diff --git a/code/duffle/gen/macs.h b/code/duffle/gen/macs.h
index 0c7e3e0..77e2c71 100644
--- a/code/duffle/gen/macs.h
+++ b/code/duffle/gen/macs.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 // The 'Yield' sequence for Tape Atoms (mac_yield).
 #define mac_yield(...) \
 	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0) \
+	LdSlot_ \
 ,	add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)) \
 ,	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp) \
 ,	BdSlot_ nop
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_ld_ir123_v3s4, 3)
 ,	mac_gte_mv_from_mac123_v3s4(a) \
 	GteDelay_  /* Read MAC1/2/3 → a.xyz (overwrites source-A's load targets) */ \
 ,	mac_shift_aright_v3s4_self(a, 12) /* Right-shift MAC by 12 (S12.20 → S12.0 OuterProduct12) */
-WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_op_cross_v3s4, 16)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_op_cross_v3s4, 13)
 
 /* atom_dbg_skip */
 #define mac_gte_store_f3(r_primitive_cursor) \
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_sqr_v3s4, 5)
 ,	shift_aright_var(r_dx, r_dx, r_shift) \
 ,	shift_aright_var(r_dy, r_dy, r_shift) \
 ,	shift_aright_var(r_dz, r_dz, r_shift)
-WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_gpf_scale, 12)
+WORD_COUNT(mac_gte_gpf_scale, 13)
 
 #define mac_trans_mt3s3s4(r_mtx, r_off, r_t0, r_t1, r_t2) \
 	load_word( r_t0, r_off, O_(V3_S4,x)) \
diff --git a/code/duffle/gen/offsets.h b/code/duffle/gen/offsets.h
index d4c38c1..e9d385c 100644
--- a/code/duffle/gen/offsets.h
+++ b/code/duffle/gen/offsets.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ enum {
     atom_offset_example_atom_proc_skip = _atom_offset_example_atom_proc_skip,
 };
 
-// --- atom: build_normalize_v3s4 (65 words) ---
+// --- atom: build_normalize_v3s4 (63 words) ---
 
 #define _atom_offset_aligned_done_srav_path           3
 #define _atom_offset_srav_path_aligned_done           4
diff --git a/code/duffle/gte.atom.c b/code/duffle/gte.atom.c
index acb81ee..42551af 100644
--- a/code/duffle/gte.atom.c
+++ b/code/duffle/gte.atom.c
@@ -272,82 +272,65 @@ typedef Struct_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4) {
 	U2 dst_offset;    /* offset of dst V3_S4 within the BIOS scratchpad */
 };
 typedef Struct_(RegUse_build_normalize_v3s4) {
-	Reg src_ptr;
-	Reg dst_ptr;
-	Reg src_x;
-	Reg src_z;
-	Reg recip_est;
-	Reg norm;
-	Reg shift;
-	union {
-		Reg v_sqr_aligned, dst_offset;
-	} t3;
-	union { Reg mac2; } t4;
-	union { Reg btarget, shift_count, sqrtbl_index, src_offset; } t5;
+	union { Reg_(V3_S4) res, src; };
+	union { Reg t0, src_ptr, mac2; };
+	union { Reg t1, dst_ptr; };
+	union { Reg t2, dst_offset, mac1, v_sqr_aligned; };
+	union { Reg t3, src_offset, btarget, shift_count, sqrtbl_index; };
+	union { Reg t4, mac3, v_sqr_sum, half_shift_tmp, inv_len; };
+	union { Reg t5, lzcr, half_shift; };
 };
 /* ─── Full normalize (all 4 stages inline) ───
  * Generic 4-stage GTE normalize (SQR → sum+LZCR → align+sqrtbl → GPF+srav). */
 internal MipsAtom* build_normalize_v3s4(AtomArena_R aa, RegUse_build_normalize_v3s4 r)
 MipsAtom_Proc_(aa, {
-	load_half(r.t5.src_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4, src_offset)),
-	load_half(r.t3.dst_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4, dst_offset)),
-	LdSlot_ add_u(r.src_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.t5.src_offset),
-	LdSlot_ add_u(r.dst_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.t3.dst_offset),
+	load_half(r.src_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4, src_offset)),
+	load_half(r.dst_offset, R_TapePtr, O_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4, dst_offset)),
+	LdSlot_ add_u(r.src_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.src_offset),
+	LdSlot_ add_u(r.dst_ptr, R_ScratchBase, r.dst_offset),
 	LdSlot_ add_ui_self(R_TapePtr, S_(Binds_NormalizeV3S4)),
 
