From 99e955795ff6cda6537198a7f85da505b0a5842d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed_ Date: Sun, 21 Jun 2026 23:16:13 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] conductor(generic_systems_fields): Phase 1 Acquire - transcript (885 clean segments, 30KB) + 58MB mp4 --- .../artifacts/phase1.log | 11 + .../artifacts/transcript.json | 12305 ++++++++++++++++ .../artifacts/transcript_clean.txt | 885 ++ .../artifacts/video.log | 16 + 4 files changed, 13217 insertions(+) create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/video.log diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7855f6b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Phase 1 Acquire for generic_systems_fields: https://youtu.be/QeMajYvhEbI +Artifacts: C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621\artifacts +Step 1: extract_transcript (yt-dlp VTT directly) + OK: wrote C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621\artifacts\transcript.json (1751 segments) +Step 2: download_video + OK: wrote C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621\artifacts\video.mp4 (60755152 bytes) +{ + "status": "ok", + "video_path": "C:\\projects\\manual_slop\\conductor\\tracks\\video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621\\artifacts\\video.mp4", + "transcript_path": "C:\\projects\\manual_slop\\conductor\\tracks\\video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621\\artifacts\\transcript.json" +} diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4cfd382b --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json @@ -0,0 +1,12305 @@ +{ + "video_id": "QeMajYvhEbI", + "segments": [ + { + "start": 0.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I<00:00:00.719> want<00:00:00.880> to<00:00:01.040> talk<00:00:01.360> today<00:00:02.080> about<00:00:02.639> interesting" + }, + { + "start": 3.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I want to talk today about interesting" + }, + { + "start": 3.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I want to talk today about interesting behavior<00:00:03.760> by<00:00:04.000> generic<00:00:04.640> systems." + }, + { + "start": 6.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior by generic systems." + }, + { + "start": 6.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior by generic systems. And<00:00:06.720> the<00:00:06.960> first<00:00:07.200> part<00:00:07.359> of<00:00:07.520> this<00:00:07.759> will<00:00:07.919> be<00:00:08.080> a<00:00:08.320> bit" + }, + { + "start": 8.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the first part of this will be a bit" + }, + { + "start": 8.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the first part of this will be a bit of<00:00:08.480> a<00:00:08.720> review<00:00:09.040> and<00:00:09.280> then<00:00:09.440> the<00:00:09.679> second<00:00:09.920> half" + }, + { + "start": 10.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a review and then the second half" + }, + { + "start": 10.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a review and then the second half will<00:00:10.559> be<00:00:10.800> more<00:00:11.599> u<00:00:12.080> a<00:00:12.320> report<00:00:12.639> on<00:00:12.880> new<00:00:13.120> work<00:00:14.480> uh" + }, + { + "start": 14.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "will be more u a report on new work uh" + }, + { + "start": 14.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "will be more u a report on new work uh since<00:00:14.960> the<00:00:15.200> last<00:00:15.360> time<00:00:15.599> I<00:00:15.839> talked<00:00:16.400> which" + }, + { + "start": 18.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "since the last time I talked which" + }, + { + "start": 18.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "since the last time I talked which uh<00:00:18.240> as<00:00:18.480> a<00:00:18.720> general<00:00:19.119> presentation<00:00:19.840> was<00:00:20.240> over<00:00:20.480> a" + }, + { + "start": 20.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as a general presentation was over a" + }, + { + "start": 20.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as a general presentation was over a year<00:00:20.880> ago.<00:00:21.359> I<00:00:21.600> did<00:00:21.760> a<00:00:22.080> couple<00:00:22.160> of<00:00:22.320> more" + }, + { + "start": 22.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "year ago. I did a couple of more" + }, + { + "start": 22.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "year ago. I did a couple of more specialized<00:00:23.279> presentations<00:00:24.080> last<00:00:24.320> year.<00:00:25.519> So" + }, + { + "start": 25.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "specialized presentations last year. So" + }, + { + "start": 25.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "specialized presentations last year. So this<00:00:26.080> is<00:00:26.160> in<00:00:26.400> the<00:00:26.720> context<00:00:27.119> of<00:00:27.439> the<00:00:27.680> diverse" + }, + { + "start": 28.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is in the context of the diverse" + }, + { + "start": 28.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is in the context of the diverse intelligence<00:00:28.880> project" + }, + { + "start": 30.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence project" + }, + { + "start": 30.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence project which<00:00:30.960> raises<00:00:31.519> these<00:00:32.000> questions<00:00:33.040> u<00:00:33.280> how" + }, + { + "start": 33.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which raises these questions u how" + }, + { + "start": 33.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which raises these questions u how diverse<00:00:33.920> is<00:00:34.239> intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 35.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse is intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 35.