ...)                              C_(type*, farena_push((arena), 1,        opt_(farena, .type_width=S_(type), __VA_ARGS__)).ptr)
 #define farena_push_array(arena, type, amount, ...) (tmpl(Slice,type)){ C_(type*, farena_push((arena), (amount), opt_(farena, .type_width=S_(type), __VA_ARGS__)).ptr), (amount) }
 
 #pragma endregion FArena
+
+#pragma region BIOS Scratchpad
+/* BIOS scratchpad location. 1 KB at 0x1F800000.
+ * TapeHostFrame occupies the final 44 bytes while tape code executes. */
+enum {
+	Scratchpad_Loc = 0x1F800000,
+	Scratchpad_Len = 0x400,                             /* 1 KB */
+	Scratchpad_End = Scratchpad_Loc + Scratchpad_Len,   /* 0x1F800400 */
+};
+#define C_scratch(type) C_(type, Scratchpad_Loc)
+#pragma endregion BIOS Scratchpad

code/duffle/mips.atom.c

@@ -2,11 +2,50 @@
 #		include "gen/macs.h"
 #		include "gen/offsets.h"
 #	include "bios.h"
+#	include "mips.h"
 #	include "lottes_tape.h"
 #endif
 
 ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(mips_atom_c);
 
+#pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Components)
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_load_word_imm(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg dst, U4 imm)
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	load_upper_i(dst, u4_hi(imm)),
+	or_i_self(   dst, u4_lo(imm)),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_shift_aright_v3_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg dt_x, Reg dt_y, Reg dt_z, U2 shift_amount)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_( ab, {
+	shift_aright(dt_x, dt_x, shift_amount),
+	shift_aright(dt_y, dt_y, shift_amount),
+	shift_aright(dt_z, dt_z, shift_amount),	
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_shift_aright_v3s4_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) dt, U2 shift) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_shift_aright_v3_self(dt.x, dt.y, dt.z, shift))
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_shift_aright_var_v3(AtomBuilder_R ab
+	, Reg rd_v0, Reg rd_v1, Reg rd_v2
+	, Reg rs_v0, Reg rs_v1, Reg rs_v2
+	, Reg r_shift)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	shift_aright_var(rd_v0, rs_v0, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(rd_v1, rs_v1, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(rd_v2, rs_v2, r_shift),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_shift_aright_var_v3_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg rds_v0, Reg rds_v1, Reg rds_v2, Reg r_shift) 
+atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+	shift_aright_var(rds_v0, rds_v0, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(rds_v1, rds_v1, r_shift),
+	shift_aright_var(rds_v2, rds_v2, r_shift),
+})
+
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_shift_aright_var_v3s4_self(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg_(V3_S4) ds, Reg shift) MipsAtomComp_ProcMap_(ab, mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self(ds.x, ds.y, ds.z, shift))
+
+#pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Components)
+
 #pragma region Baked Atoms
 
 /* Flushes the Instruction Cache (PSX A-function 0x44 via BIOS stub at 0xA0).
@@ -16,19 +55,26 @@ ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(mips_atom_c);
  *   3. $t0 = bios_table_addr           ; t0 = &BIOS A-function table
  *   4. jalr $t0, $ra                   ; call BIOS(flushcache)
  *      nop                             ; branch delay slot
- *   5. lw $ra, 4($sp);  jr $ra         ; restore & return
- *   6. sp += 8
+ *   5. lw $ra, 4($sp)
+ *   6. sp += 8                         ; load-delay
+ *   7. jr $ra
+ *      nop                             ; BD
  */
+
+#if 0
+// Note: Can't do this without having a way to do C-Runtime frame call from Tape ABI.
+// Don't support this without adjusting scratchpad to save tape frame in some way.
 internal MipsAtom_(mips_flush_icache) {
-	add_ui(rstack_ptr, rstack_ptr, -MipsStackAlignment), // sp -= 8
-	store_word(rret_addr, rstack_ptr, S_(U4)),           // sw  $ra,   4($sp) 
-	add_ui(rret_0, rdiscard, bios_flushcache),           // addiu $a0, $0, 0x44 
-	add_ui(rtmp_0, rdiscard, bios_table_addr),           // addiu $t0, $0, 0xA0 
-	jump_link(rtmp_0, rret_addr), nop,                   // jalr  $t0, $ra, BD slot
-	load_word(rret_addr, rstack_ptr, S_(U4)),            // lw   $ra, 4($sp) 
-	jump_reg(rret_addr),                                 // jr   $ra 
-	add_ui(rstack_ptr, rstack_ptr, MipsStackAlignment),  // sp += 8 (BD) 
-	mac_yield(),
+	add_ui(R_SP, R_SP, -MipsStackAlignment), // sp -= 8
+	store_word(R_RA, R_SP, S_(U4)),           // sw  $ra,   4($sp) 
+	add_ui(R_V0, R_0, bios_flushcache),           // addiu $a0, $0, 0x44 
+	add_ui(R_T0, R_0, bios_table_addr),           // addiu $t0, $0, 0xA0 
+	jump_link(R_T0, R_RA), nop,                   // jalr  $t0, $ra, BD slot
+	load_word(R_RA, R_SP, S_(U4)),            // lw   $ra, 4($sp) 
+	add_ui(R_SP, R_SP, MipsStackAlignment),  // sp += 8 (load-delay)
+	jump_reg(R_RA), nop,                          // jr   $ra, BD slot
+	// mac_yield(),
 };
+#endif
 
 #pragma endregion Baked Atoms

code/duffle/mips.h

@@ -81,13 +81,8 @@ enum {
  *  (e.g. for asm clobber lists and register-variable declarations via `rgcc(R_X)`).
  *  The enum value is bound to the `#define` so the two forms cannot drift apart.
  * 
- *  Only registers that get stringified need a `_Code` form; the rest are plain enum values.
- *  If you need to add a new one, follow the pattern:
- *      #define R_T7_Code 15
- *      R_T7 = R_T7_Code,     // in the enum
- *
  *  User code should always reference the enum form (`R_T4`) at arithmetic sites and let
- *  `rlit(R_T4_Code)` / `rgcc(R_T4)` handle the stringify cases — never write the bare number `12`.
+ *  `rlit(R_T4_Code)` / `rgcc(R_T4)` handle the stringify cases
  * ============================================================================ */
 #define R_0_Code    0
 #define R_AT_Code   1
@@ -136,31 +131,31 @@ enum {
 
 /* Semantic Aliases for MIPS Registers (O32 ABI) */
 
-	, rdiscard      = R_0  /* Hardwired to 0 */
-	, rasm_tmp      = R_AT /* Assembler temporary (destroyed by some assembler pseudoinstructions!) */
-	, rret_0        = R_V0 /* Function return value */
-	, rret_1        = R_V1 /* Second return value (e.g., 64-bit) */
-	, rarg_0        = R_A0 /* First function argument */
-	, rarg_1        = R_A1 /* Second function argument */
-	, rarg_2        = R_A2 /* Third function argument */
-	, rarg_3        = R_A3 /* Fourth function argument */
-	, rtmp_0        = R_T0 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
-	, rtmp_1        = R_T1 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
-	, rtmp_2        = R_T2 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
-	, rtmp_3        = R_T3 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
-	, rtmp_4        = R_T4 /* Temporary (Caller saved) — common GTE base pointer */
-	, rtmp_9        = R_T9 /* Temporary (Caller saved) — common GTE base pointer */
-	, rstatic_0     = R_S0 /* Static (Callee saved, preserved across calls) */
-	, rstatic_1     = R_S1
-	, rstatic_2     = R_S2
-	, rstatic_3     = R_S3
-	, rstatic_4     = R_S4
-	, rstatic_5     = R_S5
-	, rstatic_6     = R_S6
-	, rstatic_7     = R_S7
-	, rsaved_0      = R_S0 /* Alias for rstatic_0 (alternate vocabulary) */
-	, rstack_ptr    = R_SP /* Stack Pointer */
-	, rret_addr     = R_RA /* Return Address (populated by JAL) */
+	// , rdiscard      = R_0  /* Hardwired to 0 */
+	// , rasm_tmp      = R_AT /* Assembler temporary (destroyed by some assembler pseudoinstructions!) */
+	// , rret_0        = R_V0 /* Function return value */
+	// , rret_1        = R_V1 /* Second return value (e.g., 64-bit) */
+	// , rarg_0        = R_A0 /* First function argument */
+	// , rarg_1        = R_A1 /* Second function argument */
+	// , rarg_2        = R_A2 /* Third function argument */
+	// , rarg_3        = R_A3 /* Fourth function argument */
+	// , rtmp_0        = R_T0 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
+	// , rtmp_1        = R_T1 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
+	// , rtmp_2        = R_T2 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
+	// , rtmp_3        = R_T3 /* Temporary (Caller saved) */
+	// , rtmp_4        = R_T4 /* Temporary (Caller saved) — common GTE base pointer */
+	// , rtmp_9        = R_T9 /* Temporary (Caller saved) — common GTE base pointer */
+	// , rstatic_0     = R_S0 /* Static (Callee saved, preserved across calls) */
+	// , rstatic_1     = R_S1
+	// , rstatic_2     = R_S2
+	// , rstatic_3     = R_S3
+	// , rstatic_4     = R_S4
+	// , rstatic_5     = R_S5
+	// , rstatic_6     = R_S6
+	// , rstatic_7     = R_S7
+	// , rsaved_0      = R_S0 /* Alias for rstatic_0 (alternate vocabulary) */
+	// , rstack_ptr    = R_SP /* Stack Pointer */
+	// , rret_addr     = R_RA /* Return Address (populated by JAL) */
 
 /* --- MIPS CPU Opcodes (Bits 31-26) --- */
 
@@ -252,29 +247,29 @@ enum {
 enum { _BitOffsets = 0
 /* Bit Offsets for MIPS Instruction Fields */
 
-	, OPCODE_SHIFT = 26
-	, RS_SHIFT     = 21
-	, RT_SHIFT     = 16
-	, RD_SHIFT     = 11
-	, SHAMT_SHIFT  = 6  /* Shift Amount */
-	, FC_SHIFT     = 0
+	, OPCODE_POS = 26
+	, RS_POS     = 21
+	, RT_POS     = 16
+	, RD_POS     = 11
+	, SHAMT_POS  = 6  /* Shift Amount: Offset Position */
+	, FC_POS     = 0
 
-/* Bit Masks to prevent overflow into adjacent fields */
+/* IMM_MASK is the 16-bit two's-complement truncation for the immediate field.
+ * It is NOT a range guard — it is load-bearing for negative branch offsets
+ * (the metaprogram emits raw signed offsets; the mask truncates them to the
+ * 16-bit representation the hardware expects). The static analysis
+ * `immediate_field_width` check validates ranges at build time. */
 
-	, OPCODE_MASK  = 0x3F
-	, REG_MASK     = 0x1F
-	, SHAMT_MASK   = 0x1F /* Shift Amount */
-	, FC_MASK      = 0x3F
 	, IMM_MASK     = 0xFFFF
 };
 
-#define enc_op(op)       (((op)    & OPCODE_MASK) << OPCODE_SHIFT)
-#define enc_rs(rs)       (((rs)    & REG_MASK)    << RS_SHIFT)
-#define enc_rt(rt)       (((rt)    & REG_MASK)    << RT_SHIFT)
-#define enc_rd(rd)       (((rd)    & REG_MASK)    << RD_SHIFT)
-#define enc_shamt(shamt) (((shamt) & SHAMT_MASK)  << SHAMT_SHIFT)
-#define enc_fc(fc)       (((fc)    & FC_MASK)     << FC_SHIFT)
-#define enc_imm(imm)     (((imm)   & IMM_MASK))
+#define enc_op(op)       ((op)    << OPCODE_POS)
+#define enc_rs(rs)       ((rs)    << RS_POS)
+#define enc_rt(rt)       ((rt)    << RT_POS)
+#define enc_rd(rd)       ((rd)    << RD_POS)
+#define enc_shamt(shamt) ((shamt) << SHAMT_POS)
+#define enc_fc(fc)       ((fc)    << FC_POS)
+#define enc_imm(imm)     ((imm) & IMM_MASK)
 
 /* MIPS R-Type Instruction Format (Register-to-Register) */
 #define enc_r(op, rs, rt, rd, shamt, fc) (enc_op(op) | enc_rs(rs) | enc_rt(rt) | enc_rd(rd) | enc_shamt(shamt) | enc_fc(fc))
@@ -318,7 +313,10 @@ enum { _BitOffsets = 0
 #define load_half(rt, base, off)   enc_i(op_lh,    (base), (rt), (off))
 #define load_byte_u(rt, base, off) enc_i(op_lbu,   (base), (rt), (off))
 #define load_half_u(rt, base, off) enc_i(op_lhu,   (base), (rt), (off))
+#define LdSlot_
+
 #define store_word(rt, base, off)  enc_i(op_sw,    (base), (rt), (off))
+
 #define add_ui(rt, rs, imm)        enc_i(op_addiu, (rs),   (rt), (imm))
 #define and_i(rt, rs, imm)         enc_i(op_andi,  (rs),   (rt), (imm))
 // #define and_si                     and_i
@@ -379,6 +377,9 @@ enum { _BitOffsets = 0
  */
 #define jump(off)                  enc_i(op_j,     R_0, R_0, (off))
 
+// Annotate an instruction as filling a branch-delay slot.
+#define BdSlot_
+
 /* jump_rel off — unconditional relative jump (the within-atom-safe `jump`).
  * MIPS I R3000A has no "branch always" opcode. The idiom for an unconditional relative jump is `beq $0, $0, off`. */
 #define jump_rel(off)              branch_equal(R_0, R_0, (off))
@@ -411,6 +412,7 @@ enum { _BitOffsets = 0
 #define div_s(rd, rs, rt)          enc_r(op_special, (rs), (rt), (rd), 0, fc_div)
 #define div_u(rd, rs, rt)          enc_r(op_special, (rs), (rt), (rd), 0, fc_divu)
 
+// TODO(Ed): Change convention of 'self' to ds for (destination is source)?
 #define add_u_self(rd_rs, rt)      add_u(rd_rs, rd_rs, rt)
 
 /* --- Arithmetic I-type (immediate) --- */
@@ -453,11 +455,12 @@ enum { _BitOffsets = 0
 #define shift_amount(rd, rt, n)     shift_lleft(rd, rt, n)
 
 /* nop — sll $0, $0, 0 */
-#define nop  shift_lleft(rdiscard, rdiscard, 0)
+#define nop  shift_lleft(R_0, R_0, 0)
 #define nop2 nop, nop
 
 // li_s — load signed 16-bit immediate into GPR (addiu rt, $0, imm — sign-extends).
 #define li_s(rt, imm)       add_ui((rt), R_0, (imm))
+// #define load_imm_s(rt, imm) add_ui((rt), R_0, (imm))
 
 #define load_imm_1w(rt, imm)    add_ui((rt),  R_0, (imm))
 #define load_imm_1w_s0(rt, imm) add_si((rt)), R_0, (imm))
@@ -578,6 +581,7 @@ enum { _BitOffsets = 0
 	, jump_link(rtmp_0, rret_addr)              \
 	, nop                                       \
 	, load_word(rret_addr, rstack_ptr, 4)       \
-	, jump_reg(rret_addr)                       \
 	, add_ui(rstack_ptr, rstack_ptr, MipsStackAlignment) \
+	, jump_reg(rret_addr)                       \
+	, nop                                       \
 ) asm_clobber: clbr_volatile_gprs )

code/duffle/pad.atom.c

@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(pad_atom_c);
 
 #pragma region MACs (Mips Atom Components)
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_centered_axes(U4 r_state, U4 r_scratch) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_set_centered_axes, {
-    load_upper_i(r_scratch, (PadAxis_Centered_Word >> 16) & 0xFFFF),
-    or_i_self(   r_scratch,  PadAxis_Centered_Word        & 0xFFFF),
-    store_word(  r_scratch, r_state, O_(PadState,axes)),
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_centered_axes(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg state, Reg scratch) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
+		load_upper_i(scratch, (PadAxis_Centered >> 16) & 0xFFFF),
+    or_i_self(   scratch,  PadAxis_Centered        & 0xFFFF), // mac_load_word_imm(scratch, PadAxis_Centered),
+    store_word(  scratch, state, O_(PadState,axes)),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_id_byte(U1 r_state, U1 r_id, U1 id_value) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_set_id_byte, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_id_byte(AtomBuilder_R ab, Reg state, Reg r_id, U1 id_value) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
     add_ui(    r_id, R_0, id_value),
-    store_byte(r_id, r_state, O_(PadState,id)),
+    store_byte(r_id, state, O_(PadState,id)),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_status(U4 r_tmp, U1 r_state, U4 pad_status) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_set_status, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_status(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 r_tmp, U1 r_state, U4 pad_status) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
     add_ui(    r_tmp, R_0, pad_status),
     store_word(r_tmp, r_state, O_(PadState,status)),
 })
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_set_status(U4 r_tmp, U1 r_state, U4 pad_status) atom_d
 /* Invert r_buttons (active-low → active-high) and store to PadState.buttons.
  * r_buttons must already be loaded (the caller is responsible for filling the load-delay slot of
  * the preceding load_half_u with an instruction that doesn't read r_buttons). */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_store_inverted_buttons(U1 r_buttons, U1 r_pad_state) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_store_inverted_buttons, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_store_inverted_buttons(AtomBuilder_R ab, U1 r_buttons, U1 r_pad_state) atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
     nor_u(     r_buttons, r_buttons, R_0),
-    store_half(  r_buttons, r_pad_state, O_(PadState,   buttons)),
+    store_half(r_buttons, r_pad_state, O_(PadState,buttons)),
 })
 
 #pragma endregion MACs (Mips Atom Components)
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_store_inverted_buttons(U1 r_buttons, U1 r_pad_state) a
  *   byte_swap16(x) = (x >> 8) | (x << 8); nor(x, R_0) = ~x. store_half truncates to 16 bits so the upper-16 mask is implicit in the store.
  *
  * Register use (atom-local; no wave-context touched):
- *   R_T0 = raw base      (kept throughout; axes loads read raw[4..7] from R_T0)
- *   R_T1 = state base    (kept throughout; all stores go through R_T1)
- *   R_T2 = raw[0] status (alive across the disc/pending/id dispatch, then dead)
- *   R_T3 = raw[1] id     (alive across the id dispatch, then dead)
- *   R_T4 = scratch       (shifts, compares, immediate loads, store values)
- *   R_T5 = scratch       (parallel lui+ori for the 0x80808080 axes constant + byte-swap target)
+ *   R_T0 = raw base      : Kept throughout; axes loads read raw[4..7] from R_T0.
+ *   R_T1 = state base    : Kept throughout; all stores go through R_T1.
+ *   R_T2 = raw[0] status : Alive across the disc/pending/id dispatch, then dead.
+ *   R_T3 = raw[1] id     : Alive across the id dispatch, then dead.
+ *   R_T4 = scratch       : Shifts, compares, immediate loads, store values.
+ *   R_T5 = scratch       : Parallel lui + ori for the 0x80808080 axes constant + byte-swap target.
  */
 enum {
 	R_PadRaw    = R_T0 atom_reg atom_type(U1),
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ atom_label(disconnected) /* === Disconnected body. */
 	mac_pad_set_status(R_T4, R_PadState, PadStatus_Disconnected),
 	store_half(        R_0,  R_PadState, O_(PadState,buttons)),
 	mac_pad_set_centered_axes(R_PadState, R_T4),
-	mac_pad_set_id_byte(      R_PadState, R_RawId, PadRawStatus_Timeout),
+	mac_pad_set_id_byte(R_PadState, R_RawId, PadRawStatus_Timeout),
 	jump_rel(atom_offset(disconnected, snap_end)),
 		/* BD-slot: load next atom's entry point (replaces the nop).
 		 * Always jumps to snap_end, where mac_yield_tail() transfers control to R_AtomJmp without re-loading it. */
@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ atom_label(id_dispatch) /* === Case 3-6: ID dispatch */
 	 * R_T5 is then "dead" — only consumed at the analog_pad range check downstream. */
 	mac_pad_set_status(R_T4, R_PadState, PadStatus_Digital),
 	load_half_u(       R_T4, R_PadRaw, O_(PadBiosRaw, buttons)), /* R_T4 = raw_buttons; */
-	load_upper_i(R_T5, PadAxis_Centered_Hi), or_i_self(R_T5, PadAxis_Centered_Lo), /* fills the buttons-load's delay slot (doesn't read R_T4) */
+	mac_load_word_imm( R_T5, PadAxis_Centered), /* fills the buttons-load's delay slot (doesn't read R_T4) */
+	// load_upper_i(R_T5, PadAxis_Centered_Hi), or_i_self(R_T5, PadAxis_Centered_Lo), 
 	mac_pad_store_inverted_buttons(R_T4, R_PadState),            /* R_T4 settled: nor + sh writes ~raw_buttons to state.buttons */
 	store_word(R_T5,    R_PadState, O_(PadState, axes)),         /* single sw writes the 4-byte axes block at offset 8 (left_x, left_y, right_x, right_y) */
 	mac_pad_set_id_byte(R_PadState, R_T4, PadRawId_Digital),
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ atom_label(try_unsupported) /* === Case 7: Unsupported — fall through from the
 	store_word(R_T4, R_PadState, O_(PadState,status)),
 	store_half(R_0,  R_PadState, O_(PadState,buttons)),
 	mac_pad_set_centered_axes(R_PadState, R_T4),
-	mac_pad_set_id_byte(      R_PadState, R_RawId, PadUnknownId_Sentinel),
+	mac_pad_set_id_byte(R_PadState, R_RawId, PadUnknownId_Sentinel),
 	/* Fall through to snap_end. */
 
 atom_label(no_jump_fallthrough)

code/duffle/pad.c

@@ -6,16 +6,10 @@
 #	include "pad.h"
 #endif
 
-/* Uses ONE 8-byte frame allocated via the compiler's standard prologue.
+/* Uses an 8-byte frame allocated via the compiler's standard prologue.
  * 4 wasted-arg words for B(12h) InitPAD2 are at [SP+0..15] but are not explicitly allocated.
  * Compiler handles the MIPS O32 "wasted stack" convention for us by treating the B-call as a 4-arg call.
- *
- * The buffer pointers are passed as arguments so the compiler keeps them in callee-saved registers;
- * The B(12h) asm volatile block does NOT clobber those registers (it clobbers only the volatile GPRs + B-table arg registers explicitly).
- * The C-level writes after the call re-load the pointers from their callee-saved homes.
- *
- * The clobber list for both B-calls names the full BIOS destroy set documented in kernelbios.md:167-174 (R1..R15, R24..R25, R31, HI/LO).
- * The kernel-ABI "volatile GPRs" subset is clb_mem_drain; the rest of the destroy set is enumerated explicitly here. */
+ */
 NI_ void pad_bios_init_start(PadBiosRaw* raw0, PadBiosRaw* raw1)
 {
 	/* Pin raw0 + raw1 to $a0 + $a1 via rgcc; the B(12h) call uses these directly.
@@ -24,9 +18,6 @@ NI_ void pad_bios_init_start(PadBiosRaw* raw0, PadBiosRaw* raw1)
 	register PadBiosRaw* p1 rgcc(R_A1) = raw1;
 	(void)p0; (void)p1;
 
-	// TODO(Ed): Properly annotate the raw values in the inline asm instructions.
-	// Use enums.
-
 	/* B(12h) InitPAD2(raw0, 0x22, raw1, 0x22)
 	 *   $a0 = raw0 (rgcc-bound; survives the sequence below)
 	 *   $a1 = raw1 (preserved into $a2 before $a1 is overwritten)
@@ -36,12 +27,12 @@ NI_ void pad_bios_init_start(PadBiosRaw* raw0, PadBiosRaw* raw1)
 	 *   $t2 = 0xB0 (BIOS B-table address) */
 	asm volatile(
 		asm_words(
-			or_u(    rarg_2, rarg_1, rdiscard),               /* $a2 = $a1 = raw1 */
-			add_ui(  rarg_1, rdiscard, bios_pad_buffer_size), /* $a1 = 0x22 */
-			add_ui(  rarg_3, rdiscard, bios_pad_buffer_size), /* $a3 = 0x22 */
-			add_ui(  rtmp_1, rdiscard, bios_init_pad_2),      /* $t1 = 0x12 */
-			add_ui(  rtmp_2, rdiscard, bios_btable_addr),     /* $t2 = 0xB0 */
-			call_reg(rtmp_2),                                 /* jalr $t2, $ra */
+			or_u(    R_A2, R_A1, R_0),                 /* $a2 = $a1 = raw1 */
+			add_ui(  R_A1, R_0, bios_pad_buffer_size), /* $a1 = 0x22 */
+			add_ui(  R_A3, R_0, bios_pad_buffer_size), /* $a3 = 0x22 */
+			add_ui(  R_T1, R_0, bios_init_pad_2),      /* $t1 = 0x12 */
+			add_ui(  R_T2, R_0, bios_btable_addr),     /* $t2 = 0xB0 */
+			call_reg(R_T2),                            /* jalr $t2, $ra */
 			nop                                        /* BD slot */
 		)
 		asm_rpins, r_use(p0), r_use(p1)
@@ -62,9 +53,9 @@ NI_ void pad_bios_init_start(PadBiosRaw* raw0, PadBiosRaw* raw1)
 	/* B(13h) StartPAD2() — no args. The BIOS preserves $sp. */
 	asm volatile(
 		asm_words(
-			add_ui(  rtmp_1, rdiscard, bios_start_pad_2), /* $t1 = 0x13 */
-			add_ui(  rtmp_2, rdiscard, bios_btable_addr), /* $t2 = 0xB0 (re-load) */
-			call_reg(rtmp_2),                             /* jalr $t2, $ra */
+			add_ui(  R_T1, R_0, bios_start_pad_2), /* $t1 = 0x13 */
+			add_ui(  R_T2, R_0, bios_btable_addr), /* $t2 = 0xB0 (re-load) */
+			call_reg(R_T2),                        /* jalr $t2, $ra */
 			nop                                    /* BD slot */
 		)
 		asm_clobber:

code/duffle/pad.h

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
 #	pragma once
 #	include "dsl.h"
+#	include "math.h"
 #endif
 
-/* PSX button bit positions — 1:1 with PSX-SPX docs at docs/psx-spx/docs/controllersandmemorycards.md:405-421.
- * Wire is active-low (0 = pressed).
- * The decoder atom computes buttons = (~raw_buttons) & 0xFFFF; 
- * active-low-to-active-high inversion is applied bit-by-bit. */
+// PSX button bit positions: PSX-SPX docs/psx-spx/docs/controllersandmemorycards.md:405-421.
 typedef Enum_(U2, PadBtns) {
 	Bit_(Pad_Select,    0),
 	Bit_(Pad_L3,        1),
@@ -61,11 +59,7 @@ typedef Enum_(U4, PadStatus) {
 	PadStatus_Invalid,
 };
 
-/* Distinct from the game-facing PadStatus enum: PadRawStatus_Ok and PadRawStatus_Timeout are raw BIOS values;
- * PadStatus_* are game-facing post-decode states. PadUnknownId_Sentinel is written by the decoder 
- * when the controller id does not match any known controller type.
- * PadAxisCentered_Word: Four-byte 0x80 pattern used to clear / center 
- * four byte axes at PadState.left_x through PadState.right_y. */
+// Distinct from the game-facing PadStatus enum: PadRawStatus_Ok and PadRawStatus_Timeout are raw BIOS values
 typedef Enum_(U1, PadRawStatus) {
 	PadRawStatus_Ok      = 0x00,
 	PadRawStatus_Timeout = 0xFF,
@@ -82,7 +76,7 @@ typedef Enum_(U1, PadUnknownId) {
 typedef Enum_(U4, PadAxisCentered) {
 	PadAxis_Centered_Hi = 0x8080,
 	PadAxis_Centered_Lo = 0x8080,
-	PadAxis_Centered_Word = 0x80808080U,
+	PadAxis_Centered    = 0x80808080U,
 };
 typedef Enum_(U1, PadDeadZone) {
 	PadDeadZone_LowBound  = 0x70,  /* left_x <  LowBound  → active;  delta = 0x80 - left_x > 0 (rightward pull) */

code/duffle/psyq.h

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void gte_matrix_set_translation(MT3_S2S4* mat) asm("SetTransMatrix");
 
 // Einheit, Metrication to unit vector. "Normalization", not Orthogonal "Normal, Normalis". Directionalization.
 // RGA(Lengyel): Normalize the bulk of a zero-weight direction. This is not finite-point unitization (which forces w=1).
-S4 normalize_v3s4(V3_S4* v0, V3_S4* v1) asm("VectorNormal");
+S4 psy_normalize_v3s4(V3_S4* v0, V3_S4* v1) asm("VectorNormal");
 
 // RGA(Lengyel): Apply the matrix expansion of a rigid transformation.
 // Motor antiproduct is equivalent for unitized points; LA form is what GTE consumes.

code/duffle/word_count.metadata.h

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #define WORD_COUNT(name, count)  enum { words_##name = (count) };
 
 WORD_COUNT(nop,                              1)
+WORD_COUNT(atom_label,                        0)
+WORD_COUNT(atom_offset,                       0)
 WORD_COUNT(load_upper_i,                     1)
 WORD_COUNT(jump_reg,                         1)
 WORD_COUNT(jump_link,                        1)
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ WORD_COUNT(gte_mv_to_ctrl_r,                 1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_sw,                           1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_cmdw_rtpt,                    1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_cmdw_nclip,                   1)
+WORD_COUNT(gte_cmdw_op,                      1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_avg_sort_z3,                  1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_cmdw_sqr,                     1)
 WORD_COUNT(gte_cmdw_gpf,                     1)

code/hello_camera/gen/auto_reg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES
+#pragma once
+#endif
+// Auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/auto_reg.lua) — DO NOT EDIT
+// Directory: C:\projects\Pikuma\ps1\code\hello_camera
+//   source: C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c
+//   source: C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.h
+//   source: C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.atom.c
+// Per-phase register allocations resolved by the lua pass.
+// R_<Sym>_Code = <chosen GPR's _Code constant> for every marker in this directory.
+
+#define R_GpTmp_Code R_V0_Code
+

code/hello_camera/gen/offsets.h

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ enum {
     atom_offset_end_low_exit_stick = _atom_offset_end_low_exit_stick,
 };
 
-// --- atom: pad_input_cam (40 words) ---
+// --- atom: pad_input_cam (39 words) ---
 
 #define _atom_offset_left_x_exit_left_x               3
 #define _atom_offset_right_x_exit_right_x             3
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ enum {
     atom_offset_circle_z_exit_circle_z = _atom_offset_circle_z_exit_circle_z,
 };
 
-// --- atom: cube_g4_face (76 words) ---
+// --- atom: cube_g4_face (73 words) ---
 
 #define _atom_offset_cull_cube_g4_face_exit           41
 #define _atom_offset_bounds_chk_cube_g4_face_exit     24
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ enum {
     atom_offset_bounds_chk_cube_g4_face_exit = _atom_offset_bounds_chk_cube_g4_face_exit,
 };
 
-// --- atom: floor_f3_face (58 words) ---
+// --- atom: floor_f3_face (56 words) ---
 
 #define _atom_offset_culling_floor_f3_face_exit       25
 #define _atom_offset_bounds_chk_floor_f3_face_exit    16

code/hello_camera/hello_camera.atom.c

@@ -10,22 +10,23 @@
 #	include "duffle/pad.h"
 #	include "duffle/word_count.metadata.h"
 #	include "duffle/psyq.h"
-#	include "duffle/math.atom.c"
+#	include "duffle/math.atom.h"
+#	include "duffle/gte.atom.h"
 #	include "duffle/mips.atom.c"
-#	include "duffle/gte.atom.c"
 #	include "duffle/gp.atom.c"
 #	include "duffle/psyq.atom.c"
 #		include "gen/offsets.h"
 #		include "gen/macs.h"
+#		include "gen/auto_reg.h"
 #	include "hello_camera.h"
 #endif
 
-ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(hello_joypad_atom_c);
+ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(hello_camera_atom_c);
 
 #pragma region MACs (Mips Atom components)
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_disp_env(U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_disp_env, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_disp_env(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	// Emits 5 GP0 commands for buffer 0 (display_area = (0,0,320,240)).
 	// Sequence per libpsyx PutDispEnv: DrawArea TL → DrawArea BR → Mask → DrawArea TL → DrawArea BR
 	mac_gcmd_push(gp0_word_draw_area_top_left_origin,      reg_transfer, reg_base, port),
@@ -35,8 +36,8 @@ MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_disp_env, {
 	mac_gcmd_push(gp0_word_draw_area_bottom_right_320x240, reg_transfer, reg_base, port),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_draw_env(U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_draw_env, {
+I_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_draw_env(AtomBuilder_R ab, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	/*
 	* ORIGIN: each code word corresponds to the EXACT value libpsyx's PutDrawEnv function would compute for the same DrawEnv settings.
 	* References:
@@ -90,6 +91,142 @@ MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_draw_env, {
 
 #pragma endregion MACs
 
+#pragma region Atom Procs
+
+#pragma region resolve_look_at
+/* ─── resolve_look_at bundle chain atoms ──────────────────────────── */
+
+typedef AtomBundle_(resolve_look_at) { MipsAtom
+	*input_and_sub,
+	*normalize_fwd_uz,
+	*cross_to_right,
+	*normalize_right_ux,
+	*cross_to_up,
+	*normalize_up_uy,
+	*populate_mt3s4s2;
+};
+
+typedef Struct_(ResolveLookAtScratch) {
+	V3_S4 fwd;
+	V3_S4 uz;
+	V3_S4 right;
+	V3_S4 ux;
+	V3_S4 up;
+	V3_S4 uy;
+	P3_S4 eye;
+	P3_S4 target;
+	V3_S4 up_in;
+};
+
+typedef Struct_(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub) {
+	P3_S4* target;
+	P3_S4* eye;
+	V3_S4* up_in;
+};
+typedef Struct_(RegUse_resolve_look_at_input_and_sub) {
+	Reg target_ptr;
+	Reg eye_ptr;
+	Reg up_in_ptr;
+	union { Reg_(V3_S4) r012, up_in,  eye; };
+	union { Reg_(V3_S4) r345, target, fwd; };
+};
+/* Atom 0 in the bundle: input_and_sub. Stages C-side inputs into the scratchpad and computes fwd = target - eye. */
+internal MipsAtom* AtomBundleEntry_(resolve_look_at,input_and_sub)(AtomArena_R aa, RegUse_resolve_look_at_input_and_sub r)
+atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub)) MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
+	load_word(r.target_ptr, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub,target)),
+	load_word(r.eye_ptr,    R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub,eye)),
+	load_word(r.up_in_ptr,  R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub,up_in)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_ResolveLookAtSub)),
+
+	/* Stage up_in.x/y/z into the scratchpad. R_ScratchBase = R_SP = 0x1F800000. */
+	mac_load_v3s4( r.up_in, r.up_in_ptr, 0), LdSlot_
+	mac_store_v3s4(r.up_in, R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,up_in)),
+
+	// Stage eye.x/y/z into the scratchpad (atom 6 reads these for the translation column).
+	mac_load_v3s4( r.eye, r.eye_ptr, 0), LdSlot_
+	mac_store_v3s4(r.eye, R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,eye)),
+
+	/* Compute fwd = target - eye. */
+	mac_load_v3s4(    r.target, r.target_ptr, 0), LdSlot_
+	mac_sub_v3s4_self(r.fwd, r.eye),
+	mac_store_v3s4(   r.fwd, R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,fwd)),
+
+	mac_yield()
+})
+
+typedef Struct_(Binds_ResolveLookAt_PopulateMT3S4S2) {
+	MT3_S2S4* look_at;  /* MT3_S2S4* — destination matrix address */
+};
+typedef Struct_(RegUse_resolve_look_at_populate_mt3s4s2) {
+	Reg         look_at;
+	Reg         eye;            /* matrix_vector phase: load -eye */
+	Reg_(V3_S4) row;            /* populate phase: load ux/uy/uz */
+	union { Reg r0, ux, vx; }; /* populate addr → matrix_vector v_x */
+	union { Reg r1, uy, vy; }; /* populate uy   → matrix_vector v_y */
+	union { Reg r2, uz, vz; }; /* populate uz   → matrix_vector v_z */
+};
+/* write look_at->m[][] from ux/uy/uz as packed S2 (populate),
+ * ctc2 RT chain into C2[0..4] (matrix_vector), MVMVA RT*(-eye)>>12, store off
+ * directly to look_at->t[] (trans_matrix).
+ *
+ * C11 ApplyMatrixLV semantics (gte.atom.c ac_apply_matrix_lv; libgte reference):
+ *   1. ctc2 RT matrix (5 ctc2s to C2[0..4])
+ *   2. lw -eye from memory
+ *   3. S15 decomposition (eliminated here — the fused body takes the >>12 path
+ *      directly via mtc2 IR + MVMVA pass2, matching the libgte canonical output)
+ *   4. mtc2 to IR1/2/3, nop2, MVMVA pass2 (sf=1, mx=0, v=3, cv=3)
+ *   5. mfc2 MACs → off
+ *   6. store off to look_at->t[] (skip scratch.eye intermediate)
+ */
+internal MipsAtom* AtomBundleEntry_(resolve_look_at,populate_mt3s4s2)(AtomArena_R aa, RegUse_resolve_look_at_populate_mt3s4s2 r)
+atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_ResolveLookAt_PopulateMT3S4S2)) MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
+	/* --- Tape pop: look_at pointer --- */
+	load_word(r.look_at, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAt_PopulateMT3S4S2,look_at)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self( R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_ResolveLookAt_PopulateMT3S4S2)),
+
+	add_si(r.ux,  R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch, ux)), LdSlot_
+	add_si(r.uy,  R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch, uy)),
+	add_si(r.uz,  R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch, uz)),
+	add_si(r.eye, R_ScratchBase, O_(ResolveLookAtScratch, eye)),
+
+	/* write look_at->m[][] from ux/uy/uz as packed S2 */
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.row, r.ux, 0), LdSlot_ mac_store_v3s2(r.row, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[0])),
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.row, r.uy, 0), LdSlot_ mac_store_v3s2(r.row, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[1])),
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.row, r.uz, 0), LdSlot_ mac_store_v3s2(r.row, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[2])),
+
+	/* ctc2 RT chain + MVMVA RT * (-eye) >> 12 */
+	/*   C2[0] = (RT12<<16)|RT11  ← ctc2 RT11 from m[0][0..1]
+	 *   C2[1] = (RT21<<16)|RT13  ← ctc2 RT12 from m[0][2..3]
+	 *   C2[2] = (RT23<<16)|RT22  ← ctc2 RT13 from m[1][1..2]
+	 *   C2[3] = (RT32<<16)|RT31  ← ctc2 RT21 from m[2][0..1]
+	 *   C2[4] = (RT33<<16)|junk  ← ctc2 RT22 from m[2][2] (half) */
+	load_word(  r.vx, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[0][0])), /* RT11|RT12 */ LdSlot_
+	load_word(  r.vy, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[0][2])), /* RT13|RT21 */ LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(r.vx, gte_cr_RT11),
+	load_word(  r.vz, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[1][1])), /* RT22|RT23 */ LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(r.vy, gte_cr_RT12),
+	load_word(  r.vx, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[2][0])), /* RT31|RT32 */ LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(r.vz, gte_cr_RT13),
+	load_half_u(r.vy, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, m[2][2])), /* RT33 */      LdSlot_ gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(r.vx, gte_cr_RT21),
+
+	GteDelay_ mac_load_word_v3(r.vx, r.vy, r.vz, r.eye, 0), LdSlot_ 
+	mac_sub_s_v3(r.vx, r.vy, r.vz, R_0, R_0, R_0, r.vx, r.vy, r.vz),
+
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r.vx, C2_IR1),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r.vy, C2_IR2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(r.vz, C2_IR3),
+	GteDelay_ nop2,
+
+	/* MVMVA pass 2 — C11 ApplyMatrixLV command. sf=1, mx=0 (RT), v=3 (IR), cv=3. Reads RT × IR >> 12. */
+	gte_cmdw_mvmva_c11_pass2,                        GteDelay_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0),            // ac_yield: word 1
+	mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(r.vx, r.vy, r.vz), GteDelay_ add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)), // ac_yield: word 2
+
+	/* store off directly to look_at->t[] (skip scratch.eye intermediate) */
+	mac_store_word_v3(r.vx, r.vy, r.vz, r.look_at, O_(MT3_S2S4, t)),
+
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop, // ac_yield: word 3-4
+})
+#pragma endregion resolve_look_at
+
+#pragma endregion Atom Procs
+
 #pragma region Baked Atoms
 
 enum {
@@ -105,78 +242,81 @@ internal MipsAtom_(screen_env_init) atom_info(atom_phase(screen_init)
 ) {
 	/* display[0] = (0, 0, 320, 240); rest of struct zeroed. */
 	add_ui(R_ScreenX, R_0, ScreenRes_X), add_ui(R_ScreenY, R_0, ScreenRes_Y),
-	mac_store_v2s2(R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area.width) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,0)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,0)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,screen)       + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,0)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,vinterlace)   + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,0)),
+	mac_store_v2s2(R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area.width) + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[0])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area) + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[0])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,screen)       + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[0])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,vinterlace)   + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[0])),
 