-	/* Load src.x/y/z from r_src_ptr (caller-determined address) into r_src_x / r_recip_est / r_src_z.
-	 * r_src_x holds src.x throughout stages 1-2; r_recip_est (which is src.y during this phase) is reused as MAC2 in stage 4. */
-	mac_load_word_v3(r.src_x, r.recip_est, r.src_z, r.src_ptr, 0),
+	mac_load_v3s4(r.src, r.src_ptr, 0),
 
 	/* Stage 1: mtc2 src → IR1/2/3, SQR fires. */
-	LdSlot_ mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(r.src_x, r.recip_est, r.src_z, LdSlot_ nop),
+	LdSlot_ mac_gte_sqr_v3s4(r.src.x, r.src.y, r.src.z, LdSlot_ nop),
 
-	/* Stage 2: mfc2 MAC1/2/3, sum, mtc2 LZCS. */
-	mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t4.mac2, r.norm), LdSlot_ nop,
-	add_u_self(        r.norm, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned),
-	add_u_self(        r.norm, r.t4.mac2),
-	gte_mv_to_data_r(  r.norm,  C2_LZCS), GteDelay_ nop2,
-	gte_mv_from_data_r(r.shift, C2_LZCR), GteDelay_ nop,
+	/* Stage 2: mfc2 MAC1/2/3, sum, mtc2 LZCS. src_ptr is dead; reuse as mac2. */
+	mac_gte_mv_from_data_r_mac123(r.mac1, r.mac2, r.mac3), LdSlot_ nop,
+	add_u_self(        r.v_sqr_sum, r.mac1),
+	add_u_self(        r.v_sqr_sum, r.mac2),
+	gte_mv_to_data_r(  r.v_sqr_sum, C2_LZCS), GteDelay_ nop2,
+	gte_mv_from_data_r(r.lzcr,      C2_LZCR), GteDelay_ nop,
 
-	/* Stage 3: round LZCR to even, compute half-shift, align |v|² to bit 24.
-	 * r_norm holds |v|² sum; r_shift holds the LZCR count from mfc2.
-	 * After the component: r_shift = even(LZCR), r_norm = half-shift, r_t3.v_sqr_aligned = |v|². */
-	mac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift(r.shift, r.norm, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned),
-	add_si(        r.t5.btarget, r.shift, -24),
-	branch_lt_zero(r.t5.btarget, atom_offset(aligned_done, srav_path)), BdSlot_ nop, /* bltz → srav_path (LZCR <  24 path) */
-		jump_rel(atom_offset(srav_path, aligned_done)),                                /* b → aligned_done (LZCR >= 24 path) */
-		BdSlot_ shift_lleft_var(r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t5.btarget),
+	/* Stage 3: even(LZCR), half-shift, align |v|² to bit 24. */
+	mac_lzcr_round_even_half_shift(r.lzcr, r.v_sqr_sum, r.v_sqr_aligned),
+	add_si(        r.btarget, r.lzcr, -24),
+	branch_lt_zero(r.btarget, atom_offset(aligned_done, srav_path)), BdSlot_ nop, /* bltz → srav_path (LZCR <  24 path) */
+		jump_rel(atom_offset(srav_path, aligned_done)),                             /* b → aligned_done (LZCR >= 24 path) */
+		BdSlot_ shift_lleft_var(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, r.btarget),
 		atom_label(srav_path)
-			li_s( r.t5.shift_count, 24),
-			sub_s(r.t5.shift_count, r.t5.shift_count, r.shift),
-			shift_aright_var(r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t5.shift_count),
+			li_s( r.shift_count, 24),
+			sub_s(r.shift_count, r.shift_count, r.lzcr),
+			shift_aright_var(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, r.shift_count),
 	atom_label(aligned_done)
-		// Save the shift count to r_shift before the next 5 instructions overwrite r_norm (the sqrtbl lookup loads 1/|v| into r_norm, which becomes IR0 in stage 4).
-		or_u(r.shift, r.norm, 0), /* r_shift ← shift count (preserved through stage 4) */
-		add_si(     r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, -64), /* r_t3.v_sqr_aligned holds |v|² aligned (top bit at bit 7). */
-		shift_lleft(r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned, 1),
-		mac_load_word_imm(r.t5.sqrtbl_index, & gte_normalize_sqr_tbl), add_u_self(r.t5.sqrtbl_index, r.t3.v_sqr_aligned),
-		load_half(r.norm, r.t5.sqrtbl_index, 0), /* r_norm = sqrtbl[aligned-64] = 1/|v| (IR0 in stage 4) */
+		or_u(r.half_shift, r.half_shift_tmp, 0),
+		add_si(     r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, -64),
+		shift_lleft(r.v_sqr_aligned, r.v_sqr_aligned, 1),
+		mac_load_word_imm(r.sqrtbl_index, & gte_normalize_sqr_tbl), add_u_self(r.sqrtbl_index, r.v_sqr_aligned),
+		load_half(r.inv_len, r.sqrtbl_index, 0),
 		LdSlot_ nop,
 