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse is intelligence and<00:00:36.559> what<00:00:36.880> what<00:00:37.040> are<00:00:37.200> the<00:00:37.360> limits<00:00:37.680> of" + }, + { + "start": 37.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what what are the limits of" + }, + { + "start": 37.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what what are the limits of intelligence<00:00:39.120> uh<00:00:39.200> if<00:00:39.440> there<00:00:39.600> are<00:00:39.840> limits<00:00:40.640> and" + }, + { + "start": 40.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence uh if there are limits and" + }, + { + "start": 40.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence uh if there are limits and how<00:00:41.200> do<00:00:41.280> we<00:00:41.520> find<00:00:41.760> out<00:00:42.800> so<00:00:43.440> that's<00:00:44.160> what<00:00:44.399> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 44.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "how do we find out so that's what I'm" + }, + { + "start": 44.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "how do we find out so that's what I'm going<00:00:44.719> to<00:00:44.879> talk<00:00:45.120> about<00:00:45.520> today" + }, + { + "start": 47.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to talk about today" + }, + { + "start": 47.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to talk about today uh<00:00:48.480> to<00:00:48.879> start<00:00:49.120> with<00:00:50.480> um" + }, + { + "start": 52.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh to start with um" + }, + { + "start": 52.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh to start with um we<00:00:52.640> can<00:00:52.800> look<00:00:52.960> at<00:00:53.120> this<00:00:53.440> definition<00:00:53.920> of" + }, + { + "start": 54.229, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can look at this definition of" + }, + { + "start": 54.239, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can look at this definition of intelligence<00:00:55.039> that<00:00:55.360> we've<00:00:55.760> been<00:00:56.000> using<00:00:56.320> in" + }, + { + "start": 56.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence that we've been using in" + }, + { + "start": 56.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence that we've been using in the<00:00:56.800> lab<00:00:58.000> from<00:00:58.480> William<00:00:58.960> James<00:00:59.440> as<00:00:59.680> as<00:00:59.920> kind<00:01:00.160> of" + }, + { + "start": 60.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the lab from William James as as kind of" + }, + { + "start": 60.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the lab from William James as as kind of a<00:01:00.399> guideline" + }, + { + "start": 62.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a guideline" + }, + { + "start": 62.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a guideline that<00:01:02.640> intelligence<00:01:03.359> is<00:01:03.520> a<00:01:03.680> fixed<00:01:04.000> goal" + }, + { + "start": 64.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that intelligence is a fixed goal" + }, + { + "start": 64.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that intelligence is a fixed goal achievable<00:01:05.920> with<00:01:06.159> variable<00:01:06.640> means<00:01:06.960> of" + }, + { + "start": 67.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "achievable with variable means of" + }, + { + "start": 67.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "achievable with variable means of achieving<00:01:07.439> it.<00:01:07.920> So<00:01:08.159> intelligence<00:01:08.880> involves" + }, + { + "start": 69.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "achieving it. So intelligence involves" + }, + { + "start": 69.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "achieving it. So intelligence involves some<00:01:09.680> level<00:01:09.920> of<00:01:10.159> flexibility" + }, + { + "start": 71.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some level of flexibility" + }, + { + "start": 71.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some level of flexibility and<00:01:12.560> this<00:01:13.040> definition<00:01:13.520> itself<00:01:14.080> raises" + }, + { + "start": 74.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this definition itself raises" + }, + { + "start": 74.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this definition itself raises questions.<00:01:15.439> Uh<00:01:15.760> does<00:01:16.000> any<00:01:16.320> goal<00:01:16.720> count?<00:01:17.680> Uh" + }, + { + "start": 77.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "questions. Uh does any goal count? Uh" + }, + { + "start": 78.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "questions. Uh does any goal count? Uh are<00:01:18.320> many<00:01:18.960> any<00:01:19.360> kinds<00:01:19.600> of<00:01:19.920> means<00:01:20.479> allowed" + }, + { + "start": 82.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are many any kinds of means allowed" + }, + { + "start": 82.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are many any kinds of means allowed and<00:01:22.479> does<00:01:22.720> anything<00:01:23.200> fall<00:01:23.520> outside<00:01:24.240> this" + }, + { + "start": 84.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and does anything fall outside this" + }, + { + "start": 84.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and does anything fall outside this definition?<00:01:25.920> Are<00:01:26.159> there<00:01:26.479> any<00:01:26.880> are<00:01:27.119> there" + }, + { + "start": 87.429, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition? Are there any are there" + }, + { + "start": 87.439, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition? Are there any are there systems<00:01:27.840> that<00:01:28.320> don't<00:01:28.640> achieve<00:01:29.119> this<00:01:29.520> kind<00:01:29.680> of" + }, + { + "start": 89.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems that don't achieve this kind of" + }, + { + "start": 89.