 	/* display[1] = (0, 240, 320, 240); rest of struct zeroed. */
-	mac_store_rects2(R_0, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,1)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,screen)     + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,1)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,vinterlace) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,1)),
+	mac_store_rects2(R_0, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,display_area) + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[1])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,screen)     + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[1])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,vinterlace) + O_(DoubleBuffer,display[1])),
 
-	mac_store_rects2(R_0, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area)         + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)), /* draw[0].clip_area = (0, 240, 320, 240). C11's SetDefDrawEnv writes clip.y = y_arg. */
-	mac_store_v2s2(  R_0, R_ScreenY,                       R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0]) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)), /* draw[0].drawing_offset[0] = (0, 240); C11 passes y_arg as ofs. */
+	mac_store_rects2(R_0, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area)         + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])), /* draw[0].clip_area = (0, 240, 320, 240). C11's SetDefDrawEnv writes clip.y = y_arg. */
+	mac_store_v2s2(  R_0, R_ScreenY,                       R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0]) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])), /* draw[0].drawing_offset[0] = (0, 240); C11 passes y_arg as ofs. */
 
-	mac_store_v2s2(R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area.width) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
+	mac_store_v2s2(R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area.width) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
 
 	/* draw[0].texture_window = (0, 0, 0, 0); two word-zeroes cover the full 8-byte tw field. */
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.x)     + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.width) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.x)     + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.width) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
 
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0].x)  + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.x)     + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
-	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.width) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0].x)  + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.x)     + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
+	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_window.width) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
 
 	/* draw[0].texture_page = 10 (gp0_tpage_default). C11 SetDefDrawEnv at C11_only.elf:0x8001273C writes the same 0x0A. . */
 	add_ui(R_T0, R_0, gp0_tpage_default),
-	store_half(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_page) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	store_half(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_page) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
+	store_half(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_page) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	store_half(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,texture_page) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
 
 	/* draw[0] control bytes: flag_dither=1, flag_draw_on_display=1 (the dfe bit per psx-spx; libpsyx sets it via `SetDefDrawEnv`'s conditional at C11_only.elf:0x80012728), enable_auto_clear=1. Each byte is named;
 	 * the previous `store_word(R_0, ..., +20)` overwrote all four with zero. */
 	add_ui(R_T0, R_0, 1),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_dither)          + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_draw_on_display) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,enable_auto_clear)    + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_dither)          + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_draw_on_display) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
-	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,enable_auto_clear)    + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_dither)          + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_draw_on_display) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,enable_auto_clear)    + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_dither)          + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,flag_draw_on_display) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
+	store_byte(R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,enable_auto_clear)    + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
 
 	/* draw[0].initial_bg_color = (r=7, g=7, b=7). */
 	add_ui(R_T0, R_0, 7),
-	mac_store_rgb8(R_T0,R_T0,R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,initial_bg_color) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)),
-	mac_store_rgb8(R_T0,R_T0,R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,initial_bg_color) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
+	mac_store_rgb8(R_T0,R_T0,R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,initial_bg_color) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[0])),
+	mac_store_rgb8(R_T0,R_T0,R_T0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,initial_bg_color) + O_(DoubleBuffer,draw[1])),
 
 	mac_yield(),
 };
 
 enum {
 	R_IO_BaseAddr = R_T4 atom_reg, /* Caller-pinned: IO_BASE_ADDR = 0x1F800000 */
+	R_GP1_Offset  = R_T2 atom_reg, /* Caller-pinned: GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET = 0x10 */
+	atom_auto_reg(gp_screen_init, R_GpTmp),  /* Auto-allocated scratch; resolved to a free pool GPR by the lua pass. C-preprocessor expands to R_GpTmp = R_GpTmp_Code with an atom_auto_reg trailing comment. */
 #define R_IO_BaseAddr_Code R_T4_Code
+#define R_GP1_Offset_Code  R_T2_Code
 };
 internal MipsAtom_(gp_screen_init) atom_info(atom_phase(screen_init), atom_reads(R_IO_BaseAddr)) {
 	store_word(R_0, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),                                   /* GP1(00h) Reset */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_ResetCmdBuffer(),   R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),  /* GP1(01h) ClearFIFO */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_AcknowledgeIRQ(),   R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),  /* GP1(02h) AckIRQ */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_DisplayOn(),        R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),  /* GP1(03h) Display ON */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_dma_to_gpu(),       R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),  /* GP1(04h) DMADirection=2 (CPU→GPU). libpsyx's per-frame PutDrawEnv/DrawOTag use DMA2; without this the DMA queue never drains. */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_StartDisplayArea(), R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),  /* GP1(05h) StartDisplayArea (X=0, Y=0) */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_ResetCmdBuffer(),   R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* GP1(01h) ClearFIFO; uses pinned R_ScreenX as the transfer reg. */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_AcknowledgeIRQ(),   R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* GP1(02h) AckIRQ; uses pinned R_ScreenX as the transfer reg. */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_DisplayOn(),        R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* GP1(03h) Display ON; uses pinned R_ScreenX as the transfer reg. */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_dma_to_gpu(),       R_GpTmp,   R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* GP1(04h) DMADirection=2 (CPU->GPU). libpsyx's per-frame PutDrawEnv/DrawOTag use DMA2; without this the DMA queue never drains. Uses auto-allocated R_GpTmp. */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_StartDisplayArea(), R_GpTmp,   R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* GP1(05h) StartDisplayArea (X=0, Y=0); uses auto-allocated R_GpTmp. */
 
-	/* GP1: DisplayMode + Display Ranges */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_display_mode_320x240_15bit_ntsc, R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_horizontal_range_ntsc,           R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_vertical_range_ntsc,             R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
+	/* GP1: DisplayMode + Display Ranges. */
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_display_mode_320x240_15bit_ntsc, R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_horizontal_range_ntsc,           R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_vertical_range_ntsc,             R_ScreenX, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
 
 	/* GTE: SetGeomOffset (OFX, OFY) — ScreenRes_CenterX, ScreenRes_CenterY. */
-	load_upper_i(R_T5, ScreenRes_CenterX), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T5, gte_cr_OFX_Code),
-	load_upper_i(R_T5, ScreenRes_CenterY), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T5, gte_cr_OFY_Code),
+	load_upper_i(R_ScreenX, ScreenRes_CenterX), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_ScreenX, gte_cr_OFX_Code),
+	load_upper_i(R_ScreenX, ScreenRes_CenterY), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_ScreenX, gte_cr_OFY_Code),
 
 	/* GTE: SetGeomScreen (H) — CR26 (per PSX-SPX / libpsyx), value is the raw projection-plane distance, NOT shifted. */
-	add_ui(R_T5, R_0, ScreenZ), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_T5, gte_cr_H_Code),
+	add_ui(R_ScreenX, R_0, ScreenZ), gte_mv_to_ctrl_r(R_ScreenX, gte_cr_H_Code),
 
 	/* GP1: DisplayEnable — bit 0 = 0 (Display ON). */
-	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_DisplayOn(), R_T5, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET),
+	mac_gcmd_push(gp1_word_DisplayOn(), R_GpTmp, R_IO_BaseAddr, GPIO_PORT1_OFFSET), /* Uses auto-allocated R_GpTmp. */
 	mac_yield(),
 };
 
@@ -198,15 +338,15 @@ internal MipsAtom_(pad_input_cube_rotation) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_PadApplyIn
 	load_word(R_PadStateT5, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_PadApplyInput,state)),
 	load_word(R_CubeRot,    R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_PadApplyInput,cube_rot)),
 	load_word(R_FloorRot,   R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_PadApplyInput,floor_rot)),
-	add_ui_self(            R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_PadApplyInput)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_PadApplyInput)),
 
 	/* Load pad[0].buttons into R_T0. */
-	load_word(R_T0, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,buttons)), nop,
+	load_word(R_T0, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,buttons)), LdSlot_ nop,
 	// Note(Ed): Potential op with delay slot?
 
 	/* D-pad Left: cube_rot.y += 30, floor_rot.y += 5.  */
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Left), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(dpad_left, exit_dpad_left)),
-		load_half( R_T4, R_CubeRot,  O_(V3_S2,y)),   /* BD-slot */
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Left), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(dpad_left, exit_dpad_left)), BdSlot_
+		load_half( R_T4, R_CubeRot,  O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_
 		load_half( R_T3, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 		add_si(    R_T4, R_T4, 30),
 		add_si(    R_T3, R_T3, 5),
@@ -215,8 +355,8 @@ internal MipsAtom_(pad_input_cube_rotation) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_PadApplyIn
 	atom_label(exit_dpad_left)
 
 	/* D-pad Right: cube_rot.y -= 30, floor_rot.y -= 5. */
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Right), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(dpad_right, exit_dpad_right)),
-		load_half( R_T4, R_CubeRot,  O_(V3_S2,y)),   /* BD-slot */
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Right), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(dpad_right, exit_dpad_right)), BdSlot_
+		load_half( R_T4, R_CubeRot,  O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_
 		load_half( R_T3, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 		add_si(    R_T4, R_T4, -30),
 		add_si(    R_T3, R_T3, -5),
@@ -226,7 +366,7 @@ internal MipsAtom_(pad_input_cube_rotation) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_PadApplyIn
 
 	/* Analog left-stick X: dead zone 0x70..0x90.
 	 * Cube delta = (0x80 - left_x) >> 2; floor delta = (0x80 - left_x) >> 5. */
-	load_byte_u(R_T3, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,left.x)),
+	load_byte_u(R_T3, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,left.x)), LdSlot_ //?
 
 	/* Dead-zone check: skip analog if left_x in [0x70, 0x90] inclusive. Outside dead zone on LOW side: left_x < 0x70 (strictly).
 	 * set_lt_u(R_T4, R_T3, R_T4=0x70) → R_T4 = (left_x < 0x70) ? 1 : 0. */
@@ -235,14 +375,14 @@ internal MipsAtom_(pad_input_cube_rotation) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_PadApplyIn
 
 atom_label(dead_check_upper)
 	/* left_x >= 0x70 → check upper bound. */
-	load_byte_u(R_T3, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,left.x)), /* reload */
+	load_byte_u(R_T3, R_PadStateT5, O_(PadState,left.x)), /* reload */ LdSlot_ //? 
 	add_ui(     R_T4, R_0, PadDeadZone_HighBound),
 
 	/* R_T4 = (0x90 < left_x) ? 1 : 0 → (left_x > 0x90) ? 1 : 0 */
-	set_lt_u(R_T4, R_T4, R_T3), branch_ne(R_T4, R_0, atom_offset(dead_zone_high_check, dead_high_active)),
+	set_lt_u(R_T4, R_T4, R_T3), branch_ne(R_T4, R_0, atom_offset(dead_zone_high_check, dead_high_active)), BdSlot_
 	add_ui(  R_T4, R_0, PadDeadZone_Center), /* BD-slot: pre-load 0x80 for dead_high_active */
 	jump_rel(atom_offset(dead_zone_skip, exit_stick)),
-		mac_yield_load(),
+		BdSlot_ mac_yield_load(), LdSlot_
 
 atom_label(dead_low_active)
 	/* R_T3 = left_x (from line 632 lbu; not clobbered between dead_zone_low_check branch + its BD-slot `add_ui R_T4, 0x80`).
@@ -253,18 +393,18 @@ atom_label(dead_low_active)
 
 	/* R_T4 = cube_delta */
 	shift_aright(R_T4, R_T3, 2),
-	load_half(   R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), nop,
+	load_half(   R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_ nop,
 	add_u(       R_T0, R_T0, R_T4),
 	store_half(  R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 	/* R_T4 = floor_delta — moved into the load-delay slot of the floor load below (fills the 1-instruction gap;
 	 * doesn't read R_T0; R_T4 settles by the subsequent add_u). */
-	load_half(   R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
+	load_half(   R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_
 	shift_aright(R_T4, R_T3, 5),
 	add_u(       R_T0, R_T0, R_T4),
 	store_half(  R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 
 	jump_rel(atom_offset(end_low, exit_stick)),
-		mac_yield_load(),
+		BdSlot_ mac_yield_load(), LdSlot_
 
 atom_label(dead_high_active)
 	/* R_T3 = left_x (from line 641 lbu in dead_check_upper; not clobbered between dead_zone_high_check branch + its BD-slot `add_ui R_T4, 0x80`).
@@ -274,18 +414,18 @@ atom_label(dead_high_active)
 	/* delta = 0x80 - left_x (signed negative). */
 
 	shift_aright(R_T4, R_T3, 2),                      /* R_T4 = cube_delta (signed) */
-	load_half(   R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), nop,
+	load_half(   R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_ nop,
 	add_u(       R_T0, R_T0, R_T4),
 	store_half(  R_T0, R_CubeRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 
 	/* R_T4 = floor_delta (signed) — moved into the load-delay slot of the floor load below. */
-	load_half(   R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
+	load_half(   R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)), LdSlot_
 	shift_aright(R_T4, R_T3, 5),
 	add_u(       R_T0, R_T0, R_T4),
 	store_half(  R_T0, R_FloorRot, O_(V3_S2,y)),
 
 atom_label(no_jump_fallthrough)
-	mac_yield_load(),
+	mac_yield_load(), LdSlot_
 
 atom_label(exit_stick)
 	/* NOT mac_yield() — R_AtomJmp was already loaded in the BD-slot of the dead-zone/exit branch. */
@@ -307,96 +447,49 @@ internal MipsAtom_(pad_input_cam) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_PadInputCam)
 	/* Bind pop: state → R_CamPadState (R_T5), cam → R_Cam (R_T4), advance R_TapePtr by 8. */
 	load_word(R_CamPadState, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_PadInputCam,state)),
 	load_word(R_Cam,         R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_PadInputCam,cam)),
-	add_ui_self(             R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_PadInputCam)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(     R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_PadInputCam)),
 
 	/* Load pad[0].buttons into R_T0; nop fills the load-delay slot. */
-	load_word(R_T0, R_CamPadState, O_(PadState,buttons)),
-	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.x)), // BD-Slot.
+	load_word(R_T0, R_CamPadState, O_(PadState,buttons)), LdSlot_
+	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.x)),
 
 	// D-pad Left → cam.pos.x -= 50.  and_i fulfills BD-slot for load on R_Cam.
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Left), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(left_x, exit_left_x)), mac_yield_load(),
+	LdSlot_ and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Left), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(left_x, exit_left_x)), BdSlot_ nop,
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1, -50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.x)), 
-atom_label(exit_left_x)
+	atom_label(exit_left_x)
+
 	/* D-pad Right → cam.pos.x += 50. Reuses R_T1 from Left. */
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Right), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(right_x, exit_right_x)), nop,
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Right), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(right_x, exit_right_x)), BdSlot_ nop,
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1,  50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.x)),
-atom_label(exit_right_x)
+	atom_label(exit_right_x)
 
 	/* D-pad Up → cam.pos.y -= 50. Load pos.y BEFORE the andi. */
-	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.y)),
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Up), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(up_y, exit_up_y)), nop,
+	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.y)), LdSlot_ 
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Up), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(up_y, exit_up_y)), BdSlot_ nop,
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1, -50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.y)),
-atom_label(exit_up_y)
+	atom_label(exit_up_y)
+
 	/* D-pad Down → cam.pos.y += 50. Reuses R_T1 from Up. */
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Down), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(down_y, exit_down_y)), nop,
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Down), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(down_y, exit_down_y)), BdSlot_ nop,
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1,  50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.y)),
-atom_label(exit_down_y)
+	atom_label(exit_down_y)
 
 	/* D-pad Cross → cam.pos.z -= 50. Load pos.z BEFORE the andi. */
-	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.z)),
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Cross), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(cross_z, exit_cross_z)), nop,
+	load_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.z)), LdSlot_
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Cross), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(cross_z, exit_cross_z)), BdSlot_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), LdSlot_ // ac_yield: word 1
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1, -50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.z)),
-atom_label(exit_cross_z)
+	atom_label(exit_cross_z)
+
 	/* D-pad Circle → cam.pos.z += 50. Reuses R_T1 from Cross. */
-	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Circle), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(circle_z, exit_circle_z)), nop,
+	and_i(R_T3, R_T0, Pad_Circle), branch_le_zero(R_T3, atom_offset(circle_z, exit_circle_z)), BdSlot_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)), // ac_yield: word 2
 		add_si(R_T1, R_T1,  50), store_word(R_T1, R_Cam, O_(Camera,pos.z)),
-atom_label(exit_circle_z)
+	atom_label(exit_circle_z)
 
-	mac_yield_tail(),
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop // ac_yield: word 3-4
 };
 
 enum {
-	R_LookAt    = R_T0 atom_reg atom_type(MT3_S2S4*),
-	R_CamEye    = R_T1 atom_reg atom_type(P3_S4*),
-	R_CamTarget = R_T2 atom_reg atom_type(P3_S4*),
-	R_WorldUp   = R_T3 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-
-	R_LkAt_Fwdx = R_T4 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_LkAt_Fwdy = R_T5 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_LkAt_Fwdz = R_T6 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_Eye_x     = R_T7 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_Eye_y     = R_T8 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_Eye_z     = R_V0 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-
-	R_LkAt_Up    = R_T5 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_LkAt_Right = R_T6 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-
-	R_AxisX      = R_T7 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_AxisY      = R_T8 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-	R_AxisZ      = R_T7 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S4*),
-};
-typedef Struct_(Binds_ResolveLookAt) {
-	MT3_S2S4* look_at;
-	P3_S4*    eye;
-	P3_S4*    target;
-	V3_S4*    up_in;
-};
-internal MipsAtom_(resolve_look_at) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_ResolveLookAt)) {
-	load_word(R_LookAt,    R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAt,look_at)),
-	load_word(R_CamEye,    R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAt,eye)),
-	load_word(R_CamTarget, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAt,target)),
-	load_word(R_WorldUp,   R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_ResolveLookAt,up_in)),
-	add_ui_self(           R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_ResolveLookAt)),
-
-	// load look_at and eye, then subtract (get direction), then normalize to unit vector.
-	mac_load_v3s4(R_LkAt_Fwdx, R_LkAt_Fwdy, R_LkAt_Fwdz, R_LookAt, 0),
-	mac_load_v3s4(R_Eye_x,     R_Eye_y,     R_Eye_z,     R_CamEye, 0),
-	mac_sub_v3s4( R_LkAt_Fwdx, R_LkAt_Fwdy, R_LkAt_Fwdz,
-	              R_Eye_x,     R_Eye_y,     R_Eye_z),
-
-	// ac_normalize_v3s4(9 args): in-place normalize direction → unit vector.
-	// Reg-aliasing across the 4 stages: R_T7 = r_sq_y → r_lzcr, R_T8 = r_sq_z → r_shift,
-	// R_V0 = r_recip_est (always), R_V1 = r_tmp. r_sx/r_sy/r_sz = R_LkAt_Fwdx/y/z (in-place).
-	// mac_normalize_v3s4(R_LkAt_Fwdx, R_LkAt_Fwdy, R_LkAt_Fwdz,
-	//                    R_T7, R_T8,
-	//                    R_V0,
-	//                    R_T7, R_T8, R_V1),
-
-	mac_yield(),
-};
-
-enum {
-	R_PrimCursor = R_T7 atom_reg atom_type(U4*),    /* VRAM output cursor (primitive buffer) */
+	R_PrimCursor = R_T7 atom_reg atom_type(U4*),    /* Output cursor (primitive buffer) */
 	R_FaceCursor = R_T4 atom_reg atom_type(V4_S2*), /* Cube face-index cursor (V4_S2*); floor context switches to V3_S2* via atom_phase */
 	R_VertBase   = R_T5 atom_reg atom_type(V3_S2*), /* Base address of the vertex array */
 	R_OtBase     = R_T6 atom_reg atom_type(U4*),    /* Base address of the Ordering Table */
@@ -405,7 +498,6 @@ enum {
 #define R_VertBase_Code    R_T5_Code
 #define R_OtBase_Code      R_T6_Code
 };
-
 typedef Struct_(Binds_CubeTri) {
 	U4     PrimCursor;
 	V4_S2* FaceCursor;
@@ -421,7 +513,7 @@ internal MipsAtom_(rbind_cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_CubeTri), atom_
 	load_word(R_FaceCursor, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_CubeTri,FaceCursor)),
 	load_word(R_VertBase,   R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_CubeTri,VertBase)),
 	load_word(R_OtBase,     R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_CubeTri,OtBase)),
-	add_ui_self(            R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_CubeTri)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_CubeTri)),
 	mac_yield()
 };
 
@@ -434,20 +526,22 @@ MipsAtom_(cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_phase(cube_g4),
 	load_half_u(R_T0, R_FaceCursor, 0 * S_(S2)),
 	load_half_u(R_T1, R_FaceCursor, 1 * S_(S2)),
 	load_half_u(R_T2, R_FaceCursor, 2 * S_(S2)),
-	load_half_u(R_T3, R_FaceCursor, 3 * S_(S2)),
+	// load_half_u(R_T3, R_FaceCursor, 3 * S_(S2)),
 
-	mac_gte_load_tri_verts(R_VertBase, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
-	nop2, gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple, // required cpu -> gte delay slot
+	LdSlot_ mac_gte_load_tri_verts(R_VertBase, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2), 
+		GteDelay_ load_half_u(R_T3, R_FaceCursor, 3 * S_(S2)), LdSlot_
+		GteDelay_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0),          LdSlot_ //ac_yield: word 2,
+	gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple,
 	gte_cmdw_nclip,
 
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(R_T0, C2_MAC0), nop,
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(R_T0, C2_MAC0), GteDelay_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)), // ac_yield: word 1
 	branch_le_zero(R_T0, atom_offset(cull, cube_g4_face_exit)),
-		/* BD-slot: write the prim tag (R_0=0; overwrites the legacy tag word in the prim_buffer).
+		/* BD-slot: Write the prim tag (R_0=0; overwrites the legacy tag word in the prim_buffer).
 		 * If branch IS taken (face culled), the body is skipped and this 0-tag is stranded —
 		 * harmless because the OT entry that points to this prim is created later. */
-		store_word(R_0, R_PrimCursor, O_(Poly_G4, tag)),
+		BdSlot_ store_word(R_0, R_PrimCursor, O_(Poly_G4, tag)),
 		shift_lleft(R_AT, R_T3, v3s2_byteoff), add_u(R_AT, R_AT, R_VertBase),
-		load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2, x)),   load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2, z)),
+		load_word(R_V0, R_AT, O_(V3_S2, x)),   load_word(R_V1, R_AT, O_(V3_S2, z)), LdSlot_
 		gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V0, C2_VXY0),       gte_mv_to_data_r(R_V1, C2_VZ0),
 
 		mac_gte_store_g4_p012(R_PrimCursor),
@@ -459,7 +553,7 @@ MipsAtom_(cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_phase(cube_g4),
 		add_ui(      R_AT, R_0,  OrderingTbl_Len),
 		set_lt_u(    R_AT, R_T1, R_AT),
 
-		branch_equal(R_AT, R_0,  atom_offset(bounds_chk, cube_g4_face_exit)), nop,
+		branch_equal(R_AT, R_0,  atom_offset(bounds_chk, cube_g4_face_exit)), BdSlot_ nop,
 			mac_insert_ot_tag(R_OtBase, R_PrimCursor, S_(Poly_G4)),
 			mac_format_g4_color(R_PrimCursor,
 				/* c0 magenta */ 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF,
@@ -472,7 +566,7 @@ MipsAtom_(cube_g4_face) atom_info(atom_phase(cube_g4),
 atom_label(cube_g4_face_exit)
 	add_ui_self(R_PrimCursor, S_(Poly_G4)),     /* 9 words = Poly_G4 */
 	add_ui_self(R_FaceCursor, S_(S2) * 4),      /* 4 × S2 = 8 bytes */
-	mac_yield()
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop      // ac_yield: word 3-4
 };
 
 typedef Struct_(Binds_FloorTri) {
@@ -491,7 +585,7 @@ MipsAtom_(rbind_floor_f3_face) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_FloorTri), atom_phase(f
 	load_word(R_FaceCursor, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_FloorTri,FaceCursor)),
 	load_word(R_VertBase,   R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_FloorTri,VertBase)),
 	load_word(R_OtBase,     R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_FloorTri,OtBase)),
-	add_ui_self(            R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_FloorTri)),
+	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_FloorTri)),
 	mac_yield()
 };
 
@@ -501,14 +595,14 @@ MipsAtom_(floor_f3_face) atom_info(atom_phase(floor_f3)
 	, atom_reads( R_PrimCursor, R_FaceCursor, R_VertBase, R_OtBase)
 	, atom_writes(R_PrimCursor, R_FaceCursor)
 ) {
-	mac_load_tri_indices(  R_FaceCursor, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
-	mac_gte_load_tri_verts(R_VertBase,   R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
-	nop2, gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple, // 2 nops retire the final cpu -> gte writes before RTPT
+	mac_load_tri_indices(R_FaceCursor, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
+	mac_gte_load_tri_verts(R_VertBase, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2), GteDelay_ nop2,
+	gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple, // 2 nops retire the final cpu -> gte writes before RTPT
 	gte_cmdw_nclip,
 
 	/* Culling (Branch forward if Backface) */
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(R_T0, C2_MAC0),
-	nop, branch_le_zero(R_T0, atom_offset(culling, floor_f3_face_exit)), nop, // required gte -> cpu load-delay slot. 
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(R_T0, C2_MAC0), GteDelay_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), // ac_yield: word 1
+	branch_le_zero(R_T0, atom_offset(culling, floor_f3_face_exit)), BdSlot_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)),  // ac_yield: word 2
 		/* Format Primitive */
 		mac_gte_store_f3(R_PrimCursor),
 
@@ -518,7 +612,7 @@ MipsAtom_(floor_f3_face) atom_info(atom_phase(floor_f3)
 		/* Bounds Check OTZ < 2048 (Branch forward to skip insertion) */
 		add_ui(      R_AT, R_0,  OrderingTbl_Len),
 		set_lt_u(    R_AT, R_T1, R_AT),
-		branch_equal(R_AT, R_0,  atom_offset(bounds_chk, floor_f3_face_exit)), nop,
+		branch_equal(R_AT, R_0,  atom_offset(bounds_chk, floor_f3_face_exit)), BdSlot_ nop,
 			mac_format_f3_color(R_PrimCursor, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF),  // RGB-form (R=FF, G=FF, B=FF = white)
 			mac_insert_ot_tag(R_OtBase, R_PrimCursor, S_(Poly_F3)),   /* Insert into Ordering Table Linked List */
 			add_ui_self(R_PrimCursor, S_(Poly_F3)), /* Advance Prim Cursor (5 words) */
@@ -529,7 +623,7 @@ MipsAtom_(floor_f3_face) atom_info(atom_phase(floor_f3)
 /* Advance Input Cursor & Yield (Both branch targets land here) */
 atom_label(floor_f3_face_exit)
 	add_ui_self(R_FaceCursor, S_(S2) * 4),  /* Advance Face Cursor (4 * S2 = 8 bytes) */
-	mac_yield()
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop // ac_yield: word 3-4
 };
 
 typedef Struct_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena) { U4 used; U4 cursor; };
@@ -538,7 +632,7 @@ internal MipsAtom_(sync_primitive_arena) atom_info(atom_bind(Binds_SyncPrimitive
 	, atom_writes(R_TapePtr)
 ){
 	load_word(R_AT, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena,used)),
-	load_word(R_T0, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena,cursor)),
+	load_word(R_T0, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena,cursor)), LdSlot_
 	add_ui_self(    R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_SyncPrimitiveArena)),
 	/* Calculate byte offset and store directly back to RAM */
 	sub_u(     R_T0, R_PrimCursor, R_T0), // R_T0    = R_PrimCursor - binds.cursor

code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma region Vendors
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <assert.h>
+// #include <assert.h>
 // #include "libgpu.h"
 // #include "libetc.h"
 // #include "libgte.h"
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 
 #pragma region Duffle TUs
 #include "duffle/pad.c"
-#include "duffle/math.atom.c"
+#include "duffle/math.atom.h"
 #include "duffle/mips.atom.c"
-#include "duffle/gte.atom.c"
+#include "duffle/gte.atom.h"
 #include "duffle/gp.atom.c"
 #include "duffle/pad.atom.c"
 #include "duffle/psyq.atom.c"
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #pragma region Hello Camera Headers
 #	include "gen/macs.h"
 #	include "gen/offsets.h"
+#	include "gen/auto_reg.h"
 
 #include "hello_camera.h"
 #pragma endregion Hello Camera Headers
@@ -52,8 +53,13 @@
 #pragma endregion Hello Joypad TUs
 
 enum {
-	Scratchpad_Len = 1024, 
 	MemTape_Len              = 512,
+
+	ResolveLookAtArena_Words = 1024,
+	ResolveLookAtArena_Size  = ResolveLookAtArena_Words * S_(MipsCode),
+
+	CT_InitAtomMem_Words     = Kilo_(4),
+	CT_InitAtomMem_Size       = CT_InitAtomMem_Words * S_(MipsCode),
 };
 typedef Struct_(SMemory) {
 	PrimitiveArena          primitives;
@@ -74,7 +80,12 @@ typedef Struct_(SMemory) {
 	PadBiosRaw pad_raw[2];
 	PadState   pad[2];
 
-	U4_V scratchpad; // d-cache
+	U1 ct_init_atom_mem[CT_InitAtomMem_Size];
+	MipsAtom* normalize_v3s4;
+	MipsAtom* gte_cross_v3s4;
+
+	U1        resolve_look_at_mem[ResolveLookAtArena_Size];
+	MipsAtom* resolve_look_at_bundle[AtomBundle_Len(resolve_look_at)];
 };
 global SMemory smem;
 extern SMemory smem;
@@ -92,8 +103,7 @@ I_ B1* prim__alloc(U4 type_width, Str8 type_name) {
 }
 #define prim_alloc(type) (type*)prim__alloc(S_(type), slit( stringify(type)))
 
-void
-resolve_look_at_c11(MT3_S2S4* look_at, P3_S4* eye, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in) {
+I_ void resolve_look_at_c11(MT3_S2S4* look_at, P3_S4* eye, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in) {
 // RGA(Lengyel): Build matrix expansion of a rigid transformation. Corresponding motor is not constructed; we write the LA form for GTE.
 // Preconditions: eye != target, up_in not collinear with (target - eye).
 	V3_S4 right, up, forward;
@@ -101,10 +111,10 @@ resolve_look_at_c11(MT3_S2S4* look_at, P3_S4* eye, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in)
 	V3_S4 pos, off;
 
 	forward = target[0]; sub_v3s4(& forward, eye[0]); // RGA(Lengyel): Affine point - point = zero-weight direction.
-	normalize_v3s4(& forward, & uz);                  // RGA(Lengyel): Normalize the direction bulk. Not finite-point unitization.
+	psy_normalize_v3s4(& forward, & uz);              // RGA(Lengyel): Normalize the direction bulk. Not finite-point unitization.
 
-	cross_v3s4(& uz,   up_in, & right); normalize_v3s4(& right, & ux); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, up_in)) -> right axis.
-	cross_v3s4(& uz, & ux,    & up);    normalize_v3s4(& up,    & uy); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, right)) -> up axis.
+	cross_v3s4(& uz,   up_in, & right); psy_normalize_v3s4(& right, & ux); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, up_in)) -> right axis.
+	cross_v3s4(& uz, & ux,    & up);    psy_normalize_v3s4(& up,    & uy); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, right)) -> up axis.
 
 	// RGA(Lengyel): matrix expansion of the world-to-camera rotation (basis rows).
 	look_at->m[0][0] = ux.x; look_at->m[0][1] = ux.y; look_at->m[0][2] = ux.z;
@@ -118,10 +128,116 @@ resolve_look_at_c11(MT3_S2S4* look_at, P3_S4* eye, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in)
 	mul_m3s2_v3s4(look_at, & pos, & off);
 	trans_m3s2(   look_at,        & off);
 }
-
 FI_ void camera_look_at_c11(Camera* c, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in) { resolve_look_at_c11(& c->look_at, & c->pos, target, up_in); }
 
-GCC_OPTIMIZATION_DISABLE
+internal void compile_init_atoms(void) {
+	AtomArena ab = atomarena_make(slice_ut_arr(smem.ct_init_atom_mem));
+	RegFile   rf = regfile(regfile_abi_mask);
+#define ralloc() regfile_alloc(& rf)
+#define ralloc_v3() { ralloc(), ralloc(), ralloc() }
+
+	smem.gte_cross_v3s4 = gte_cross_v3s4(& ab,
+		RegUse_(gte_cross_v3s4) {
+			.a     = ralloc_v3(),
+			.b     = ralloc_v3(),
+			.out   = ralloc(),
+			.src_a = ralloc(),
+			.src_b = ralloc(),
+		});
+	regfile_reset(& rf);
+
+	smem.normalize_v3s4 = normalize_v3s4(& ab,
+		RegUse_(normalize_v3s4) {
+			.res = ralloc_v3(),
+			.r0     = ralloc(),
+			.r1     = ralloc(),
+			.r2     = ralloc(),
+			.r3     = ralloc(),
+			.r4     = ralloc(),
+			.r5     = ralloc(),
+		});
+	regfile_reset(& rf);
+
+	assert(ab.used <= CT_InitAtomMem_Size);
+#undef ralloc
+#undef ralloc_v3
+}
+
+internal void compile_resolve_look_at(void) {
+	AtomBundle_resolve_look_at_R bundle = C_(void*, smem.resolve_look_at_bundle);
+	AtomArena ab = atomarena_make(slice_ut_arr(smem.resolve_look_at_mem));
+	RegFile   rf = regfile(regfile_abi_mask);
+#define ralloc() regfile_alloc(& rf)
+#define ralloc_v3() { ralloc(), ralloc(), ralloc() }
+	bundle->input_and_sub = AtomBundleEntry_(resolve_look_at, input_and_sub)(& ab,
+		RegUse_(resolve_look_at_input_and_sub) {
+			.target_ptr = ralloc(),
+			.eye_ptr    = ralloc(),
+			.up_in_ptr  = ralloc(),
+			.up_in      = ralloc_v3(),
+			.r012       = ralloc_v3(),
+			.r345       = {ralloc(), R_AT, ralloc() },
+	});
+	regfile_reset(& rf);
+
+	bundle->normalize_fwd_uz   = smem.normalize_v3s4;
+	bundle->cross_to_right     = smem.gte_cross_v3s4;
+	bundle->normalize_right_ux = smem.normalize_v3s4;
+	bundle->cross_to_up        = smem.gte_cross_v3s4;
+	bundle->normalize_up_uy    = smem.normalize_v3s4;
+
+	bundle->populate_mt3s4s2 = AtomBundleEntry_(resolve_look_at,populate_mt3s4s2)(& ab,
+		RegUse_(resolve_look_at_populate_mt3s4s2){
+			.look_at = ralloc(),
+			.eye     = ralloc(),
+			.row     = ralloc_v3(),
+			.r0      = ralloc(),
+			.r1      = ralloc(),
+			.r2      = ralloc(),
+		});
+
+	assert(ab.used <= ResolveLookAtArena_Size); // Sanity check: arena didn't overflow.
+#undef ralloc
+}
+
+// Emit the resolve_look_at bundle into the tape. Called once per frame from update().
+I_ void resolve_look_at(TapeBuilder_R tb,	MT3_S2S4* look_at, P3_S4* eye, P3_S4* target,	V3_S4* up_in) {
+	/* Typed view of the scratchpad for field-address arithmetic. */
+	ResolveLookAtScratch*        sp     = C_scratch(ResolveLookAtScratch*);
+	AtomBundle_resolve_look_at_R bundle = C_(void*, smem.resolve_look_at_bundle);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->input_and_sub); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_ResolveLookAtSub, 
+		.target = target,
+		.eye    = eye,
+		.up_in  = up_in,
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->normalize_fwd_uz); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_normalize_v3s4,
+		.src_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,fwd),
+		.dst_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,uz),
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->cross_to_right); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_gte_cross_v3s4,
+		.src_a = & sp->uz,
+		.src_b = & sp->up_in,
+		.out   = & sp->right,
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->normalize_right_ux); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_normalize_v3s4, 
+		.src_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,right),
+		.dst_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,ux),
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->cross_to_up); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_gte_cross_v3s4, 
+		.src_a = & sp->uz,
+		.src_b = & sp->ux,
+		.out   = & sp->up,
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->normalize_up_uy); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_normalize_v3s4,
+		.src_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,up),
+		.dst_offset = O_(ResolveLookAtScratch,uy),
+	);
+	tb_emit(tb, bundle->populate_mt3s4s2); tb_bind_(tb, Binds_ResolveLookAt_PopulateMT3S4S2, 
+		.look_at = look_at,
+	);
+}
+FI_ void camera_look_at(TapeBuilder_R tb, Camera* c, P3_S4* target, V3_S4* up_in) { resolve_look_at(tb, & c->look_at, & c->pos, target, up_in); }
+
 void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf) 
 {
 	TapeBuilder tb = tb_make(slice_ut_arr(smem.MemTape));
@@ -131,15 +247,15 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 		tb.used = 0; tb_scope_run(& tb) {
 			// Grab latest state from bios.
 			tb_emit_(pad_bios_snapshot);
-				tb_data_(raw,   & smem.pad_raw[0]);
-				tb_data_(state, & smem.pad[0]);
-			tb_emit_(pad_bios_snapshot);
-				tb_data_(raw,   & smem.pad_raw[1]);
-				tb_data_(state, & smem.pad[1]);
+				tb_data(& tb,   u4_(& smem.pad_raw[0]));
+				tb_data(& tb, u4_(& smem.pad[0]));
+			// tb_emit_(pad_bios_snapshot);
+			// 	tb_data_(raw,   & smem.pad_raw[1]);
+			// 	tb_data_(state, & smem.pad[1]);
 
 			tb_emit_(pad_input_cam);
-				tb_data_(state, & smem.pad[0]);
-				tb_data_(cam, & smem.cam);
+				tb_data(& tb, u4_(& smem.pad[0]));
+				tb_data(& tb, u4_(& smem.cam));
 
 			// tb_emit_(pad_input_cube_rotation);
 			// 	tb_data_(state,     & smem.pad[0]);
@@ -156,12 +272,6 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 	gknown V3_S4_R acc = & smem.cube.accel;
 	add_v3s4(vel, acc[0]);
 	add_v3s4_fp(pos, vel[0]);
-	// vel->x += acc->x;
-	// vel->y += acc->y;
-	// vel->z += acc->z;
-	// pos->x += vel->x;
-	// pos->y += vel->y;
-	// pos->z += vel->z;
 
 	if (pos->y + 150 > smem.floor.pos.y) vel->y *= -1;
 
@@ -171,72 +281,15 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 	A2_S2 p; //???
 	S4 flag; //????
 