-	/* r.src_z holds src.z from the initial load (r.src_z is a dedicated slot,
-	 * never clobbered between the load at body start and the stage-4 GPF use below).
-	 * Stage 4: GPF + srav finalize (r_shift = shift count, r_norm = 1/|v|). */
-	mac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation(
-		r.norm,
-		r.src_x,  /* IR1 = src.x (preserved in r_tmp — r_mac2_scratch was clobbered to MAC2 in stage 1.5) */
-		r.recip_est,
-		r.src_z,  /* IR3 = src.z (reloaded) */
-		r.t4.mac2, r.recip_est, r.src_z,
-		GteDelay_ nop,
-		GteDelay_ nop
+	mac_gte_general_purpose_interopolation(r.inv_len,
+		r.src.x, r.src.y, r.src.z,
+		r.res.x, r.res.y, r.res.z,
+		GteDelay_ load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), LdSlot_   // ac_yield: word 1
+		GteDelay_ add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)) // ac_yield: word 2
 	),
-	/* sra by r_shift = (31-LZCR)/2 (saved before sqrtbl lookup) */
-	mac_shift_aright_var_v3_self(r.t4.mac2, r.recip_est, r.src_z, r.shift),
-	/* Store result.x/y/z to r_dst_ptr (caller-determined dst address). */
-	mac_store_word_v3(r.t4.mac2, r.recip_est, r.src_z, r.dst_ptr, 0),
+	mac_shift_aright_var_v3s4_self(r.res, r.half_shift),
+	mac_store_v3s4(r.res, r.dst_ptr, 0),
 
-	mac_yield()
+	jump_reg(R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop // ac_yield: word 3-4
+	// mac_yield()
 })
 
 /* ─── GTE OP cross product (a × b → out) ───
diff --git a/code/duffle/lottes_tape.h b/code/duffle/lottes_tape.h
index 9c219d3..ed04eea 100644
--- a/code/duffle/lottes_tape.h
+++ b/code/duffle/lottes_tape.h
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ FI_ void tb_scope_run_end(TapeBuilder* tb) { tb_emit(tb,tape_exit); tape_run(tb_
 // The 'Yield' sequence for Tape Atoms (mac_yield).
 
 atom_dbg_skip MipsAtomComp_(ac_yield) {
-	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0),
+	load_word(R_AtomJmp, R_TapePtr, 0), LdSlot_
 	add_ui_self(         R_TapePtr, S_(MipsCode)),
 	jump_reg( R_AtomJmp), BdSlot_ nop,
 };
diff --git a/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c b/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c
index 1fc7491..5ede66f 100644
--- a/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c
+++ b/code/hello_camera/hello_camera.c
@@ -151,17 +151,13 @@ internal void compile_init_atoms(void) {
 
 	smem.normalize_v3s4 = build_normalize_v3s4(& ab,
 		RegUse_(build_normalize_v3s4) {
-			.src_ptr     = ralloc(),
-			.dst_ptr     = ralloc(),
-			.recip_est   = ralloc(),
-			.norm        = ralloc(),
-			.shift       = ralloc(),
-			.src_x       = ralloc(),
-			.src_z       = ralloc(),
-			// .shift_count = ralloc(),    /* dedicated slot for stage-3 → stage-4 shift count */
-			.t3          = ralloc(),
-			.t4          = ralloc(),
-			.t5          = ralloc(),
+			.res = ralloc_v3(),
+			.t0     = ralloc(),
+			.t1     = ralloc(),
+			.t2     = ralloc(),
+			.t3     = ralloc(),
+			.t4     = ralloc(),
+			.t5     = ralloc(),
 		});
 	regfile_reset(& rf);
 
diff --git a/scripts/duffle_emit.lua b/scripts/duffle_emit.lua
index c92e800..2048ab3 100644
--- a/scripts/duffle_emit.lua
+++ b/scripts/duffle_emit.lua
@@ -550,7 +550,14 @@ local function _project_emission_inner(root_body_entry, ctx_table)
 			local tok_line = line_of(body_off + bt.rel) or 0
 			if M.DELAY_MARKERS[ident] then
 				emit_marker("delay", ident, nil, tok_line)
-				local rest = M.trim(tok:sub(after or (#tok + 1)))
+				local rest = tok:sub(after or (#tok + 1))
+				while true do
+					rest = M.trim(rest)
+					if rest:sub(1, 2) ~= "/*" then break end
+					local close = rest:find("*/", 3, true)
+					if not close then rest = ""; break end
+					rest = rest:sub(close + 2)
+				end
 				if rest ~= "" then
 					process_token({ tok = rest, rel = bt.rel })
 				end
diff --git a/scripts/passes/components.lua b/scripts/passes/components.lua
index 007363c..4897cb6 100644
--- a/scripts/passes/components.lua
+++ b/scripts/passes/components.lua
@@ -329,6 +329,24 @@ local function strip_mac_prefix(ident)
 	return ident
 end
 