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems that don't achieve this kind of flexibility<00:01:30.640> that<00:01:30.960> James<00:01:31.360> was<00:01:31.600> interested" + }, + { + "start": 91.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "flexibility that James was interested" + }, + { + "start": 92.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "flexibility that James was interested in?<00:01:33.280> And<00:01:34.079> um<00:01:35.439> it's<00:01:35.759> not<00:01:36.000> clear<00:01:36.400> from<00:01:36.640> from" + }, + { + "start": 97.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in? And um it's not clear from from" + }, + { + "start": 97.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in? And um it's not clear from from James<00:01:37.680> the<00:01:38.000> extent<00:01:38.320> to<00:01:38.560> which<00:01:38.720> he<00:01:39.040> was<00:01:39.840> willing" + }, + { + "start": 100.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "James the extent to which he was willing" + }, + { + "start": 100.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "James the extent to which he was willing to<00:01:40.560> extend<00:01:41.200> intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 103.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to extend intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 103.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to extend intelligence uh<00:01:43.280> to<00:01:43.759> generic<00:01:44.400> systems," + }, + { + "start": 105.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh to generic systems," + }, + { + "start": 106.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh to generic systems, but<00:01:46.479> at<00:01:46.720> at<00:01:46.880> least<00:01:47.360> some<00:01:47.600> of<00:01:47.759> his<00:01:48.000> writings" + }, + { + "start": 108.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but at at least some of his writings" + }, + { + "start": 108.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but at at least some of his writings suggest<00:01:48.880> that<00:01:49.119> that<00:01:49.439> may<00:01:49.600> have<00:01:49.759> been<00:01:49.920> the" + }, + { + "start": 110.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "suggest that that may have been the" + }, + { + "start": 110.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "suggest that that may have been the case." + }, + { + "start": 112.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "case." + }, + { + "start": 112.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "case. Um" + }, + { + "start": 113.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um" + }, + { + "start": 113.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um some<00:01:55.040> sort<00:01:55.280> of<00:01:56.320> methodological<00:01:57.520> guidelines" + }, + { + "start": 119.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some sort of methodological guidelines" + }, + { + "start": 119.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some sort of methodological guidelines uh<00:02:00.240> have<00:02:00.479> appeared<00:02:00.960> recently.<00:02:01.840> Uh,<00:02:02.320> for" + }, + { + "start": 122.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh have appeared recently. Uh, for" + }, + { + "start": 122.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh have appeared recently. Uh, for example,<00:02:02.960> in<00:02:03.200> this<00:02:03.439> paper<00:02:03.759> that<00:02:04.880> Mike<00:02:05.200> and" + }, + { + "start": 125.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, in this paper that Mike and" + }, + { + "start": 125.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, in this paper that Mike and David<00:02:05.680> Resnik<00:02:06.320> published<00:02:06.719> last<00:02:07.119> year," + }, + { + "start": 128.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "David Resnik published last year," + }, + { + "start": 128.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "David Resnik published last year, uh,<00:02:09.200> emphasizing<00:02:10.479> that<00:02:11.039> the" + }, + { + "start": 132.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, emphasizing that the" + }, + { + "start": 132.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, emphasizing that the diverse<00:02:13.040> intelligence<00:02:13.680> project<00:02:14.160> or<00:02:14.400> the<00:02:14.560> the" + }, + { + "start": 135.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse intelligence project or the the" + }, + { + "start": 135.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse intelligence project or the the TAM<00:02:16.080> framework," + }, + { + "start": 138.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "TAM framework," + }, + { + "start": 138.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "TAM framework, um," + }, + { + "start": 140.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um," + }, + { + "start": 140.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um, emphasizes<00:02:21.920> methodologically" + }, + { + "start": 144.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emphasizes methodologically" + }, + { + "start": 144.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emphasizes methodologically a<00:02:25.040> reliance<00:02:25.599> on<00:02:26.720> empirical<00:02:27.440> research,<00:02:28.080> not<00:02:28.319> on" + }, + { + "start": 148.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a reliance on empirical research, not on" + }, + { + "start": 148.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a reliance on empirical research, not on intuition<00:02:29.680> for<00:02:30.000> thinking<00:02:30.319> about" + }, + { + "start": 150.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intuition for thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 150.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intuition for thinking about intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 152.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 152.