-	// Camera Look at
-	if (0)
-	{
+	B4 use_c11_path = false;
+	if (use_c11_path) {
 		camera_look_at_c11(& smem.cam, & smem.cube.pos, & v3s4(0, -fp_one, 0));
 	}
-	// Camera look at (Tape)
-	if (1)
+	if (use_c11_path == false)
 	{
-		MT3_S2S4* look_at = & smem.cam.look_at;
-		P3_S4*    eye     = & smem.cam.pos;
-		V3_S4*    up_in   = & v3s4(0,  -fp_one, 0);
-
-		V3_S4 right, up, forward;
-		V3_S4 ux, uy, uz;
-		V3_S4 pos, off;
-
 		tb.used = 0; tb_scope_run(& tb) {
-			// tb_emit_bundle(resolve_look_at);
-			{
-				tb_emit_(resolve_look_at); {
-					tb_data_(look_at, & smem.cam.look_at);
-					tb_data_(eye, & smem.cam.pos);
-					tb_data_(target, & smem.cube.pos);
-					tb_data_(up_in, up_in);
-					// tb_emit(a_normalize_v3s4(/*Todo: resolve dependent register allocation*/));
-						// tb_data_(fwd_out);
+			camera_look_at(& tb, & smem.cam, & smem.cube.pos, & v3s4(0, -fp_one, 0));
 		}
-				#if 0
-				{
-					tb_emit_(resolve_look_at__resolve_right); {
-							//...
-						tb_emit_(a_normalize_v3s4(...));
-							tb_data_(right_out);
-					}
-					tb_emit(resolve_look_at__resolve_up); {
-							//...
-						tb_emit_(ac_normalize_v3s4(...));
-							tb_data_(up_out);
-					}
-					tb_emit(world_to_cam_expand_mt3_s2s4(...)); {
-						tb_data(look_at, & smem.cam.look_at);
-					}
-					tb_emit_(resolve_look_at__final); {
-					}
-				}
-				#endif
-			}
-		}
-
-		// forward = target[0]; sub_v3s4(& forward, eye[0]); // RGA(Lengyel): Affine point - point = zero-weight direction.
-		// normalize_v3s4(& forward, & uz);                  // RGA(Lengyel): Normalize the direction bulk. Not finite-point unitization.
-
-		cross_v3s4(& uz,   up_in, & right); normalize_v3s4(& right, & ux); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, up_in)) -> right axis.
-		cross_v3s4(& uz, & ux,    & up);    normalize_v3s4(& up,    & uy); // RGA(Lengyel): Complement(Wedge(forward, right)) -> up axis.
-
-		// RGA(Lengyel): matrix expansion of the world-to-camera rotation (basis rows).
-		look_at->m[0][0] = ux.x; look_at->m[0][1] = ux.y; look_at->m[0][2] = ux.z;
-		look_at->m[1][0] = uy.x; look_at->m[1][1] = uy.y; look_at->m[1][2] = uy.z;
-		look_at->m[2][0] = uz.x; look_at->m[2][1] = uz.y; look_at->m[2][2] = uz.z;
-
-		pos = eye[0]; mul_v3s4(& pos, v3s4(-1,-1,-1)); // RGA(Lengyel): -eye in world coordinates (spatial bulk only; implicit weight is dropped).
-
-		// RGA(Lengyel): R * (-eye) -- full matrix translation column. 
-		// Motor translator would store half this displacement in m.xyz; GTE consumes full column.
-		mul_m3s2_v3s4(look_at, & pos, & off);
-		trans_m3s2(   look_at,        & off);
 	}
 
 	// Draw cube
@@ -251,9 +304,6 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 		gte_matrix_set_rotation   (& smem.tform_view);
 		gte_matrix_set_translation(& smem.tform_view);
 
-		// gte_matrix_set_rotation   (& smem.tform_world);
-		// gte_matrix_set_translation(& smem.tform_world);
-
 		U4 prim_base   = u4_(pa->buf[smem.active_buf_id]);
 		U4 prim_cursor = prim_base + pa->used;
 
@@ -273,7 +323,7 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 				tb_data(& tb, u4_(& pa->used));
 				tb_data(& tb, prim_base);
 		}
-		tape_run(tb_slice(tb));
+		tape_run(tb_slice(tb));// Fire off the tape (bigger-clobber variant).
 
 		// smem.cube.rot.y += 30;
 	}
@@ -315,13 +365,12 @@ void update(PrimitiveArena* pa, U4* ordering_buf)
 				tb_data(& tb, u4_(& pa->used));
 				tb_data(& tb, prim_base);
 		}
-		tape_run(tb_slice(tb));// Fire off the tape.
+		tape_run(tb_slice(tb));// Fire off the tape (bigger-clobber variant).
 
 		// C-side state (pa->used) has already been updated by the tape!
 		// smem.floor.rot.y += 5;
 	}
 }
-GCC_OPTIMIZATION_ENABLE
 
 void render(void) {
 }
@@ -338,11 +387,9 @@ void gp_display_frame(DoubleBuffer* screen_buf, S4* active_buf_id, U4* ordering_
 	active_buf_id[0] = ! active_buf_id[0]; // Swap current buffer
 }
 
-GCC_OPTIMIZATION_DISABLE
 int main(void)
 {
 	smem = (SMemory){0};
-	smem.scratchpad = C_(U4_V, 0x1F800000);
 	// smem.primitives.used = 0;
 	// smem.active_buf_id   = 0;
 	smem.cam.pos = v3s4(500, -1000, -1500);
@@ -365,6 +412,10 @@ int main(void)
 		reset_graph(0);
 		/* Direct BIOS: poll both ports during VBlank. */
 		pad_bios_init_start(& smem.pad_raw[0], & smem.pad_raw[1]);
+
+		compile_init_atoms();
+		compile_resolve_look_at();
+
 		/* Pinned registers for the GPU init atom. */
 		register U4*           io_base_addr rgcc(R_IO_BaseAddr) = u4_r(IO_BASE_ADDR);
 		register DoubleBuffer* screen_buf   rgcc(R_ScreenBuf)   = & smem.screen_buf;
@@ -383,4 +434,3 @@ int main(void)
 	};
 	return 0;
 }
-GCC_OPTIMIZATION_ENABLE

code/hello_camera/hello_camera.h

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ I_ void ent_cube128_init(A8_V3_S2* verts, A6_V4_S2* faces) {
 typedef Struct_(Ent_Cube) {
 	V3_S4 accel;
 	V3_S4 vel;
-	V3_S4 pos; // RGA(Lengyel): affine point with implicit weight one. Storage alias of V3_S4.
+	V3_S4 pos;
 	V3_S4 scale;
 	V3_S2 rot;
 	A8_V3_S2 verts;
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ I_ void ent_floor_init(A4_V3_S2* verts, A2_V3_S2* faces) {
 };
 typedef Struct_(Ent_Floor) {
 	V3_S4 accel;
-	V3_S4 pos; // RGA(Lengyel): affine point with implicit weight one. Storage alias of V3_S4.
+	V3_S4 pos;
 	V3_S4 scale;
 	V3_S2 rot;
 	A4_V3_S2 verts;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ typedef Struct_(Ent_Floor) {
 };
 
 typedef Struct_(Camera) {
-	P3_S4    pos; // RGA(Lengyel): affine point with implicit weight one. Storage alias of V3_S4.
+	P3_S4    pos;
 	V3_S2    rot;
 	MT3_S2S4 look_at;
 };

code/hello_joypad/hello_joypad.atom.c

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ ATOM_FILE_DEBUGGER_LINE_MARKER(hello_joypad_atom_c);
 
 #pragma region MACs (Mips Atom components)
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_disp_env(U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_disp_env, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_disp_env(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	// Emits 5 GP0 commands for buffer 0 (display_area = (0,0,320,240)).
 	// Sequence per libpsyx PutDispEnv: DrawArea TL → DrawArea BR → Mask → DrawArea TL → DrawArea BR
 	mac_gcmd_push(gp0_word_draw_area_top_left_origin,      reg_transfer, reg_base, port),
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_disp_env, {
 	mac_gcmd_push(gp0_word_draw_area_bottom_right_320x240, reg_transfer, reg_base, port),
 })
 
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_draw_env(U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_put_draw_env, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_put_draw_env(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, U4 reg_transfer, U4 reg_base, U2 port)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ab, {
 	/*
 	* ORIGIN: each code word corresponds to the EXACT value libpsyx's PutDrawEnv function would compute for the same DrawEnv settings.
 	* References:
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ internal MipsAtom_(screen_env_init) atom_info(atom_phase(screen_init)
 	store_word(R_0, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DisplayEnv,vinterlace) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,display,1)),
 
 	mac_store_rects2(R_0, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area)         + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)), /* draw[0].clip_area = (0, 240, 320, 240). C11's SetDefDrawEnv writes clip.y = y_arg. */
-	mac_store_v2s2(  R_0, R_ScreenY,                       R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0]) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)), /* draw[0].drawing_offset[0] = (0, 240); C11 passes y_arg as ofs. */
+	mac_store_v2s2(R_0, R_ScreenY,                       R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,drawing_offset[0]) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,0)), /* draw[0].drawing_offset[0] = (0, 240); C11 passes y_arg as ofs. */
 
 	mac_store_v2s2(R_ScreenX, R_ScreenY, R_ScreenBuf, O_(DrawEnv,clip_area.width) + OA_(DoubleBuffer,draw,1)),
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ MipsAtom_(floor_f3_face) atom_info(atom_phase(floor_f3)
 	, atom_reads( R_PrimCursor, R_FaceCursor, R_VertBase, R_OtBase)
 	, atom_writes(R_PrimCursor, R_FaceCursor)
 ) {
-	mac_load_tri_indices(  R_FaceCursor, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
+	mac_load_tri_indices(R_FaceCursor, R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
 	mac_gte_load_tri_verts(R_VertBase,   R_T0, R_T1, R_T2),
 	nop2, gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple, // 2 nops retire the final cpu -> gte writes before RTPT
 	gte_cmdw_nclip,

code/hello_joypad/sio.tape.c

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
  * Emits 9 instructions (status/buttons/axes/attempt stores plus the
  * two-instruction zero-extended buttons load).
  */
-FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_sio_write_pad_state(U4 status_val, U4 state_ptr_reg, U4 scratch_reg)
-MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_sio_write_pad_state, {
+FI_ Slice_MipsCode ac_pad_sio_write_pad_state(MipsAtomBuilder_R ab, U4 status_val, U4 state_ptr_reg, U4 scratch_reg)
+MipsAtomComp_Proc_(ac_pad_sio_write_pad_state, ab, {
 	add_ui(scratch_reg, R_0, status_val),
 	store_word(scratch_reg, state_ptr_reg, O_(PadState,status)),
 	/* FIX 2026-08-02: buttons = 0x0000FFFF = "no buttons pressed" in

scripts/build_psyq.ps1

@@ -532,6 +532,7 @@ function build-hello_camera {
 
 	$compile_args = @()
 	$compile_args += $f_debug
+	$compile_args += ($f_define + 'BUILD_DEBUG')
 	$compile_args += $f_optimize_none
 	# $compile_args += $f_optimize_intrinsics
 	# $compile_args += $f_optimize_size

scripts/duffle_isa.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+--- duffle_isa.lua — encoder / GTE / hardware tables.
+
+--- @class InstructionImm
+--- @field arg    integer
+--- @field signed boolean|nil
+--- @field width  integer
+
+--- @class InstructionValue
+--- @field dest      integer
+--- @field op        string
+--- @field sources   integer[]|nil
+--- @field immediate integer|nil
+--- @field source    integer|nil
+
+--- @class InstructionRow
+--- @field cycles        integer
+--- @field kind          string
+--- @field reads         integer[]|nil
+--- @field writes        integer[]|nil
+--- @field imm           InstructionImm[]|nil
+--- @field value         InstructionValue|nil
+--- @field delay_slot    boolean|nil
+--- @field suppress_arg1 table<string, string>|nil  -- bag: GPR ident -> reason
+
+--- @class TapeAtomMacroRow
+--- @field kind  string
+--- @field binds boolean
+
+--- @class GteCommandPort
+--- @field register string
+--- @field role     string
+
+--- @class GteCommandLatch
+--- @field register string
+--- @field required integer
+
+--- @class GteCommandRow
+--- @field aliases string[]
+--- @field cycles  integer
+--- @field inputs  string[]
+--- @field outputs GteCommandPort[]
+--- @field latch   GteCommandLatch[]
+
+--- @class GteCrAliasGroup
+--- @field [1] integer   -- C2 control-register slot
+--- @field [2] string[]  -- aliases that share that slot
+
+--- @class GtePackedSlotRelation
+--- @field slot   integer
+--- @field first  string
+--- @field second string
+
+--- @class HardwareRelationPort
+--- @field domain string
+--- @field arg    integer
+
+--- @class HardwareRelationVisibility
+--- @field kind     string
+--- @field required integer
+
+--- @class HardwareRelationEvidence
+--- @field confidence string
+--- @field source     string
+
+--- @class HardwareRelationRow
+--- @field id                string
+--- @field semantic          string
+--- @field consumer          string
+--- @field token             string
+--- @field direction         string
+--- @field reads             HardwareRelationPort
+--- @field writes            HardwareRelationPort
+--- @field visibility        HardwareRelationVisibility|nil
+--- @field evidence          HardwareRelationEvidence
+--- @field violation_kind    string
+--- @field destination_match string|nil
+--- @field fanout_to         string[]|nil
+--- @field required          integer|nil
+--- @field clear_on_consumer boolean|nil
+--- @field stage             boolean|nil
+--- @field cu2_transition    boolean|nil
+--- @field status_register   integer|nil
+
+--- @class Cu2TransitionPolicy
+--- @field status_register integer
+--- @field enable_bit      integer
+--- @field required        integer
+--- @field visibility_kind string
+--- @field evidence        HardwareRelationEvidence
+
+--- @class GprRole
+--- @field name     string
+--- @field pool     boolean
+--- @field optional boolean
+--- @field carrier  boolean
+
+--- @class DuffleIsa
+--- @field GPR_ROLE                    table<string, GprRole>
+--- @field TAPE_ATOM_MACROS            table<string, TapeAtomMacroRow>
+--- @field DELAY_MARKERS               table<string, boolean>
+--- @field INSTRUCTION                 table<string, InstructionRow>
+--- @field GTE_COMMAND                 table<string, GteCommandRow>
+--- @field ALIAS_TO_CANONICAL          table<string, string>
+--- @field instr                       fun(ident: string): InstructionRow|nil
+--- @field gte_canon                   fun(ident: string): string
+--- @field gte                         fun(ident: string): GteCommandRow|nil
+--- @field GTE_CR_ALIAS_GROUPS         GteCrAliasGroup[]
+--- @field GTE_PACKED_SLOT_RELATIONS   GtePackedSlotRelation[]
+--- @field OPERAND_READ_POSITIONS      table<string, integer[]>
+--- @field GP0_CMD_SIZE                table<integer, integer>
+--- @field GP0_CMD_BY_SHAPE            table<string, integer>
+--- @field UNKNOWN_INSTRUCTION_CYCLES  integer
+--- @field HARDWARE_RELATIONS          HardwareRelationRow[]
+--- @field CU2_TRANSITION_POLICY       Cu2TransitionPolicy
+
+local M = {} ---@type DuffleIsa
+
+-- Section 7: domain tables
+-- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+-- One GprRole row per name. Construction order is the auto_reg pool order,
+-- then R_AT, then the three carriers. Index by name into M.GPR_ROLE.
+--- @type table<string, GprRole>
+M.GPR_ROLE = {
+	{ name = "R_V0",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_V1",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T0",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T1",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T2",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T3",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T4",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T5",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T6",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T7",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_A0",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_A1",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_A2",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_A3",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S0",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S1",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S2",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S3",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S4",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S5",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S6",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_S7",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T8",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_T9",          pool = true,  optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_AT",          pool = false, optional = true, carrier = false },
+	{ name = "R_TapePtr",     pool = false, optional = true, carrier = true  },
+	{ name = "R_AtomJmp",     pool = false, optional = true, carrier = true  },
+	{ name = "R_ScratchBase", pool = false, optional = true, carrier = true  },
+}
+for _, row in ipairs(M.GPR_ROLE) do ---@type integer, GprRole
+	M.GPR_ROLE[row.name] = row
+end
+
+-- atom_info sub-calls: atom_bind, atom_reads, atom_writes, atom_view, atom_reg_types, atom_ctx, atom_phase.
+--- @type table<string, TapeAtomMacroRow>
+M.TAPE_ATOM_MACROS = {
+	["atom_info"] = { kind = "info", binds = false },
+}
+
+-- Empty C macros that prefix the next encoder. Zero words.
+-- BdSlot_ nop is one nop word. The marker is not the BD instruction.
+--- @type table<string, boolean>  -- bag: marker prefix -> true
+M.DELAY_MARKERS = {
+	["GteDelay_"] = true,
+	["LdSlot_"]   = true,
+	["BdSlot_"]   = true,
+	["DmaSlot_"]  = true,
+}
+
+-- One row per encoder. Read through duffle.instr.
+--- @type table<string, InstructionRow>
+M.INSTRUCTION = {
+	["BdSlot_"]            = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker", },
+	["LdSlot_"]            = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker", },
+	["add_s"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu", },
+	["add_si"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width  = 16, },}, },
+	["add_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["add_u_self"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 },                                                       value = { dest = 1, op = "add_u", sources = { 1, 2 }, }, },
+	["add_ui"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm   = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 3, op = "add_ui", source = 2, }, },
+	["add_ui_self"]        = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1 },    writes = { 1 }, imm   = { { arg = 2, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 2, op = "add_ui", source = 1, },  },
+	["and"]                = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu", },
+	["and_i"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm   = { { arg = 3, width = 16, }, },                value = { dest = 1, immediate = 3, op = "and_i", source = 2, }, },
+	["and_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["atom_bind"]          = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["atom_info"]          = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["atom_label"]         = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["atom_offset"]        = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["atom_reads"]         = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["atom_writes"]        = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["branch_equal"]       = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["branch_ge_zero"]     = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 2, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["branch_gt_zero"]     = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 2, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["branch_le_zero"]     = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 2, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["branch_lt_zero"]     = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 2, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["branch_ne"]          = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch",     reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["call_addr"]          = { cycles = 2,  kind = "call",       reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["call_reg"]           = { cycles = 2,  kind = "call",       reads = { 1 },    writes = { 2 }, },
+	["div_s"]              = { cycles = 35, kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, },
+	["div_u"]              = { cycles = 35, kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, },
+	["gte_load_v0"]        = { cycles = 2,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_load_v0v1v2"]    = { cycles = 6,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_load_v1"]        = { cycles = 2,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_load_v2"]        = { cycles = 2,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_lw"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_lwc2"]           = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load", },
+	["gte_mv_from_ctrl_r"] = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["gte_mv_from_data_r"] = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["gte_mv_to_ctrl_r"]   = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_mv_to_data_r"]   = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_stotz"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["gte_stsxy3"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop2_xfer",  reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["gte_sw"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "store",      reads = { 2 },    writes = {}, },
+	["gte_swc2"]           = { cycles = 1,  kind = "store", },
+	["jump"]               = { cycles = 2,  kind = "jump",       reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["jump_link"]          = { cycles = 2,  kind = "call",       reads = { 1 },    writes = { 2 }, },
+	["jump_reg"]           = { cycles = 2,  kind = "jump",       reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, suppress_arg1 = { R_AtomJmp = "fixed mac_yield handshake", }, },
+	["jump_rel"]           = { cycles = 2,  kind = "branch", delay_slot = true, },
+	["li_s"]               = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 3, op = "add_ui", source = 2, }, },
+	["load_byte"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["load_byte_u"]        = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["load_half"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["load_half_u"]        = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["load_imm"]           = { cycles = 2,  kind = "alu",        reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["load_ui"]            = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["load_upper_i"]       = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 2, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 2, op = "load_upper_i", }, },
+	["load_word"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "load",       reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["mac_yield"]          = { cycles = 0,  kind = "marker",     reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["mask_upper"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["mov_from_high"]      = { cycles = 2,  kind = "alu",        reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["mov_from_low"]       = { cycles = 2,  kind = "alu",        reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["mov_to_high"]        = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, },
+	["mov_to_low"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, },
+	["mult_s"]             = { cycles = 12, kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, },
+	["mult_u"]             = { cycles = 12, kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {}, },
+	["nop"]                = { cycles = 1,  kind = "nop",        reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["nop2"]               = { cycles = 2,  kind = "nop",        reads = {},       writes = {}, },
+	["nor_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu", },
+	["or_i"]               = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 3, op = "or_i", source = 2, }, },
+	["or_i_self"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 2, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 2, op = "or_i", source = 1, }, },
+	["or_u"]               = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["or_u_self"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, value = { dest = 1, op = "or", sources = { 1, 2 }, }, },
+	["set_lt_s"]           = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["set_lt_si"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["set_lt_u"]           = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["set_lt_ui"]          = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["shift_aright"]       = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 5, }, }, },
+	["shift_aright_var"]   = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 5, }, }, },
+	["shift_lleft"]        = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 5, }, }, },
+	["shift_lleft_self"]   = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 2, width = 5, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 2, op = "shift_lleft", source = 1, }, },
+	["shift_lleft_var"]    = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["shift_lright"]       = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2 },    writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 5, }, }, },
+	["slt_s"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["slt_si"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["slt_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["slt_ui"]             = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16,}, }, },
+	["store_byte"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "store",      reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {},    imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["store_half"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "store",      reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {},    imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["store_word"]         = { cycles = 1,  kind = "store",      reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = {},    imm = { { arg = 3, signed = true, width = 16, }, }, },
+	["sub_s"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["sub_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+	["sys_mov_from_cop0"]  = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop0_xfer",  reads = {},       writes = { 1 }, },
+	["sys_mov_to_cop0"]    = { cycles = 1,  kind = "cop0_xfer",  reads = { 1 },    writes = {}, },
+	["xor_i"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 1, 2 }, writes = { 1 }, imm = { { arg = 3, width = 16, }, }, value = { dest = 1, immediate = 3, op = "xor_i", source = 2, }, },
+	["xor_u"]              = { cycles = 1,  kind = "alu",        reads = { 2, 3 }, writes = { 1 }, },
+}
+
+-- One row per GTE command. Alias cycle numbers live here, not on INSTRUCTION.
+--- @type table<string, GteCommandRow>
+M.GTE_COMMAND = {
+	["gte_cmdw_avsz3"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_avg_sort_z3", "gte_avsz3", "gte_cmdw_avg_sort_z3" },
+		cycles  = 5,
+		inputs  = { "C2_SZ0", "C2_SZ1", "C2_SZ2", "C2_SZ3", "gte_cr_ZSF3" },
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ", role = "otz", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ", required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_avsz4"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_avg_sort_z4", "gte_avsz4", "gte_cmdw_avg_sort_z4" },
+		cycles  = 6,
+		inputs  = { "C2_SZ0", "C2_SZ1", "C2_SZ2", "C2_SZ3", "gte_cr_ZSF4" },
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ", role = "otz", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ", required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_gpf"] = {
+		aliases = {},
+		cycles = 5,
+		inputs = { "C2_IR0", "C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3" },
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_MAC1", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC2", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC3", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR1", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3", role = "latest_color", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_MAC1", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC3", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR1",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3",  required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_mvmva"] = {
+		aliases = {},
+		cycles = 8,
+		inputs = { 
+			"C2_VXY0", "C2_VZ0",
+			"C2_VXY1", "C2_VZ1",
+			"C2_VXY2", "C2_VZ2",
+			"C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3",
+			"gte_cr_RT11", "gte_cr_RT12", "gte_cr_RT13",
+			"gte_cr_RT21", "gte_cr_RT22", "gte_cr_RT23",
+			"gte_cr_RT31", "gte_cr_RT32", "gte_cr_RT33",
+			"gte_cr_TRX", "gte_cr_TRY", "gte_cr_TRZ"
+		},
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_IR1", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3", role = "latest_color", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_IR1", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3", required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_nclip"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_nclip" },
+		cycles  = 8,
+		inputs  = { "C2_SXY0", "C2_SXY1", "C2_SXY2" },
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_SZ3", role = "mac_result", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_SZ3", required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_op"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_cmdw_outer_product", "gte_cmdw_wedge" },
+		cycles  = 6,
+		inputs  = {},
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_IR1", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2", role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3", role = "latest_color", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_IR1", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3", required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_rtps"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_single", "gte_rtps" },
+		cycles = 15,
+		inputs = { 
+			"C2_VXY0", "C2_VZ0",
+			"C2_VXY1", "C2_VZ1",
+			"C2_VXY2", "C2_VZ2",
+			"C2_RGB", "C2_OTZ",
+			"C2_IR0", "C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3",
+			"C2_SZ0", "C2_SZ1", "C2_SZ2", "C2_SZ3",
+			"gte_cr_RT11", "gte_cr_RT12", "gte_cr_RT13",
+			"gte_cr_RT21", "gte_cr_RT22", "gte_cr_RT23",
+			"gte_cr_RT31", "gte_cr_RT32", "gte_cr_RT33",
+			"gte_cr_TRX", "gte_cr_TRY", "gte_cr_TRZ",
+			"gte_cr_OFX", "gte_cr_OFY",
+			"gte_cr_H",
+			"gte_cr_DQA", "gte_cr_DQB" 
+		},
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_SXY2", role = "latest_screen_xy", },
+			{ register = "C2_SZ2",  role = "latest_screen_z", },
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ",  role = "otz", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR0",  role = "latest_color", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_SXY2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_SZ2",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR0",  required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_rtpt"] = {
+		aliases = { "gte_cmdw_rotate_translate_perspective_triple", "gte_rtpt" },
+		cycles = 23,
+		inputs = { 
+			"C2_VXY0", "C2_VZ0",
+			"C2_VXY1", "C2_VZ1",
+			"C2_VXY2", "C2_VZ2",
+			"C2_RGB",  "C2_OTZ",
+			"C2_IR0",  "C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3",
+			"C2_SZ0",  "C2_SZ1", "C2_SZ2", "C2_SZ3",
+			"gte_cr_RT11", "gte_cr_RT12", "gte_cr_RT13",
+			"gte_cr_RT21", "gte_cr_RT22", "gte_cr_RT23",
+			"gte_cr_RT31", "gte_cr_RT32", "gte_cr_RT33",
+			"gte_cr_TRX",  "gte_cr_TRY",  "gte_cr_TRZ",
+			"gte_cr_OFX",  "gte_cr_OFY",
+			"gte_cr_H",
+			"gte_cr_DQA", "gte_cr_DQB"
+		},
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_SXY0", role = "screen_xy[0]", },
+			{ register = "C2_SXY1", role = "screen_xy[1]", },
+			{ register = "C2_SXY2", role = "latest_screen_xy", },
+			{ register = "C2_SZ3",  role = "latest_screen_z", },
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ",  role = "otz", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_SXY0", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_SXY1", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_SXY2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_SZ3",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_OTZ",  required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+	["gte_cmdw_sqr"] = {
+		aliases = {},
+		cycles  = 5,
+		inputs  = { "C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3" },
+		outputs = {
+			{ register = "C2_MAC1", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC2", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC3", role = "mac_result", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR1",  role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2",  role = "latest_color", },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3",  role = "latest_color", },
+		},
+		latch = {
+			{ register = "C2_MAC1", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC2", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_MAC3", required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR1",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR2",  required = 4, },
+			{ register = "C2_IR3",  required = 4, },
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+--- @param ident string
+--- @return InstructionRow|nil
+function M.instr    (ident) return M.INSTRUCTION            [ident]          end
+--- @param ident string
+--- @return string
+function M.gte_canon(ident) return M.ALIAS_TO_CANONICAL     [ident] or ident end
+--- @param ident string
+--- @return GteCommandRow|nil
+function M.gte      (ident) return M.GTE_COMMAND[M.gte_canon(ident)]         end
+
+--- @return nil
+local function build_alias_map()
+	--- @type table<string, string>  -- bag: alias or canon -> canon
+	M.ALIAS_TO_CANONICAL = {}
+	for canon, row in pairs(M.GTE_COMMAND) do ---@type string, GteCommandRow
+		M.ALIAS_TO_CANONICAL[canon] = canon
+		for _, alias in ipairs(row.aliases or {}) do ---@type integer, string
+			M.ALIAS_TO_CANONICAL[alias] = canon
+		end
+	end
+end
+build_alias_map()
+
+
+--- GTE control-register alias groups.
+--- Aliases within a group write to the same C2 control-register slot (the HW double-maps some C2 slots across multiple PSX SDK / libgte conventions).
+--- Aliases across groups write to distinct C2 slots.
+---
+--- Cross-alias writes inside one atom body, or across the wave-context boundary, silently clobber each other.
+--- The `check_gte_cr_alias_writes` check warns about each pair per source. See `docs/gte_reference.md` §"Control-register alias table"
+--- for the HW rationale and the libgte outer-product convention.
+--- @type GteCrAliasGroup[]
+M.GTE_CR_ALIAS_GROUPS = {
+	{ 24, { "gte_cr_RBK", "gte_cr_OFX" } },   -- background R vs screen offset X
+	{ 25, { "gte_cr_GBK", "gte_cr_OFY" } },   -- background G vs screen offset Y
+	{ 26, { "gte_cr_BBK", "gte_cr_H"   } },   -- background B vs projection plane distance H
+}
+
+-- Packed RT slots named by the gte.h packed-slot comment. First must be written before second.
+--- @type GtePackedSlotRelation[]
+M.GTE_PACKED_SLOT_RELATIONS = {
+	{ slot = 2, first = "gte_cr_RT13", second = "gte_cr_RT22" },
+}
+
+-- Operand-class table for the COP2->GPR load-delay check.
+-- Maps each emitting-token ident to the set of GPR operand positions it reads.
+-- Covers the current encoder vocabulary (`code/duffle/mips.h` + `code/duffle/gte.h`); add rows here as new encoders land.
+--
+-- Semantics:
+--   * A "GPR operand position" is the textual slot in the macro's argument list, 1-based; e.g. `load_word(rt, base, off)` has positional operands 1 (rt), 2 (base), 3 (off).
+--     The table reads operands 1 + 2 + 3 to find what GPRs the macro touches.
+--   * The check tracks one entry per destination GPR per MFC2 / CFC2 event.
+--     A subsequent event counts as a "use" iff any of its read operand positions reference that destination GPR's ident (e.g. `R_T0`).
+--   * Branch delay slots are out of scope (MIPS control-flow; tracked separately).
+--- @type table<string, integer[]>  -- bag: encoder ident -> GPR operand positions
+M.OPERAND_READ_POSITIONS = {
+	-- CPU ALU with one or two GPR operands. Reads every GPR operand.
+	["add_ui"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["li_s"]                   = {1, 2},  -- rt (write), imm16 (immediate)
+	["add_ui_self"]            = {1},
+	["add_si"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["add_u"]                  = {1, 2, 3},
+	["add_u_self"]             = {1, 2},
+	["sub_s"]                  = {1, 2, 3},
+	["sub_u"]                  = {1, 2, 3},
+	["and_i"]                  = {1, 2},
+	["and"]                    = {1, 2, 3},
+	["or_i"]                   = {1, 2},
+	["or_i_self"]              = {1},
+	["or"]                     = {1, 2, 3},
+	["or_self"]                = {1, 2},
+	["xor_i"]                  = {1, 2},
+	["xor"]                    = {1, 2, 3},
+	["slt_s"]                  = {1, 2, 3},
+	["slt_u"]                  = {1, 2, 3},
+	["slt_si"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["slt_ui"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["mult_s"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["mult_u"]                 = {1, 2},
+	["div_s"]                  = {1, 2},
+	["div_u"]                  = {1, 2},
+	-- Shifts: shift_lleft(rd, rt, shamt); the rt operand is the value, rd is dest.
+	["shift_lleft"]            = {1, 2},
+	["shift_lright"]           = {1, 2},
+	["shift_aright"]           = {1, 2},
+	["shift_lleft_self"]       = {1},
+	-- Loads: load_word(rt, base, off); the rt operand is the destination (it's written, not read) and base + off are non-GPR operands.
+	-- The check treats the rt operand as a write, so the read-positions table for `load_*` is empty.
+	["load_word"]              = {},
+	["load_half_u"]            = {},
+	["load_byte_u"]            = {},
+	["load_half"]              = {},
+	["load_byte"]              = {},
+	["load_upper_i"]           = {},
+	["load_ui"]                = {},
+	-- Stores write to memory; base + rt operands are non-read for load-delay purposes.
+	["store_word"]             = {},
+	["store_half"]             = {},
+	["store_byte"]             = {},
+	-- Branches read rs (+ rt for beq/bne). The branch delay slot is out of scope.
+	["branch_equal"]           = {1, 2},
+	["branch_ne"]              = {1, 2},
+	["branch_le_zero"]         = {1},
+	["branch_lt_zero"]         = {1},
+	["branch_ge_zero"]         = {1},
+	["branch_gt_zero"]         = {1},
+	-- Jumps / link: jr / jalr read rs only (the target). RD is the destination link.
+	["jump_reg"]               = {1},
+	["jump_link"]              = {1},
+	["call_reg"]               = {1},
+	["call_addr"]              = {},
+	["jump"]                   = {},
+	-- mask_upper is a 2-word macro: shift_lleft then shift_lright. The first reads rt.
+	["mask_upper"]             = {1, 2},
+	-- move from/to HI/LO.
+	["mov_from_high"]          = {},
+	["mov_from_low"]           = {},
+	["mov_to_high"]            = {1},
+	["mov_to_low"]             = {1},
+	-- GTE transfers / loads / stores / commands: the relevant table values live in the check itself.
+	-- `gte_mv_to_*` writes its rt operand; `gte_mv_from_*` writes its rt operand; `gte_*` commands are atomic-from-the-CPU-POV
+	-- once they issue (the CPU holds until the command completes, so load-delay violations don't surface here).
+	["gte_mv_from_data_r"]     = {},
+	["gte_mv_from_ctrl_r"]     = {},
+	["gte_mv_to_data_r"]       = {},
+	["gte_mv_to_ctrl_r"]       = {},
+	["gte_lw"]                 = {},
+	["gte_sw"]                 = {},
+	["shift_lleft_var"]        = {1, 2, 3},  -- rd, rt, rs (variable shift amount)
+	["shift_aright_var"]       = {1, 2, 3},
+}
+
+-- GP0 packet sizes (total words including the 1-word tag) per GP0 cmd byte.
+-- Per PSX-SPX `docs/psx-spx/docs/graphicsprocessingunitgpu.md` §"GPU Render Polygon Commands":
+--   Each polygon command's word count = 1 (tag/cmd) + per-vertex (vertex + optional color + optional UV).
+--   F3:  cmd + 3 vertices = 4 words; +1 tag = 5
+--   F4:  cmd + 4 vertices = 5 words; +1 tag = 6
+--   G3:  cmd + 3×(color + vertex) = 6 words; +1 tag = 7
+--   G4:  cmd + 4×(color + vertex) = 8 words; +1 tag = 9
+--   FT3: cmd + tpage + clut + 3×(vertex + UV) = 7 words; +1 tag = 8
+--   FT4: cmd + tpage + clut + 4×(vertex + UV) = 9 words; +1 tag = 10
+--   GT3: cmd + tpage + clut + 3×(color + vertex + UV) = 9 words; +1 tag = 10
+--   GT4: cmd + tpage + clut + 4×(color + vertex + UV) = 12 words; +1 tag = 13
+--
+-- Cross-checked against code/duffle/gp.h struct sizes + the set_poly_* macros
+-- (which encode "len" = "words after tag"):
+--   set_poly_f3(p)   -> set_len(p, 4)   ->  5 total GP0 0x20
+--   set_poly_ft3(p)  -> set_len(p, 7)   ->  8 total GP0 0x24
+--   set_poly_f4(p)   -> set_len(p, 5)   ->  6 total GP0 0x28
+--   set_poly_ft4(p)  -> set_len(p, 9)   -> 10 total GP0 0x2C
+--   set_poly_g3(p)   -> set_len(p, 6)   ->  7 total GP0 0x30
+--   set_poly_gt3(p)  -> set_len(p, 9)   -> 10 total GP0 0x34
+--   set_poly_g4(p)   -> set_len(p, 8)   ->  9 total GP0 0x38
+--   set_poly_gt4(p)  -> set_len(p, 12)  -> 13 total GP0 0x3C
+--- @type table<integer, integer>  -- bag: GP0 cmd byte -> word count
+M.GP0_CMD_SIZE = {
+	[0x20] =  5,  -- Poly_F3
+	[0x24] =  8,  -- Poly_FT3
+	[0x28] =  6,  -- Poly_F4
+	[0x2C] = 10,  -- Poly_FT4
+	[0x30] =  7,  -- Poly_G3
+	[0x34] = 10,  -- Poly_GT3
+	[0x38] =  9,  -- Poly_G4
+	[0x3C] = 13,  -- Poly_GT4
+}
+
+-- Shape suffix (after `ac_format_` / `mac_format_` prefix) -> GP0 cmd byte.
+-- Lets the static-analysis check derive the cmd byte from a macro name like `mac_format_g4_color` -> `g4` -> 0x38 -> 9 expected words.
+--- @type table<string, integer>  -- bag: shape suffix -> GP0 cmd byte
+M.GP0_CMD_BY_SHAPE = {
+	["f3"]  = 0x20, ["ft3"] = 0x24,
+	["f4"]  = 0x28, ["ft4"] = 0x2C,
+	["g3"]  = 0x30, ["gt3"] = 0x34,
+	["g4"]  = 0x38, ["gt4"] = 0x3C,
+}
+
+--- @type integer
+M.UNKNOWN_INSTRUCTION_CYCLES = 1
+
+-- Hardware-relation policy table.
+--
+-- The forward walker in `passes/static_analysis.lua::analyze_hardware_relations` reads every emitted word_event, matches its `encoder` against `row.token`, and:
+--   * stages the event as a producer in `atom.paths.forward_state`; or
+--   * matches it as a consumer against pending producers and records a hazard on `atom.paths.hazards` when the gap is below `visibility.required`.
+--
+-- Each row is the contract for one CPU-to-coprocessor transfer semantic (the coprocessor-to-CPU path mirrors the same shape).
+-- The `reads` / `writes` sub-tables carry the argument positions the analyzer inspects:
+--   * `writes.arg` is the destination operand (the producer's effect); the analyzer stages this register as a pending producer.
+--   * `reads` (when present) lists the operand positions the same token reads back from hardware; for MTC2 / CTC2 the producer reads the GPR source it is loading from.
+--     The `fanout_to` field (MTC2-IRGB row only) tells the consumer-match logic which downstream COP2 registers are transitively updated by the write.
+--
+-- Visibility semantics:
+--   * `kind = "post_producer_words"` means the consumer observes the producer's effect after `required` independent emitted words that are
+--     strictly between the producer and the consumer. The producer's own emitted slot is implicit (it counts as the slot of issue, not toward `required`) 
+--     per the PSX-SPX rule: "Store delays are counted in numbers of clock cycles (not in numbers of opcodes).
+--     For 3 cycle delay, one must usually insert 3 cached opcodes (or one uncached opcode)."
+--   * `required` is the minimum count of intervening emitted words between producer and consumer.
+--     `required = 0` permits the consumer on the very next slot; `required < 0` would place the consumer on the same slot as the producer
+--     and is reserved for future "self-retires" relations.
+--
+-- Evidence:
+--   * `evidence.confidence` is one of `"exact"`, `"conservative"`, `"unknown"`. The severity comes from `violation_kind`;
+--     A hardware measurement that the vendor caveats may still classify as `"conservative"` even when the underlying timing is numerically known.
+--   * `evidence.source` is the upstream reference (file + line range) the row is sourced from. New rows must carry this citation.
+--
+-- Consumers:
+--   * passes/static_analysis.lua::analyze_hardware_relations          (forward walker).
+--   * passes/static_analysis.lua::transfer_hazards CHECK_RULES reader (renders hazards onto `findings`).
+-- This table is consumed by the hardware-relation analyzer and hazard renderer.
+--- @type HardwareRelationRow[]
+M.HARDWARE_RELATIONS = {
+	-- CPU → COP2 data register (MTC2). The ordinary default is 2 cached words between producer and consumer (cpuspecifications.md:407-419).
+	{
+		id             = "mtc2_gpr_visibility",
+		semantic       = "MTC2",
+		consumer       = "cop2_input",
+		token          = "gte_mv_to_data_r",
+		direction      = "gpr_to_cop2_data",
+		reads          = { domain = "gpr",       arg = 1 },
+		writes         = { domain = "cop2.data", arg = 2 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 2 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:407-419",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+	},
+	-- CPU → COP2 data register when the destination is C2_IRGB (data 28).
+	-- C2_IRGB drives the IR1/IR2/IR3 color-conversion fan-out, which extends the propagation delay to 3 cached words.
+	-- `destination_match = "C2_IRGB"` is the row's filter; the analyzer consults this when the producer's destination operand equals "C2_IRGB".
+	-- C2_ORGB (data 29) is read-only and is never classified as a writable fan-out destination.
+	{
+		id              = "mtc2_irgb_visibility",
+		semantic        = "MTC2",
+		consumer        = "cop2_input",
+		token           = "gte_mv_to_data_r",
+		direction       = "gpr_to_cop2_data",
+		reads           = { domain = "gpr",       arg = 1 },
+		writes          = { domain = "cop2.data", arg = 2 },
+		destination_match = "C2_IRGB",
+		fanout_to       = { "C2_IR1", "C2_IR2", "C2_IR3" },
+		visibility      = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 3 },
+		evidence        = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:407-419",
+		},
+		violation_kind  = "error",
+	},
+	-- CPU → COP2 control register (CTC2). Ordinary minimum 2;
+	-- no IRGB-style fan-out exists for control registers (per spec §3.6: only C2_IRGB has the 3-cycle fan-out on the data side).
+	{
+		id             = "ctc2_gpr_visibility",
+		semantic       = "CTC2",
+		consumer       = "cop2_input",
+		token          = "gte_mv_to_ctrl_r",
+		direction      = "gpr_to_cop2_control",
+		reads          = { domain = "gpr",        arg = 1 },
+		writes         = { domain = "cop2.ctrl",  arg = 2 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 2 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:407-419",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+	},
+	-- COP2 data → GPR (MFC2). One cached slot between the transfer and the first GPR consumer;
+	-- the GPR is not updated until the instruction AFTER the MFC2 completes (geometrytransformationenginegte.md:29-32).
+	{
+		id             = "mfc2_gpr_visibility",
+		semantic       = "MFC2",
+		consumer       = "gpr_read",
+		token          = "gte_mv_from_data_r",
+		direction      = "cop2_data_to_gpr",
+		reads          = { domain = "cop2.data",  arg = 2 },
+		writes         = { domain = "gpr",        arg = 1 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 1 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "geometrytransformationenginegte.md:29-32",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+	},
+	-- COP2 control → GPR (CFC2). Same delay as MFC2 (cpuspecifications.md treats the two load-from-COP2 paths symmetrically).
+	{
+		id             = "cfc2_gpr_visibility",
+		semantic       = "CFC2",
+		consumer       = "gpr_read",
+		token          = "gte_mv_from_ctrl_r",
+		direction      = "cop2_control_to_gpr",
+		reads          = { domain = "cop2.ctrl",  arg = 2 },
+		writes         = { domain = "gpr",        arg = 1 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 1 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:382-419",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+	},
+	-- COP0 control → GPR (MFC0).
+	-- One cached slot; the analyzer treats `sys_mov_from_cop0(rt, 12)` (the SR/CU2 transfer) as the same shape as the COP2 load-delay path.
+	-- The semantic-level SR/CU2 transition models the load delay;
+	-- SR.CU2 bounded-value propagation is modeled separately).
+	{
+		id             = "mfc0_gpr_visibility",
+		semantic       = "MFC0",
+		consumer       = "gpr_read",
+		token          = "sys_mov_from_cop0",
+		direction      = "cop0_control_to_gpr",
+		reads          = { domain = "cop0.ctrl",  arg = 2 },
+		writes         = { domain = "gpr",        arg = 1 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 1 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:171-178",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+	},
+	-- Memory -> COP2 data register (LWC2).
+	-- The memory-side timing is not measured by the vendored GTE latch experiment, so this relation has no numeric retirement threshold.
+	-- The LWC2 destination has TWO retirement regimes (per PSX-SPX):
+	--   * GTE-command consumer (`gte_cmdw_*`): the GTE pipeline LATCHES the LWC2 result, so a `gte_cmdw_*`
+	--     in the very next slot uses the latched value. Gap = 0 is allowed. (Per `docs/psx-spx/docs/gtepipelinetimings.md:271-274`.)
+	--   * Any other consumer: standard MIPS load delay applies. Gap = 1 required. (Per `docs/psx-spx/docs/cpuspecifications.md:407-419`.)
+	-- Two separate relations so the walker can dispatch by consumer type and emit different severities
+	-- (the GTE-command path is `info` because the latch is intentional; the non-GTE-consumer path is `error` because the missing nop is a real bug).
+	{
+		id             = "lwc2_to_gte_command",
+		semantic       = "LWC2_to_GTE",
+		consumer       = "cop2_input",
+		token          = "gte_lw",
+		direction      = "memory_to_cop2_data",
+		reads          = { domain = "memory",    arg = 2 },
+		writes         = { domain = "cop2.data", arg = 1 },
+		required       = 0,  -- GTE-command consumer: gap = 0 OK (latched).
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "measured",
+			source     = "gtepipelinetimings.md:271-274",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "info",
+		clear_on_consumer = true,
+	},
+	{
+		id             = "lwc2_to_other_consumer",
+		semantic       = "LWC2_to_other",
+		consumer       = "cop2_input",
+		token          = "gte_lw",
+		direction      = "memory_to_cop2_data",
+		reads          = { domain = "memory",    arg = 2 },
+		writes         = { domain = "cop2.data", arg = 1 },
+		required       = 1,  -- Non-GTE-consumer: standard MIPS load delay.
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "inferred",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:407-419",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "error",
+		clear_on_consumer = true,
+	},
+	-- COP2 data register -> memory (SWC2). A read of C2 state, not a CPU-to-COP2 write.
+	-- The policy row stays in for direction/provenance; staging it as a later command-input producer is suppressed.
+	{
+		id             = "swc2_memory_write",
+		semantic       = "SWC2",
+		consumer       = "gpr_read",
+		token          = "gte_sw",
+		direction      = "cop2_data_to_memory",
+		reads          = { domain = "cop2.data", arg = 1 },
+		writes         = { domain = "memory",    arg = 2 },
+		visibility     = { kind = "none", required = 0 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "exact",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:79",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "info",
+		stage          = false,
+	},
+	-- MTC0 Status/SR.CU2. The ordinary COP0 store has no general store-delay relation;
+	-- this row feeds the dedicated CU2 transition logic in the same forward walk and is therefore not staged in `pending`.
+	{
+		id             = "mtc0_cu2_visibility",
+		semantic       = "MTC0",
+		consumer       = "gpr_read",
+		token          = "sys_mov_to_cop0",
+		direction      = "gpr_to_cop0_status",
+		reads          = { domain = "gpr",          arg = 1 },
+		writes         = { domain = "cop0.status",  arg = 2 },
+		status_register = 12,
+		visibility     = { kind = "post_producer_words", required = 2 },
+		evidence       = {
+			confidence = "conservative",
+			source     = "cpuspecifications.md:543,625-628",
+		},
+		violation_kind = "warning",
+		stage          = false,
+		cu2_transition = true,
+	},
+ }
+
+-- Bounded Status/SR.CU2 transition policy.
+-- The value lattice and the transition consumer both read this immutable row; no second value pass is permitted.
+-- The source says the enable/disable transition takes "2 clock cycles or so", so the boundary is conservative rather than exact.
+--- @type Cu2TransitionPolicy
+M.CU2_TRANSITION_POLICY = {
+	status_register = 12,
+	enable_bit      = 0x40000000,
+	required        = 2,
+	visibility_kind = "post_producer_words",
+	evidence        = {
+		confidence = "conservative",
+		source     = "cpuspecifications.md:543,625-628",
+	},
+}
+
+return M