+--- Strip a leading delay marker (`LdSlot_` / `BdSlot_` / `GteDelay_` / `DmaSlot_`)
+--- plus following whitespace and block comments. Returns the remainder, or ""
+--- when the token is only the marker.
+--- `BdSlot_ nop` becomes `nop`. Bare `LdSlot_` becomes "".
+--- @param tok string
+--- @return string
+local function strip_leading_delay_marker(tok)
+	local ident = duffle.read_ident(tok, 1)
+	if not ident or not duffle.DELAY_MARKERS[ident] then return tok end
+	local rest = tok:sub(#ident + 1):match("^%s*(.*)$") or ""
+	while rest:sub(1, 2) == "/*" do
+		local close = rest:find("*/", 3, true)
+		if not close then return "" end
+		rest = rest:sub(close + 2):match("^%s*(.*)$") or ""
+	end
+	return rest
+end
+
 --- (internal) Recursive word-count lookup. `cache` is the memoization table shared across all components
 --- in a single source's `count_all_components` pass; the in-progress -1 sentinel detects cycles (A -> B -> A).
 --- @param name         string -- the component name (without `mac_`)
@@ -347,18 +365,30 @@ local function word_count_rec(name, comp_by_name, wc, cache)
 		for _, t in ipairs(tokens) do
 			local trimmed = t.tok
 			if trimmed ~= "" then
-				local lookup = strip_mac_prefix(duffle.read_ident(trimmed, 1))
-				if lookup == "atom_label" or lookup == "atom_offset" then
-					-- Pure metaprogram anchors; emit zero words.
-				elseif lookup and comp_by_name[lookup] then
-					-- It's a `mac_X(...)` call. Recurse.
-					n = n + word_count_rec(lookup, comp_by_name, wc, cache)
-				elseif lookup and wc and wc[lookup] then
-					-- Encoding macro or pseudo-instruction (e.g. mask_upper = 2, nop2 = 2).
-					n = n + wc[lookup]
-				else
-					-- Unrecognized token. Fall back to 1 word.
-					n = n + 1
+				local work = trimmed
+				while true do
+					local marker = duffle.read_ident(work, 1)
+					if marker and duffle.DELAY_MARKERS[marker] then
+						work = strip_leading_delay_marker(work)
+						if work == "" then break end
+					else
+						break
+					end
+				end
+				if work ~= "" then
+					local lookup = strip_mac_prefix(duffle.read_ident(work, 1))
+					if lookup == "atom_label" or lookup == "atom_offset" then
+						-- Pure metaprogram anchors; emit zero words.
+					elseif lookup and comp_by_name[lookup] then
+						-- It's a `mac_X(...)` call. Recurse.
+						n = n + word_count_rec(lookup, comp_by_name, wc, cache)
+					elseif lookup and wc and wc[lookup] then
+						-- Encoding macro or pseudo-instruction (e.g. mask_upper = 2, nop2 = 2).
+						n = n + wc[lookup]
+					else
+						-- Unrecognized token. Fall back to 1 word.
+						n = n + 1
+					end
 				end
 			end
 		end
diff --git a/scripts/passes/emission_model.lua b/scripts/passes/emission_model.lua
index c3a0248..855289d 100644
--- a/scripts/passes/emission_model.lua
+++ b/scripts/passes/emission_model.lua
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 --- Public boundary:
 ---   * `M.run(ctx)` is the only entry point.
 ---   * The pass returns `{outputs = {}, errors = ..., warnings = ...}`.
----     Pass kind = `validation` → `PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR.validation` preserves the existing build-stopping policy.
+---     Pass kind = `validation`. Findings record on the result; the orchestrator does not exit non-zero.
 ---
 --- Source-order discipline:
 ---   * `corpus.source_order` sets the source-record order.
diff --git a/scripts/passes/offsets.lua b/scripts/passes/offsets.lua
index c11ad3c..6c66b09 100644
--- a/scripts/passes/offsets.lua
+++ b/scripts/passes/offsets.lua
@@ -129,32 +129,38 @@ end
 --- This preserves backward compatibility for any top-level marker that may exist outside a control-transfer instruction.
 --- @param labels   table<string, integer>
 --- @param branches table[]
+--- @param errors   table[]
 --- @return BranchOffset[]
-local function compute_offsets(labels, branches)
+local function compute_offsets(labels, branches, errors)
 	local results = {}
 	for _, br in ipairs(branches) do
 		local target = labels[br.target]
 		if not target then
-			error("Branch target '" .. br.target .. "' has no atom_label (at word " .. br.branch_word .. ")")
+			errors[#errors + 1] = {
+				line = br.line or 0,
+				msg  = "Branch target '" .. br.target .. "' has no atom_label (at word " .. br.branch_word .. ")",
+			}
+		else
+			local consuming = br.consuming_encoder
+			if consuming == "jump_reg" or consuming == "call_reg" or consuming == "jump_link" then
+				errors[#errors + 1] = {
+					line = br.line or 0,
+					msg  = "atom_offset cannot be used with " .. consuming
+						.. " (register-form jumps have no offset field); at word " .. br.branch_word,
+				}
+			else
+				-- All other consuming instructions (including `branch_*`, `jump`, `call_addr`, and nil for top-level markers) use the same relative offset value.
+				-- The MIPS encoding differs per opcode but the duffle `enc_i` macro handles the truncation to the immediate-field width.
+				results[#results + 1] = {
+					target             = br.target,
+					tag                = br.tag,
+					branch_word        = br.branch_word,
+					offset             = target - br.branch_word - 1,
+					consuming_encoder  = br.consuming_encoder,
+					consuming_arg_pos  = br.consuming_arg_pos,
+				}
+			end
 		end
-		local consuming = br.consuming_encoder
-		local offset
-		if consuming == "jump_reg" or consuming == "call_reg" or consuming == "jump_link" then
-			-- Register-form jumps have no offset field. `atom_offset` cannot be used here.
-			error("atom_offset cannot be used with " .. consuming
-				.. " (register-form jumps have no offset field); at word " .. br.branch_word)
-		end
-		-- All other consuming instructions (including `branch_*`, `jump`, `call_addr`, and nil for top-level markers) use the same relative offset value.
-		-- The MIPS encoding differs per opcode but the duffle `enc_i` macro handles the truncation to the immediate-field width.
-		offset = target - br.branch_word - 1
-		results[#results + 1] = {
-			target             = br.target,
-			tag                = br.tag,
-			branch_word        = br.branch_word,
-			offset             = offset,
-			consuming_encoder  = br.consuming_encoder,
-			consuming_arg_pos  = br.consuming_arg_pos,
-		}
 	end
 	return results
 end
@@ -237,8 +243,9 @@ local M = {}
 --- @param ctx     PassCtx
 --- @param dir     string       -- the absolute source directory
 --- @param sources SourceFile[] -- sources in this directory
+--- @param errors  table[]
 --- @return string|nil  -- the offsets_h path
-local function process_directory(ctx, dir, sources)
+local function process_directory(ctx, dir, sources, errors)
 	local atoms_data = {}
 