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence. and<00:02:33.599> um<00:02:34.160> an<00:02:34.480> insistence<00:02:35.280> on<00:02:36.640> testable<00:02:37.280> methods" + }, + { + "start": 158.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um an insistence on testable methods" + }, + { + "start": 158.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um an insistence on testable methods for<00:02:39.120> understanding<00:02:40.560> uh<00:02:40.879> what<00:02:41.280> is<00:02:41.440> and<00:02:41.680> is<00:02:41.920> not" + }, + { + "start": 162.229, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for understanding uh what is and is not" + }, + { + "start": 162.239, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for understanding uh what is and is not intelligent<00:02:42.800> and<00:02:43.040> the<00:02:43.280> extent<00:02:43.519> to<00:02:43.680> which" + }, + { + "start": 163.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent and the extent to which" + }, + { + "start": 163.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent and the extent to which things<00:02:44.239> are<00:02:44.480> intelligent.<00:02:45.920> So<00:02:46.160> I<00:02:46.400> I<00:02:46.640> want<00:02:46.879> to" + }, + { + "start": 167.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things are intelligent. So I I want to" + }, + { + "start": 167.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things are intelligent. So I I want to follow<00:02:47.680> this<00:02:48.160> kind<00:02:48.400> of<00:02:48.800> empirically<00:02:49.760> oriented" + }, + { + "start": 170.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "follow this kind of empirically oriented" + }, + { + "start": 170.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "follow this kind of empirically oriented framework<00:02:51.120> as<00:02:51.440> opposed<00:02:51.760> to<00:02:52.239> making" + }, + { + "start": 173.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "framework as opposed to making" + }, + { + "start": 173.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "framework as opposed to making philosophical<00:02:54.160> assumptions<00:02:54.800> upfront." + }, + { + "start": 177.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophical assumptions upfront." + }, + { + "start": 177.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophical assumptions upfront. And<00:02:58.080> in<00:02:58.480> thinking<00:02:58.879> about<00:02:59.120> this<00:03:00.000> um<00:03:00.400> an<00:03:00.720> obvious" + }, + { + "start": 181.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in thinking about this um an obvious" + }, + { + "start": 181.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in thinking about this um an obvious place<00:03:02.080> to<00:03:02.400> look<00:03:03.760> is<00:03:04.080> the<00:03:04.319> literature<00:03:04.800> of<00:03:04.959> the" + }, + { + "start": 185.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "place to look is the literature of the" + }, + { + "start": 185.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "place to look is the literature of the free<00:03:05.440> energy<00:03:05.920> principle." + }, + { + "start": 187.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "free energy principle." + }, + { + "start": 187.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "free energy principle. So<00:03:08.480> here's<00:03:09.280> um<00:03:09.840> a<00:03:10.080> recent<00:03:10.480> paper<00:03:11.920> from<00:03:12.239> Carl" + }, + { + "start": 192.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's um a recent paper from Carl" + }, + { + "start": 192.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's um a recent paper from Carl Fristen's<00:03:13.280> group" + }, + { + "start": 194.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Fristen's group" + }, + { + "start": 194.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Fristen's group um<00:03:15.519> their<00:03:15.840> most<00:03:16.319> recent<00:03:17.440> actual<00:03:17.920> technical" + }, + { + "start": 198.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um their most recent actual technical" + }, + { + "start": 198.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um their most recent actual technical elaboration<00:03:19.120> of<00:03:19.360> the<00:03:19.519> free<00:03:19.760> energy<00:03:20.159> principle" + }, + { + "start": 201.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "elaboration of the free energy principle" + }, + { + "start": 201.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "elaboration of the free energy principle and<00:03:21.519> they<00:03:21.840> describe<00:03:22.159> it<00:03:22.400> as<00:03:22.640> describing<00:03:23.680> a" + }, + { + "start": 204.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they describe it as describing a" + }, + { + "start": 204.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they describe it as describing a simple<00:03:24.480> relationship<00:03:25.360> between<00:03:25.920> the<00:03:26.159> dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 206.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "simple relationship between the dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 206.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "simple relationship between the dynamics of<00:03:26.879> random<00:03:27.360> dynamical<00:03:28.000> systems<00:03:29.200> and" + }, + { + "start": 209.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of random dynamical systems and" + }, + { + "start": 209.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of random dynamical systems and inference" + }, + { + "start": 211.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inference" + }, + { + "start": 211.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inference and<00:03:32.640> that<00:03:32.959> of<00:03:33.120> course<00:03:33.280> has<00:03:33.519> been<00:03:33.680> the<00:03:34.000> theme<00:03:34.239> of" + }, + { + "start": 214.