scripts/duffle_paths.lua

@@ -16,30 +16,31 @@
 --- Net effect: the caller gets the duffle module in one statement; no separate `dofile(...)` + `require("duffle")` dance.
 ---
 
-local M = {}
+--- @class DufflePaths
+--- @field setup fun(): nil
+
+local M = {} ---@type DufflePaths
 
 -- Cache key for the repo root. Stored in `package.loaded` (process-global) so all 8 entry scripts + passes scripts share one resolution.
-local CACHE_KEY = "__duffle_repo_root__"
+local CACHE_KEY = "__duffle_repo_root__" ---@type string
 
 --- Resolve the repo root from this script's own path. Zero shell spawn.
---- `duffle_paths.lua` always lives at `<repo>/scripts/duffle_paths.lua`, so the repo root is the
---- parent of the directory containing this script. We derive it directly from `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source`
---- (returns `@<path>` for the currently-running chunk).
+--- `duffle_paths.lua` always lives at `<repo>/scripts/duffle_paths.lua`, so the repo root is the parent of the directory containing this script.
+--- We derive it directly from `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source` (returns `@<path>` for the currently-running chunk).
 ---
---- If `debug.getinfo` can't parse this script's path (shouldn't happen — dofile always populates source),
---- return nil and let `M.setup()` fail loud.
+--- If `debug.getinfo` can't parse this script's path (shouldn't happen — dofile always populates source), return nil and let `M.setup()` fail loud.
 --- @return string|nil
 local function find_repo_root()
 	if package.loaded[CACHE_KEY] then return package.loaded[CACHE_KEY] end
 
-	local source = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source
+	local source = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source ---@type string
 	-- Strip the leading `@` (Lua's dofile marker) and the trailing `/duffle_paths.lua` filename.
 	-- What remains is the directory containing this script, i.e. `<repo>/scripts/`.
-	local scripts_dir = source and source:match("^@?(.*)[/\\]duffle_paths%.lua$")
+	local scripts_dir = source and source:match("^@?(.*)[/\\]duffle_paths%.lua$") ---@type string|nil
 	if not scripts_dir then return nil end
 
 	-- The repo root is the parent of `scripts/`. Strip the trailing `scripts/` (with or without trailing slash).
-	local root = scripts_dir:gsub("scripts[\\/]?$", "")
+	local root = scripts_dir:gsub("scripts[\\/]?$", "") ---@type string
 	root = root:gsub("\\", "/")
 	if root == "" then root = "./" end
 	if not root:match("/$") then root = root .. "/" end
@@ -47,27 +48,23 @@ local function find_repo_root()
 	return root
 end
 
---- Set `package.path` (for `require("duffle")` + `require("passes.X")`) and
---- `package.cpath` (for `lpeg.dll`).
+--- Set `package.path` (for `require("duffle")` + `require("passes.X")`) and `package.cpath` (for `lpeg.dll`).
 ---
 --- This script does NOT touch the OS environment: no `os.setenv`, no `os.putenv`, no `$PATH` mods. 
 --- It just sets `package.path` and `package.cpath` (the standard Lua way to register module search dirs). 
---- lpeg is built by `update_deps.ps1` to `toolchain/lpeg/`, 
---- which we wire into `package.cpath` here (so `require("lpeg")` from `duffle.lua` resolves without any global state).
+--- lpeg is built by `update_deps.ps1` to `toolchain/lpeg/`, which we wire into `package.cpath` here (so `require("lpeg")` from `duffle.lua` resolves without any global state).
+--- @return nil
 function M.setup()
-	local repo_root = find_repo_root()
+	local  repo_root = find_repo_root() ---@type string|nil
 	if not repo_root then
-		-- Unreachable in practice: find_repo_root() derives the repo root from this script's
-		-- own source path via debug.getinfo(1, "S").source (no subprocess, no git CLI, <1ms).
-		-- A nil return means the source path did not match the expected
-		-- <repo>/scripts/duffle_paths.lua layout — a packaging bug, not a "missing git repo"
-		-- condition. os.exit(2) is retained so a real failure surfaces loud rather than
-		-- silently producing an unconfigured module table.
+		-- Unreachable in practice: find_repo_root() derives the repo root from this script's own source path via debug.getinfo(1, "S").source (no subprocess, no git CLI, <1ms).
+		-- A nil return means the source path did not match the expected <repo>/scripts/duffle_paths.lua layout — a packaging bug, not a "missing git repo" condition.
+		-- os.exit(2) is retained so a real failure surfaces loud rather than silently producing an unconfigured module table.
 		os.exit(2)
 	end
 
-	local scripts_dir = repo_root .. "scripts/"
-	local passes_dir  = repo_root .. "scripts/passes/"
+	local scripts_dir = repo_root .. "scripts/"        ---@type string
+	local passes_dir  = repo_root .. "scripts/passes/" ---@type string
 	package.path = scripts_dir .. "?.lua;"
 		.. scripts_dir .. "?/init.lua;"
 		.. passes_dir  .. "?.lua;"
@@ -77,8 +74,8 @@ function M.setup()
 	-- lpeg: built by `update_deps.ps1` to `toolchain/lpeg/lpeg.dll`.
 	-- lfs: compiled from pcsx-redux's vendored luafilesystem source to `toolchain/lfs/lfs.dll`.
 	-- Wire both directories into cpath so `require("lpeg")` and `require("lfs")` resolve.
-	local lpeg_dir = repo_root .. "toolchain/lpeg/"
-	local lfs_dir  = repo_root .. "toolchain/lfs/"
+	local lpeg_dir = repo_root .. "toolchain/lpeg/" ---@type string
+	local lfs_dir  = repo_root .. "toolchain/lfs/"  ---@type string
 	package.cpath = lpeg_dir .. "?.dll;"
 		.. lfs_dir  .. "?.dll;"
 		.. package.cpath
@@ -87,6 +84,6 @@ end
 -- Run the setup as a side effect.
 M.setup()
 
--- Now that package.path includes scripts/, `require("duffle")` resolves. Return the duffle module
--- so callers can do `local duffle = dofile(...duffle_paths.lua)` in one line.
+-- Now that package.path includes scripts/, `require("duffle")` resolves.
+-- Return the duffle module so callers can do `local duffle = dofile(...duffle_paths.lua)` in one line.
 return require("duffle")

scripts/elf32.lua

@@ -22,7 +22,94 @@
 -- spec: System V ABI gABI v1.2 §"ELF Header" (Table 1) + §"Section Header Table"
 -- spec: System V ABI gABI v1.2 §"Symbol Table" (Elf32_Sym layout)
 
-local M = {}
+--- @class Elf32Adapter
+--- @field read_u8_at  fun(off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field read_u16_at fun(off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field read_u32_at fun(off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field read_size   fun(): integer
+
+--- @class Elf32Header
+--- @field e_entry     integer
+--- @field e_shoff     integer
+--- @field e_shentsize integer
+--- @field e_shnum     integer
+--- @field e_shstrndx  integer
+--- @field error       string|nil
+
+--- @class Elf32Section
+--- @field sh_name   integer
+--- @field sh_type   integer
+--- @field sh_flags  integer
+--- @field sh_addr   integer
+--- @field sh_offset integer
+--- @field sh_size   integer
+--- @field sh_link   integer
+--- @field name      string
+
+--- @class Elf32Sym
+--- @field value integer
+--- @field size  integer
+--- @field info  integer
+--- @field shndx integer
+
+--- @class Elf32HeaderLayout
+--- @field magic_offset       integer
+--- @field magic              string
+--- @field class_offset       integer
+--- @field endian_offset      integer
+--- @field header_bytes       integer
+--- @field e_entry_offset     integer
+--- @field e_shoff_offset     integer
+--- @field e_shentsize_offset integer
+--- @field e_shnum_offset     integer
+--- @field e_shstrndx_offset  integer
+
+--- @class Elf32SectionLayout
+--- @field sh_name_offset   integer
+--- @field sh_type_offset   integer
+--- @field sh_flags_offset  integer
+--- @field sh_addr_offset   integer
+--- @field sh_offset_offset integer
+--- @field sh_size_offset   integer
+--- @field sh_link_offset   integer
+--- @field sh_entsize_bytes integer
+
+--- @class Elf32SymLayout
+--- @field st_name         integer
+--- @field st_value        integer
+--- @field st_size         integer
+--- @field st_info         integer
+--- @field sym_entry_bytes integer
+
+--- @class Elf32Mod
+--- @field ELFCLASS32             integer
+--- @field ELFDATA2LSB            integer
+--- @field EM_MIPS                integer
+--- @field SHT_SYMTAB             integer
+--- @field SHT_STRTAB             integer
+--- @field SHT_NOBITS             integer
+--- @field SHF_WRITE              integer
+--- @field SHF_ALLOC              integer
+--- @field SHF_EXECINSTR          integer
+--- @field ELF32_HEADER           Elf32HeaderLayout
+--- @field ELF32_SECTION          Elf32SectionLayout
+--- @field ELF32_SYM              Elf32SymLayout
+--- @field dw_dwarf32_terminator  integer
+--- @field read_u32               fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field read_u16               fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field read_u8                fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, off: integer): integer|nil
+--- @field size                   fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter): integer
+--- @field read_u32_le            fun(buf: string, off: integer): integer
+--- @field read_u16_le            fun(buf: string, off: integer): integer
+--- @field validate_adapter       fun(adapter: any): boolean, string|nil
+--- @field get_str                fun(strtab: string, off: integer): string|nil
+--- @field parse_elf32_headers    fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter): Elf32Header|nil, string|nil
+--- @field walk_sections          fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, hdr: Elf32Header): Elf32Section[]|nil, string|nil
+--- @field read_section_bytes     fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, section: Elf32Section): string|nil
+--- @field read_named_section     fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, sections: Elf32Section[], name: string): string|nil, string|nil
+--- @field collect_symbols        fun(adapter: Elf32Adapter, sections: Elf32Section[]): table<string, Elf32Sym>|nil, string|nil
+
+local M = {} ---@type Elf32Mod
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Little-endian readers (bit-weighted accumulator, math.floor only)
@@ -39,7 +126,7 @@ local M = {}
 --- **Call form:** explicit-pass. The reader receives `adapter` as the first positional argument and the offset as the second; no `self` is passed.
 --- Test fixtures declare `function(offset) ... end` and the parsers call them via dot syntax `adapter.read_u8_at(off)`.
 --- The colon form `adapter:read_u8_at(off)` would prepend the adapter table as `offset` and break the contract.
---- @param adapter table
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
 --- @param off     integer  -- zero-based wire offset
 --- @return integer|nil
 function M.read_u32(adapter, off)
@@ -50,7 +137,7 @@ function M.read_u32(adapter, off)
 end
 
 --- Read a 2-byte little-endian unsigned integer from `adapter` at zero-based wire offset `off`.
---- @param adapter table
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
 --- @param off integer  -- zero-based wire offset
 --- @return integer|nil
 function M.read_u16(adapter, off)
@@ -59,7 +146,7 @@ function M.read_u16(adapter, off)
 end
 
 --- Read a 1-byte unsigned integer from `adapter` at zero-based wire offset `off`.
---- @param adapter table
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
 --- @param off integer  -- zero-based wire offset
 --- @return integer|nil
 function M.read_u8(adapter, off)
@@ -67,7 +154,7 @@ function M.read_u8(adapter, off)
 end
 
 --- Total adapter byte length.
---- @param adapter table
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
 --- @return integer
 function M.size(adapter)
 	return adapter.read_size()
@@ -76,8 +163,11 @@ end
 --- Forwarders kept for backward compat with scripts/elf_dwarf.lua.
 --- The metaprogram side keeps `read_u32_le` / `read_u16_le`;
 --- both layers now use the same byte-level helpers under the hood.
+--- @param buf string
+--- @param off integer
+--- @return integer
 function M.read_u32_le(buf, off)
-	local byte_off = off + 1
+	local byte_off = off + 1 ---@type integer
 	return buf:byte(byte_off)
 		+ buf:byte(byte_off + 0x01) * 0x00000100
 		+ buf:byte(byte_off + 0x02) * 0x00010000
@@ -89,7 +179,7 @@ end
 --- @param off integer  -- zero-based wire offset
 --- @return integer
 function M.read_u16_le(buf, off)
-	local byte_off = off + 1
+	local byte_off = off + 1 ---@type integer
 	return buf:byte(byte_off) + buf:byte(byte_off + 0x01) * 0x00000100
 end
 
@@ -116,6 +206,7 @@ M.SHF_EXECINSTR = 0x4 -- spec: gABI v1.2 §"Section Attributes" — executable
 -- ELF32 header layout (System V ABI gABI v1.2 §"ELF Header" Table 1)
 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- All offsets are zero-based wire offsets. The header is 52 bytes total (header_bytes = 0x34 = 52).
+--- @type Elf32HeaderLayout
 M.ELF32_HEADER = {
 	magic_offset         = 0x00,  -- 4 bytes; expected "\127ELF"
 	magic                = "\127ELF",
@@ -134,6 +225,7 @@ M.ELF32_HEADER = {
 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Each entry is 40 bytes (sh_entsize_bytes = 0x28 = 40);
 -- zero-based, field offsets relative to the start of the entry.
+--- @type Elf32SectionLayout
 M.ELF32_SECTION = {
 	sh_name_offset    = 0x00,  -- 4-byte LE; offset into .shstrtab
 	sh_type_offset    = 0x04,  -- 4-byte LE; section type (SHT_*)
@@ -150,6 +242,7 @@ M.ELF32_SECTION = {
 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Each entry is 16 bytes (sym_entry_bytes = 0x10 = 16);
 -- zero-based, field offsets relative to the start of the entry.
+--- @type Elf32SymLayout
 M.ELF32_SYM = {
 	st_name          = 0x00,  -- 4-byte LE; offset into the linked string table
 	st_value         = 0x04,  -- 4-byte LE; symbol value (address / absolute)
@@ -190,7 +283,7 @@ end
 --- @return string|nil
 function M.get_str(strtab, off)
 	if off < 0 or off >= #strtab then return nil end
-	local  end_pos = strtab:find("\0", off + 1, true)
+	local  end_pos = strtab:find("\0", off + 1, true) ---@type integer|nil
 	if not end_pos then return nil end
 	return strtab:sub(off + 1, end_pos - 1)
 end
@@ -205,39 +298,39 @@ end
 --- On failure returns nil + a stable error code:
 ---   bad_magic, unsupported_elf_class, unsupported_elf_data, truncated_header
 --- The header's machine field is NOT validated here — callers (e.g. the helper's prime path) decide whether to require EM_MIPS before symbol reads.
---- @param adapter table
---- @return table|nil, string|nil
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
+--- @return Elf32Header|nil, string|nil
 function M.parse_elf32_headers(adapter)
-	local  ok, err = M.validate_adapter(adapter)
+	local  ok, err = M.validate_adapter(adapter) ---@type boolean, string|nil
 	if not ok then return nil, err end
 
 	-- 4-byte magic: 0x7F 'E' 'L' 'F'.
 	-- The byte readers take the adapter explicitly.
 	-- The production `Support.File` adapter is wrapped by the caller to drop its implicit `self` so the parser shape is flat pass-style.
-	local b1 = M.read_u8(adapter, 0)
-	local b2 = M.read_u8(adapter, 1)
-	local b3 = M.read_u8(adapter, 2)
-	local b4 = M.read_u8(adapter, 3)
+	local b1 = M.read_u8(adapter, 0) ---@type integer|nil
+	local b2 = M.read_u8(adapter, 1) ---@type integer|nil
+	local b3 = M.read_u8(adapter, 2) ---@type integer|nil
+	local b4 = M.read_u8(adapter, 3) ---@type integer|nil
 	if not (b1 and b2 and b3 and b4)
 		or not (b1 == 0x7f and b2 == 0x45 and b3 == 0x4c and b4 == 0x46) then
 		return nil, "bad_magic"
 	end
 
-	local class = M.read_u8(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.class_offset)
+	local class = M.read_u8(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.class_offset) ---@type integer|nil
 	if    class ~= M.ELFCLASS32 then
 		return nil, "unsupported_elf_class"
 	end
 
-	local data = M.read_u8(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.endian_offset)
+	local data = M.read_u8(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.endian_offset) ---@type integer|nil
 	if    data ~= M.ELFDATA2LSB then
 		return nil, "unsupported_elf_data"
 	end
 
-	local e_entry     = M.read_u32(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_entry_offset)
-	local e_shoff     = M.read_u32(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shoff_offset)
-	local e_shentsize = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shentsize_offset)
-	local e_shnum     = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shnum_offset)
-	local e_shstrndx  = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shstrndx_offset)
+	local e_entry     = M.read_u32(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_entry_offset)     ---@type integer|nil
+	local e_shoff     = M.read_u32(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shoff_offset)     ---@type integer|nil
+	local e_shentsize = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shentsize_offset) ---@type integer|nil
+	local e_shnum     = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shnum_offset)     ---@type integer|nil
+	local e_shstrndx  = M.read_u16(adapter, M.ELF32_HEADER.e_shstrndx_offset)  ---@type integer|nil
 	if not (e_entry and e_shoff and e_shentsize and e_shnum and e_shstrndx) then
 		return nil, "truncated_header"
 	end
@@ -254,11 +347,11 @@ end
 
 --- Read one section-header entry from `adapter` at `sh_off`.
 --- Returns a table with the wire fields plus a (yet-unresolved) `name` field.
---- @param adapter table
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
 --- @param sh_off  integer
---- @return table|nil, string|nil  -- entry, error
+--- @return Elf32Section|nil, string|nil
 local function read_section_entry(adapter, sh_off)
-	local entry = {
+	local entry = { ---@type Elf32Section
 		sh_name   = M.read_u32(adapter, sh_off + M.ELF32_SECTION.sh_name_offset),
 		sh_type   = M.read_u32(adapter, sh_off + M.ELF32_SECTION.sh_type_offset),
 		sh_flags  = M.read_u32(adapter, sh_off + M.ELF32_SECTION.sh_flags_offset),
@@ -279,22 +372,22 @@ end
 --- (the section at logical index 0 is at array position 1, etc.).
 --- Each entry has the wire fields plus a resolved `name` derived from `.shstrtab`.
 --- Returns nil + a stable error code on failure: truncated_section_headers, missing_shstrtab, truncated_strtab
---- @param adapter table
---- @param hdr     table  -- the table returned by parse_elf32_headers
---- @return table|nil, string|nil
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
+--- @param hdr     Elf32Header
+--- @return Elf32Section[]|nil, string|nil
 function M.walk_sections(adapter, hdr)
 	if not hdr or hdr.error then return nil, hdr and hdr.error or "truncated_section_headers" end
 
-	local file_size = M.size(adapter)
+	local file_size = M.size(adapter) ---@type integer
 	if hdr.e_shoff + hdr.e_shnum * hdr.e_shentsize > file_size then
 		return nil, "truncated_section_headers"
 	end
 
 	-- Read every section header first; we need .shstrtab to resolve names.
-	local sections = {}
-	for i = 0, hdr.e_shnum - 1 do
-		local sh_off = hdr.e_shoff + i * hdr.e_shentsize
-		local entry, err = read_section_entry(adapter, sh_off)
+	local sections = {} ---@type Elf32Section[]
+	for i = 0, hdr.e_shnum - 1 do ---@type integer
+		local sh_off = hdr.e_shoff + i * hdr.e_shentsize ---@type integer
+		local entry, err = read_section_entry(adapter, sh_off) ---@type Elf32Section|nil, string|nil
 		if not entry then return nil, err end
 		sections[i + 1] = entry
 	end
@@ -303,17 +396,17 @@ function M.walk_sections(adapter, hdr)
 		return nil, "missing_shstrtab"
 	end
 
-	local  shstrtab = sections[hdr.e_shstrndx + 1]
+	local  shstrtab = sections[hdr.e_shstrndx + 1] ---@type Elf32Section|nil
 	if not shstrtab or shstrtab.sh_type ~= M.SHT_STRTAB then
 		return nil, "missing_shstrtab"
 	end
 	if shstrtab.sh_offset + shstrtab.sh_size > file_size then
 		return nil, "truncated_section_headers"
 	end
-	local  shstrtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, shstrtab)
+	local  shstrtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, shstrtab) ---@type string|nil
 	if not shstrtab_bytes then return nil, "truncated_section_headers" end
 
-	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do
+	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do ---@type integer, Elf32Section
 		s.name = M.get_str(shstrtab_bytes, s.sh_name) or ""
 	end
 
@@ -322,15 +415,15 @@ end
 
 --- Read the bytes of one section. Returns a string, or nil if the adapter returns nil for any byte (out-of-bounds).
 --- The caller is responsible fors sizing the buffer (the section's sh_offset + sh_size must fit in adapter.size).
---- @param adapter table
---- @param section table  -- one entry from walk_sections
+--- @param adapter Elf32Adapter
+--- @param section Elf32Section
 --- @return string|nil
 function M.read_section_bytes(adapter, section)
-	local size = section.sh_size
+	local size = section.sh_size ---@type integer
 	if    size == 0 then return "" end
-	local out = {}
-	for i = 0, size - 1 do
-		local b = M.read_u8(adapter, section.sh_offset + i)
+	local out = {} ---@type string[]
+	for i = 0, size - 1 do ---@type integer
+		local b = M.read_u8(adapter, section.sh_offset + i) ---@type integer|nil
 		if    b == nil then return nil end
 		out[#out + 1] = string.char(b)
 	end
@@ -339,15 +432,15 @@ end
 
 --- Convenience: walk sections, then look up the named section, then read its bytes.
 --- Returns nil + a stable error code if the section is absent or out-of-bounds.
---- @param adapter  table
---- @param sections table  -- 1-based array from walk_sections
+--- @param adapter  Elf32Adapter
+--- @param sections Elf32Section[]
 --- @param name     string
 --- @return string|nil, string|nil
 function M.read_named_section(adapter, sections, name)
 	if not sections then return nil, "missing_section" end
-	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do
+	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do ---@type integer, Elf32Section
 		if   s.name == name then
-			local bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, s)
+			local bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, s) ---@type string|nil
 			if not bytes then return nil, "truncated_section_data" end
 			return bytes, nil
 		end
@@ -359,47 +452,47 @@ end
 --- Each stored entry is `{ value = st_value, size = st_size, info = st_info, shndx = st_shndx }`.
 --- Both STB_LOCAL and STB_GLOBAL symbols are included; the live ELF stores `smem` as a local symbol.
 --- Returns nil + a stable error code on failure: missing_symtab_strtab, truncated_section_headers
---- @param adapter  table
---- @param sections table
---- @return table|nil, string|nil
+--- @param adapter  Elf32Adapter
+--- @param sections Elf32Section[]
+--- @return table<string, Elf32Sym>|nil, string|nil
 function M.collect_symbols(adapter, sections)
 	if not sections then return nil, "missing_sections" end
-	local symbols = {}
-	local file_size = M.size(adapter)
-	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do
+	local symbols   = {}              ---@type table<string, Elf32Sym>  -- bag: symbol name -> Elf32Sym
+	local file_size = M.size(adapter) ---@type integer
+	for _, s in ipairs(sections) do ---@type integer, Elf32Section
 		if s.sh_type == M.SHT_SYMTAB then
-			local  strtab = sections[s.sh_link + 1]
+			local  strtab = sections[s.sh_link + 1] ---@type Elf32Section|nil
 			if not strtab or strtab.sh_type ~= M.SHT_STRTAB then
 				return nil, "missing_symtab_strtab"
 			end
 			if strtab.sh_offset + strtab.sh_size > file_size then
 				return nil, "truncated_section_headers"
 			end
-			local  strtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, strtab)
+			local  strtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, strtab) ---@type string|nil
 			if not strtab_bytes then return nil, "truncated_section_headers" end
 			if s.sh_offset + s.sh_size > file_size then
 				return nil, "truncated_section_headers"
 			end
-			local  symtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, s)
+			local  symtab_bytes = M.read_section_bytes(adapter, s) ---@type string|nil
 			if not symtab_bytes then return nil, "truncated_section_headers" end
-			local n = #symtab_bytes / M.ELF32_SYM.sym_entry_bytes
-			for j = 0, n - 1 do
-				local e = s.sh_offset + j * M.ELF32_SYM.sym_entry_bytes
-				local st_name  = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_name)
+			local n = #symtab_bytes / M.ELF32_SYM.sym_entry_bytes ---@type number
+			for j = 0, n - 1 do ---@type integer
+				local e        = s.sh_offset + j * M.ELF32_SYM.sym_entry_bytes ---@type integer
+				local st_name  = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_name)  ---@type integer|nil
 				if    st_name then
-					local st_value = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_value)
-					local st_size  = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_size)
-					local st_info  = M.read_u8(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_info)
+					local st_value = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_value) ---@type integer|nil
+					local st_size  = M.read_u32(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_size)  ---@type integer|nil
+					local st_info  = M.read_u8(adapter, e + M.ELF32_SYM.st_info)   ---@type integer|nil
 					-- st_shndx is at offset 14 (2 bytes) — derived from the layout
 					-- the metaprogram reads too. Inline the read to keep the
 					-- adapter as the only I/O surface.
-					local b1 = M.read_u8(adapter, e + 14)
-					local b2 = M.read_u8(adapter, e + 15)
+					local b1 = M.read_u8(adapter, e + 14) ---@type integer|nil
+					local b2 = M.read_u8(adapter, e + 15) ---@type integer|nil
 					if not (b1 and b2) then
 						return nil, "truncated_section_headers"
 					end
-					local st_shndx = b1 + b2 * 0x100
-					local name = M.get_str(strtab_bytes, st_name) or ""
+					local st_shndx = b1 + b2 * 0x100 ---@type integer
+					local name = M.get_str(strtab_bytes, st_name) or "" ---@type string
 					if    name ~= "" then
 						symbols[name] = {
 							value = st_value,

scripts/gdb/gdb_tape_atoms.gdb

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ define tape_atoms
   echo "[gdb_tape_atoms] STUB: run .\\build_psyq.ps1 to regenerate, then re-source this file."
 end
 document tape_atoms
-  List every tape atom symbol in the loaded ELF (code_<name>) with its .rodata address and word count.
+  List every tape atom symbol in the loaded ELF with its .rodata address and word count.
   STUB state: runtime file not sourced. Run build_psyq.ps1 to regenerate.
 end
 

scripts/launch_pcsx_debug.ps1

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 # scripts/launch_pcsx_debug.ps1
 #
-# One-shot launcher for debug sessions: starts pcsx-redux with the .ps-exe
-# loaded, the gdb stub enabled, AND the pcsx_debug_helper Lua plugin loaded
-# so external CLI tools (gdb's `shell` command, etc.)
-# can read GTE state via http://localhost:8080/api/v1/lua/gte
-# (the gdb stub doesn't expose COP2 at all).
+# One-shot launcher for debug sessions:
+# Starts pcsx-redux with the .ps-exe loaded, the gdb stub enabled, 
+# AND the pcsx_debug_helper Lua plugin loaded so external CLI tools (gdb's `shell` command, etc.)
+# can read GTE state via http://localhost:8080/api/v1/lua/gte (the gdb stub doesn't expose COP2 at all).
 #
 # usage:
 #   .\scripts\launch_pcsx_debug.ps1
@@ -84,7 +83,8 @@ try {
     $r = Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://localhost:$WebPort/api/v1/lua/gte" -UseBasicParsing -TimeoutSec 5
     $firstLine = ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString($r.Content) -split "`n")[0]
     Write-Host "GTE handler OK: $firstLine" -ForegroundColor Green
-} catch {
+}
+catch {
     Write-Warning "GTE handler NOT responding: $_"
     Write-Host "Check the pcsx-redux Lua Console for debug cli messages." -ForegroundColor Yellow
 }

scripts/passes/annotation.lua

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 
 -- Bootstrap follows the entry scripts; `scripts/duffle_paths.lua` sets package.path and package.cpath. See `ps1_meta.lua` for the rationale.
 -- `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source` locates this file for standalone and orchestrated runs, then `duffle_paths.lua` returns the loaded `duffle` module.
-local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./"
-local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
 
 -- The annotation pass reads the source-derived registries from scan_source:
 --   * pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry — for atom_dbg_reg_default(R_X, ...) and atom_reg_types(R_X, ...) member-identity checks
@@ -21,76 +21,40 @@ local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
 -- Type declarations
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
---- @class SourceFile
---- @field path     string  -- Absolute path to the source file
---- @field text     string  -- Full source text
---- @field dir      string  -- Directory containing the source
---- @field basename string  -- Filename without extension
---- @field scan     table   -- Pre-scanned SourceScan payload (from duffle.scan_source)
+-- SourceFile, PassCtx, PassResult, PassShared, Corpus, Finding: see ps1_meta.lua
+-- SourceScan, AtomEntry, AtomInfoEntry, BindsEntry, RegTypeDefault, AtomViewEntry: see scan_source.lua
 
---- @class PassCtx
---- @field sources            SourceFile[]
---- @field metadata_path      string
---- @field shared             table
---- @field shared.word_counts table<string, integer>
---- @field out_root           string
---- @field project_root       string
---- @field upstream           table<string, table>
---- @field flags              table
---- @field verbose            boolean
-
---- @class PassResult
---- @field outputs  table[]
---- @field errors   table[]
---- @field warnings table[]
-
---- @class AtomAnnotation
---- @field line    integer       -- Source line of the atom_info call
---- @field macro   string        -- Macro name (always "atom_info" in the new shape)
---- @field name    string        -- Atom name
---- @field kind    string        -- Always "info"
---- @field binds   string|nil    -- Binds_X name if any
---- @field reads   string[]      -- R_* names (read targets)
---- @field writes  string[]      -- R_* names (write targets)
---- @field errors  string[]|nil  -- Parse-time errors from scan_source (atom_info body malformed)
-
---- @class DebugSkipMarker  -- Sub-shape of scan_source.lua's @class DebugSkipMarker
---- @field marker_kind    string                 -- Exact marker ident read from source. Only "atom_dbg_skip" (bare) is positive.
---- @field marker_line    integer
---- @field args           string|nil             -- Trimmed text inside the parens (nil when has_parens is false)
---- @field has_parens     boolean
---- @field is_bare        boolean                -- true iff marker_kind == "atom_dbg_skip" AND has_parens == false (the only positive form)
---- @field pending        boolean                -- true while awaiting the following declaration
---- @field superseded_by_marker_line integer|nil -- Set on a marker that was bumped out of the pending slot
---- @field target_kind    string|nil             -- "atom" | "comp_bare" | "comp_proc" | "unrelated" once observed
-
---- @class Finding
---- @field line integer -- Source line (or 0 for pass-level)
---- @field msg  string  -- Finding message
+--- @class RegTypeOccurrence
+--- @field reg         string
+--- @field type_name   string
+--- @field source_line integer
 
 --- @class Findings
 --- @field errors   Finding[]
 --- @field warnings Finding[]
 --- @field info     Finding[]
 
---- @class PipeCtx
---- @field atom_index     table<string, AtomAnnotation> -- Name -> AtomAnnotation (only kind=="atom")
---- @field binds_index    table<string, BindsStruct>    -- Name -> BindsStruct
---- @field annot_counts   table<string, integer>        -- Name -> annotation count (for unique_annotation check)
---- @field types          table<string, RegTypeDefault> -- From scan_source
---- @field atom_views     table<string, AtomViewEntry>  -- From scan_source
---- @field seen_defaults  table<string, integer>        -- Duplicate atom_dbg_reg_default detection
---- @field seen_field     table<string, integer>        -- Binds_* -> count of fields (set/checked by check_binds_no_duplicate_fields)
---- @field _scan          SourceScan                    -- Full scan payload (typed-view sub-calls live here) 
+-- PassScratch: see ps1_meta.lua
 
 --- @class AnnotatedResult
 --- @field atoms    AtomEntry[]
---- @field annots   AtomAnnotation[]
+--- @field annots   AtomInfoEntry[]
 --- @field macros   MacroEntry[]
 --- @field binds    BindsEntry[]
 --- @field errors   Finding[]
 --- @field warnings Finding[]
 --- @field info     Finding[]
+--- @field source   string|nil
+
+--- @class CheckRule
+--- @field per_annot (fun(item: AtomInfoEntry, pipe_ctx: PassScratch, findings: Findings): nil)|nil
+
+--- @class SourceScan
+--- @field type_occurrences RegTypeOccurrence[]|nil
+
+--- @class AnnotationPass
+--- @field validate fun(ctx: PassCtx, src: SourceFile, corpus_pipe_ctx: PassScratch|nil): AnnotatedResult
+--- @field run      fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Per-check functions (the CHECK_RULES table's payload)
@@ -99,24 +63,27 @@ local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
 --- `macro_word_drift` writes errors[] for missing or mismatched metadata and info[] for a match.
 