 	local function append_atom(atom)
@@ -248,7 +255,7 @@ local function process_directory(ctx, dir, sources)
 		atoms_data[#atoms_data + 1] = {
 			name        = atom.raw_name or atom.name,
 			total_words = #(paths.word_events or {}),
-			offsets     = compute_offsets(labels, branches),
+			offsets     = compute_offsets(labels, branches, errors),
 		}
 	end
 
@@ -286,7 +293,7 @@ function M.run(ctx)
 	-- Per-directory aggregation: every source in the same directory contributes to one `gen/offsets.h`.
 	local sources_by_dir = corpus.sources_by_dir or duffle.group_sources_by_dir(corpus.source_order)
 	for dir, sources in pairs(sources_by_dir) do
-		local out_path = process_directory(ctx, dir, sources)
+		local out_path = process_directory(ctx, dir, sources, errors)
 		if out_path then
 			outputs[#outputs + 1] = { offsets_h = out_path }
 		end
diff --git a/scripts/passes/scan_source.lua b/scripts/passes/scan_source.lua
index 46f4815..cf5ad57 100644
--- a/scripts/passes/scan_source.lua
+++ b/scripts/passes/scan_source.lua
@@ -1674,9 +1674,20 @@ parse_reg_use_schema_body = function(body, type_registry, opts)
 				errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
 				return nil, errors
 			end
-			local members = {}
+			local views = {}
 			local union_readonly = nil
 			local inner_pos = 1
+
+			local function note_readonly(flag)
+				if union_readonly == nil then
+					union_readonly = flag
+				elseif union_readonly ~= flag then
+					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_mixed_const" }
+					return false
+				end
+				return true
+			end
+
 			while inner_pos <= #inner do
 				inner_pos = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, inner_pos)
 				if inner_pos > #inner then break end
@@ -1689,56 +1700,228 @@ parse_reg_use_schema_body = function(body, type_registry, opts)
 					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_const_reg_spelling" }
 					return nil, errors
 				end
-				if m_type ~= "Reg" then
+
+				if m_type == "Reg_" then
+					local after_ty = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, m_type_end)
+					if inner:sub(after_ty, after_ty) ~= "(" then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					local type_inner, after_paren = duffle.read_parens(inner, after_ty)
+					if not type_inner then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					local typed_fields = fields_for_reg_type(duffle.trim(type_inner), type_registry)
+					after_paren = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, after_paren)
+					local inst_names, new_inner = parse_reg_names(inner, after_paren)
+					if not inst_names or #inst_names == 0 then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					if not note_readonly(false) then return nil, errors end
+					if not typed_fields then
+						if require_types then
+							errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_unknown_reg_type", type_name = duffle.trim(type_inner) }
+							return nil, errors
+						end
+						pending = true
+					else
+						for _, inst in ipairs(inst_names) do
+							local names = {}
+							for _, field in ipairs(typed_fields) do
+								names[#names + 1] = inst .. "." .. field
+							end
+							views[#views + 1] = { names = names, lanes = true }
+						end
+					end
+					inner_pos = new_inner
+
+				elseif m_type == "struct" then
+					local after_struct = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, m_type_end)
+					if inner:sub(after_struct, after_struct) ~= "{" then
+						local _, tag_end = duffle.read_ident(inner, after_struct)
+						if not tag_end then
+							errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+							return nil, errors
+						end
+						after_struct = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, tag_end)
+					end
+					if inner:sub(after_struct, after_struct) ~= "{" then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					local struct_inner, after_struct_braces = duffle.read_braces(inner, after_struct)
+					if not struct_inner then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					local lane_names = {}
+					local s_pos = 1
+					while s_pos <= #struct_inner do
+						s_pos = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(struct_inner, s_pos)
+						if s_pos > #struct_inner then break end
+						local s_ty, s_ty_end = duffle.read_ident(struct_inner, s_pos)
+						if not s_ty then
+							s_pos = s_pos + 1
+							goto continue_struct
+						end
+						if s_ty == "Reg_" then
+							local after_ty = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(struct_inner, s_ty_end)
+							if struct_inner:sub(after_ty, after_ty) ~= "(" then
+								errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+								return nil, errors
+							end
+							local type_inner, after_paren = duffle.read_parens(struct_inner, after_ty)
+							if not type_inner then
+								errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+								return nil, errors
+							end
+							local typed_fields = fields_for_reg_type(duffle.trim(type_inner), type_registry)
+							after_paren = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(struct_inner, after_paren)
+							local inst_names, new_s = parse_reg_names(struct_inner, after_paren)
+							if not inst_names or #inst_names == 0 then
+								errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+								return nil, errors
+							end
+							if not note_readonly(false) then return nil, errors end
+							if not typed_fields then
+								if require_types then
+									errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_unknown_reg_type", type_name = duffle.trim(type_inner) }
+									return nil, errors
+								end
+								pending = true
+							else
+								for _, inst in ipairs(inst_names) do
+									for _, field in ipairs(typed_fields) do
+										lane_names[#lane_names + 1] = inst .. "." .. field
+									end
+								end
+							end
+							s_pos = new_s
+						elseif s_ty == "Reg" then
+							local s_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(struct_inner, s_ty_end)