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that of course has been the theme of" + }, + { + "start": 214.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that of course has been the theme of the<00:03:34.640> free<00:03:34.879> energy<00:03:35.280> principle<00:03:35.760> for<00:03:36.080> almost<00:03:36.480> 30" + }, + { + "start": 216.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the free energy principle for almost 30" + }, + { + "start": 216.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the free energy principle for almost 30 years<00:03:37.200> now<00:03:37.599> that<00:03:38.480> random<00:03:39.040> dynamical<00:03:39.760> systems" + }, + { + "start": 221.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "years now that random dynamical systems" + }, + { + "start": 221.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "years now that random dynamical systems uh<00:03:41.200> can<00:03:41.519> be<00:03:41.680> considered<00:03:42.239> inferential." + }, + { + "start": 224.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh can be considered inferential." + }, + { + "start": 224.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh can be considered inferential. But<00:03:44.720> when<00:03:44.959> you<00:03:45.200> look<00:03:45.440> into<00:03:45.840> this<00:03:46.159> paper" + }, + { + "start": 227.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But when you look into this paper" + }, + { + "start": 227.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But when you look into this paper um<00:03:49.200> here's<00:03:49.680> figure<00:03:50.159> two" + }, + { + "start": 231.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um here's figure two" + }, + { + "start": 231.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um here's figure two already<00:03:52.400> we<00:03:52.640> find<00:03:52.959> an<00:03:53.200> assumption<00:03:54.560> that" + }, + { + "start": 235.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already we find an assumption that" + }, + { + "start": 235.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already we find an assumption that there's<00:03:55.440> some<00:03:55.840> systems<00:03:57.200> that<00:03:57.519> are<00:03:57.920> inert<00:03:59.200> that" + }, + { + "start": 239.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's some systems that are inert that" + }, + { + "start": 239.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's some systems that are inert that don't<00:04:00.000> act<00:04:00.319> on<00:04:00.560> the<00:04:00.720> world<00:04:01.200> at<00:04:01.519> all." + }, + { + "start": 243.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't act on the world at all." + }, + { + "start": 243.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't act on the world at all. And<00:04:04.000> that's<00:04:04.319> a<00:04:04.640> problem<00:04:05.200> because<00:04:05.599> a<00:04:05.920> system" + }, + { + "start": 246.229, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that's a problem because a system" + }, + { + "start": 246.239, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that's a problem because a system that<00:04:06.640> doesn't<00:04:07.120> act<00:04:07.599> back<00:04:07.920> on<00:04:08.159> the<00:04:08.400> world<00:04:08.799> when" + }, + { + "start": 249.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that doesn't act back on the world when" + }, + { + "start": 249.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that doesn't act back on the world when the<00:04:09.280> world<00:04:09.599> acts<00:04:09.920> on<00:04:10.159> it<00:04:11.120> is<00:04:11.439> violating" + }, + { + "start": 251.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the world acts on it is violating" + }, + { + "start": 252.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the world acts on it is violating Newton's<00:04:12.560> third<00:04:12.799> law.<00:04:13.280> So<00:04:13.439> it's<00:04:13.680> it's" + }, + { + "start": 254.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Newton's third law. So it's it's" + }, + { + "start": 254.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Newton's third law. So it's it's violating<00:04:14.560> a<00:04:14.879> very<00:04:15.840> basic<00:04:16.560> physical<00:04:17.199> symmetry" + }, + { + "start": 257.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "violating a very basic physical symmetry" + }, + { + "start": 257.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "violating a very basic physical symmetry principle." + }, + { + "start": 259.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principle." + }, + { + "start": 259.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principle. So" + }, + { + "start": 261.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So" + }, + { + "start": 261.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this<00:04:22.160> picture<00:04:23.600> uh<00:04:23.919> at<00:04:24.080> least<00:04:24.560> appears<00:04:25.199> to" + }, + { + "start": 265.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this picture uh at least appears to" + }, + { + "start": 265.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this picture uh at least appears to involve<00:04:27.280> uh<00:04:27.520> intuitions<00:04:28.720> about<00:04:29.280> inertness." + }, + { + "start": 270.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "involve uh intuitions about inertness." + }, + { + "start": 270.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "involve uh intuitions about inertness. Uh<00:04:31.199> and<00:04:31.360> the<00:04:32.240> the<00:04:32.639> trademark<00:04:33.199> inert<00:04:33.680> system<00:04:34.000> is" + }, + { + "start": 274.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and the the trademark inert system is" + }, + { + "start": 274.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and the the trademark inert system is a<00:04:34.400> rock<00:04:35.840> uh<00:04:35.919> in<00:04:36.160> much<00:04:36.320> of<00:04:36.479> this<00:04:36.720> literature" + }, + { + "start": 278.