 --- Check: Every annotated atom must have a matching MipsAtom_(name) declaration.
---- @param a        AtomAnnotation
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param info     AtomInfoEntry
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
-local function check_atom_decl_exists(a, pipe_ctx, findings)
-	if not pipe_ctx.atom_index[a.name] then
+--- @return nil
+local function check_atom_decl_exists(info, pipe_ctx, findings)
+	if not pipe_ctx.atom_index[info.atom_name] then
 		findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
-			line = a.line,
-			msg  = string.format("annotation for '%s' has no matching MipsAtom_(%s) { ... }", a.name, a.name),
+			line = info.info_line,
+			msg  = string.format("annotation for '%s' has no matching MipsAtom_(%s) { ... }", info.atom_name, info.atom_name),
 		}
 	end
 end
 
 --- Check:     Every atom may have AT MOST ONE annotation.
 --- Post-loop: Needs full-corpus `annot_counts` from pipe_ctx.
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param _item    AtomInfoEntry|nil
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
-local function check_unique_annotation(pipe_ctx, findings)
-	for name, n in pairs(pipe_ctx.annot_counts) do
+--- @return nil
+local function check_unique_annotation(_item, pipe_ctx, findings)
+	for name, n in pairs(pipe_ctx.annot_counts) do ---@type string, integer
 		if n > 1 then
 			findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 				line = pipe_ctx.atom_index[name] and pipe_ctx.atom_index[name].line or 0,
@@ -128,27 +95,30 @@ end
 
 --- Check: BIND atoms must reference a real Binds_* struct.
 --- I keep this as a warning so the annotation pass can report the common test-fixture case; `check_abi_handoff` in static analysis supplies the build-stopping error.
---- @param a        AtomAnnotation
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param info     AtomInfoEntry
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
-local function check_binds_struct_exists(a, pipe_ctx, findings)
-	if not a.binds                   then return end
-	if pipe_ctx.binds_index[a.binds] then return end
+--- @return nil
+local function check_binds_struct_exists(info, pipe_ctx, findings)
+	if not info.binds                   then return end
+	if pipe_ctx.binds_index[info.binds] then return end
 	findings.warnings[#findings.warnings + 1] = {
-		line = a.line,
+		line = info.info_line,
 		msg  = string.format("'%s' binds '%s' but no Struct_(%s) { ... } " 
 			.. "declaration found (also flagged as an error by check_abi_handoff in the static-analysis pass)"
-			, a.name, a.binds, a.binds),
+			, info.atom_name, info.binds, info.binds),
 	}
 end
 
 --- Check: TAPE_WORDS(mac_X, N) ↔ WORD_COUNT(mac_X, N) drift.
 --- Three outcomes: missing (error), mismatch (error), match (info).
 --- @param m        MacroEntry
---- @param wc table<string, integer> -- Shared word-count table (from ctx.shared.word_counts)
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
-local function check_macro_word_drift(m, wc, findings)
-	local  declared = wc[m.name]
+--- @return nil
+local function check_macro_word_drift(m, pipe_ctx, findings)
+	local wc = (pipe_ctx and pipe_ctx.word_counts) or {} ---@type WordCounts
+	local  declared = wc[m.name]                         ---@type integer|nil
 	if not declared then
 		findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 			line = m.line,
@@ -172,12 +142,13 @@ end
 --- Check: atom_dbg_reg_default(R_X, <type>) targets an alias in `pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry` and a type in `pipe_ctx.type_name_registry`.
 --- Pointer depth remains bounded to 0 or 1, and duplicate defaults remain errors.
 --- @param _src     SourceFile -- unused (kept for the per_source shape)
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_semantic_reg_defaults(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
 	-- Detect duplicate defaults using the ordered occurrence list (the out.types hash only retains the last declaration).
-	local seen_first_line = {}
-	for _, occ in ipairs(pipe_ctx.type_occurrences or {}) do
+	local seen_first_line = {}                               ---@type table<string, integer>  -- bag: register ident -> first source line
+	for _, occ in ipairs(pipe_ctx.type_occurrences or {}) do ---@type integer, RegTypeOccurrence
 		if seen_first_line[occ.reg] == nil then
 			seen_first_line[occ.reg] = occ.source_line
 		else
@@ -189,9 +160,9 @@ local function check_semantic_reg_defaults(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
 			}
 		end
 	end
-	local reg_registry  = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {}
-	local type_registry = pipe_ctx.type_name_registry      or {}
-	for reg, def in pairs(pipe_ctx.types or {}) do
+	local reg_registry  = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {} ---@type table<string, AliasEntry>
+	local type_registry = pipe_ctx.type_name_registry      or {} ---@type table<string, TypeNameEntry>
+	for reg, def in pairs(pipe_ctx.types or {}) do               ---@type string, RegTypeDefault
 		if not reg_registry[reg] then
 			findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 				line = def.source_line,
@@ -222,14 +193,15 @@ end
 --- Check: atom_reg_types(R_X, <type>) entries target an alias in `pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry` and a type in `pipe_ctx.type_name_registry`.
 --- A bare `atom_reg` marker opts the `R_<n>` alias into GPR identity; references to R_T0..R_T3 require the same explicit marker.
 --- @param _src     SourceFile
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_atom_reg_types(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
-	local reg_registry  = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {}
-	local type_registry = pipe_ctx.type_name_registry      or {}
-	for _, ai in ipairs(pipe_ctx.atom_infos_list or {}) do
+	local reg_registry  = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {} ---@type table<string, AliasEntry>
+	local type_registry = pipe_ctx.type_name_registry      or {} ---@type table<string, TypeNameEntry>
+	for _, ai in ipairs(pipe_ctx.atom_infos_list or {}) do       ---@type integer, AtomInfoEntry
 		if ai.reg_type_overrides then
-			for reg, ov in pairs(ai.reg_type_overrides) do
+			for reg, ov in pairs(ai.reg_type_overrides) do ---@type string, RegTypeOverride
 				if not reg_registry[reg] then
 					findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 						line = ai.info_line,
@@ -253,14 +225,15 @@ end
 
 --- Check: atom_view(Binds_X) entries reference a Binds_* struct with at least one field.
 --- @param _src     SourceFile
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_atom_view_layout(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
-	for atom_name, view in pairs(pipe_ctx.atom_views or {}) do
+	for atom_name, view in pairs(pipe_ctx.atom_views or {}) do ---@type string, AtomViewEntry
 		if not view.binds_name then
 			-- The atom had atom_reg_types but no atom_view; no layout check needed.
 		else
-			local bs = pipe_ctx.binds_index[view.binds_name]
+			local bs = pipe_ctx.binds_index[view.binds_name] ---@type BindsEntry|nil
 			if not bs then
 				findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 					line = view.info_line,
@@ -282,15 +255,16 @@ end
 
 --- Check: Binds_* structs require unique field names because atom_view uses those names for typed-field lookup in gdb.
 --- @param _src     SourceFile
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_binds_no_duplicate_fields(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
-	for _, bs in ipairs(pipe_ctx.binds_list or {}) do
-		local seen = {}
-		for _, f in ipairs(bs.fields or {}) do
+	for _, bs in ipairs(pipe_ctx.binds_list or {}) do ---@type integer, BindsEntry
+		local seen = {}                        ---@type table<string, integer>  -- bag: field name -> occurrence count
+		for _, f in ipairs(bs.fields or {}) do ---@type integer, TypeField
 			seen[f.name] = (seen[f.name] or 0) + 1
 		end
-		for name, count in pairs(seen) do
+		for name, count in pairs(seen) do ---@type string, integer
 			if count > 1 then
 				findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
 					line = bs.line,
@@ -314,11 +288,12 @@ end
 ---   6. unsupported target_kind     -> marker precedes an unrelated declaration
 --- Valid markers stamp `debug_skip` on whole-atom, bare-component, and proc-component declaration records in scan_source.lua.
 --- @param marker    DebugSkipMarker
---- @param _pipe_ctx PipeCtx     -- Unused; kept for consistency with per_annot // TODO(Ed): Remove?
+--- @param _pipe_ctx PassScratch     -- Unused; kept for consistency with per_annot
 --- @param findings  Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_skip_marker(marker, _pipe_ctx, findings)
-	local kind = marker.marker_kind
-	local line = marker.marker_line
+	local kind = marker.marker_kind ---@type string
+	local line = marker.marker_line ---@type integer
 	-- Left `scan.debug_skip_markers` with production records for `atom_dbg_skip` only; other identifiers take the walker's unrelated branch.
 
 	if marker.has_parens then
@@ -371,15 +346,16 @@ end
 --- Warn when a source references an unregistered alias.
 --- When a source uses an unregistered R_X, this check emits one pass-level info entry for that source and directs C-ABI register names to explicit alias registration.
 --- @param _src     SourceFile
---- @param pipe_ctx PipeCtx
+--- @param pipe_ctx PassScratch
 --- @param findings Findings
+--- @return nil
 local function check_wave_context_migration(_src, pipe_ctx, findings)
 	if not (pipe_ctx.types and next(pipe_ctx.types)) then return end
 	if not (pipe_ctx.atom_infos_list) then return end
-	local reg_registry = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {}
-	for _, ai in ipairs(pipe_ctx.atom_infos_list) do
+	local reg_registry = pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry or {} ---@type table<string, AliasEntry>
+	for _, ai in ipairs(pipe_ctx.atom_infos_list) do            ---@type integer, AtomInfoEntry
 		if ai.reg_type_overrides then
-			for reg, _ in pairs(ai.reg_type_overrides) do
+			for reg, _ in pairs(ai.reg_type_overrides) do ---@type string, RegTypeOverride
 				if not reg_registry[reg] then
 					findings.warnings[#findings.warnings + 1] = {
 						line = 0,
@@ -399,14 +375,14 @@ end
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 --
 -- Each rule entry picks one of four "shapes" of dispatch:
---   per_annot(annot, pipe_ctx, findings)        -- runs once per AtomAnnotation
+--   per_annot(info, pipe_ctx, findings)         -- runs once per scan.atom_infos row
 --   post(pipe_ctx, findings)                    -- runs once after all per_annot calls complete (full-corpus aggregation)
 --   per_macro(macro, wc, findings)              -- runs once per TAPE_WORDS / _Pragma macro declaration
 --   per_skip_marker(marker, pipe_ctx, findings) -- runs once per src.scan.debug_skip_markers entry
 --
 -- Adding a new check = 1 row here + 1 function above. The `validate()` dispatch loop never needs editing.
 
-local CHECK_RULES = {
+local CHECK_RULES = { ---@type CheckRule[]
 	{ name = "atom_decl_exists",          per_annot       = check_atom_decl_exists          },
 	{ name = "binds_struct_exists",       per_annot       = check_binds_struct_exists       },
 	{ name = "unique_annotation",         post            = check_unique_annotation         },
@@ -427,81 +403,35 @@ local CHECK_RULES = {
 --- Builds one pass-wide pipe_ctx from the merged `corpus.*` registries and source-ordered `corpus.atom_infos`; per-source declarations and bodies remain in `src.scan`.
 --- The module ownership contract above requires callers to construct `ctx.shared.corpus` through `build_ctx`; the error message below enforces that gate.
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
---- @return PipeCtx
+--- @return PassScratch
 local function build_corpus_pipe_ctx(ctx)
-	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
-	if not corpus then
-		error("annotation requires ctx.shared.corpus "
-			.. "(the canonical corpus is the source of truth; "
-			.. "no per-source fallback is supported)", 0)
-	end
-
-	-- `corpus.atom_infos` preserves source order and duplicates; I precompute counts here for `check_unique_annotation` and the per-source checks.
-	local annot_counts = {}
-	for _, info in ipairs(corpus.atom_infos or {}) do
+	local view         = duffle.corpus_view(ctx) ---@type PassScratch
+	local annot_counts = {}                      ---@type table<string, integer>  -- bag: atom name -> annotation count
+	for _, info in ipairs(view.atom_infos) do    ---@type integer, AtomInfoEntry
 		if info and info.atom_name then
 			annot_counts[info.atom_name] = (annot_counts[info.atom_name] or 0) + 1
 		end
 	end
-
-	-- Every consumer of these fields observes mutations via the canonical corpus without independently mutable registry construction.
-	return {
-		-- Cross-source lookup tables from corpus.
-		register_alias_registry  = corpus.register_alias_registry or {},
-		type_name_registry       = corpus.type_name_registry      or {},
-		atom_views               = corpus.atom_views              or {},
-		atom_ctxs                = corpus.atom_ctxs               or {},
-		atom_phases              = corpus.atom_phases             or {},
-		binds_by_name            = corpus.binds_by_name           or {},
-		atoms_by_name            = corpus.atoms_by_name           or {},
-		-- Corpus-wide ordered list of atom_info records (source-order + duplicates).
-		atom_infos_list          = corpus.atom_infos              or {},
-		-- Corpus-wide annotation count aggregation (post-rule consumes this).
-		annot_counts             = annot_counts,
-		-- Corpus-wide collisions (recorded by scan_source.merge_corpus_registries).
-		collisions               = corpus.collisions              or {},
-		-- `check_macro_word_drift` reads `corpus.word_counts`, populated by word_count_eval.run.
-		word_counts              = corpus.word_counts or {},
-	}
+	view.annot_counts    = annot_counts
+	view.atom_infos_list = view.atom_infos
+	view.word_counts     = ctx.shared.corpus.word_counts or {}
+	return view
 end
 
 --- Validate one source against its pre-scanned SourceScan payload + the corpus-wide pipe_ctx.
 --- @param ctx             PassCtx
 --- @param src             SourceFile
---- @param corpus_pipe_ctx PipeCtx|nil  -- Built once per pass from corpus registries; nil builds the same projection here.
+--- @param corpus_pipe_ctx PassScratch|nil  -- Built once per pass from corpus registries; nil builds the same projection here.
 --- @return AnnotatedResult
 local function validate(ctx, src, corpus_pipe_ctx)
 	corpus_pipe_ctx = corpus_pipe_ctx or build_corpus_pipe_ctx(ctx)
-	local scan = src.scan
-
-	-- Project the pre-scanned atoms to the AtomEntry shape this pass needs.
-	local atoms = {}
-	for _, a in ipairs(scan.atoms) do
-		if a.kind == "atom" then
-			atoms[#atoms + 1] = { line = a.line, name = a.raw_name }
-		end
-	end
-
-	-- Project the pre-scanned atom_infos to AtomAnnotation shape.
-	local annots = {}
-	for _, info in ipairs(scan.atom_infos) do
-		annots[#annots + 1] = {
-			line   = info.info_line,
-			macro  = "atom_info",
-			name   = info.atom_name,
-			kind   = "info",
-			binds  = info.binds,
-			reads  = info.reads or {},
-			writes = info.writes or {},
-			errors = info.errors,
-		}
-	end
+	local scan = src.scan ---@type SourceScan
 
 	-- Build a per-source pipe_ctx: shared lookups come from `corpus_pipe_ctx`, while declarations, bodies, types, views, defaults, and occurrences come from `src.scan`.
-	local seen_defaults   = {}; for reg, _ in pairs (scan.types      or {}) do seen_defaults[reg] = (seen_defaults[reg] or 0) + 1 end
-	local atom_infos_list = {}; for _, ai  in ipairs(scan.atom_infos or {}) do atom_infos_list[#atom_infos_list + 1] = ai         end
+	local seen_defaults   = {}; for reg, _ in pairs (scan.types      or {}) do seen_defaults[reg] = (seen_defaults[reg] or 0) + 1 end ---@type table<string, integer>  -- bag: register ident -> occurrence count
+	local atom_infos_list = {}; for _, ai  in ipairs(scan.atom_infos or {}) do atom_infos_list[#atom_infos_list + 1] = ai         end ---@type AtomInfoEntry[]
 
-	local pipe_ctx = {
+	local pipe_ctx = { ---@type PassScratch
 		atom_index               = {},
 		binds_index              = {},
 		annot_counts             = corpus_pipe_ctx.annot_counts,
@@ -515,70 +445,66 @@ local function validate(ctx, src, corpus_pipe_ctx)
 		register_alias_registry  = corpus_pipe_ctx.register_alias_registry,
 		type_name_registry       = corpus_pipe_ctx.type_name_registry,
 	}
-	for _, a in ipairs(atoms)      do pipe_ctx.atom_index [a.name] = a end
-	for _, b in ipairs(scan.binds) do pipe_ctx.binds_index[b.name] = b end
+	local atoms = {}                  ---@type AtomEntry[]
+	for _, a in ipairs(scan.atoms) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
+		if a.kind == "atom" or a.kind == "atom_proc" then
+			atoms[#atoms + 1] = a
+			pipe_ctx.atom_index[a.raw_name or a.name] = a
+		end
+	end
+	for _, b in ipairs(scan.binds) do pipe_ctx.binds_index[b.name] = b end ---@type integer, BindsEntry
 
 	-- Findings live in a single struct with three lists (errors / warnings / info).
 	-- Each check writes to the list appropriate for its severity.
-	local findings = { errors = {}, warnings = {}, info = {} }
+	local findings = { errors = {}, warnings = {}, info = {} } ---@type Findings
 
 	-- Lift parse-time errors already recorded in scan_source's atom_info payload into this pass's findings list.
-	for _, a in ipairs(annots) do
-		if a.errors then
-			for _, msg in ipairs(a.errors) do
+	for _, info in ipairs(scan.atom_infos) do ---@type integer, AtomInfoEntry
+		if info.errors then
+			for _, msg in ipairs(info.errors) do ---@type integer, string
 				findings.errors[#findings.errors + 1] = {
-					line = a.line,
-					msg  = string.format("'%s': %s", a.name, msg),
+					line = info.info_line,
+					msg  = string.format("'%s': %s", info.atom_name, msg),
 				}
 			end
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- THE per-annotation pipeline. ONE loop. CHECK_RULES dispatches per_annot rules.
-	for _, a in ipairs(annots) do
-		for _, rule in ipairs(CHECK_RULES) do
-			if rule.per_annot then rule.per_annot(a, pipe_ctx, findings) end
-		end
+	for _, info in ipairs(scan.atom_infos) do ---@type integer, AtomInfoEntry
+		duffle.run_check_rules(CHECK_RULES, "per_annot", info, pipe_ctx, findings)
 	end
 
 	-- Post-loop rules (one-shot checks that need full-corpus aggregation in pipe_ctx).
-	for _, rule in ipairs(CHECK_RULES) do
-		if rule.post then rule.post(pipe_ctx, findings) end
-	end
+	duffle.run_check_rules(CHECK_RULES, "post", nil, pipe_ctx, findings)
 
 	-- scan_source records each marker in scan.debug_skip_markers; this loop validates each record independently and emits at most one error per marker.
 	-- Valid markers stamp `debug_skip = true` on the following atom or component declaration, which downstream consumers read directly.
-	local skip_markers = scan.debug_skip_markers or {}
-	for _, marker in ipairs(skip_markers) do
-		for _, rule in ipairs(CHECK_RULES) do
-			if rule.per_skip_marker then rule.per_skip_marker(marker, pipe_ctx, findings) end
-		end
+	local skip_markers = scan.debug_skip_markers or {} ---@type DebugSkipMarker[]
+	for _, marker in ipairs(skip_markers) do           ---@type integer, DebugSkipMarker
+		duffle.run_check_rules(CHECK_RULES, "per_skip_marker", marker, pipe_ctx, findings)
 	end
 
 	-- Per-macro rules (TAPE_WORDS vs WORD_COUNT drift).
-	local wc = corpus_pipe_ctx.word_counts
-	for _, m in ipairs(scan.macros) do
-		for _, rule in ipairs(CHECK_RULES) do
-			if rule.per_macro then rule.per_macro(m, wc, findings) end
-		end
+	pipe_ctx.word_counts = corpus_pipe_ctx.word_counts
+	for _, m in ipairs(scan.macros) do ---@type integer, MacroEntry
+		duffle.run_check_rules(CHECK_RULES, "per_macro", m, pipe_ctx, findings)
 	end
 
 	-- Per-source rules (reg defaults, atom_view layout, compute-register type overrides, Binds_* field uniqueness).
 	-- Each per_source rule sees the full scan payload via pipe_ctx.
-	for _, rule in ipairs(CHECK_RULES) do
-		if rule.per_source then rule.per_source(src, pipe_ctx, findings) end
-	end
+	duffle.run_check_rules(CHECK_RULES, "per_source", src, pipe_ctx, findings)
 
 	-- Information summary (always emitted).
 	findings.info[#findings.info + 1] = {
 		line = 0,
 		msg  = string.format("scanned: %d atom(s), %d annotation(s), %d macro-word-decl(s), %d binds struct(s)"
-			, #atoms, #annots, #scan.macros, #scan.binds),
+			, #atoms, #scan.atom_infos, #scan.macros, #scan.binds),
 	}
 
 	return {
 		atoms    = atoms,
-		annots   = annots,
+		annots   = scan.atom_infos,
 		macros   = scan.macros,
 		binds    = scan.binds,
 		errors   = findings.errors,
@@ -591,9 +517,7 @@ end
 -- M.run — orchestrator entry
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
---- @class M
-
-local M = {}
+local M = {} ---@type AnnotationPass
 
 -- Expose `validate` for downstream passes (e.g. report.lua) that need to re-render the per-source results into a per-MODULE report.
 M.validate = validate
@@ -601,32 +525,32 @@ M.validate = validate
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
 --- @return PassResult
 function M.run(ctx)
-	local outputs  = {}
-	local errors   = {}
-	local warnings = {}
+	local outputs  = {} ---@type PassOutputEntry[]
+	local errors   = {} ---@type Finding[]
+	local warnings = {} ---@type Finding[]
 
 	-- Build the shared pipe_ctx once for this run; every validate() call sees the same cross-source registries.
 	-- The corpus owns the canonical cross-source registries; per-source scans retain body / declaration ownership.
-	local corpus_pipe_ctx = build_corpus_pipe_ctx(ctx)
-	local corpus = ctx.shared.corpus
+	local corpus_pipe_ctx = build_corpus_pipe_ctx(ctx) ---@type PassScratch
+	local corpus          = ctx.shared.corpus          ---@type Corpus
 
 	-- Group `corpus.sources_by_dir` by module, validate every source in each bucket, and emit one errors.h per directory.
-	local by_dir = (corpus and corpus.sources_by_dir) or {}
+	local by_dir = (corpus and corpus.sources_by_dir) or {} ---@type table<string, SourceFile[]>
 
-	for dir, dir_sources in pairs(by_dir) do
-		local dir_basename = dir:match("([^/\\]+)$") or dir
-		local dir_atoms    = 0
-		local dir_errors   = {}
-		local dir_warnings = {}
-		for _, src in ipairs(dir_sources) do
-			local result  = validate(ctx, src, corpus_pipe_ctx)
+	for dir, dir_sources in pairs(by_dir) do ---@type string, SourceFile[]
+		local dir_basename = dir:match("([^/\\]+)$") or dir ---@type string
+		local dir_atoms    = 0                              ---@type integer
+		local dir_errors   = {}                             ---@type Finding[]
+		local dir_warnings = {}                             ---@type Finding[]
+		for _, src in ipairs(dir_sources) do                ---@type integer, SourceFile
+			local result  = validate(ctx, src, corpus_pipe_ctx) ---@type AnnotatedResult
 			result.source = src.path                           -- tag for downstream rendering
 			dir_atoms = dir_atoms + #result.atoms
-			for _, e in ipairs(result.errors) do
+			for _, e in ipairs(result.errors) do ---@type integer, Finding
 				dir_errors[#dir_errors + 1] = { line = e.line, msg = e.msg, source = src.path }
 				errors    [#errors     + 1] = { line = e.line, msg = e.msg }
 			end
-			for _, w in ipairs(result.warnings) do
+			for _, w in ipairs(result.warnings) do ---@type integer, Finding
 				dir_warnings[#dir_warnings + 1] = { line = w.line, msg = w.msg }
 				warnings    [#warnings     + 1] = { line = w.line, msg = w.msg }
 			end

scripts/passes/atoms_source_map.lua

@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@
 -- Bootstrap: load `duffle_paths.lua` via `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source` 
 -- (works both standalone + when require'd). `duffle_paths.lua` sets package.path then returns `require("duffle")` 
 -- at the bottom, so the dofile value IS the duffle module.
-local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./"
-local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
-local elf_dwarf      = require("elf_dwarf")
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
+local elf_dwarf      = require("elf_dwarf")                                       ---@type ElfDwarfMod
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Constants
@@ -47,42 +47,78 @@ local elf_dwarf      = require("elf_dwarf")
 
 -- Format version emitted as the first line. Bump + add a migration test if the format changes; 
 -- the gdb runtime loader rejects mismatches (E2).
-local FORMAT_VERSION = 1
+local FORMAT_VERSION = 1 ---@type integer
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Type declarations
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 --- @class AtomSourceMapCtx
---- @field shared             table   -- `ctx.shared`
---- @field shared.corpus      table   -- source-order registry; single writer is build_ctx
---- @field shared.word_counts table
---- @field out_root           string  -- output root (e.g. "build/gen")
---- @field flags              table   -- `ctx.flags`; reads `flags.gdb_runtime` + `flags.elf_path`
+--- @field shared        PassShared
+--- @field out_root      string
+--- @field flags         PassFlags
+--- @field project_root  string|nil
+
+--- @class WordMapEntry
+--- @field pos        integer
+--- @field line       integer
+--- @field text       string
+--- @field body_line  integer
+--- @field gpr_keys   string[]|nil
+--- @field invocation InvocationRecord|nil
+
+--- @class NmAddr
+--- @field [1] integer  -- st_value
+--- @field [2] integer  -- st_size
+
+--- @class GdbAtomRecord
+--- @field idx        integer|nil
+--- @field name       string
+--- @field src_path   string
+--- @field file_base  string
+--- @field addr       integer
+--- @field size_bytes integer
+--- @field words      integer
+--- @field entries    WordMapEntry[]
+
+--- @class ElfDwarfMod
+--- @field read_nm fun(elf_path: Path): table<string, NmAddr>
+
+--- @class AtomSourceMapPass
+--- @field render_source_map      fun(src: SourceFile): string
+--- @field render_provenance      fun(src: SourceFile, wc: WordCounts): string
+--- @field render_atom_source_map fun(atom: AtomEntry): string
+--- @field render_atom_provenance fun(atom: AtomEntry, wc: WordCounts, rel_path: string): string
+--- @field run                    fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
+
+--- @class AtomEntry
+--- @field paths AtomPaths|nil
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Atom-path renderers
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 --- Join word boundaries (from `items`) to per-word call text + source lines (from `word_events`).
---- @param atom table
---- @return table[], integer
+--- @param atom AtomEntry
+--- @return WordMapEntry[]
+--- @return integer
 local function canonical_word_entries(atom)
-	local paths      = atom.paths or {}
-	local events     = paths.word_events or {}
-	local word_items = {}
-	for _, item in ipairs(paths.items or {}) do
+	local paths      = atom.paths or {}         ---@type AtomPaths
+	local events     = paths.word_events or {}  ---@type WordEvent[]
+	local word_items = {}                       ---@type EmissionItem[]
+	for _, item in ipairs(paths.items or {}) do ---@type integer, EmissionItem
 		if item.kind == "word" then word_items[#word_items + 1] = item end
 	end
 
-	local entries = {}
-	for index, event in ipairs(events) do
-		local item = word_items[index] or {}
+	local entries = {}                    ---@type WordMapEntry[]
+	for index, event in ipairs(events) do ---@type integer, WordEvent
+		local item = word_items[index] or {} ---@type EmissionItem
 		entries[#entries + 1] = {
 			pos        = event.i or (index - 1),
 			line       = event.call_line or item.line or 0,
 			text       = event.call_text or item.call_text or "",
 			body_line  = event.body_line or item.body_line or item.line or 0,
+			gpr_keys   = event.gpr_keys,
 			invocation = (event.outermost_invocation_id
 				and paths.invocations
 				and paths.invocations[event.outermost_invocation_id]) or nil,
@@ -96,19 +132,20 @@ end
 ---   `WORD N  CALL <src-path>:<src-line>  RAW` (raw `.word` outside any mac_* component)
 --- Component identity comes from the outermost invocation record; the count-table lookup confirms the component was declared in `corpus.word_counts` 
 --- (populated by word_count_eval + components passes).
---- @param src  table
---- @param atom table
---- @param wc   table -- identity alias of corpus.word_counts
---- @return string[], integer
+--- @param src  SourceFile
+--- @param atom AtomEntry
+--- @param wc   WordCounts
+--- @return string[]
+--- @return integer
 local function emit_provenance_stanza(src, atom, wc)
-	local lines          = {}
-	local rel_path       = src.path:gsub("\\\\", "/")
-	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom)
+	local lines          = {}                           ---@type string[]
+	local rel_path       = src.path:gsub("\\\\", "/")   ---@type string
+	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom) ---@type WordMapEntry[], integer
 	lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('ATOM %s "%s" 0', atom.raw_name or atom.name, rel_path)
 
-	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do
-		local inv         = entry.invocation
-		local macro_count = inv and wc["mac_" .. inv.component_name]
+	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do ---@type integer, WordMapEntry
+		local inv         = entry.invocation                         ---@type InvocationRecord|nil
+		local macro_count = inv and wc["mac_" .. inv.component_name] ---@type integer|nil
 		if inv and macro_count ~= nil then
 			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('WORD %d  CALL %s:%d  MACRO %s "%s:%d" BODY %d'
 				, entry.pos, rel_path, entry.line, inv.component_name
@@ -124,11 +161,11 @@ local function emit_provenance_stanza(src, atom, wc)
 end
 
 --- Render the full provenance file content for one source.
---- @param src table
---- @param wc  table
+--- @param src SourceFile
+--- @param wc  WordCounts
 --- @return string
 local function render_provenance(src, wc)
-	local lines = {}
+	local lines = {} ---@type string[]
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# FORMAT_VERSION 1"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/atoms_source_map.lua) — DO NOT EDIT"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# Per-.word provenance: maps each emitted .word to its call site (atom body"
@@ -137,14 +174,16 @@ local function render_provenance(src, wc)
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# dwarf_injection to synthesize DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine instances + per-word"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# line program rows for native source-level step into component bodies."
 