+							local s_readonly = false
+							local maybe_const, maybe_end = duffle.read_ident(struct_inner, s_after)
+							if maybe_const == "const" then
+								s_readonly = true
+								s_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(struct_inner, maybe_end)
+							end
+							if not note_readonly(s_readonly) then return nil, errors end
+							local names, new_s = parse_reg_names(struct_inner, s_after)
+							if not names or #names == 0 then
+								errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+								return nil, errors
+							end
+							for _, n in ipairs(names) do lane_names[#lane_names + 1] = n end
+							s_pos = new_s
+						else
+							errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+							return nil, errors
+						end
+						::continue_struct::
+					end
+					if #lane_names == 0 and not pending then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					if #lane_names > 0 then
+						views[#views + 1] = { names = lane_names, lanes = true }
+					end
+					inner_pos = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, after_struct_braces)
+					if inner:sub(inner_pos, inner_pos) == ";" then inner_pos = inner_pos + 1 end
+
+				elseif m_type == "Reg" then
+					local m_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, m_type_end)
+					local m_readonly = false
+					local maybe_const, maybe_end = duffle.read_ident(inner, m_after)
+					if maybe_const == "const" then
+						m_readonly = true
+						m_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, maybe_end)
+					end
+					if not note_readonly(m_readonly) then return nil, errors end
+					local names, new_inner = parse_reg_names(inner, m_after)
+					if not names or #names == 0 then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					views[#views + 1] = { names = names, lanes = false }
+					inner_pos = new_inner
+				else
 					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
 					return nil, errors
 				end
-				local m_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, m_type_end)
-				local m_readonly = false
-				local maybe_const, maybe_end = duffle.read_ident(inner, m_after)
-				if maybe_const == "const" then
-					m_readonly = true
-					m_after = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(inner, maybe_end)
-				end
-				if union_readonly == nil then
-					union_readonly = m_readonly
-				elseif union_readonly ~= m_readonly then
-					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_mixed_const" }
-					return nil, errors
-				end
-				local names, new_inner = parse_reg_names(inner, m_after)
-				if not names or #names == 0 then
-					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
-					return nil, errors
-				end
-				for _, n in ipairs(names) do members[#members + 1] = n end
-				inner_pos = new_inner
 				::continue_inner::
 			end
-			if #members == 0 then
-				errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
-				return nil, errors
-			end
+
 			local after_close = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(body, after_braces)
 			local inst_name, inst_end = duffle.read_ident(body, after_close)
-			local aliases = {}
-			local slot_name
-			if inst_name then
-				slot_name = inst_name
-				for _, m in ipairs(members) do
-					local path = inst_name .. "." .. m
-					if not add_alias(path, slot_name) then return nil, errors end
-					aliases[#aliases + 1] = path
+
+			if #views == 0 then
+				if not pending then
+					errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+					return nil, errors
 				end
-				after_close = inst_end
 			else
-				slot_name = members[1]
-				for _, m in ipairs(members) do
-					if not add_alias(m, slot_name) then return nil, errors end
-					aliases[#aliases + 1] = m
-				end
+			local has_lanes = false
+			for _, v in ipairs(views) do
+				if v.lanes then has_lanes = true end
 			end
-			if not add_slot(slot_name, aliases, union_readonly) then return nil, errors end
+
+			if has_lanes then
+				local width = nil
+				for _, v in ipairs(views) do
+					if not v.lanes then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_malformed" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+					if width == nil then
+						width = #v.names
+					elseif #v.names ~= width then
+						errors[#errors + 1] = { kind = "reguse_union_width" }
+						return nil, errors
+					end
+				end
+				if width then
+					for i = 1, width do
+						local slot_name = views[1].names[i]
+						if inst_name then slot_name = inst_name .. "." .. slot_name end
+						local aliases = {}
+						for _, v in ipairs(views) do
+							local n = v.names[i]
+							if inst_name then n = inst_name .. "." .. n end
+							if not add_alias(n, slot_name) then return nil, errors end
+							aliases[#aliases + 1] = n
+						end
+						if not add_slot(slot_name, aliases, union_readonly) then return nil, errors end
+					end
+				end
+			else
+				local members = {}
+				for _, v in ipairs(views) do
+					for _, n in ipairs(v.names) do members[#members + 1] = n end
+				end
+				local aliases = {}
+				local slot_name
+				if inst_name then
+					slot_name = inst_name
+					for _, m in ipairs(members) do
+						local path = inst_name .. "." .. m
+						if not add_alias(path, slot_name) then return nil, errors end
+						aliases[#aliases + 1] = path
+					end
+				else
+					slot_name = members[1]
+					for _, m in ipairs(members) do
+						if not add_alias(m, slot_name) then return nil, errors end
+						aliases[#aliases + 1] = m
+					end
+				end
+				if not add_slot(slot_name, aliases, union_readonly) then return nil, errors end
+			end
+			end
+
+			if inst_name then after_close = inst_end end
 			after_close = duffle.skip_ws_and_cmt(body, after_close)
 			if body:sub(after_close, after_close) == ";" then after_close = after_close + 1 end
 			pos = after_close
@@ -2801,6 +2984,7 @@ local SCHEMA_BODY_ERROR = {
 	reguse_duplicate_slot     = true,
 	reguse_const_reg_spelling = true,
 	reguse_mixed_const        = true,
+	reguse_union_width        = true,
 }
 