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a rock uh in much of this literature" + }, + { + "start": 278.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a rock uh in much of this literature that<00:04:39.360> may<00:04:39.680> not<00:04:40.000> stand<00:04:40.320> up<00:04:40.560> to<00:04:41.040> scrutiny<00:04:41.520> from" + }, + { + "start": 281.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that may not stand up to scrutiny from" + }, + { + "start": 281.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that may not stand up to scrutiny from the<00:04:42.000> point<00:04:42.160> of<00:04:42.320> view<00:04:42.400> of<00:04:42.639> fundamental" + }, + { + "start": 283.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the point of view of fundamental" + }, + { + "start": 283.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the point of view of fundamental physics." + }, + { + "start": 284.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics." + }, + { + "start": 284.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics. So<00:04:46.160> uh<00:04:46.560> in<00:04:46.800> that<00:04:46.960> case<00:04:47.600> I<00:04:47.840> think<00:04:48.000> we<00:04:48.240> need<00:04:48.400> to" + }, + { + "start": 288.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So uh in that case I think we need to" + }, + { + "start": 288.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So uh in that case I think we need to take<00:04:49.360> an<00:04:49.680> approach<00:04:50.400> where<00:04:50.800> we<00:04:51.120> look<00:04:51.280> at" + }, + { + "start": 291.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take an approach where we look at" + }, + { + "start": 291.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take an approach where we look at physics<00:04:52.320> first<00:04:53.360> and<00:04:53.759> worry<00:04:54.080> about<00:04:54.320> intuitions" + }, + { + "start": 295.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics first and worry about intuitions" + }, + { + "start": 295.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics first and worry about intuitions later." + }, + { + "start": 297.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "later." + }, + { + "start": 297.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "later. So<00:04:57.520> if<00:04:57.759> we<00:04:57.919> have<00:04:58.080> a<00:04:58.320> system<00:04:58.720> which<00:04:58.960> I'll<00:04:59.280> call<00:04:59.680> a" + }, + { + "start": 300.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if we have a system which I'll call a" + }, + { + "start": 300.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if we have a system which I'll call a and<00:05:00.720> it's<00:05:00.960> interacting<00:05:01.600> with<00:05:02.000> something<00:05:02.479> else" + }, + { + "start": 302.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it's interacting with something else" + }, + { + "start": 302.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it's interacting with something else which<00:05:03.280> I'll<00:05:03.600> call<00:05:04.320> a<00:05:04.560> bar<00:05:04.880> or<00:05:05.120> the<00:05:05.360> complement" + }, + { + "start": 305.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which I'll call a bar or the complement" + }, + { + "start": 305.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which I'll call a bar or the complement of<00:05:06.160> a<00:05:07.039> for<00:05:07.360> reasons<00:05:07.759> that<00:05:07.840> will<00:05:08.080> become<00:05:08.479> clear." + }, + { + "start": 309.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a for reasons that will become clear." + }, + { + "start": 310.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a for reasons that will become clear. How<00:05:10.160> do<00:05:10.320> we<00:05:10.560> guarantee<00:05:11.440> that<00:05:11.840> this" + }, + { + "start": 312.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "How do we guarantee that this" + }, + { + "start": 312.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "How do we guarantee that this interaction<00:05:13.440> respects<00:05:14.160> all<00:05:14.479> of<00:05:14.639> the<00:05:15.199> physical" + }, + { + "start": 315.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction respects all of the physical" + }, + { + "start": 315.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction respects all of the physical symmetries<00:05:17.280> that<00:05:17.759> it<00:05:18.479> needs<00:05:18.800> to<00:05:18.960> respect<00:05:19.440> to" + }, + { + "start": 319.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries that it needs to respect to" + }, + { + "start": 319.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries that it needs to respect to comply<00:05:20.240> with<00:05:20.800> known<00:05:21.280> physical<00:05:21.759> theory<00:05:22.080> or" + }, + { + "start": 322.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "comply with known physical theory or" + }, + { + "start": 322.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "comply with known physical theory or empirically<00:05:23.039> supported<00:05:23.600> physical<00:05:24.000> theory." + }, + { + "start": 325.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "empirically supported physical theory." + }, + { + "start": 325.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "empirically supported physical theory. And<00:05:26.080> what<00:05:26.320> we<00:05:26.560> want<00:05:26.880> is<00:05:27.120> a<00:05:27.520> generic<00:05:28.320> case<00:05:29.680> that" + }, + { + "start": 329.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And what we want is a generic case that" + }, + { + "start": 330.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And what we want is a generic case that describes<00:05:30.720> any<00:05:31.120> interacting<00:05:31.840> system" + }, + { + "start": 332.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describes any interacting system" + }, + { + "start": 332.