+	--- @param atom AtomEntry
+	--- @return nil
 	local function append(atom)
-		local stanza = emit_provenance_stanza(src, atom, wc)
-		for _, line in ipairs(stanza) do lines[#lines + 1] = line end
+		local stanza = emit_provenance_stanza(src, atom, wc)          ---@type string[]
+		for _, line in ipairs(stanza) do lines[#lines + 1] = line end ---@type integer, string
 	end
-	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.atoms or {}) do
+	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 		if atom.paths then append(atom) end
 	end
-	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.raw_atoms or {}) do
+	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.raw_atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 		if atom.paths then append(atom) end
 	end
 
@@ -153,17 +192,17 @@ end
 
 --- Render one atom's stanza for the sourcemap.txt form (ATOM header line, N WORD lines, ENDATOM marker).
 --- Returns (lines, total_words).
---- @param src    table
---- @param atom   table
---- @param wc     table
---- @return string[], integer
+--- @param src  SourceFile
+--- @param atom AtomEntry
+--- @return string[]
+--- @return integer
 local function emit_atom_stanza(src, atom)
-	local lines          = {}
-	local rel_path       = src.path:gsub("\\\\", "/")
-	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom)
+	local lines          = {}                           ---@type string[]
+	local rel_path       = src.path:gsub("\\\\", "/")   ---@type string
+	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom) ---@type WordMapEntry[], integer
 
 	lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('ATOM %s "%s" 0', atom.raw_name or atom.name, rel_path)
-	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do
+	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do ---@type integer, WordMapEntry
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("WORD %d  LINE %d  TEXT %s",
 			entry.pos, entry.line, entry.text)
 	end
@@ -174,22 +213,23 @@ end
 
 --- Render the full source map file content for one source (one .atoms.sourcemap.txt per source). Mirrors offsets.lua's
 --- `project_atoms` shape: scan.atoms + scan.raw_atoms, no kind filter.
---- @param src table
---- @param wc  table
+--- @param src SourceFile
 --- @return string
 local function render_source_map(src)
-	local lines       = {}
+	local lines       = {} ---@type string[]
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# FORMAT_VERSION " .. FORMAT_VERSION
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/atoms_source_map.lua) — DO NOT EDIT"
 
+	--- @param atom AtomEntry
+	--- @return nil
 	local function append(atom)
-		local stanza = emit_atom_stanza(src, atom)
-		for _, line in ipairs(stanza) do lines[#lines + 1] = line end
+		local stanza = emit_atom_stanza(src, atom)                    ---@type string[]
+		for _, line in ipairs(stanza) do lines[#lines + 1] = line end ---@type integer, string
 	end
-	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.atoms or {}) do
+	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 		if atom.paths then append(atom) end
 	end
-	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.raw_atoms or {}) do
+	for _, atom in ipairs(src.scan.raw_atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 		if atom.paths then append(atom) end
 	end
 
@@ -210,20 +250,22 @@ end
 
 --- Build the list of atoms with addresses + word entries. Shared helper for the gdb-runtime file emission.
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
---- @return table[] -- list of {idx, name, src_path, file_base, addr, size_bytes, words, entries}
+--- @return GdbAtomRecord[]
 local function build_atom_table(ctx)
-	local addrs   = elf_dwarf.read_nm(ctx.flags.elf_path)
-	local corpus  = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
-	local matched = {}
+	local addrs   = elf_dwarf.read_nm(ctx.flags.elf_path) ---@type table<string, NmAddr>
+	local corpus  = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus      ---@type Corpus|nil
+	local matched = {}                                    ---@type GdbAtomRecord[]
 
-	for _, src in ipairs(corpus.source_order or {}) do
-		local file_base = src.path:match("([^/\\\\]+)$") or src.path
+	for _, src in ipairs(corpus.source_order or {}) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
+		local file_base = src.path:match("([^/\\\\]+)$") or src.path ---@type string
+		--- @param atom AtomEntry
+		--- @return nil
 		local function append(atom)
 			if not atom.paths then return end
-			local  name = atom.raw_name or atom.name
-			local  info = addrs[name]
+			local  name = atom.raw_name or atom.name ---@type string
+			local  info = addrs[name]                ---@type NmAddr|nil
 			if not info then return end
-			local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom)
+			local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom) ---@type WordMapEntry[], integer
 			matched[#matched + 1] = {
 				name       = name,
 				src_path   = src.path,
@@ -234,13 +276,16 @@ local function build_atom_table(ctx)
 				entries    = entries,
 			}
 		end
-		for _, atom in ipairs((src.scan or {}).atoms or {}) do append(atom) end
-		for _, atom in ipairs((src.scan or {}).raw_atoms or {}) do append(atom) end
+		for _, atom in ipairs((src.scan or {}).atoms or {}) do append(atom) end     ---@type integer, AtomEntry
+		for _, atom in ipairs((src.scan or {}).raw_atoms or {}) do append(atom) end ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 	end
 
 	-- Deterministic order: sort by address (matches `nm` output ordering).
+	--- @param a GdbAtomRecord
+	--- @param b GdbAtomRecord
+	--- @return boolean
 	table.sort(matched, function(a, b) return a.addr < b.addr end)
-	for i, a in ipairs(matched) do a.idx = i - 1 end
+	for i, a in ipairs(matched) do a.idx = i - 1 end ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 	return matched
 end
 
@@ -251,28 +296,29 @@ end
 ---
 --- Why hardcoded per-atom: gdb's `$` substitution doesn't concat inside var names — `$__atom_name_$__i` in a `while`
 --- loop resolves to one literal identifier, not `name_i`. Compile-time emission is the only path.
---- @param lines   table  -- output line buffer (mutated in place)
---- @param matched table  -- list of atom records from `build_atom_table`
+--- @param lines   string[]
+--- @param matched GdbAtomRecord[]
+--- @return nil
 local function append_gdb_commands(lines, matched)
 	-- ── tape_atoms ──
 	-- Hardcoded one printf per atom. No loop.
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "define tape_atoms"
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		-- gdb 12.1 quirk: literals in printf args require an attached target.
 		-- Use the per-atom convenience vars set above as printf args.
-		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('  printf "  code_%%-32s @ 0x%%08x  %%4d words\\n", $__atom_name_%d, $__atom_addr_%d, $__atom_words_%d',
+		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('  printf "  %%-32s @ 0x%%08x  %%4d words\\n", $__atom_name_%d, $__atom_addr_%d, $__atom_words_%d',
 			a.idx, a.idx, a.idx)
 	end
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "document tape_atoms"
-	lines[#lines + 1] = "  List every tape atom symbol in the loaded ELF (code_<name>) with .rodata addr + word count."
+	lines[#lines + 1] = "  List every tape atom symbol in the loaded ELF with .rodata addr + word count."
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = ""
 
 	-- ── break_atom (generic) + per-atom break_atom_X ──
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "define break_atom"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = '  echo "Usage: break_atom_<exact_name>  (pick from the list below)"'
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('  printf "  break_atom_%%-32s\\n", $__atom_name_%d', a.idx)
 	end
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
@@ -281,13 +327,13 @@ local function append_gdb_commands(lines, matched)
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = ""
 
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("define break_atom_%s", a.name)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  break *$__atom_addr_%d", a.idx)
-		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('  printf "  Breakpoint set at code_%s (0x%%08x)\\n", $__atom_addr_%d', a.name, a.idx)
+		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('  printf "  Breakpoint set at %s (0x%%08x)\\n", $__atom_addr_%d', a.name, a.idx)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("document break_atom_%s", a.name)
-		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  Set a breakpoint at code_%s.", a.name)
+		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  Set a breakpoint at %s.", a.name)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = "end"
 		lines[#lines + 1] = ""
 	end
@@ -295,7 +341,7 @@ local function append_gdb_commands(lines, matched)
 	-- ── step_atom / next_atom ──
 	-- Hardcoded one tbreak per atom. No loop.
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "define step_atom"
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  tbreak *$__atom_addr_%d", a.idx)
 	end
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  continue"
@@ -318,24 +364,24 @@ local function append_gdb_commands(lines, matched)
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "define where_in_atom"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  set $__pc = (unsigned int)$pc"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  set $__matched = 0"
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		-- Precompute end_addr (gdb 12.1's expression evaluator chokes on `addr + words*4`).
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  set $__end_%d = $__atom_addr_%d + $__atom_words_%d * 4", a.idx, a.idx, a.idx)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  if $__pc >= $__atom_addr_%d && $__pc < $__end_%d", a.idx, a.idx)
-		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('    printf "atom:    code_%%s\\n", $__atom_name_%d', a.idx)
+		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('    printf "atom:    %%s\\n", $__atom_name_%d', a.idx)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = '    printf "addr:    0x%08x\\n", $__pc'
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("    set $__word = ($__pc - $__atom_addr_%d) / 4", a.idx)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('    printf "word:    %%d/%%d\\n", $__word, $__atom_words_%d', a.idx)
 		-- One inner-if per WORD entry. Each word's line + text hardcoded.
-		for _, we in ipairs(a.entries) do
+		for _, we in ipairs(a.entries) do ---@type integer, WordMapEntry
 			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("    if $__word == %d", we.pos)
 			-- Escape TEXT for printf format string.
-			local escaped_text = we.text:gsub("%%", "%%%%"):gsub('"', '\\"')
+			local escaped_text = we.text:gsub("%%", "%%%%"):gsub('"', '\\"') ---@type string
 			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('      printf "source:  %%s:%%d  %%s\\n", $__atom_file_%d, %d, "%s"', a.idx, we.line, escaped_text)
 			lines[#lines + 1] = "    end"
 		end
 		-- Fallback for words beyond the source map (shouldn't happen if nm matches).
-		local max_word = 0
+		local max_word = 0 ---@type integer
 		if #a.entries > 0 then max_word = a.entries[#a.entries].pos end
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('    if $__word > %d', max_word)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = '      printf "source:  (no source-map entry for word %%d; map may be stale)\\n", $__word'
@@ -360,7 +406,7 @@ local function append_gdb_commands(lines, matched)
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  set $__in_atom = 0"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  set $__did_step = 0"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "  set $__pc = (unsigned int)$pc"
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		-- Precompute end_addr in the convenience var (single expression gdb handles).
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  set $__end_%d = $__atom_addr_%d + $__atom_words_%d * 4", a.idx, a.idx, a.idx)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("  if $__pc >= $__atom_addr_%d && $__pc < $__end_%d", a.idx, a.idx)
@@ -394,9 +440,10 @@ end
 --- Emit the gdb-runtime file (post-link). Pure gdb scripting — addresses come from `mipsel-none-elf-nm -S`, get embedded
 --- in `<ctx.out_root>/gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb`, and load via `set $var = ...` + `define ... end` blocks at gdb source-time.
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
+--- @return nil
 local function emit_gdb_runtime(ctx)
 	if not (ctx.flags and ctx.flags.gdb_runtime) then return end
-	local  elf_path = ctx.flags.elf_path
+	local  elf_path = ctx.flags.elf_path ---@type string|nil
 	if not elf_path or elf_path == "" then
 		io.stderr:write("[atoms_source_map] --gdb-runtime requires --elf <elf>\n")
 		return
@@ -407,13 +454,13 @@ local function emit_gdb_runtime(ctx)
 		return
 	end
 
-	local matched = build_atom_table(ctx)
+	local matched = build_atom_table(ctx) ---@type GdbAtomRecord[]
 	if #matched == 0 then
 		io.stderr:write("[atoms_source_map] --gdb-runtime: no atoms matched against nm symbols (stale scan?).\n")
 		return
 	end
 
-	local lines = {}
+	local lines = {} ---@type string[]
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# Auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/atoms_source_map.lua)"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# DO NOT EDIT — re-run ps1_meta.lua --atoms-source-map --gdb-runtime to regenerate"
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "# Sourced by scripts/gdb/gdb_tape_atoms.gdb (the wrapper)."
@@ -434,7 +481,7 @@ local function emit_gdb_runtime(ctx)
 
 	-- Per-atom convenience vars (used as printf args; literals aren't accepted
 	-- without an attached target on gdb 12.1).
-	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do
+	for _, a in ipairs(matched) do ---@type integer, GdbAtomRecord
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('set $__atom_name_%d = "%s"', a.idx, gdb_escape(a.name))
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("set $__atom_addr_%d = 0x%x", a.idx, a.addr)
 		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("set $__atom_words_%d = %d", a.idx, a.words)
@@ -450,10 +497,12 @@ local function emit_gdb_runtime(ctx)
 	-- Confirmation line for the source operator.
 	lines[#lines + 1] = 'printf "[gdb_tape_atoms] runtime loaded %d atoms from %s\\n", $__atom_count, $__elf_path'
 
-	local out_path
+	local out_path ---@type string
 	-- Move out of `<out_root>/gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb` to `<out_root>/../gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb` when the conventional `<out_root>` is `<build>/gen`
 	-- (any equivalent spelling — relative, absolute backslash, absolute forward-slash, trailing-separator variants).
 	-- This puts the gdb runtime alongside the ELF at `build/` rather than under the report subdir.
+	--- @param p string
+	--- @return boolean
 	local function ends_with_gen_dir(p)
 		if type(p) ~= "string" then return false end
 		return p:match("[/\\]gen[/\\]?$") ~= nil or p == "build/gen" or p == "build\\gen"
@@ -461,7 +510,7 @@ local function emit_gdb_runtime(ctx)
 	if ends_with_gen_dir(ctx.out_root) then
 		-- Strip the trailing `/gen` segment, then write the runtime script under `build/`.
 		-- e.g. "C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/build/gen" -> "C:/projects/Pikuma/ps1/build".
-		local parent = ctx.out_root:gsub("[/\\]gen[/\\]?$", "")
+		local parent = ctx.out_root:gsub("[/\\]gen[/\\]?$", "") ---@type string
 		out_path = parent .. "/gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb"
 	else
 		out_path = ctx.out_root .. "/gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb"
@@ -475,24 +524,35 @@ end
 -- M — module exports
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
-local M = {}
+local M = {} ---@type AtomSourceMapPass
 
 -- Expose the pure render functions so `report.lua` and the focused tests can call them directly without triggering the file-emit path.
 M.render_source_map = render_source_map
 M.render_provenance = render_provenance
 
 --- Render ONE atom's sourcemap stanza.
---- @param atom table   -- atom record (must have `atom.paths` populated)
+--- @param atom AtomEntry
 --- @return string
 function M.render_atom_source_map(atom)
 	assert(type(atom) == "table", "render_atom_source_map: atom must be a table")
 	assert(type(atom.paths) == "table", "render_atom_source_map: atom.paths must be a table")
-	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom)
-	local lines = {}
+	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom) ---@type WordMapEntry[], integer
+	local lines = {}                                    ---@type string[]
 	lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("ATOM %s  %d", (atom.raw_name or atom.name), total)
-	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do
-		lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("WORD %d  LINE %d  TEXT %s",
+	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do ---@type integer, WordMapEntry
+		local word_line = string.format("WORD %d  LINE %d  TEXT %s", ---@type string
 			entry.pos, entry.line, entry.text)
+		local keys = {}    ---@type string[]
+		for pos = 1, 16 do ---@type integer
+			local k = entry.gpr_keys and entry.gpr_keys[pos] ---@type string|nil
+			if type(k) == "string" and k:sub(1, 7) == "reguse:" then
+				keys[#keys + 1] = k
+			end
+		end
+		if #keys > 0 then
+			word_line = word_line .. "  KEYS " .. table.concat(keys, ",")
+		end
+		lines[#lines + 1] = word_line
 	end
 	lines[#lines + 1] = "ENDATOM"
 	return table.concat(lines, "\n") .. "\n"
@@ -502,25 +562,23 @@ end
 ---
 --- `rel_path` is the source path (forward-slashes) embedded in every `CALL` line.
 --- The .md caller (report.lua) is expected to derive this once per `## <source>` heading and pass it down for each atom in that source.
---- @param atom      table   -- atom record (must have `atom.paths` populated)
---- @param wc        table   -- identity alias of `corpus.word_counts`
---- @param rel_path  string  -- source path (forward-slashes) for `CALL` fields
+--- @param atom     AtomEntry
+--- @param wc       WordCounts
+--- @param rel_path string
 --- @return string
 function M.render_atom_provenance(atom, wc, rel_path)
 	assert(type(atom)       == "table", "render_atom_provenance:  atom must be a table")
 	assert(type(atom.paths) == "table", "render_atom_provenance:  atom.paths must be a table")
 	assert(type(rel_path)   == "string", "render_atom_provenance: rel_path must be a string")
-	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom)
-	local lines = {}
+	local entries, total = canonical_word_entries(atom) ---@type WordMapEntry[], integer
+	local lines = {}                                    ---@type string[]
 	lines[#lines + 1] = string.format("ATOM %s  %d", (atom.raw_name or atom.name), total)
-	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do
-		local inv = entry.invocation
-		local macro_count = inv and wc and wc["mac_" .. inv.component_name]
+	for _, entry in ipairs(entries) do ---@type integer, WordMapEntry
+		local inv         = entry.invocation                                ---@type InvocationRecord|nil
+		local macro_count = inv and wc and wc["mac_" .. inv.component_name] ---@type integer|nil
 		if inv and macro_count ~= nil then
-			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format(
-				'WORD %d  CALL %s:%d  MACRO %s "%s:%d" BODY %d',
-				entry.pos, rel_path, entry.line, inv.component_name,
-				inv.def_path or "", inv.def_line or 0, entry.body_line)
+			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format('WORD %d  CALL %s:%d  MACRO %s "%s:%d" BODY %d'
+				, entry.pos, rel_path, entry.line, inv.component_name, inv.def_path or "", inv.def_line or 0, entry.body_line)
 		else
 			lines[#lines + 1] = string.format(
 				"WORD %d  CALL %s:%d  RAW", entry.pos, rel_path, entry.line)
@@ -529,24 +587,24 @@ function M.render_atom_provenance(atom, wc, rel_path)
 	return table.concat(lines, "\n") .. "\n"
 end
 
---- Pass entry. For each source that declares at least one `MipsAtom_(name)` / `MipsCode code_<name>`,
+--- Pass entry. For each source that declares at least one tape atom,
 --- emit two files in `<out_root>/`: `<basename>.atoms.sourcemap.txt` (per-word call-site map) and `<basename>.atoms.provenance.txt`
 --- (per-word definition + body line, resolved via the outermost `mac_X(...)` invocation).
 --- When `ctx.flags.gdb_runtime` is true and `ctx.flags.elf_path` exists, also emit the post-link gdb script `<ctx.out_root>/gdb_tape_atoms_runtime.gdb`.
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
 --- @return PassResult
 function M.run(ctx)
-	local outputs  = {}
-	local errors   = {}
-	local warnings = {}
+	local outputs  = {} ---@type PassOutputEntry[]
+	local errors   = {} ---@type Finding[]
+	local warnings = {} ---@type Finding[]
 
-	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
+	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus ---@type Corpus|nil
 	if type(corpus) ~= "table" or type(corpus.source_order) ~= "table" then
 		error("atoms_source_map.run requires ctx.shared.corpus.source_order (canonical corpus).", 0)
 	end
 
 	-- Word counts come from `corpus.word_counts` (populated by word_count_eval + components passes).
-	local wc = corpus.word_counts or {}
+	local wc = corpus.word_counts or {} ---@type WordCounts
 	if not next(wc) then
 		warnings[#warnings + 1] = {
 			line = 0,

scripts/passes/auto_reg.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+--- passes/auto_reg.lua — Per-phase automatic GPR allocator + gen/auto_reg.h emitter.
+---
+--- Reads the per-source + corpus-level `atom_auto_regs` + `phase_auto_regs` registries populated by `passes/scan_source.lua`.
+--- Runs a deterministic first-fit allocator in the `R_T0..R_T7 + R_V0..R_V1` pool (10 physical GPRs).
+--- Emits one `#define R_<Sym>_Code R_Tn_Code` per marker into per-directory `gen/auto_reg.h`.
+---
+--- User-pinned GPRs : The corpus's `register_alias_registry` is consulted to exclude GPRs the user has pinned via 
+--- `atom_reg` + `_Code` defs (e.g. carriers like `R_ResolveScratch = R_T4 atom_reg`). 
+--- These GPRs are unavailable to EVERY atom's source pool.
+--- Carriers are preserved across atoms by context discipline and must never be reallocated.
+--- Per-atom body parsing also catches alias references (R_<Alias>) and hardcoded R_Tn references,
+--- so the user can write either `R_T4` or `R_ResolveScratch` in an atom body and the pass will exclude R_T4 from that atom's pool.
+---
+--- Conflict detection: If the user hardcodes `R_Tn` in an atom body that shares a phase with an auto-reg that picked `R_Tn`,
+--- emit `phase_register_clash` as an info finding (no build stop).
+--- Should be unreachable after the user-pinning + body-parsing fix above; kept as a defensive safety net.
+---
+--- Pool exhaustion: If a phase declares more `R_<Sym>` mappings than the 10-register pool can hold,
+--- emit `phase_register_pool_exhausted` as a build-stopping error.
+
+--- @alias GprIdent string
+
+--- @class GprAllocMap
+--- @field [string] GprIdent  -- bag: auto-reg symbol -> physical GPR
+
+--- @class AutoRegOutput
+--- @field auto_reg_h string
+
+--- @class AutoRegResult
+--- @field outputs  AutoRegOutput[]
+--- @field errors   Finding[]
+--- @field warnings Finding[]
+
+--- @class AutoRegPass
+--- @field run  fun(ctx: PassCtx): AutoRegResult
+--- @field POOL GprIdent[]
+
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
+local isa            = require("duffle_isa")                                      ---@type DuffleIsa
+
+--- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+--- THE GPR ALLOCATION POOL — what's allocatable, and (more importantly) WHY
+--- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+---
+--- The auto-reg pass picks physical GPRs for `atom_auto_reg(...)` / `phase_auto_reg(...)` markers.
+--- The 24-register pool covers R2-R25 (the user/atom allocatable surface):
+---   R_T0..R_T7, R_V0..R_V1, R_A0..A3, R_S0..S7, R_T8..T9.
+--- Excluded (and never added to the pool):
+---   R_0          (code 0)   — Hardwired zero. Cannot be written.
+---   R_AT         (code 1)   — Assembler temporary. Reserved by the MIPS O32 ABI.
+---   R_A0..A3                — Explicitly omitted above even though their integer codes map to POOL entries;
+---                             the pool-construction loop below only references the POOL string literals, never the integer codes, so they are NOT auto-allocated by default.
+---                             (A0-A3 become available when the user adds them to POOL or hardcodes an R_A0 reference in the atom body.)
+---   R_K0/K1       (codes 26-27) — Kernel / interrupt handler reserves. Never touched by user code.
+---   R_GP/SP/FP/RA (codes 28-31) — R_SP/R_FP/R_RA are tape-runtime carriers between tape_enter and tape_exit; R_GP stays the host global pointer.
+---
+local POOL = {} ---@type GprIdent[]
+for _, row in ipairs(isa.GPR_ROLE) do ---@type integer, GprRole
+	if row.pool then
+		POOL[#POOL + 1] = row.name
+	end
+end
+
+-- Map from integer MIPS GPR code (the `code` field on AliasEntry) to the physical GPR ident in POOL.
+-- The standard MIPS O32 ABI register numbering matches mips.h's R_*_Code #defines (mips.h).
+-- Only the POOL entries matter for auto_reg — non-pool aliases
+-- (R_AT=1, R_A0..A3=4..7, R_T8=24, R_T9=25, R_K0/K1=26..27, R_GP/SP/FP/RA=28..31) 
+-- are deliberately omitted — see the comment block above for the WHY of each exclusion.
+local INT_CODE_TO_POOL_GPR = { ---@type table<integer, GprIdent>  -- bag: MIPS GPR code -> POOL ident
+	[2]  = "R_V0", [3]  = "R_V1",
+	[4]  = "R_A0", [5]  = "R_A1", [6]  = "R_A2", [7]  = "R_A3",
+	[8]  = "R_T0", [9]  = "R_T1", [10] = "R_T2", [11] = "R_T3",
+	[12] = "R_T4", [13] = "R_T5", [14] = "R_T6", [15] = "R_T7",
+	[16] = "R_S0", [17] = "R_S1", [18] = "R_S2", [19] = "R_S3",
+	[20] = "R_S4", [21] = "R_S5", [22] = "R_S6", [23] = "R_S7",
+	[24] = "R_T8", [25] = "R_T9",
+}
+
+-- Stable sort for deterministic allocation order.
+--- @param tbl table<string, string>  -- bag: key set only; values unused
+--- @return string[]
+local function stable_sort_keys(tbl)
+	local keys = {}                                ---@type string[]
+	for k in pairs(tbl) do keys[#keys + 1] = k end ---@type string
+	table.sort(keys)
+	return keys
+end
+
+-- Allocate one phase's auto-reg mappings.
+-- Returns (allocated_map, errors). On pool exhaustion, errors is populated and the function halts.
+--- @param phase_label string
+--- @param decls table<string, string>  -- bag: auto-reg symbol -> decl payload
+--- @return GprAllocMap
+--- @return Finding[]
+local function allocate_phase(phase_label, decls)
+	-- Deep-copy POOL into a fresh sequence table. The original `table.unpack and table.unpack(POOL) or { unpack(POOL) }`
+	-- idiom wraps the unpacked values in a single inner table under LuaJIT 5.1 (`table.unpack` is nil; the `or` returns one value),
+	-- which corrupts the pool into `{ {R_T0, R_T1, ...} }` — making `table.remove(pool, 1)` return the inner table on iteration.
+	local pool   = {}                                ---@type GprIdent[]
+	for i = 1, #POOL do pool[i] = POOL[i] end        ---@type integer
+	local result = {}                                ---@type GprAllocMap
+	local errors = {}                                ---@type Finding[]
+	for _, sym in ipairs(stable_sort_keys(decls)) do ---@type integer, string
+		local next_gpr = table.remove(pool, 1) ---@type GprIdent|nil
+		if not next_gpr then
+			errors[#errors + 1] = {
+				line = 0,
+				msg  = string.format("phase_register_pool_exhausted: "
+					.. "phase '%s' requested symbol '%s' but the pool has no remaining registers "
+					.. "(max 24 per phase: R_T0..R_T7 + R_V0..R_V1 + R_A0..R_A3 + R_S0..R_S7 + R_T8..R_T9). Split the phase or use hardcoded GPRs."
+					, phase_label, sym),
+			}
+			return result, errors
+		end
+		result[sym] = next_gpr
+	end
+	return result, errors
+end
+
+-- Build two projections from corpus.register_alias_registry:
+--   user_pinned   -- { [physical_gpr_ident] = true } -- GPRs unavailable to auto_reg globally (wave-context carriers, file-scope pinned aliases)
+--   alias_to_gpr  -- { [alias_ident]        = physical_gpr_ident } -- for body parsing
+-- Both projections are derived from the same set of entries: every AliasEntry in register_alias_registry has `has_atom_reg = true` 
+-- (only those entries are added to the registry; see passes/scan_source.lua parse_enum_entry).
+-- Each entry's `code` is the integer MIPS GPR number (0..31); INT_CODE_TO_POOL_GPR translates it back to the physical GPR ident.
+-- Aliases whose `code` points to a non-POOL GPR (e.g. R_S0, R_T8, R_K1) are ignored — 
+-- they don't affect the auto_reg pool, and they're already excluded from POOL above.
+--- @param corpus Corpus
+--- @return table<GprIdent, boolean>
+--- @return table<string, GprIdent>
+local function build_user_pins(corpus)
+	local user_pinned  = {} ---@type table<GprIdent, boolean>  -- bag: pinned physical GPR -> true
+	local alias_to_gpr = {} ---@type table<string, GprIdent>  -- bag: alias ident -> physical GPR
+	if not corpus.register_alias_registry then return user_pinned, alias_to_gpr end
+	for alias_name, alias_entry in pairs(corpus.register_alias_registry) do ---@type string, AliasEntry
+		if alias_entry.has_atom_reg and alias_entry.code then
+			local gpr = INT_CODE_TO_POOL_GPR[alias_entry.code] ---@type GprIdent|nil
+			if gpr then
+				user_pinned[gpr]         = true
+				alias_to_gpr[alias_name] = gpr
+			end
+		end
+	end
+	return user_pinned, alias_to_gpr
+end
+
+--- Find every physical GPR referenced in the atom body, via EITHER:
+---   (a) A hardcoded physical GPR ident (R_T\d+|R_V\d+|R_A\d+|R_S\d+) — the existing regex;
+---   (b) An alias ident (R_<Alias>) resolved via alias_to_gpr back to its physical GPR ident.
+--- Returns { [physical_gpr_ident] = count }.
+--- Clash-detection and source-pool-exclusion logic only needs the presence of each GPR (boolean test), 
+--- but keeping count preserves the original find_hardcoded_rn shape so callers can switch without churn.
+--- The alias pattern is sorted lexicographically to keep the regex deterministic.
+--- @param body_text string
+--- @param alias_to_gpr table<string, GprIdent>  -- bag: alias ident -> physical GPR
+--- @return table<GprIdent, integer>
+local function find_used_gprs(body_text, alias_to_gpr)
+	local found = {} ---@type table<GprIdent, integer>  -- bag: physical GPR -> hit count
+	-- (a) Hardcoded physical GPRs (R_T0..R_T7, R_V0..R_V1, R_A0..R_A3, R_S0..R_S7).
+	for gpr in body_text:gmatch("(R_T%d+|R_V%d+|R_A%d+|R_S%d+)") do ---@type GprIdent
+		found[gpr] = (found[gpr] or 0) + 1
+	end
+	-- (b) Alias references (R_<Alias>) resolved to physical GPRs via the registry.
+	--      Sorted by name so the regex is byte-stable across runs.
+	if alias_to_gpr and next(alias_to_gpr) then
+		local aliases = {}                       ---@type string[]
+		for alias_name in pairs(alias_to_gpr) do ---@type string
+			aliases[#aliases + 1] = alias_name
+		end
+		table.sort(aliases)
+		local pattern = "(" .. table.concat(aliases, "|") .. ")" ---@type string
+		for alias_name in body_text:gmatch(pattern) do           ---@type string
+			local gpr = alias_to_gpr[alias_name] ---@type GprIdent|nil
+			if gpr and not found[gpr] then
+				found[gpr] = 1
+			end
+		end
+	end
+	return found
+end
+
+-- Emit one gen/auto_reg.h header per directory.
+--- @param out_dir string
+--- @param dir string
+--- @param sources SourceFile[]
+--- @param mappings GprAllocMap
+--- @return string|nil
+local function emit_auto_reg_h(out_dir, dir, sources, mappings)
+	if not mappings or next(mappings) == nil then return end
+	local out_path = out_dir .. "/" .. "auto_reg.h" ---@type string
+	duffle.ensure_dir(out_dir)
+	local lines = { ---@type string[]
+		"#ifdef INTELLISENSE_DIRECTIVES",
+		"#pragma once",
+		"#endif",
+		"// Auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/auto_reg.lua) — DO NOT EDIT",
+		"// Directory: " .. dir:gsub("/", "\\"),
+	}
+	for _, src in ipairs(sources) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
+		lines[#lines + 1] = "//   source: " .. src.path
+	end
+	lines[#lines + 1] = "// Per-phase register allocations resolved by the lua pass."
+	lines[#lines + 1] = "// R_<Sym>_Code = <chosen GPR's _Code constant> for every marker in this directory."
+	lines[#lines + 1] = ""
+	for _, sym in ipairs(stable_sort_keys(mappings)) do ---@type integer, string
+		local gpr         = mappings[sym]  ---@type GprIdent
+		local gpr_code    = gpr .. "_Code" ---@type string
+		lines[#lines + 1] = "#define " .. sym .. "_Code " .. gpr_code
+	end
+	lines[#lines + 1] = ""
+	duffle.write_file_lf(out_path, table.concat(lines, "\n") .. "\n")
+	print("  -> " .. out_path)
+	return out_path
+end
+
+-- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+-- Pass entry
+-- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+local M = {} ---@type AutoRegPass
+
+--- @param ctx PassCtx
+--- @return AutoRegResult
+function M.run(ctx)
+	local outputs  = {} ---@type AutoRegOutput[]
+	local errors   = {} ---@type Finding[]
+	local warnings = {} ---@type Finding[]
+
+	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus ---@type Corpus|nil
+	if type(corpus) ~= "table" then
+		error("auto_reg.run requires ctx.shared.corpus", 0)
+	end
+
+	-- 0. Build the user-pinned GPR exclusion set + alias-to-GPR resolution map.
+	--  Wave-context carriers (e.g. `R_ResolveScratch = R_T4 atom_reg` in hello_camera.atom.c)
+	--  MUST NOT be allocated to any auto-reg marker — they're preserved across atoms by the wave-context discipline.
+	--  The corpus's register_alias_registry is the source of truth for these opt-in pins.
+	--  Body references to those aliases (via alias_to_gpr) are also excluded on a per-atom basis in step 2 below.
+	local user_pinned, alias_to_gpr = build_user_pins(corpus) ---@type table<GprIdent, boolean>, table<string, GprIdent>
+
+	-- 1. Allocate phase pools first (phase declarations take precedence over per-atom declarations).
+	local phase_allocations = {}                                     ---@type table<string, GprAllocMap>  -- bag: phase_label -> alloc map
+	for phase_label, decls in pairs(corpus.phase_auto_regs or {}) do ---@type string, table<string, string>
+		local mapping, errs = allocate_phase(phase_label, decls) ---@type GprAllocMap, Finding[]
+		for sym, gpr in pairs(mapping) do                        ---@type string, GprIdent
+			phase_allocations[phase_label]      = phase_allocations[phase_label] or {}
+			phase_allocations[phase_label][sym] = gpr
+		end
+		for _, e in ipairs(errs) do ---@type integer, Finding
+			errors[#errors + 1] = e
+		end
+	end
+
+	-- 2. Allocate per-atom auto-regs. If the atom scope matches a phase, reuse the phase pool.
+	-- Otherwise, allocate a private pool for the atom.
+	-- The phase membership is in `corpus.atom_phases[phase_label].atoms` (an array of atom names declared via `atom_phase(<phase>)`
+	-- in the atom's `atom_info` line). Build a reverse map `atom_name -> phase_label` so the lookup is O(1) per atom scope.
+	local atom_name_to_phase = {}                                ---@type table<AtomName, string>  -- bag: atom name -> phase label
+	for phase_label, entry in pairs(corpus.atom_phases or {}) do ---@type string, AtomPhaseGroup
+		for _, atom_name in ipairs(entry.atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomName
+			atom_name_to_phase[atom_name] = phase_label
+		end
+	end
+
+	local atom_allocations = {}                                    ---@type table<AtomName, GprAllocMap>  -- bag: atom scope -> alloc map
+	for atom_scope, decls in pairs(corpus.atom_auto_regs or {}) do ---@type AtomName, table<string, string>
+		local phase_label = atom_name_to_phase[atom_scope] ---@type string|nil
+		-- Build the atom's source pool: start with the full POOL, subtract:
+		--   (a) every GPR already committed (phase allocations + prior atom allocations)
+		--   (b) every USER-PINNED GPR (wave-context carriers + file-scope pinned aliases)
+		--   (c) every GPR referenced in the atom's body — either hardcoded R_X or alias R_Xxx
+		--       (the latter resolved via alias_to_gpr; this catches cases where the user wrote R_ResolveScratch instead of R_T4 directly)
+		-- Atoms whose scope matches a phase share the global pool with the phase allocations;
+		-- the original `source_pool = phase_allocations[phase_label]` form used the phase
+		-- allocation MAP as a pool, but that map has no array part, so `table.remove(source_pool, 1)`
+		-- returned nil and every atom-with-phase marker errored with `phase_register_pool_exhausted`.
+		local used = {}                                                                            ---@type table<GprIdent, boolean>  -- bag: committed or body-referenced GPR -> true
+		for _, m in pairs(phase_allocations) do for _, gpr in pairs(m) do used[gpr] = true end end ---@type integer, GprAllocMap
+		for _, m in pairs(atom_allocations)  do for _, gpr in pairs(m) do used[gpr] = true end end ---@type integer, GprAllocMap
+		-- (c) Body references — scan the atom body for hardcoded + alias-resolved GPRs.
+		--     Folded into `used` so the source_pool exclusion is a single check.
+		local atom = corpus.atoms_by_name and corpus.atoms_by_name[atom_scope] ---@type AtomEntry|nil
+		if atom and atom.body then
+			local body_used = find_used_gprs(atom.body, alias_to_gpr) ---@type table<GprIdent, integer>
+			for gpr in pairs(body_used) do used[gpr] = true end       ---@type GprIdent
+		end
+		local source_pool = {}        ---@type GprIdent[]
+		for _, gpr in ipairs(POOL) do ---@type integer, GprIdent
+			-- Exclude (a) prior commitments, (b) USER-PINNED GPRs (wave-context carriers declared via atom_reg + _Code defs, preserved across atoms globally).
+			if not used[gpr] and not user_pinned[gpr] then
+				source_pool[#source_pool + 1] = gpr
+			end
+		end
+		local result = {}                                ---@type GprAllocMap
+		for _, sym in ipairs(stable_sort_keys(decls)) do ---@type integer, string
+			local next_gpr = table.remove(source_pool, 1) ---@type GprIdent|nil
+			if not next_gpr then
+				errors[#errors + 1] = {
+					line = 0,
+					msg  = string.format("phase_register_pool_exhausted: atom '%s' requested symbol '%s' "
+						.. "but no free registers remain in its scope pool."
+						, atom_scope, sym),
+				}
+			else
+				result[sym] = next_gpr
+			end
+		end
+		atom_allocations[atom_scope] = result
+	end
+
+	-- 3. Conflict-with-hardcoded detection (defensive — should be unreachable now).
+	-- The source_pool exclusion in step 2 (b) + (c) already accounts for both user-pinned GPRs
+	-- and body-referenced GPRs (hardcoded R_Tn OR alias R_<Alias>).
+	-- An auto-reg allocation that matched an existing body reference would be impossible by construction.
+	-- This warning is kept as a defensive safety net for cases the body scanner might miss
+	-- (e.g. macros that expand to register references the scanner cannot resolve).
+	-- For each resolved (scope, sym) -> R_Tn mapping, scan the atom body source for used GPRs.
+	for atom_scope, decls in pairs(atom_allocations) do ---@type AtomName, GprAllocMap
+		local atom = corpus.atoms_by_name and corpus.atoms_by_name[atom_scope] ---@type AtomEntry|nil
+		if    atom and atom.body then
+			local used_in_body = find_used_gprs(atom.body, alias_to_gpr) ---@type table<GprIdent, integer>
+			for sym, allocated_gpr in pairs(decls) do                    ---@type string, GprIdent
+				if used_in_body[allocated_gpr] and used_in_body[allocated_gpr] > 0 then
+					warnings[#warnings + 1] = {
+						line  = atom.line or 0,
+						msg   = string.format("phase_register_clash: atom '%s' has hardcoded '%s' in its body AND an auto-reg marker '%s' "
+							.. "that was allocated to '%s' (same phase). Resolve by removing the hardcoded reference or renaming the auto-reg."
+							, atom_scope, allocated_gpr, sym, allocated_gpr),
+					}
+				end
+			end
+		end
+	end
+
+	-- 4. Emit per-directory gen/auto_reg.h.
+	-- For each source directory that has atom_auto_regs or phase_auto_regs entries, emit one header.
+	local sources_by_dir = corpus.sources_by_dir or {} ---@type table<string, SourceFile[]>
+	for dir, sources in pairs(sources_by_dir) do       ---@type string, SourceFile[]
+		local per_dir_mappings = {}      ---@type GprAllocMap
+		for _, src in ipairs(sources) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
+			-- Collect every (sym -> gpr) entry that originated from a source in this directory.
+			-- `src.scan.atom_auto_regs` is keyed by ATOM SCOPE NAME; `pairs(t)` iterates KEYS so `scope_name` here is the scope ident (e.g. "cube_g4_face").
+			-- The previous `for _, scan_atom_auto` form silently assigned the VALUE (a `{sym = sym}` table) to the variable,
+			-- which made `atom_allocations[scan_atom_auto]` a table-indexed lookup that never resolved.
+			for scope_name in pairs(src.scan and src.scan.atom_auto_regs or {}) do ---@type string
+				for sym, gpr in pairs(atom_allocations[scope_name] or {}) do ---@type string, GprIdent
+					per_dir_mappings[sym] = gpr
+				end
+			end
+			for scope_name in pairs(src.scan and src.scan.phase_auto_regs or {}) do ---@type string
+				for sym, gpr in pairs(phase_allocations[scope_name] or {}) do ---@type string, GprIdent
+					per_dir_mappings[sym] = gpr
+				end
+			end
+		end
+		local out_dir  = dir .. "/gen"                                            ---@type string
+		local out_path = emit_auto_reg_h(out_dir, dir, sources, per_dir_mappings) ---@type string|nil
+		if out_path then outputs[#outputs + 1] = { auto_reg_h = out_path } end
+	end
+	return { outputs = outputs, errors = errors, warnings = warnings }
+end
+
+M.POOL = POOL
+
+return M

scripts/passes/emission_model.lua

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 --- passes/emission_model.lua: Per-atom emission projection.
 ---
 --- The `emission-model` pass owns `atom.paths`, the canonical per-atom mutable surface for atoms and raw atoms with bodies in `ctx.shared.corpus.source_order`.
---- For each atom, the pass invokes `duffle.project_emission(body_text, component_index, word_counts, components)`.
+--- For each atom, the pass invokes `duffle.project_emission(body_text, components, word_counts, components)`.
 --- It stores the ordered `items` stream plus the dense `word_events` / `markers` / `invocations` views on `atom.paths`.
 ---
 --- Public boundary:
 ---   * `M.run(ctx)` is the only entry point.
 ---   * The pass returns `{outputs = {}, errors = ..., warnings = ...}`.
----     Pass kind = `validation` → `PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR.validation` preserves the existing build-stopping policy.
+---     Pass kind = `validation`. Findings record on the result; the orchestrator does not exit non-zero.
 ---
 --- Source-order discipline:
 ---   * `corpus.source_order` sets the source-record order.
@@ -26,13 +26,94 @@
 ---
 --- `passes.scan_source` strips its private `_code_macros` / `_code_macro_bodies` tables before this pass runs.
 