 -- Re-parse every RegUse_* body against the merged type_name_registry.
diff --git a/scripts/passes/static_analysis.lua b/scripts/passes/static_analysis.lua
index bef05a3..4e478f2 100644
--- a/scripts/passes/static_analysis.lua
+++ b/scripts/passes/static_analysis.lua
@@ -879,6 +879,14 @@ local function analyze_hardware_relations(atom)
 			end
 			if is_match then
 				local gap                = ev_word - prod.word - 1
+				local required           = prod.required
+				-- A following COP2 command waits at the transfer boundary.
+				-- Software nops are not required for that consumer class.
+				if is_gte_command(ev)
+					and (semantic == "MTC2" or semantic == "CTC2")
+					and relation.id ~= "mtc2_irgb_visibility" then
+					required = 0
+				end
 				local unknown_visibility = relation.visibility and relation.visibility.kind == "unknown_consumer"
 				if unknown_visibility then
 					hazards[#hazards + 1] = {
@@ -906,7 +914,7 @@ local function analyze_hardware_relations(atom)
 							, (relation.evidence and relation.evidence.confidence or "unknown")
 						),
 					}
-				elseif prod.required ~= nil and gap < prod.required then
+				elseif required ~= nil and gap < required then
 					local payload = {
 						check                = "transfer_hazards",
 						kind                 = prod.violation_kind or "error",
@@ -923,7 +931,7 @@ local function analyze_hardware_relations(atom)
 						consumer_word        = ev_word,
 						consumer_token       = ev_ident,
 						gap                  = gap,
-						required             = prod.required,
+						required             = required,
 						evidence_confidence  = relation.evidence and relation.evidence.confidence or "unknown",
 						evidence_source      = relation.evidence and relation.evidence.source or "",
 						msg = string.format("%s at line %d: %s relation %s (producer %s at word %d, %s:%d) violated: consumer at word %d (gap=%d, required=%d) [%s]"
@@ -941,7 +949,7 @@ local function analyze_hardware_relations(atom)
 					hazards[#hazards + 1] = payload
 				end
 				local satisfied = nil
-				if not unknown_visibility then satisfied = gap >= prod.required end
+				if not unknown_visibility then satisfied = gap >= required end
 				-- Record the relation touch on `paths.relations` even when the gap is satisfied.
 				-- Unknown relations are informational, not numeric pass/fail measurements.
 				relations[#relations + 1] = {
@@ -951,7 +959,7 @@ local function analyze_hardware_relations(atom)
 					consumer_word = ev_word,
 					destination   = prod.destination,
 					gap           = gap,
-					required      = prod.required,
+					required      = required,
 					satisfied     = satisfied,
 				}
 				table.remove(pending, pending_idx)
diff --git a/scripts/ps1_meta.lua b/scripts/ps1_meta.lua
index fa32783..538d305 100644
--- a/scripts/ps1_meta.lua
+++ b/scripts/ps1_meta.lua
@@ -142,8 +142,7 @@ local PASSES = {
 	},
 	["static-analysis"] = {
 		module = "passes.static_analysis",
-		-- "diagnostic" — every `error`/`warning` finding is written to the report file;
-		-- The orchestrator does NOT exit non-zero on these findings (see PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR).
+		-- "diagnostic" — every `error`/`warning` finding is written to the report file.
 		-- Report severity is independent from process exit policy.
 		kind   = "diagnostic",
 		deps   = {"scan-source", "word-counts", "components", "emission-model"},
@@ -206,16 +205,13 @@ local function request_roots_for_group(args, group_name)
 	end
 end
 