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describes any interacting system regardless<00:05:32.880> of<00:05:33.039> its<00:05:33.360> scale<00:05:33.840> or<00:05:34.080> its" + }, + { + "start": 334.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regardless of its scale or its" + }, + { + "start": 334.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regardless of its scale or its structure." + }, + { + "start": 336.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "structure." + }, + { + "start": 336.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "structure. And<00:05:36.720> um<00:05:37.120> I'll<00:05:37.440> add<00:05:37.759> here<00:05:38.160> since" + }, + { + "start": 339.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And um I'll add here since" + }, + { + "start": 339.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And um I'll add here since the<00:05:40.080> whole<00:05:40.320> talk<00:05:40.639> will<00:05:41.840> respect<00:05:42.320> this<00:05:43.680> uh" + }, + { + "start": 343.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the whole talk will respect this uh" + }, + { + "start": 343.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the whole talk will respect this uh regardless<00:05:44.479> of<00:05:44.720> its<00:05:45.039> embedding<00:05:45.600> in<00:05:45.840> spacetime" + }, + { + "start": 346.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regardless of its embedding in spacetime" + }, + { + "start": 346.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regardless of its embedding in spacetime what<00:05:46.880> it<00:05:47.120> looks<00:05:47.360> like<00:05:47.520> as<00:05:47.840> a<00:05:48.080> as<00:05:48.560> a<00:05:48.880> thing<00:05:49.199> in" + }, + { + "start": 349.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what it looks like as a as a thing in" + }, + { + "start": 349.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what it looks like as a as a thing in spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 351.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 351.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spacetime. So<00:05:51.600> how<00:05:51.759> do<00:05:51.919> we<00:05:52.080> do<00:05:52.320> that?<00:05:53.759> And<00:05:54.240> the<00:05:54.560> answer<00:05:54.800> is" + }, + { + "start": 355.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So how do we do that? And the answer is" + }, + { + "start": 355.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So how do we do that? And the answer is we<00:05:55.360> start<00:05:55.600> with<00:05:55.840> the<00:05:56.000> generic<00:05:56.560> case." + }, + { + "start": 358.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we start with the generic case." + }, + { + "start": 358.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we start with the generic case. So<00:05:58.479> let's<00:05:58.880> assume<00:05:59.360> the<00:05:59.759> simplest<00:06:00.240> thing<00:06:00.400> we" + }, + { + "start": 360.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So let's assume the simplest thing we" + }, + { + "start": 360.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So let's assume the simplest thing we can<00:06:00.880> assume" + }, + { + "start": 362.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can assume" + }, + { + "start": 362.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can assume which<00:06:02.720> is<00:06:03.120> a<00:06:03.440> system<00:06:04.160> that<00:06:04.479> doesn't<00:06:04.880> interact" + }, + { + "start": 365.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is a system that doesn't interact" + }, + { + "start": 365.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is a system that doesn't interact with<00:06:05.680> anything.<00:06:06.800> So<00:06:07.039> a<00:06:07.360> system<00:06:07.600> that<00:06:08.000> doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 368.309, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with anything. So a system that doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 368.319, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with anything. So a system that doesn't have<00:06:08.560> an<00:06:08.880> environment." + }, + { + "start": 370.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have an environment." + }, + { + "start": 370.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have an environment. Um<00:06:12.000> so<00:06:12.240> a<00:06:12.479> system<00:06:12.800> that's<00:06:13.120> isolated." + }, + { + "start": 375.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um so a system that's isolated." + }, + { + "start": 375.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um so a system that's isolated. And<00:06:15.680> if<00:06:15.919> we<00:06:16.160> start<00:06:16.319> with<00:06:16.560> that,<00:06:17.680> um,<00:06:18.560> we<00:06:18.800> know" + }, + { + "start": 378.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And if we start with that, um, we know" + }, + { + "start": 378.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And if we start with that, um, we know that<00:06:19.199> we're<00:06:19.360> going<00:06:19.520> to<00:06:19.680> respect<00:06:20.160> the<00:06:20.479> various" + }, + { + "start": 380.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we're going to respect the various" + }, + { + "start": 380.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we're going to respect the various symmetries<00:06:21.680> that<00:06:22.000> have<00:06:22.319> to<00:06:22.479> do<00:06:23.600> with<00:06:24.960> not" + }, + { + "start": 385.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries that have to do with not" + }, + { + "start": 385.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries that have to do with not having<00:06:25.759> singularities<00:06:26.880> because<00:06:27.199> there's<00:06:27.520> no" + }, + { + "start": 387.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "having singularities because there's no" + }, + { + "start": 387.