-local M = {}
+--- @class BodyToken
+--- @field tok string
+--- @field rel integer
+
+--- @class EmissionItem
+--- @field kind                    string
+--- @field encoder                 string|nil
+--- @field args                    string[]|nil
+--- @field i                       integer|nil
+--- @field word_count              integer|nil
+--- @field line                    integer|nil
+--- @field call_text               string|nil
+--- @field root_call_text          string|nil
+--- @field invocation_ids          integer[]|nil
+--- @field outermost_invocation_id integer|nil
+--- @field gpr_keys                string[]|nil
+--- @field ident                   string|nil
+--- @field isa_kind                string|nil
+--- @field nop_words               integer|nil
+--- @field is_yield                boolean|nil
+--- @field is_load                 boolean|nil
+--- @field is_branch               boolean|nil
+--- @field is_unconditional_jump   boolean|nil
+--- @field is_terminal_jump        boolean|nil
+--- @field gp0_shape               string|nil
+--- @field name                    string|nil
+--- @field target                  string|nil
+--- @field word_index              integer|nil
+--- @field consuming_encoder       string|nil
+--- @field consuming_arg_pos       integer|nil
+--- @field invocation_id           integer|nil
+
+--- @class WordEvent
+--- @field i                       integer
+--- @field encoder                 string
+--- @field args                    string[]
+--- @field def_path                string
+--- @field def_line                integer
+--- @field call_text               string|nil
+--- @field root_call_text          string|nil
+--- @field invocation_ids          integer[]
+--- @field outermost_invocation_id integer
+--- @field word_count              integer
+--- @field gpr_keys                string[]|nil
+--- @field ident                   string
+--- @field kind                    string
+--- @field nop_words               integer
+--- @field is_yield                boolean
+--- @field is_load                 boolean
+--- @field is_branch               boolean
+--- @field is_unconditional_jump   boolean
+--- @field is_terminal_jump        boolean
+--- @field gp0_shape               string|nil
+--- @field body_line               integer|nil
+--- @field call_line               integer|nil
+--- @field call_path               string|nil
+
+--- @class EmissionMarker
+--- @field kind              string
+--- @field name              string
+--- @field line              integer
+--- @field word_index        integer
+--- @field target            string|nil
+--- @field consuming_encoder string|nil
+--- @field consuming_arg_pos integer|nil
+
+-- Finding: see ps1_meta.lua
+
+--- @class AtomPaths
+--- @field tokens       BodyToken[]
+--- @field line_in_body table<integer, integer>  -- bag: body byte offset -> 1-based line
+--- @field items        EmissionItem[]
+--- @field word_events  WordEvent[]
+--- @field markers      EmissionMarker[]
+--- @field invocations  InvocationRecord[]
+--- @field errors       Finding[]
+--- @field warnings     Finding[]
+
+--- @class EmissionModelPass
+--- @field run fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
+
+local M = {} ---@type EmissionModelPass
 
 -- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 -- Bootstrap: load `duffle_paths.lua` via debug.getinfo so the module works standalone (run as `luajit passes/emission_model.lua`) and when require'd from the orchestrator.
 -- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./"
-local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
 
 -- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 -- Helpers
@@ -45,12 +126,17 @@ local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
 --   * ROOT invocations (`inv.parent_id == 0`) receive body-relative `call_line` values directly from `M.LineIndex(body_text)` in the walker.
 --     The source `line_of` closure supplies physical lines at the close site, so this function converts each root value exactly once.
 --   * INNER invocations (`inv.parent_id ~= 0`) receive physical `call_line` values directly from the COMPONENT's `line_of` in the walker.
---     Recursive descent forwards that closure through `corpus.component_body_index[name].line_of`; those values arrive physical and remain unchanged.
+--     Recursive descent forwards that closure through `corpus.components[name].line_of`; those values arrive physical and remain unchanged.
 --
 -- After this function, every `inv.call_line` is physical. DWARF and provenance output read it directly.
 -- The word-event loop forwards the already-physical `outer_inv.call_line` into `we.call_line` for words inside an invocation.
+--- @param projection EmissionProjection
+--- @param atom_record AtomEntry
+--- @param src SourceFile
+--- @param corpus Corpus
+--- @return nil
 local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
-	local root_line_of   = src.scan and src.scan.line_of
+	local root_line_of   = src.scan and src.scan.line_of ---@type (fun(pos: integer): integer)|nil
 	assert(type(root_line_of) == "function"
 		, "emission_model: src.scan.line_of is required (canonical LineIndex closure over the source text) to stamp physical provenance")
 	assert(type(atom_record.body_off) == "number"
@@ -58,26 +144,29 @@ local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
 	-- `root_body_line` is the physical source line of the ATOM HEADER byte containing the opening `{`; that byte is one byte BEFORE `atom_record.body_off`.
 	-- The walker assigns line 2 to the body's first content line because line 1 is the trailing `\n` after `{`. Body-text line k therefore maps to `root_body_line + (k - 1)`.
 	-- `body_off - 1` points at the opening `{`, whose line index identifies the header line. `body_off` points after `{` and would shift every word row forward by one line.
-	local root_body_line  = root_line_of(atom_record.body_off - 1) or atom_record.line or 0
-	local component_index = corpus.component_body_index or {}
-	local word_items      = {}
+	local root_body_line  = root_line_of(atom_record.body_off - 1) or atom_record.line or 0 ---@type integer
+	local components = corpus.components or {}                                              ---@type table<string, Component>
+	local word_items      = {}                                                              ---@type EmissionItem[]
 
-	for _, item in ipairs(projection.items) do
+	for _, item in ipairs(projection.items) do ---@type integer, EmissionItem
 		if item.kind == "word" then word_items[#word_items + 1] = item end
 	end
 
 	-- Resolve one word's physical body line, where the byte containing that word appears in source.
 	--   * Component expansions carry `invocation_ids`; the component's full-file `line_of` leaves `item.line` physical.
 	--   * Raw tokens in the root atom body carry an empty `invocation_ids` list and a body-relative `item.line`; convert them here.
+	--- @param event WordEvent
+	--- @param item EmissionItem
+	--- @return integer
 	local function body_line_for(event, item)
-		local ids = event.invocation_ids or {}
+		local ids = event.invocation_ids or {} ---@type integer[]
 		-- The innermost open invocation identifies which line index the walker used.
 		-- A component `line_of` makes `item.line` physical; the atom's `body_text` line index makes it body-relative.
 		if ids and #ids > 0 then
-			local inner_id  = ids[#ids]
-			local inner_inv = inner_id and projection.invocations[inner_id]
+			local inner_id  = ids[#ids]                                     ---@type integer
+			local inner_inv = inner_id and projection.invocations[inner_id] ---@type InvocationRecord|nil
 			if inner_inv then
-				local component = component_index[inner_inv.component_name]
+				local component = components[inner_inv.component_name] ---@type Component|nil
 				if component and component.line_of then
 					-- Walker used `comp.line_of`, which is the source's physical LineIndex. item.line is already physical.
 					return item.line or 0
@@ -92,8 +181,8 @@ local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
 	-- Stamp the root source path onto invocation records whose `call_path` the walker left empty.
 	-- The walker passes `body_entry.source` to `emit_invoke_begin`; `M.project_emission` creates the root `body_entry` with source `""`, leaving its `call_path` empty.
 	-- This stamp gives every invocation a physical `call_path` matching `passes/atoms_source_map.lua`'s in-memory provenance projection.
-	local root_path = src.path or ""
-	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do
+	local root_path = src.path or ""                ---@type string
+	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do ---@type integer, InvocationRecord
 		if inv.call_path == nil or inv.call_path == "" then
 			inv.call_path = root_path
 		end
@@ -102,7 +191,7 @@ local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
 	-- Normalize `inv.call_line` to a physical source line.
 	--   * ROOT  invocations (`parent_id == 0`) carry body-relative `call_line` values from `M.LineIndex(body_text)`; convert them once with `root_body_line`.
 	--   * INNER invocations (`parent_id ~= 0`) carry physical `call_line` values from the component's `line_of`; retain them unchanged.
-	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do
+	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do ---@type integer, InvocationRecord
 		if inv.parent_id == 0 then
 			inv.call_line = (root_body_line or 0) + (inv.call_line or 1) - 1
 		end
@@ -111,14 +200,14 @@ local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
 	-- Build `body_lines` for each invocation.
 	-- `atoms_source_map` and `dwarf_injection` read `inv.body_lines[k]` directly from the invocation record created here.
 	-- Component words already carry physical `item.line` values from the walker's COMPONENT line index, so `body_line_for` returns them unchanged.
-	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do
-		local sw  = inv.start_word
-		local ew  = inv.end_word
-		local bls = {}
-		for i = sw, ew do
-			local it = projection.items and projection.items[i]
+	for _, inv in ipairs(projection.invocations) do ---@type integer, InvocationRecord
+		local sw  = inv.start_word ---@type integer
+		local ew  = inv.end_word   ---@type integer
+		local bls = {}             ---@type integer[]
+		for i = sw, ew do          ---@type integer
+			local it = projection.items and projection.items[i] ---@type EmissionItem|nil
 			if    it and it.kind == "word" then
-				local fake_event = { invocation_ids = { inv.id } }
+				local fake_event = { invocation_ids = { inv.id } } ---@type WordEvent
 				bls[#bls + 1]    = body_line_for(fake_event, it) or 0
 			end
 		end
@@ -128,15 +217,15 @@ local function stamp_root_provenance(projection, atom_record, src, corpus)
 	-- Resolve each `word_event`'s physical `body_line` and `call_line`.
 	-- For words inside an invocation, `we.call_line` identifies the OUTER atom source line containing the `mac_X(...)` token that triggered expansion.
 	-- The root-invocation conversion above makes every `inv.call_line` physical; forward it directly and use each raw word's `body_line` as the fallback.
-	for index, we in ipairs(projection.word_events) do
-		local item      = word_items[index] or {}
-		local body_line = body_line_for(we, item)
+	for index, we in ipairs(projection.word_events) do ---@type integer, WordEvent
+		local item      = word_items[index] or {} ---@type EmissionItem
+		local body_line = body_line_for(we, item) ---@type integer
 		item.line    = body_line
 		we.body_line = body_line
 
-		local call_line = body_line
-		local outer_id  = we.outermost_invocation_id or 0
-		local outer_inv = projection.invocations[outer_id]
+		local call_line = body_line                        ---@type integer
+		local outer_id  = we.outermost_invocation_id or 0  ---@type integer
+		local outer_inv = projection.invocations[outer_id] ---@type InvocationRecord|nil
 		if outer_inv then
 			-- `outer_inv.call_line` is physical after the conversion loop above, so use it directly.
 			call_line = outer_inv.call_line
@@ -151,13 +240,46 @@ end
 
 -- Project one atom record into `atom.paths`.
 -- Mutates the atom record in-place and returns the projection (for pass-level error/warning accumulation).
+--- @param atom_record AtomEntry
+--- @param src SourceFile
+--- @param corpus Corpus
+--- @return EmissionProjection
 local function project_atom(atom_record, src, corpus)
-	local body  = atom_record.body or ""
-	local wc    = corpus.word_counts or {}
-	local cbi   = corpus.component_body_index or {}
+	local body  = atom_record.body or ""            ---@type string
+	local wc    = corpus.word_counts or {}          ---@type WordCounts
+	local comps = corpus.components or {}           ---@type table<string, Component>
+	local schema = nil                              ---@type RegUseSchema|nil
+	if atom_record.reg_use_schema_name then
+		schema = corpus.reg_use_schemas and corpus.reg_use_schemas[atom_record.reg_use_schema_name]
+	end
 	-- That construction site stamps `invocation.debug_skip` while appending each record to `proj.invocations`.
-	local proj  = duffle.project_emission(body, cbi, wc, corpus.components)
-	local paths = {
+	local proj  = duffle.project_emission(body, comps, wc, comps, { ---@type EmissionProjection
+		reg_use_schema = schema,
+		reg_use_param  = atom_record.reg_use_param_name,
+		atom_name      = atom_record.name,
+		schema_name    = atom_record.reg_use_schema_name,
+	})
+	if atom_record.reg_use_schema_name and not schema then
+		proj.errors[#proj.errors + 1] = {
+			kind        = "error",
+			check       = "reguse_missing_schema",
+			msg         = string.format("RegUse schema %q is missing", atom_record.reg_use_schema_name),
+			schema_name = atom_record.reg_use_schema_name,
+		}
+	end
+	for _, err in ipairs(corpus.reg_use_errors or {}) do ---@type integer, RegUseError
+		if err.schema_name == atom_record.reg_use_schema_name then
+			proj.errors[#proj.errors + 1] = {
+				kind        = "error",
+				check       = err.kind,
+				line        = err.line or err.source_line or 0,
+				msg         = err.msg or "",
+				source      = err.source or err.source_file,
+				schema_name = err.schema_name,
+			}
+		end
+	end
+	local paths = { ---@type AtomPaths
 		tokens       = atom_record.body_tokens or {},
 		line_in_body = duffle.build_body_line_index(body),
 		items        = proj.items,
@@ -179,35 +301,42 @@ end
 --- @param ctx PassCtx  -- { shared = { corpus = ... }, out_root, ... }
 --- @return PassResult
 function M.run(ctx)
-	local outputs  = {}
-	local errors   = {}
-	local warnings = {}
+	local outputs  = {} ---@type PassOutputEntry[]
+	local errors   = {} ---@type Finding[]
+	local warnings = {} ---@type Finding[]
 
-	local corpus = ctx and ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
+	local corpus = ctx and ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus ---@type Corpus|nil
 	if type(corpus)              ~= "table" then error("emission_model: ctx.shared.corpus is required (canonical projection)", 0) end
 	if type(corpus.source_order) ~= "table" then error("emission_model: ctx.shared.corpus.source_order is required", 0) end
 
 	-- Project once, collect errors + warnings for one atom.
-	-- Kind must be one of: atom | raw_atom | comp_bare | comp_proc.
+	-- Kind must be one of: atom | atom_proc | raw_atom | comp_bare | comp_proc.
+	--- @param atom AtomEntry
+	--- @param src SourceFile
+	--- @return nil
 	local function process_atom(atom, src)
 		if not (atom and atom.body) then return end
-		local kind = atom.kind
-		if kind ~= "atom" and kind ~= "raw_atom" and kind ~= "comp_bare" and kind ~= "comp_proc" then
+		local kind = atom.kind ---@type string
+		if kind ~= "atom" and kind ~= "atom_proc" and kind ~= "raw_atom" and kind ~= "comp_bare" and kind ~= "comp_proc" then
 			return
 		end
-		local proj = project_atom(atom, src, corpus)
-		for _, e in ipairs(proj.errors) do
-			-- Preserve `kind` (cycle / count_mismatch / unbalanced) so readers dispatch on the diagnostic class and leave the message string as display text.
+		local proj = project_atom(atom, src, corpus) ---@type EmissionProjection
+		for _, e in ipairs(proj.errors) do           ---@type integer, Finding
+			-- Finding.kind is severity. Finding.check holds the diagnostic code
+			-- (cycle / count_mismatch / unbalanced / reguse_*).
 			errors[#errors + 1] = {
-				kind   = e.kind,
+				kind        = "error",
+				check       = e.check,
 				line        = e.line,
 				msg         = e.msg,
 				source      = e.source or src.path,
+				schema_name = e.schema_name,
 			}
 		end
-		for _, w in ipairs(proj.warnings) do
+		for _, w in ipairs(proj.warnings) do ---@type integer, Finding
 			warnings[#warnings + 1] = {
-				kind = w.kind,
+				kind  = "warning",
+				check = w.check,
 				line  = w.line,
 				msg   = w.msg,
 			}
@@ -215,14 +344,14 @@ function M.run(ctx)
 	end
 
 	-- Walk `corpus.source_order`; within each source, visit atoms followed by raw_atoms.
-	-- Recognized kinds (atom | raw_atom | comp_bare | comp_proc) each receive the atom.paths projection via duffle.project_emission.
+	-- Recognized kinds (atom | atom_proc | raw_atom | comp_bare | comp_proc) each receive the atom.paths projection via duffle.project_emission.
 	-- Components are macros inlined into atom bodies; focused tests and isolated component analyses consume atom.paths directly.
-	for _, src in ipairs(corpus.source_order) do
-		local scan = src.scan or {}
-		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.atoms or {}) do
+	for _, src in ipairs(corpus.source_order) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
+		local scan = src.scan or {}                ---@type SourceScan
+		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 			process_atom(atom, src)
 		end
-		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.raw_atoms or {}) do
+		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.raw_atoms or {}) do ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 			process_atom(atom, src)
 		end
 	end

scripts/passes/offsets.lua

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 --- passes/offsets.lua — Branch-offset generator.
 ---
 --- Reads the pre-scanned SourceScan payload (produced once upstream by `duffle.scan_source`)
---- for `MipsAtom_(name)` and `MipsCode code_<name>` declarations, computes the word offset
+--- for `MipsAtom_(name)` and leftover `MipsCode code_*` declarations, computes the word offset
+--- (ELF symbol is the C ident; raw `code_*` is leftover, not the atom rule)
 --- from each `atom_offset(F, T)` marker to its target `atom_label(T)` declaration, and emits
 --- `gen/offsets.h` with one `#define _atom_offset_F_T = N` per branch.
+---
 --- Per-directory aggregation: every source in the same directory contributes to the same `gen/offsets.h`.
 --- The directory itself is the namespace; the filename does not repeat the module name.
 ---
@@ -18,41 +20,25 @@
 -- Uses `debug.getinfo` to find this file's own directory, so it works both standalone and when require'd from the orchestrator.
 -- Bootstrap: load `duffle_paths.lua` via `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source` (works both standalone + when require'd).
 -- duffle_paths.lua sets package.path then returns `require("duffle")` at the bottom, so the dofile value IS the duffle module.
-local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./"
-local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Constants
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 -- Offset macro/enum naming prefixes (the emitted header uses these).
-local OFFSET_MACRO_PREFIX = "_atom_offset_"
-local OFFSET_ENUM_PREFIX  = "atom_offset_"
+local OFFSET_MACRO_PREFIX = "_atom_offset_" ---@type string
+local OFFSET_ENUM_PREFIX  = "atom_offset_"  ---@type string
 
 -- Column width for the `#define _atom_offset_F_T = N` alignment.
-local OFFSET_MACRO_COL = 44
+local OFFSET_MACRO_COL = 44 ---@type integer
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Type declarations
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
---- @class SourceFile
---- @field path     string  -- Absolute path to the source file
---- @field text     string  -- Full source text
---- @field dir      string  -- Directory containing the source
---- @field basename string  -- Filename without extension
---- @field scan     table   -- Pre-scanned SourceScan payload (from duffle.scan_source)
-
---- @class PassCtx
---- @field shared             table -- Cross-pass shared state
---- @field shared.corpus      table -- Corpus projection
---- @field shared.word_counts table
---- @field out_root           string -- Output root (e.g. "build/gen")
-
---- @class PassResult
---- @field outputs  table[]  -- {kind=, path=} entries describing emit files
---- @field errors   table[]  -- {line=, msg=}  entries; build-stops
---- @field warnings table[]  -- {line=, msg=}  entries; build-succeeds
+-- SourceFile, PassCtx, PassResult: see ps1_meta.lua
 
 --- @class BranchOffset
 --- @field tag               string      -- Marker tag (e.g. "F" in `atom_offset(F, T)`)
@@ -67,6 +53,32 @@ local OFFSET_MACRO_COL = 44
 --- @field total_words integer        -- Total word count of the atom body
 --- @field offsets     BranchOffset[] -- Per-branch offset list
 
+--- @class OffsetBranch
+--- @field tag               string
+--- @field target            string
+--- @field branch_word       integer
+--- @field consuming_encoder string|nil
+--- @field consuming_arg_pos integer|nil
+--- @field line              integer|nil
+
+--- @class MarkerProjectState
+--- @field labels   table<string, integer>  -- bag: label name -> word index
+--- @field branches OffsetBranch[]
+
+--- @class OffsetConst
+--- @field macro_name string
+--- @field enum_name  string
+--- @field value      integer
+
+--- @class OffsetOutput
+--- @field offsets_h string
+
+--- @class OffsetsPass
+--- @field run fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
+
+--- @class AtomEntry
+--- @field paths AtomPaths|nil
+
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Canonical marker projection
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@@ -74,10 +86,16 @@ local OFFSET_MACRO_COL = 44
 -- MARKER_PROJECTORS is the marker-kind data table.
 -- The emission-model pass already records marker word positions + consuming-instruction context;
 -- this pass only projects those records into the label/branch lookup shape needed by offset computation.
-local MARKER_PROJECTORS = {
+local MARKER_PROJECTORS = { ---@type table<string, fun(state: MarkerProjectState, marker: EmissionMarker): nil>
+	--- @param state MarkerProjectState
+	--- @param marker EmissionMarker
+	--- @return nil
 	label = function(state, marker)
 		state.labels[marker.name] = marker.word_index
 	end,
+	--- @param state MarkerProjectState
+	--- @param marker EmissionMarker
+	--- @return nil
 	offset = function(state, marker)
 		state.branches[#state.branches + 1] = {
 			tag                = marker.name,
@@ -91,12 +109,13 @@ local MARKER_PROJECTORS = {
 
 --- Project canonical marker records into the two lookup tables used by the offset renderer.
 --- No source text, body text, or body token is inspected.
---- @param markers table[] -- atom.paths.markers
---- @return table<string, integer>, table[]
+--- @param markers EmissionMarker[]
+--- @return table<string, integer>
+--- @return OffsetBranch[]
 local function project_markers(markers)
-	local state = { labels = {}, branches = {} }
-	for _, marker in ipairs(markers or {}) do
-		local project = MARKER_PROJECTORS[marker.kind]
+	local state = { labels = {}, branches = {} } ---@type MarkerProjectState
+	for _, marker in ipairs(markers or {}) do    ---@type integer, EmissionMarker
+		local project = MARKER_PROJECTORS[marker.kind] ---@type (fun(state: MarkerProjectState, marker: EmissionMarker): nil)|nil
 		if    project then project(state, marker) end
 	end
 	return state.labels, state.branches
@@ -115,38 +134,47 @@ end
 ---     For cross-module `j`/`jal` (atom body in one module, target in another), the linker emits a `R_MIPS_26` relocation against the lower 26 bits; the upper 4 bits come from the PC of the delay slot following the `j`.
 ---     The metaprogram doesn't know either at compile time, so the emitted value is the relative word offset that the duffle `enc_i` macro places in the immediate field; the toolchain handles the rest.
 ---   `jump_reg` / `call_reg` / `jump_link` -> ERROR. Register-form jumps have no offset field; `atom_offset` is invalid.
----
---- Top-level `atom_offset(F, T)` markers (where the marker is the entire token — `consuming_encoder` == nil) default to `branch_*` behavior (relative offset).
---- This preserves backward compatibility for any top-level marker that may exist outside a control-transfer instruction.
+---   missing `consuming_encoder` -> ERROR. A lone top-level `atom_offset` is not a branch.
 --- @param labels   table<string, integer>
---- @param branches table[]
+--- @param branches OffsetBranch[]
+--- @param errors   Finding[]
 --- @return BranchOffset[]
-local function compute_offsets(labels, branches)
-	local results = {}
-	for _, br in ipairs(branches) do
-		local target = labels[br.target]
+local function compute_offsets(labels, branches, errors)
+	local results = {}               ---@type BranchOffset[]
+	for _, br in ipairs(branches) do ---@type integer, OffsetBranch
+		local target = labels[br.target] ---@type integer|nil
 		if not target then
-			error("Branch target '" .. br.target .. "' has no atom_label (at word " .. br.branch_word .. ")")
-		end
-		local consuming = br.consuming_encoder
-		local offset
-		if consuming == "jump_reg" or consuming == "call_reg" or consuming == "jump_link" then
-			-- Register-form jumps have no offset field. `atom_offset` cannot be used here.
-			error("atom_offset cannot be used with " .. consuming
-				.. " (register-form jumps have no offset field); at word " .. br.branch_word)
-		end
-		-- All other consuming instructions (including `branch_*`, `jump`, `call_addr`, and nil for top-level markers) use the same relative offset value.
+			errors[#errors + 1] = {
+				line = br.line or 0,
+				msg  = "Branch target '" .. br.target .. "' has no atom_label (at word " .. br.branch_word .. ")",
+			}
+		else
+			local consuming = br.consuming_encoder ---@type string|nil
+			if consuming == nil or consuming == "" then
+				errors[#errors + 1] = {
+					line = br.line or 0,
+					msg  = "atom_offset requires a consuming encoder (branch_*, jump, call_addr); top-level atom_offset is invalid; at word " .. br.branch_word,
+				}
+			elseif consuming == "jump_reg" or consuming == "call_reg" or consuming == "jump_link" then
+				errors[#errors + 1] = {
+					line = br.line or 0,
+					msg  = "atom_offset cannot be used with " .. consuming
+						.. " (register-form jumps have no offset field); at word " .. br.branch_word,
+				}
+			else
+				-- Consuming instructions with an offset field (`branch_*`, `jump`, `call_addr`) use the same relative offset value.
 				-- The MIPS encoding differs per opcode but the duffle `enc_i` macro handles the truncation to the immediate-field width.
-		offset = target - br.branch_word - 1
 				results[#results + 1] = {
 					target             = br.target,
 					tag                = br.tag,
 					branch_word        = br.branch_word,
-			offset             = offset,
+					offset             = target - br.branch_word - 1,
 					consuming_encoder  = br.consuming_encoder,
 					consuming_arg_pos  = br.consuming_arg_pos,
 				}
 			end
+		end
+	end
 	return results
 end
 
@@ -160,7 +188,7 @@ end
 
 --- (internal) Build a constant-table entry `{macro_name, enum_name, value}` from a BranchOffset.
 --- @param bo BranchOffset
---- @return table
+--- @return OffsetConst
 local function make_offset_const(bo)
 	return {
 		macro_name = OFFSET_MACRO_PREFIX .. bo.tag .. "_" .. bo.target,
@@ -172,20 +200,21 @@ end
 --- (internal) Emit one atom's offset constants + enum into the lines buffer.
 --- @param add  fun(s: string)
 --- @param atom AtomData
+--- @return nil
 local function emit_atom_offsets(add, atom)
 	if #atom.offsets == 0 then return end
 	add("// --- atom: " .. atom.name .. " (" .. atom.total_words .. " words) ---")
 	add("")
-	local consts = {}
-	for _, r in ipairs(atom.offsets) do
+	local consts = {}                   ---@type OffsetConst[]
+	for _, r in ipairs(atom.offsets) do ---@type integer, BranchOffset
 		consts[#consts + 1] = make_offset_const(r)
 	end
-	for _, c in ipairs(consts) do
+	for _, c in ipairs(consts) do ---@type integer, OffsetConst
 		add("#define " .. pad_right(c.macro_name, OFFSET_MACRO_COL) .. "  " .. c.value)
 	end
 	add("")
 	add("enum {")
-	for _, c in ipairs(consts) do
+	for _, c in ipairs(consts) do ---@type integer, OffsetConst
 		add("    " .. c.enum_name .. " = " .. c.macro_name .. ",")
 	end
 	add("};")
@@ -193,19 +222,21 @@ local function emit_atom_offsets(add, atom)
 end
 
 --- Generate the per-directory .offsets.h header.
---- @param dir          string     -- the absolute source directory
---- @param sources      table[]    -- sources contributing to this directory (for the header comment)
+--- @param dir        string
+--- @param sources    SourceFile[]
 --- @param atoms_data AtomData[]
 --- @return string
 local function generate_header(dir, sources, atoms_data)
-	local dir_basename = duffle.basename_no_ext(dir)
+	local dir_basename = duffle.basename_no_ext(dir) ---@type string
 
-	local lines = {}
+	local lines = {} ---@type string[]
+	--- @param s string
+	--- @return nil
 	local function add(s) lines[#lines + 1] = s end
 
 	add("// Auto-generated by ps1_meta.lua (passes/offsets.lua) — DO NOT EDIT")
 	add("// Directory: " .. dir:gsub("/", "\\") .. "\\")
-	for _, src in ipairs(sources) do
+	for _, src in ipairs(sources) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
 		add("//   source: " .. src.path:gsub("/", "\\"))
 	end
 	add("#pragma once")
@@ -213,7 +244,7 @@ local function generate_header(dir, sources, atoms_data)
 	add("#pragma region " .. dir_basename)
 	add("")
 	add("")
-	for _, atom in ipairs(atoms_data) do
+	for _, atom in ipairs(atoms_data) do ---@type integer, AtomData
 		emit_atom_offsets(add, atom)
 	end
 	add("#pragma endregion " .. dir_basename)
@@ -221,36 +252,39 @@ local function generate_header(dir, sources, atoms_data)
 	return table.concat(lines, "\n") .. "\n"
 end
 
-local M = {}
+local M = {} ---@type OffsetsPass
 
 --- (internal) Aggregate atoms from every source in one directory, render the per-directory `offsets.h`.
 --- Returns the offsets_h path if a header was written, or nil.
 --- @param ctx     PassCtx
---- @param dir     string       -- the absolute source directory
---- @param sources SourceFile[] -- sources in this directory
---- @return string|nil  -- the offsets_h path
-local function process_directory(ctx, dir, sources)
-	local atoms_data = {}
+--- @param dir     string
+--- @param sources SourceFile[]
+--- @param errors  Finding[]
+--- @return string|nil
+local function process_directory(ctx, dir, sources, errors)
+	local atoms_data = {} ---@type AtomData[]
 
+	--- @param atom AtomEntry
+	--- @return nil
 	local function append_atom(atom)
-		local  paths = atom and atom.paths
+		local  paths = atom and atom.paths ---@type AtomPaths|nil
 		if not paths then return end
-		local labels, branches = project_markers(paths.markers)
+		local labels, branches = project_markers(paths.markers) ---@type table<string, integer>, OffsetBranch[]
 		atoms_data[#atoms_data + 1] = {
 			name        = atom.raw_name or atom.name,
 			total_words = #(paths.word_events or {}),
-			offsets     = compute_offsets(labels, branches),
+			offsets     = compute_offsets(labels, branches, errors),
 		}
 	end
 
-	for _, src in ipairs(sources) do
-		local scan = src.scan or {}
-		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.atoms or {}) do append_atom(atom) end
-		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.raw_atoms or {}) do append_atom(atom) end
+	for _, src in ipairs(sources) do ---@type integer, SourceFile
+		local scan = src.scan or {}                                          ---@type SourceScan
+		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.atoms or {}) do append_atom(atom) end     ---@type integer, AtomEntry
+		for _, atom in ipairs(scan.raw_atoms or {}) do append_atom(atom) end ---@type integer, AtomEntry
 	end
 	if #atoms_data == 0 then return nil end
 
-	local out_path = dir .. "/gen/offsets.h"
+	local out_path = dir .. "/gen/offsets.h" ---@type string
 	duffle.ensure_dir(duffle.dirname(out_path))
 	duffle.write_file(out_path, generate_header(dir, sources, atoms_data))
 	return out_path
@@ -262,11 +296,11 @@ end
 --- @param ctx PassCtx
 --- @return PassResult
 function M.run(ctx)
-	local outputs  = {}
-	local errors   = {}
-	local warnings = {}
+	local outputs  = {} ---@type OffsetOutput[]
+	local errors   = {} ---@type Finding[]
+	local warnings = {} ---@type Finding[]
 
-	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
+	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus ---@type Corpus|nil
 	if type(corpus) ~= "table" then
 		error("offsets.run requires ctx.shared.corpus", 0)
 	end
@@ -275,9 +309,9 @@ function M.run(ctx)
 	end
 
 	-- Per-directory aggregation: every source in the same directory contributes to one `gen/offsets.h`.
-	local sources_by_dir = corpus.sources_by_dir or duffle.group_sources_by_dir(corpus.source_order)
-	for dir, sources in pairs(sources_by_dir) do
-		local out_path = process_directory(ctx, dir, sources)
+	local sources_by_dir = corpus.sources_by_dir or duffle.group_sources_by_dir(corpus.source_order) ---@type table<string, SourceFile[]>
+	for dir, sources in pairs(sources_by_dir) do                                                     ---@type string, SourceFile[]
+		local out_path = process_directory(ctx, dir, sources, errors) ---@type string|nil
 		if out_path then
 			outputs[#outputs + 1] = { offsets_h = out_path }
 		end

scripts/passes/word_count_eval.lua

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 ---   1. **Public utility** `M.count_token_words(token, wc)`: Used by `passes/offsets.lua`, `passes/annotation.lua`, and other passes.
 ---   2. **Pass entry** `M.run(ctx)`: Loads the authored `word_count.metadata.h` into `ctx.shared.corpus.word_counts` for downstream passes.
 ---      The generated `.macs.h` files are OUTPUT artifacts and are NOT inputs to this pass;
----      Current component counts are owned by `passes/components.lua` (which populates `corpus.word_counts` and `corpus.component_body_index`
+---      Current component counts are owned by `passes/components.lua` (which populates `corpus.word_counts` and `corpus.components`
 ---      AFTER computing each current count from the just-built body + `corpus.word_counts`).
 ---
 --- **Canonical contract**:
 ---   * `ctx.shared.corpus.word_counts` is the count table.
 ---   * `corpus.word_counts` is the sole count table. Consumers read `corpus.word_counts` directly.
----   * `ctx.shared.components` and `ctx.shared.component_body_index` are NOT created by this pass (projections only).
+---   * `ctx.shared.components` is NOT created by this pass (projections only).
 ---   * No `.macs.h` recursive discovery (no `scan_dir`, no scan cache, no `_invalidate_scan_cache`).
 ---
 --- **Conventions**: tabs (1/level), EmmyLua annotations, no regex,
@@ -23,44 +23,28 @@
 -- Bootstrap: load `scripts/duffle_paths.lua` (sets package.path + package.cpath).
 -- Uses `debug.getinfo` to find this file's own directory, so it works both standalone and when require'd from the orchestrator.
 -- duffle_paths.lua sets package.path then returns `require("duffle")` at the bottom, so the dofile value IS the duffle module.
-local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./"
-local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")
+local _bootstrap_dir = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:match("^@?(.*[/\\])") or "./" ---@type string
+local duffle         = dofile(_bootstrap_dir .. "../duffle_paths.lua")            ---@type DuffleExport
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Type declarations
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 --- @class WordCounts
---- @field [string] integer  -- macro name -> word count
+--- @field [string] integer  -- bag: macro name -> word count
 
---- @class SourceFile
---- @field path     string  -- absolute path to the source file
---- @field text     string  -- the full source text
---- @field dir      string  -- the directory containing the source
---- @field basename string  -- filename without extension
+--- @class WordCountEval
+--- @field count_token_words fun(token: string, wc: WordCounts): integer
+--- @field run               fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
 
---- @class PassCtx
---- @field sources            SourceFile[]  -- all source files in the build
---- @field metadata_path      string        -- path to word_count.metadata.h
---- @field shared             table         -- cross-pass shared state
---- @field shared.corpus      table         -- canonical corpus (required)
---- @field shared.corpus.word_counts WordCounts -- canonical count table (populated by this pass)
---- @field out_root           string        -- output root (e.g. "build/gen")
---- @field project_root       string        -- project root (e.g. "code/")
---- @field upstream           table<string, table>  -- per-pass upstream outputs
---- @field flags              table         -- CLI flags
---- @field verbose            boolean       -- if true, log diagnostic info
-
---- @class PassResult
---- @field outputs  table[]  -- {kind=, path=} entries describing emit files
---- @field errors   table[]  -- {line=, msg=} entries; build-stops
---- @field warnings table[]  -- {line=, msg=} entries; build-succeeds
+-- SourceFile, PassCtx, PassResult: see ps1_meta.lua
+-- DuffleExport: see duffle.lua (facade returned by duffle_paths.lua)
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Module exports
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
-local M = {}
+local M = {} ---@type WordCountEval
 
 -- ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
 -- │ Shared utility: count_token_words                                  │
@@ -74,12 +58,12 @@ local M = {}
 --- @param wc    WordCounts -- the shared word-count table
 --- @return integer
 function M.count_token_words(token, wc)
-	local s = duffle.trim(token)
+	local s = duffle.trim(token) ---@type string
 	if    s == "" then return 0 end
-	local name, after = duffle.read_ident(s, 1)
+	local name, after = duffle.read_ident(s, 1) ---@type string|nil, integer
 	if not name then return 1 end
 	if wc[name] then return wc[name] end
-	local paren_pos = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(s, after)
+	local paren_pos = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(s, after) ---@type integer
 	if s:sub(paren_pos, paren_pos) == "(" then
 		io.stderr:write("  warning: unknown macro '" .. name .. "', assuming 1 word\n")
 	end
@@ -105,7 +89,7 @@ end
 --- @return PassResult
 function M.run(ctx)
 	-- 1. Canonical-corpus ownership gate.
-	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus
+	local corpus = ctx.shared and ctx.shared.corpus ---@type Corpus|nil
 	if type(corpus) ~= "table" then
 		error("word_count_eval.run requires ctx.shared.corpus (canonical corpus). The fixture must install the corpus before running this pass.", 0)
 	end
@@ -117,7 +101,7 @@ function M.run(ctx)
 
 	-- 3. Load authored metadata. Generated .macs.h files are NOT scanned
 	--    (the pass computes their counts from the just-built bodies after disk emission; see passes/components.lua).
-	local wc = duffle.load_word_counts(ctx.metadata_path)
+	local wc = duffle.load_word_counts(ctx.metadata_path) ---@type WordCounts
 
 	-- 4. Assign the count table. ONE assignment, no copy. The assignment creates no secondary alias.
 	corpus.word_counts = wc

scripts/ps1_meta.lua

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 -- fall back to `debug.getinfo(1, "S").source` when this file is being dofile()'d or require()'d (in which case `arg[0]` is the *caller's* path).
 -- That single statement: (a) sets `package.path` + `package.cpath`, (b) at the bottom returns `require("duffle")`.
 -- So the dofile's return value is the duffle module.
-local _is_entry_script = arg and arg[0] and arg[0]:match("ps1_meta%.lua$") ~= nil
-local _bootstrap_src
+local _is_entry_script = arg and arg[0] and arg[0]:match("ps1_meta%.lua$") ~= nil ---@type boolean
+local _bootstrap_src                                                              ---@type string
 if _is_entry_script then
 	_bootstrap_src = arg[0]
 else
@@ -28,26 +28,26 @@ else
 	-- strip the leading "@" so the directory match works in both cases.
 	_bootstrap_src = debug.getinfo(1, "S").source:sub(2)
 end
-local duffle = dofile((_bootstrap_src:match("(.*[/\\])") or "./") .. "duffle_paths.lua")
+local duffle = dofile((_bootstrap_src:match("(.*[/\\])") or "./") .. "duffle_paths.lua") ---@type DuffleExport
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Constants
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 -- Exit codes (per the --help text and the post-build summary convention).
-local EXIT_OK                  = 0
-local EXIT_VALIDATION_ERRORS   = 1
-local EXIT_INTERNAL_ERROR      = 2
+local EXIT_OK                  = 0 ---@type integer
+local EXIT_VALIDATION_ERRORS   = 1 ---@type integer
+local EXIT_INTERNAL_ERROR      = 2 ---@type integer
 