--- Pass-kind taxonomy: Which kinds stop the build on errors?
---
+-- Pass-kind taxonomy: findings always print. No pass kind stops the build.
 -- Report severity is independent from process exit policy.
--- A "diagnostic" pass still writes every `error`/`warning` finding into its report file,
--- but `report_validation_errors` returns early for non-stopping kinds, so nothing is printed to stderr and the orchestrator does not exit non-zero.
--- Adding a new pass kind requires listing it here explicitly; An unknown kind must not silently fall back to "true".
+-- Adding a new pass kind requires listing it here explicitly; an unknown kind must not silently fall back to "true".
 local PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR = {
 	["shared"]        = false,
-	["header-output"] = true,
-	["validation"]    = true,
+	["header-output"] = false,
+	["validation"]    = false,
 	["diagnostic"]    = false,
 	["report"]        = false,
 }
@@ -693,19 +689,19 @@ end
 -- Main Orchestrator
 -- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 
---- (internal) If the pass's kind is in PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR and it reported errors, write each error to stderr.
---- Returns true if any validation errors were reported.
+--- (internal) Write every pass error to stderr.
+--- Returns true only when the pass kind still stops the build.
 --- @param pass_name string
 --- @param pass      PassDescriptor
 --- @param result    PassResult
 --- @return boolean
 local function report_validation_errors(pass_name, pass, result)
-	local   has_errors = result.errors and #result.errors > 0
-	if not (has_errors and PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR[pass.kind]) then return false end
+	local has_errors = result.errors and #result.errors > 0
+	if not has_errors then return false end
 	for _, e in ipairs(result.errors) do
 		io.stderr:write(string.format("[%s] line %d: %s\n", pass_name, e.line or 0, e.msg or ""))
 	end
-	return true
+	return PASS_KIND_STOP_ON_ERROR[pass.kind] == true
 end
 
 --- (internal) Run each pass in `order` in topological sequence.