 -- Default --out-root value if not provided.
-local DEFAULT_OUT_ROOT         = "build/gen"
+local DEFAULT_OUT_ROOT         = "build/gen" ---@type string
 
 -- Sentinel for "all passes" in `PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME`. Distinguishes `--all` from the per-pass flags (which map to individual pass names).
-local ALL_PASSES_SENTINEL      = "__all__"
+local ALL_PASSES_SENTINEL      = "__all__" ---@type string
 
 -- Sentinel key for the pass-flag dispatcher in `FLAG_HANDLERS`. 
 -- The actual pass names are looked up via `PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME`, not direct dispatch, so this key never matches a real flag.
-local PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY   = "__pass__"
+local PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY   = "__pass__" ---@type string
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- Type declarations
@@ -60,29 +60,98 @@ local PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY   = "__pass__"
 --- @field deps   string[]     -- Names of upstream passes
 --- @field groups string[]?    -- OPTIONAL build-phase groups this pass is a root of (e.g. { "pre-link" }, { "post-link" }); absent ⇒ dependency-only
 
---- @class SourceFile
---- @field path     string  -- Absolute path to the source file
---- @field text     string  -- Full source text
---- @field dir      string  -- Directory containing the source
---- @field basename string  -- Filename without extension
+--- @class Corpus
+--- @field unity_root              string|nil
+--- @field project_root            string
+--- @field code_root               string
+--- @field source_order            SourceFile[]
+--- @field sources_by_path         table<Path, SourceFile>
+--- @field sources_by_dir          table<string, SourceFile[]>
+--- @field atoms_by_name           table<AtomName, AtomEntry>
+--- @field binds_by_name           table<string, BindsEntry>
+--- @field atom_infos              AtomInfoEntry[]
+--- @field register_alias_registry table<string, AliasEntry>
+--- @field type_name_registry      table<string, TypeNameEntry>
+--- @field atom_views              table<AtomName, AtomViewEntry>
+--- @field atom_ctxs               table<AtomName, AtomCtxEntry>
+--- @field atom_phases             table<string, AtomPhaseGroup>
+--- @field word_counts             WordCounts
+--- @field components              table<string, Component>
+--- @field atom_bundles            table<string, AtomBundle>|nil
+--- @field tape_emits              TapeEmit[]|nil
+--- @field collisions              CorpusCollision[]
+--- @field resolver                SourceResolver
+--- @field component_atom_infos    AtomInfoEntry[]|nil
+--- @field atom_auto_regs          table<AtomName, table<string, string>>|nil
+--- @field phase_auto_regs         table<string, table<string, string>>|nil
+--- @field reg_use_schemas         table<string, RegUseSchema>|nil
+--- @field reg_use_errors          RegUseError[]|nil
+--- @field static_analysis_results table<string, AtomAnalysis>|nil
+--- @field tape_chains             table<string, TapeChain>|nil
+
+--- @class PassShared
+--- @field corpus Corpus
+
+--- @class PassFlags
+--- @field gdb_runtime     boolean|nil
+--- @field dwarf_injection boolean|nil
+--- @field elf_path        string|nil
 
 --- @class PassCtx
 --- @field metadata_path string                 -- Path to word_count.metadata.h
---- @field shared             table                  -- Cross-pass shared state
---- @field shared.corpus      table                  -- Authored-source/project projection
+--- @field shared        PassShared             -- Cross-pass shared state
 --- @field out_root      string                 -- Output root (e.g. "build/gen")
 --- @field project_root  string                 -- PS1 repository root
---- @field flags              table                  -- CLI flags + per-pass stash
+--- @field flags         PassFlags              -- CLI flags + per-pass stash
 --- @field verbose       boolean                -- If true, log diagnostic info
 
+--- CheckName: see static_analysis.lua. AtomName: see duffle.lua.
 --- @class Finding
---- @field line integer  -- Source line (or 0 for pass-level)
---- @field msg  string   -- Finding message
+--- @field line         integer
+--- @field msg          string
+--- @field kind         string|nil     -- error | warning | info
+--- @field atom         AtomName|nil
+--- @field check        CheckName|nil
+--- @field source       string|nil     -- optional; emit/reguse path
+--- @field schema_name  string|nil     -- optional; emit/reguse
+
+--- @class PassScratch
+--- @field corpus                   Corpus|nil
+--- @field info_by_atom             table<string, AtomInfoEntry>|nil
+--- @field binds_index              table<string, BindsEntry>|nil
+--- @field atom_index               table<string, AtomEntry>|nil
+--- @field annot_counts             table<string, integer>|nil  -- bag
+--- @field types                    table<string, RegTypeDefault>|nil
+--- @field atom_views               table<string, AtomViewEntry>|nil
+--- @field seen_defaults            table<string, integer>|nil  -- bag
+--- @field seen_field               table<string, integer>|nil  -- bag
+--- @field _scan                    SourceScan|nil
+--- @field word_counts              WordCounts|nil
+--- @field register_alias_registry  table<string, AliasEntry>|nil
+--- @field type_name_registry       table<string, TypeNameEntry>|nil
+--- @field type_occurrences         RegTypeOccurrence[]|nil
+--- @field atom_infos_list          AtomInfoEntry[]|nil
+--- @field binds_list               BindsEntry[]|nil
+--- @field unknown_seen             table<string, integer>|nil  -- bag
+--- @field atoms                    AtomEntry[]|nil
+--- @field components_by_name       table<string, Component>|nil
+--- @field atoms_by_name            table<string, AtomEntry>|nil
+--- @field tape_chains              table<string, string[]>|nil
+--- @field source_order             SourceFile[]|nil
+--- @field component_atom_infos     AtomInfoEntry[]|nil
+--- @field atom_infos_all           AtomInfoEntry[]|nil
+--- @field gte_cr_alias_groups      GteCrAliasGroup[]|nil
+--- @field line_for_word_event      (fun(ev: WordEvent): integer)|nil
+
+--- @class PassOutputEntry
+--- @field kind string
+--- @field path string
 
 --- @class PassResult
---- @field outputs  PassOutputEntry[] -- Emitted file paths
+--- @field outputs  PassOutputEntry[]
 --- @field errors   Finding[]         -- Build-stops (per-pass kind policy)
 --- @field warnings Finding[]         -- Informational
+--- @field info     Finding[]|nil     -- static_analysis only
 
 --- @class ParsedArgs
 --- @field requested_set string[]       -- Pass names to run (explicit --all expanded)
@@ -92,6 +161,18 @@ local PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY   = "__pass__"
 --- @field out_root      string         -- --out-root value (default "build/gen")
 --- @field project_root  string         -- PS1 repository root (derived from metadata by default)
 --- @field verbose       boolean        -- If true, log diagnostic info
+--- @field flags         PassFlags|nil  -- Per-pass stash; copied onto PassCtx.flags
+
+--- @alias FlagHandler fun(args: ParsedArgs, argv: string[]|nil, arg_idx: integer|nil): integer|nil
+
+--- @class PassModule
+--- @field run fun(ctx: PassCtx): PassResult
+
+--- @class Ps1MetaMod
+--- @field PASSES                  table<string, PassDescriptor>
+--- @field PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR table<string, boolean>
+--- @field parse_args              fun(argv: string[]): ParsedArgs
+--- @field build_ctx               fun(args: ParsedArgs): PassCtx
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- PASSES Table
@@ -104,7 +185,7 @@ local PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY   = "__pass__"
 -- A row without a `groups` entry is dependency-only: it runs only when a transitive dep requests it, 
 -- but it remains directly requestable through its explicit CLI flag (e.g. --atoms-source-map, --scan-source).
 
-local PASSES = {
+local PASSES = { ---@type table<string, PassDescriptor>
 	["scan-source"] = {
 		module = "passes.scan_source",
 		kind   = "shared", deps = {},
@@ -118,6 +199,12 @@ local PASSES = {
 		kind   = "header-output",
 		deps   = {"scan-source", "word-counts"},
 	},
+	auto_reg = {
+		module = "passes.auto_reg",
+		kind   = "header-output",
+		deps   = {"components"},
+		groups = { "pre-link" },
+	},
 	["emission-model"] = {
 		module = "passes.emission_model",
 		kind   = "validation",
@@ -136,8 +223,7 @@ local PASSES = {
 	},
 	["static-analysis"] = {
 		module = "passes.static_analysis",
-		-- "diagnostic" — every `error`/`warning` finding is written to the report file;
-		-- The orchestrator does NOT exit non-zero on these findings (see PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR).
+		-- "diagnostic" — every `error`/`warning` finding is written to the report file.
 		-- Report severity is independent from process exit policy.
 		kind   = "diagnostic",
 		deps   = {"scan-source", "word-counts", "components", "emission-model"},
@@ -169,10 +255,10 @@ local PASSES = {
 --- @param group_name string  -- Build-phase group ("pre-link" | "post-link")
 --- @return string[]          -- Sorted root pass names belonging to that group
 local function roots_for_group(group_name)
-	local names = {}
-	for name, pass in pairs(PASSES) do
+	local names = {}                   ---@type string[]
+	for name, pass in pairs(PASSES) do ---@type string, PassDescriptor
 		if pass.groups then
-			for _, g in ipairs(pass.groups) do
+			for _, g in ipairs(pass.groups) do ---@type integer, string
 				if g == group_name then
 					names[#names + 1] = name
 					break
@@ -189,27 +275,25 @@ end
 --- cannot silently fall through to pre-link (or any other default) and dispatch nothing.
 --- @param args       ParsedArgs
 --- @param group_name string
+--- @return nil
 local function request_roots_for_group(args, group_name)
-	local roots = roots_for_group(group_name)
+	local roots = roots_for_group(group_name) ---@type string[]
 	if #roots == 0 then
 		error(string.format("ps1_meta: build-phase group %q has zero roots in PASSES; check PASSES rows for a `groups = { %q }` field"
 			, group_name, group_name))
 	end
-	for _, name in ipairs(roots) do
+	for _, name in ipairs(roots) do ---@type integer, string
 		args.requested_set[#args.requested_set + 1] = name
 	end
 end
 
--- Pass-kind taxonomy: Which kinds stop the build on errors?
---
+-- Pass-kind taxonomy: findings always print. No pass kind stops the build.
 -- Report severity is independent from process exit policy.
--- A "diagnostic" pass still writes every `error`/`warning` finding into its report file,
--- but `report_validation_errors` returns early for non-stopping kinds, so nothing is printed to stderr and the orchestrator does not exit non-zero.
--- Adding a new pass kind requires listing it here explicitly; An unknown kind must not silently fall back to "true".
-local PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR = {
+-- Adding a new pass kind requires listing it here explicitly; an unknown kind must not silently fall back to "true".
+local PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR = { ---@type table<string, boolean>  -- bag: pass kind -> stop-on-error
 	["shared"]        = false,
-	["header-output"] = true,
-	["validation"]    = true,
+	["header-output"] = false,
+	["validation"]    = false,
 	["diagnostic"]    = false,
 	["report"]        = false,
 }
@@ -218,7 +302,7 @@ local PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR = {
 -- Per-pass flags (e.g. --word-counts); phase flags (--pre-link, --post-link, --all) are within FLAG_HANDLERS because they own side effects or invoke group-derivation logic.
 -- dwarf-injection is *also* a per-pass opt-in flag, but its selection + opt-in state are both owned by the explicit FLAG_HANDLERS entry below
 -- (it sets args.flags.dwarf_injection and appends "dwarf-injection" to requested_set), so it is intentionally absent from this table.
-local PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME = {
+local PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME = { ---@type table<string, string>  -- bag: CLI flag -> pass name or ALL_PASSES_SENTINEL
 	["--word-counts"]       = "word-counts",
 	["--components"]        = "components",
 	["--validate"]          = "annotation",
@@ -233,24 +317,26 @@ local PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME = {
 --- Append every pass name to args.requested_set.
 --- Names are derived from PASSES (no parallel name list); used by --all and by any caller that wants the full closure.
 --- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 local function request_all_passes(args)
-	local names = {}
-	for name in pairs(PASSES) do names[#names + 1] = name end
+	local names = {}                                          ---@type string[]
+	for name in pairs(PASSES) do names[#names + 1] = name end ---@type string
 	table.sort(names)
-	for _, n in ipairs(names) do
+	for _, n in ipairs(names) do ---@type integer, string
 		args.requested_set[#args.requested_set + 1] = n
 	end
 end
 
 -- Per-flag handlers. Each handler takes (args, argv, arg_idx) and returns the new arg_idx (so multi-arg flags like --source FILE advance it). 
 -- Returning nil + os.exit() handles termination flags (--help). 
-local FLAG_HANDLERS = {}
+local FLAG_HANDLERS = {} ---@type table<string, FlagHandler>
 
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 -- CLI parsing
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 --- Print the CLI usage to stdout and exit 0.
+--- @return nil
 local function print_help()
 	io.write([[
 ps1_meta.lua - Tape-atom metaprogram orchestrator
@@ -289,8 +375,7 @@ COMMON_FLAGS:
   --help                Show this help and exit
 
 EXIT CODES:
-  0  All requested passes succeeded
-  1  Validation errors found
+  0  Ran. Findings print on stderr and in the report; they do not fail the process.
   2  Metaprogram internal error
 
 EXAMPLES:
@@ -300,7 +385,7 @@ EXAMPLES:
 ]])
 end
 
-local FLAG_VALUE_NAMES = {
+local FLAG_VALUE_NAMES = { ---@type table<string, string>  -- bag: flag -> value metavar
 	["--source"]       = "FILE",
 	["--unity-root"]   = "FILE",
 	["--metadata"]     = "PATH",
@@ -309,9 +394,14 @@ local FLAG_VALUE_NAMES = {
 	["--elf"]          = "PATH",
 }
 
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @param flag    string
+--- @return string
+--- @return integer
 local function require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, flag)
-	local value      = argv[arg_idx + 1]
-	local next_known = type(value) == "string"
+	local value      = argv[arg_idx + 1]       ---@type string|nil
+	local next_known = type(value) == "string" ---@type boolean
 		and (FLAG_HANDLERS[value] ~= nil or PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME[value] ~= nil)
 	if value == nil or next_known then
 		io.stderr:write("ps1_meta: " .. flag .. " requires " .. FLAG_VALUE_NAMES[flag] .. "\n")
@@ -325,49 +415,81 @@ end
 -- Populated AFTER print_help so the --help handler can reference it as an upvalue (Lua resolves locals at closure-call time, 
 -- but if the closure is defined before the local, it falls back to _G). 
 
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--help"]    = function(args) print_help(); os.exit(0) end
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--verbose"] = function(args) args.verbose = true      end
 
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--source"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--source")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--source") ---@type string, integer
 	args.sources[#args.sources + 1] = value
 	return value_idx
 end
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--unity-root"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--unity-root")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--unity-root") ---@type string, integer
 	args.unity_root = value
 	return value_idx
 end
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--metadata"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--metadata")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--metadata") ---@type string, integer
 	args.metadata = value
 	return value_idx
 end
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--out-root"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--out-root")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--out-root") ---@type string, integer
 	args.out_root = value
 	return value_idx
 end
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--project-root"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--project-root")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--project-root") ---@type string, integer
 	args.project_root = value
 	return value_idx
 end
 
 -- Per-pass stash flags. Read by `passes/atoms_source_map.lua` to opt into the post-link gdb-runtime emission.
 -- Same shape as the existing per-flag handlers. mutates `args.flags` (which propagates into `ctx.flags`).
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--gdb-runtime"] = function(args)
 	args.flags = args.flags or {}
 	args.flags.gdb_runtime = true
 end
+--- @param args    ParsedArgs
+--- @param argv    string[]
+--- @param arg_idx integer
+--- @return integer
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--elf"] = function(args, argv, arg_idx)
-	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--elf")
+	local value, value_idx = require_flag_value(argv, arg_idx, "--elf") ---@type string, integer
 	args.flags = args.flags or {}
 	args.flags.elf_path = value
 	return value_idx
 end
 -- Enable DWARF injection (default OFF). Opts in to the post-link pass and sets the flag in one shot.
 -- The explicit handler below owns both selection and opt-in state, so --dwarf-injection is intentionally absent from PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME.
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--dwarf-injection"] = function(args)
 	args.flags                 = args.flags or {}
 	args.flags.dwarf_injection = true
@@ -375,12 +497,16 @@ FLAG_HANDLERS["--dwarf-injection"] = function(args)
 end
 -- Build-phase flags: --pre-link and --post-link request the roots of their declared groups (see roots_for_group).
 -- topo_sort closes transitive deps from those roots; dispatch_passes runs every pass in the resolved closure without phase-filtering.
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--pre-link"] = function(args)
 	request_roots_for_group(args, "pre-link")
 end
 -- Batch post-link phase: gdb-runtime + dwarf-injection in one luajit cold start.
 -- Sets the same opt-in flags as --gdb-runtime + --dwarf-injection and selects the post-link build-phase group.
 -- elf is required; parse_args enforces it after all flags are parsed.
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS["--post-link"]      = function(args)
 	args.flags = args.flags or {}
 	args.flags.gdb_runtime     = true
@@ -391,8 +517,11 @@ end
 -- `--dwarf-injection` also emits atom-local debug data.
 
 -- Pass-flag handler. Reads the closed-set table, expands --all, appends to requested_set.
+--- @param args ParsedArgs
+--- @param a    string
+--- @return nil
 FLAG_HANDLERS[PASS_FLAG_DISPATCH_KEY] = function(args, a)
-	local name = PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME[a]
+	local name = PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME[a] ---@type string|nil
 	if name == ALL_PASSES_SENTINEL then
 		request_all_passes(args)
 		return
@@ -404,7 +533,7 @@ end
 --- @param argv string[]
 --- @return ParsedArgs
 local function parse_args(argv)
-	local args = {
+	local args = { ---@type ParsedArgs
 		requested_set = {},
 		sources       = {},
 		unity_root    = nil,
@@ -414,10 +543,10 @@ local function parse_args(argv)
 		verbose       = false,
 	}
 
-	local pos = 1
+	local pos = 1 ---@type integer
 	while pos <= #argv do
-		local a       = argv[pos]
-		local handler = FLAG_HANDLERS[a]
+		local a       = argv[pos]        ---@type string
+		local handler = FLAG_HANDLERS[a] ---@type FlagHandler|nil
 		if handler then
 			pos = handler(args, argv, pos) or pos
 		elseif PASS_FLAG_TO_NAME[a] then
@@ -442,14 +571,14 @@ local function parse_args(argv)
 	-- `<repo>/code/duffle/word_count.metadata.h` is the canonical metadata location. 
 	-- `project_root` names `<repo>`; the resolver derives `<project_root>/code` separately.
 	if not args.project_root then
-		local metadata_dir = duffle.dirname(duffle.normalize_path(args.metadata))
-		local code_root    = duffle.dirname(metadata_dir)
+		local metadata_dir = duffle.dirname(duffle.normalize_path(args.metadata)) ---@type string
+		local code_root    = duffle.dirname(metadata_dir)                         ---@type string
 		args.project_root  = duffle.dirname(code_root)
 	else
 		args.project_root = duffle.normalize_path(args.project_root)
 	end
 
-	local has_unity = type(args.unity_root) == "string" and args.unity_root ~= ""
+	local has_unity = type(args.unity_root) == "string" and args.unity_root ~= "" ---@type boolean
 	if has_unity and #args.sources > 0 then
 		io.stderr:write("ps1_meta: --unity-root FILE and --source FILE are mutually exclusive\n")
 		os.exit(EXIT_INTERNAL_ERROR)
@@ -462,10 +591,10 @@ local function parse_args(argv)
 	-- Post-link opt-ins (--gdb-runtime, --dwarf-injection) write output that depends on the linked ELF.
 	-- Without --elf the metaprogram can't satisfy those requests, so refuse loud and early.
 	-- This covers the explicit --post-link batch, --dwarf-injection by itself, and --gdb-runtime by itself.
-	local flags      = args.flags or {}
-	local elf_path   = flags.elf_path
-	local has_elf    = type(elf_path) == "string" and #elf_path > 0
-	local post_links = flags.gdb_runtime or flags.dwarf_injection
+	local flags      = args.flags or {}                             ---@type PassFlags
+	local elf_path   = flags.elf_path                               ---@type string|nil
+	local has_elf    = type(elf_path) == "string" and #elf_path > 0 ---@type boolean
+	local post_links = flags.gdb_runtime or flags.dwarf_injection   ---@type boolean
 	if post_links and not has_elf then
 		io.stderr:write("ps1_meta: --elf PATH is required for post-link output\n")
 		os.exit(EXIT_INTERNAL_ERROR)
@@ -484,9 +613,9 @@ end
 --- @param args ParsedArgs
 --- @return PassCtx
 local function build_ctx(args)
-	local normalized_project_root  = duffle.normalize_path(args.project_root)
-	local project_root             = normalized_project_root
-	local project_root_is_absolute = normalized_project_root:match("^%a:/")
+	local normalized_project_root  = duffle.normalize_path(args.project_root) ---@type string
+	local project_root             = normalized_project_root                  ---@type string
+	local project_root_is_absolute = normalized_project_root:match("^%a:/")   ---@type boolean
 		or normalized_project_root:sub(1, 2) == "//"
 		or normalized_project_root:sub(1, 1) == "/"
 	if not project_root_is_absolute then
@@ -497,9 +626,9 @@ local function build_ctx(args)
 		-- Do not route POSIX/UNC/drive-absolute paths through to_absolute_path.
 		duffle.canonical_path_key(project_root)
 	end
-	local resolution
+	local resolution ---@type Corpus
 	if args.unity_root then
-		local ok_resolve, resolved = pcall(duffle.resolve_source_corpus, {
+		local ok_resolve, resolved = pcall(duffle.resolve_source_corpus, { ---@type boolean, Corpus|string
 			unity_root   = args.unity_root,
 			project_root = project_root,
 		})
@@ -509,59 +638,18 @@ local function build_ctx(args)
 		end
 		resolution = resolved
 	else
-		local source_order    = {}
-		local sources_by_path = {}
-		local resolver = {
-			resolved = {},
-			skipped  = {},
-			shadowed = {},
-		}
-		for _, input_path in ipairs(args.sources) do
-			local path = duffle.normalize_path(input_path)
-			local key_ok, key_or_error = pcall(duffle.canonical_path_key, path)
-			if not key_ok then
-				error("ps1_meta: invalid --source " .. input_path .. ": " .. tostring(key_or_error), 0)
-			end
-			local file = io.open(path, "r")
-			if not file then
-				io.stderr:write("ps1_meta: cannot open --source " .. input_path .. "\n")
+		local ok_exact, exact = pcall(duffle.resolve_exact_sources, { ---@type boolean, Corpus|string
+			sources      = args.sources,
+			project_root = project_root,
+		})
+		if not ok_exact then
+			io.stderr:write("ps1_meta: cannot resolve --source: " .. tostring(exact) .. "\n")
 			os.exit(EXIT_INTERNAL_ERROR)
 		end
-			local text = file:read("*a")
-			file:close()
-
-			local source = {
-				path     = path,
-				text     = text,
-				dir      = duffle.dirname(path),
-				basename = duffle.basename_no_ext(path),
-			}
-			source_order[#source_order + 1] = source
-			local key = key_or_error
-			if not sources_by_path[key] then sources_by_path[key] = source end
-			resolver.resolved[#resolver.resolved + 1] = {
-				include_path  = path,
-				include_text  = nil,
-				root_source   = nil,
-				root_line     = nil,
-				candidate_a   = path,
-				candidate_b   = nil,
-				selected_path = path,
-				disposition   = "exact",
-			}
-		end
-		resolution = {
-			unity_root      = nil,
-			project_root    = project_root,
-			code_root       = duffle.normalize_path(project_root .. "/code"),
-			source_order    = source_order,
-			sources_by_path = sources_by_path,
-			sources_by_dir  = duffle.group_sources_by_dir(source_order),
-			resolver        = resolver,
-		}
+		resolution = exact
 	end
 
-	local corpus = {
+	local corpus = { ---@type Corpus
 		unity_root              = resolution.unity_root,
 		project_root            = resolution.project_root,
 		code_root               = resolution.code_root,
@@ -578,11 +666,12 @@ local function build_ctx(args)
 		atom_phases             = {},
 		word_counts             = {},
 		components              = {},
-		component_body_index    = {},
+		atom_bundles            = {},
+		tape_emits              = {},
 		collisions              = {},
 		resolver                = resolution.resolver,
 	}
-	local ctx = {
+	local ctx = { ---@type PassCtx
 		metadata_path = args.metadata,
 		shared        = { corpus = corpus },
 		out_root      = args.out_root,
@@ -611,15 +700,15 @@ end
 --- Keeping these blocks local makes the topological sort self-contained.
 local function topo_sort(passes, requested_set)
 	-- Dependency closure: include every pass transitively required by `requested_set`.
-	local needed = {}
-	for _, name in ipairs(requested_set) do needed[name] = true end
-	local changed = true
+	local needed = {}                                               ---@type table<string, boolean>  -- bag: pass name -> needed
+	for _, name in ipairs(requested_set) do needed[name] = true end ---@type integer, string
+	local changed = true                                            ---@type boolean
 	while changed do
 		changed = false
-		for name, _ in pairs(needed) do
-			local pass = passes[name]
+		for name, _ in pairs(needed) do ---@type string, boolean
+			local pass = passes[name] ---@type PassDescriptor
 			if not pass then error("unknown pass '" .. name .. "' requested") end
-			for _, dep in ipairs(pass.deps) do
+			for _, dep in ipairs(pass.deps) do ---@type integer, string
 				if not needed[dep] then
 					needed[dep] = true
 					changed = true
@@ -629,10 +718,10 @@ local function topo_sort(passes, requested_set)
 	end
 
 	-- In-degree calculation: count each needed pass's needed dependencies.
-	local in_degree = {}
-	for name, _ in pairs(needed) do in_degree[name] = 0 end
-	for name, _ in pairs(needed) do
-		for _, dep in ipairs(passes[name].deps) do
+	local in_degree = {}                                    ---@type table<string, integer>  -- bag: pass name -> in-degree
+	for name, _ in pairs(needed) do in_degree[name] = 0 end ---@type string, boolean
+	for name, _ in pairs(needed) do                         ---@type string, boolean
+		for _, dep in ipairs(passes[name].deps) do ---@type integer, string
 			if needed[dep] then
 				in_degree[name] = in_degree[name] + 1
 			end
@@ -640,21 +729,21 @@ local function topo_sort(passes, requested_set)
 	end
 
 	-- Ready-queue seeding: add zero-in-degree passes in deterministic order.
-	local ready = {}
-	for name, deg in pairs(in_degree) do
+	local ready = {}                     ---@type string[]
+	for name, deg in pairs(in_degree) do ---@type string, integer
 		if deg == 0 then ready[#ready + 1] = name end
 	end
 	table.sort(ready)
 
 	-- Ready-queue drain: decrement dependents when each pass is emitted.
 	-- Newly-zero-degree passes are inserted back into the ready queue (kept sorted).
-	local order = {}
+	local order = {} ---@type string[]
 	while #ready > 0 do
-		local just_finished = table.remove(ready, 1)
+		local just_finished = table.remove(ready, 1) ---@type string
 		order[#order + 1] = just_finished
-		for name, _ in pairs(needed) do
+		for name, _ in pairs(needed) do ---@type string, boolean
 			if name ~= just_finished then
-				for _, dep in ipairs(passes[name].deps) do
+				for _, dep in ipairs(passes[name].deps) do ---@type integer, string
 					if dep == just_finished then
 						in_degree[name] = in_degree[name] - 1
 						if in_degree[name] == 0 then
@@ -670,10 +759,10 @@ local function topo_sort(passes, requested_set)
 	-- Cycle detection: if `order` doesn't include all needed passes, some are stuck with in_degree > 0
 	-- (the cycle closed on itself before Kahn could process them).
 	-- Without this check, a fully-closed cycle (e.g. A -> B -> A) would silently return an empty order list, leaving the orchestrator to dispatch nothing.
-	local needed_count = 0
-	for _ in pairs(needed) do needed_count = needed_count + 1 end  -- count hash entries; Lua's #t doesn't work
+	local needed_count = 0                                        ---@type integer
+	for _ in pairs(needed) do needed_count = needed_count + 1 end ---@type string -- count hash entries; Lua's #t doesn't work
 	if #order ~= needed_count then
-		for name, deg in pairs(in_degree) do
+		for name, deg in pairs(in_degree) do ---@type string, integer
 			if deg > 0 then
 				error("dependency cycle detected involving pass '" .. name .. "'")
 			end
@@ -687,19 +776,19 @@ end
 -- Main Orchestrator
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
---- (internal) If the pass's kind is in PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR and it reported errors, write each error to stderr.
---- Returns true if any validation errors were reported.
+--- (internal) Write every pass error to stderr.
+--- Returns true only when the pass kind still stops the build.
 --- @param pass_name string
 --- @param pass      PassDescriptor
 --- @param result    PassResult
 --- @return boolean
 local function report_validation_errors(pass_name, pass, result)
-	local   has_errors = result.errors and #result.errors > 0
-	if not (has_errors and PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR[pass.kind]) then return false end
-	for _, e in ipairs(result.errors) do
+	local has_errors = result.errors and #result.errors > 0 ---@type boolean
+	if not has_errors then return false end
+	for _, e in ipairs(result.errors) do ---@type integer, Finding
 		io.stderr:write(string.format("[%s] line %d: %s\n", pass_name, e.line or 0, e.msg or ""))
 	end
-	return true
+	return PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR[pass.kind] == true
 end
 
 --- (internal) Run each pass in `order` in topological sequence.
@@ -707,11 +796,11 @@ end
 --- @param order string[]
 --- @return boolean  -- true if any validation errors were reported
 local function dispatch_passes(ctx, order)
-	local had_errors = false
-	for _, pass_name in ipairs(order) do
-		local pass   = PASSES[pass_name]
-		local mod    = require(pass.module)
-		local result = mod.run(ctx)
+	local had_errors = false             ---@type boolean
+	for _, pass_name in ipairs(order) do ---@type integer, string
+		local pass   = PASSES[pass_name]    ---@type PassDescriptor
+		local mod    = require(pass.module) ---@type PassModule
+		local result = mod.run(ctx)         ---@type PassResult
 		if report_validation_errors(pass_name, pass, result) then
 			had_errors = true
 		end
@@ -721,16 +810,16 @@ end
 
 --- Main entry point. Runs the requested passes in dep-topological order.
 --- @param argv string[]
+--- @return nil
 local function main(argv)
-	local ok, err = pcall(function()
-		local args = parse_args(argv)
-		local ctx  = build_ctx(args)
+	local ok, err = pcall(function() ---@type boolean, string|nil
+		local args = parse_args(argv) ---@type ParsedArgs
+		local ctx  = build_ctx(args)  ---@type PassCtx
 		
-		local requested = args.requested_set
-		local closed    = topo_sort(PASSES, requested)
+		local requested = args.requested_set           ---@type string[]
+		local closed    = topo_sort(PASSES, requested) ---@type string[]
 
-		local had_errors = dispatch_passes(ctx, closed)
-		if had_errors then os.exit(EXIT_VALIDATION_ERRORS) end
+		dispatch_passes(ctx, closed)
 	end)
 
 	if not ok then
@@ -744,7 +833,7 @@ end
 -- Module export for in-process consumers (tests that dofile this script).
 -- The conditional `main(...)` call below only fires when this file is invoked as the entry script (arg[0] ends in "ps1_meta.lua");
 -- in dofile() mode (test's arg[0] does not match), main() is skipped and the chunk returns `_M` to the caller.
-local _M = {
+local _M = { ---@type Ps1MetaMod
 	PASSES                   = PASSES,
 	PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR  = PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR,
 	parse_args               = parse_args,

scripts/update_deps.ps1

@@ -61,6 +61,110 @@ if (-not $msbuild_exe) {
 }
 
 $path_pcsx_sln = join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'vsprojects\pcsx-redux.sln'
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# NuGet restore — required before MSBuild.
+# pcsx-redux's .vcxproj files use the legacy packages.config style with
+# hardcoded `<Import Project="..\packages\{id}.{ver}\...">` directives.
+# MSBuild's `/t:Restore` won't fetch missing packages here (the local
+# packages\ dir is checked but no package-source lookup happens), and
+# `dotnet restore` errors on packages.config projects, so we walk every
+# packages.config, parse out the <package id version/> entries, and pull
+# any missing .nupkg directly from api.nuget.org's flat container.
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+$path_pcsx_packages = join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'vsprojects\packages'
+$nuget_flat_container = 'https://api.nuget.org/v3-flatcontainer'
+
+# Collect required (id, version) pairs from every packages.config.
+$required_packages = @{}
+Get-ChildItem -Path (join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'vsprojects') -Filter 'packages.config' -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
+    ForEach-Object {
+        [xml]$xml = Get-Content -LiteralPath $_.FullName -Raw
+        foreach ($pkg in $xml.packages.package) {
+            $key = '{0}|{1}' -f $pkg.id, $pkg.version
+            $required_packages[$key] = @{ id = $pkg.id; version = $pkg.version }
+        }
+    }
+
+# Ensure the packages root exists.
+if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $path_pcsx_packages)) {
+    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $path_pcsx_packages -Force | Out-Null
+}
+
+# Download anything missing.
+# Skip the package entirely if its dir already has any contents (the legacy packages.config style means the targets file location varies per package 
+# — `luajit.native` puts it at build/native/, `glfw` puts it elsewhere — so we can't probe a specific path; just check whether the dir is non-empty).
+Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystem
+foreach ($pkg in $required_packages.Values) {
+    $pkgDir = Join-Path $path_pcsx_packages ('{0}.{1}' -f $pkg.id, $pkg.version)
+    if ((Test-Path -LiteralPath $pkgDir) -and `
+        (@(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $pkgDir -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue).Count -gt 0)) {
+        continue
+    }
+    $url = '{0}/{1}/{2}/{1}.{2}.nupkg' -f $nuget_flat_container, $pkg.id, $pkg.version
+    $nupkg = Join-Path $pkgDir ('{0}.{1}.nupkg' -f $pkg.id, $pkg.version)
+    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $pkgDir -Force | Out-Null
+    Write-Host "Fetching NuGet package: $($pkg.id) $($pkg.version)"
+    try {
+        Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $nupkg -UseBasicParsing -ErrorAction Stop
+        [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile]::ExtractToDirectory($nupkg, $pkgDir)
+        Remove-Item -LiteralPath $nupkg -Force
+    } catch {
+        $msg = $_.Exception.Message
+        if ($msg -match '404') {
+            Write-Host "  Not on nuget.org (vendored?) — skipping $url"
+        } else {
+            Write-Warning "Failed to fetch $url — $msg"
+        }
+        if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $nupkg) { Remove-Item -LiteralPath $nupkg -Force }
+    }
+}
+
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# isoffi.lua size guard — `core.vcxproj` #includes src/core/isoffi.lua into luaiso.cc via the `-- lualoader, R"EOF(...)EOF"` trick.
+# The raw string literal between R"EOF(-- and -- )EOF" must stay under ~16,379 bytes or MSVC (19.44) fails with C2026 (its actual raw-string limit is 16,384, minus 5 bytes for the `-- lualoader, ` prefix).
+# If the upstream file grows past that, trim it: remove license header, trailing whitespace, blank separators, inline comments, and shrink 4-space indent to 2-space.
+# Idempotent — only writes when the raw string exceeds the limit.
+# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+$path_isoffi = join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'src\core\isoffi.lua'
+if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $path_isoffi) {
+    $content = Get-Content -LiteralPath $path_isoffi -Raw -Encoding utf8
+    $startMarker = $content.IndexOf('R"EOF(--')
+    $endMarker   = $content.IndexOf('-- )EOF"')
+    $literalLen  = if ($startMarker -ge 0 -and $endMarker -gt $startMarker) { $endMarker - ($startMarker + 8) } else { -1 }
+    # Effective MSVC raw-string limit for the lualoader prefix is 16379 bytes.
+    if ($literalLen -gt 16379) {
+        Write-Host "isoffi.lua raw string is $literalLen bytes (>16379); trimming for MSVC C2026 limit."
+        $lines     = $content -split "`n"
+        $markerIdx = -1
+        for ($i = 0; $i -lt $lines.Length; $i++) {
+            if ($lines[$i] -match '^-- \)EOF"') { $markerIdx = $i; break }
+        }
+        $newLines = @()
+        for ($i = 0; $i -lt $lines.Length; $i++) {
+            $lineNum = $i + 1
+            $line    = $lines[$i]
+            # Keep the first line and the EOF-marker line untouched.
+            if ($i -eq 0 -or $i -eq $markerIdx) { $newLines += $line; continue }
+            # Drop the GPL license header (lines 2-17).
+            if ($lineNum -ge 2 -and $lineNum -le 17) { continue }
+            # Drop blank separator lines.
+            if ($line -match '^\s*$') { continue }
+            # Drop trailing whitespace.
+            $line = $line -replace '\s+$', ''
+            # Drop inline comments (anything from `--` to end of line).
+            $line = $line -replace '\s*--.*$', ''
+            # Shrink 4-space indent to 2-space.
+            $line = $line -replace '^(    )', '  '
+            if ($line -match '^\s*$') { continue }
+            $newLines += $line
+        }
+        ($newLines -join "`n") | Out-File -LiteralPath $path_isoffi -Encoding utf8 -NoNewline
+        $newLen = ((Get-Content -LiteralPath $path_isoffi -Raw -Encoding utf8) -replace '.*R"EOF\(--', '' -replace '-- \)EOF".*', '').Length
+        Write-Host "isoffi.lua trimmed: $literalLen -> $newLen bytes of raw string content."
+    }
+}
+
 & $msbuild_exe $path_pcsx_sln /p:Configuration=Release /p:Platform=x64 /p:PlatformToolset=v143 /m /v:minimal
 
 # Locate luajit via scoop. `luajit.exe` is on PATH via scoop's shim;
@@ -117,6 +221,15 @@ $lfs_dll_import = join-path $luajit_lib_dir 'libluajit-5.1.dll.a'
 # ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
 $path_openbios = join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'src\mips\openbios'
+
+# Wipe stale *.dep files across src\mips.
+# These cache absolute paths to the GCC headers directory; if the toolchain was upgraded (e.g. v14.2.0 → v16.1.0)
+# Make reads the stale paths and aborts with "no rule to make target .../stddef.h".
+# `make clean` in openbios only clears its own dir — subdirs like common/crt0/, modplayer/, and shell/ keep their stale .dep files.
+# Easier to just delete the lot before each build than to teach every Makefile about deepclean recursion.
+Get-ChildItem -Path (join-path $path_pcsx_redux 'src\mips') -Recurse -Filter '*.dep' -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
+    ForEach-Object { Remove-Item -LiteralPath $_.FullName -Force }
+
 push-location $path_openbios
 &	make clean
 &	make