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "having singularities because there's no there's<00:06:28.240> no<00:06:28.400> place<00:06:28.639> for<00:06:29.039> information<00:06:29.680> to<00:06:30.000> flow" + }, + { + "start": 390.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's no place for information to flow" + }, + { + "start": 390.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's no place for information to flow from<00:06:31.199> into<00:06:31.600> this<00:06:31.840> system<00:06:32.880> and<00:06:33.199> no<00:06:33.440> place<00:06:33.680> for" + }, + { + "start": 393.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from into this system and no place for" + }, + { + "start": 394.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from into this system and no place for information<00:06:34.639> to<00:06:34.960> flow<00:06:35.440> to<00:06:36.319> because<00:06:36.639> there's" + }, + { + "start": 396.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information to flow to because there's" + }, + { + "start": 396.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information to flow to because there's no<00:06:37.199> environment.<00:06:38.479> So<00:06:38.720> there<00:06:38.880> aren't<00:06:39.199> going<00:06:39.280> to" + }, + { + "start": 399.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "no environment. So there aren't going to" + }, + { + "start": 399.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "no environment. So there aren't going to be<00:06:39.600> sources<00:06:40.080> or<00:06:40.400> syncs." + }, + { + "start": 401.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be sources or syncs." + }, + { + "start": 401.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be sources or syncs. So<00:06:42.160> whatever<00:06:42.720> dynamics<00:06:43.360> this<00:06:43.759> system<00:06:44.240> has,<00:06:45.440> it" + }, + { + "start": 405.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So whatever dynamics this system has, it" + }, + { + "start": 405.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So whatever dynamics this system has, it has<00:06:45.840> to<00:06:46.080> conserve<00:06:46.560> momentum<00:06:47.039> and<00:06:47.360> energy<00:06:47.759> and" + }, + { + "start": 408.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has to conserve momentum and energy and" + }, + { + "start": 408.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has to conserve momentum and energy and information." + }, + { + "start": 409.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information." + }, + { + "start": 409.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information. U<00:06:50.240> so" + }, + { + "start": 412.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "U so" + }, + { + "start": 412.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "U so the<00:06:52.800> technical<00:06:53.360> term<00:06:53.680> for<00:06:54.240> conserving" + }, + { + "start": 414.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the technical term for conserving" + }, + { + "start": 414.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the technical term for conserving information<00:06:55.440> is<00:06:55.759> unitarity" + }, + { + "start": 418.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and<00:06:59.199> it<00:06:59.440> turns<00:06:59.680> out<00:06:59.840> that<00:07:00.160> this<00:07:00.400> is<00:07:00.560> a<00:07:00.800> very" + }, + { + "start": 421.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it turns out that this is a very" + }, + { + "start": 421.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it turns out that this is a very productive<00:07:01.759> assumption." + }, + { + "start": 423.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "productive assumption." + }, + { + "start": 423.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "productive assumption. If<00:07:03.680> we<00:07:03.919> have<00:07:04.160> conservation<00:07:04.800> of<00:07:05.199> information" + }, + { + "start": 426.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If we have conservation of information" + }, + { + "start": 426.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If we have conservation of information in<00:07:06.479> other<00:07:06.639> words<00:07:07.039> unitarity" + }, + { + "start": 429.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in other words unitarity" + }, + { + "start": 429.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in other words unitarity then<00:07:09.520> we<00:07:09.840> can<00:07:10.000> represent<00:07:10.479> the<00:07:10.800> dynamics<00:07:11.280> as<00:07:11.520> a" + }, + { + "start": 431.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then we can represent the dynamics as a" + }, + { + "start": 431.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then we can represent the dynamics as a linear<00:07:12.240> operator" + }, + { + "start": 433.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "linear operator" + }, + { + "start": 433.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "linear operator um<00:07:14.800> because<00:07:15.280> nonlinearities" + }, + { + "start": 437.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um because nonlinearities" + }, + { + "start": 437.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um because nonlinearities uh<00:07:17.599> don't<00:07:17.919> conserve<00:07:18.479> information." + }, + { + "start": 440.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh don't conserve information." + }, + { + "start": 440.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh don't conserve information. So<00:07:20.960> this<00:07:21.520> dynamics<00:07:22.080> that<00:07:22.479> I've<00:07:22.800> called<00:07:23.599> P<00:07:23.840> of<00:07:24.000> U" + }, + { + "start": 444.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this dynamics that I've called P of U" + }, + { + "start": 444.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this dynamics that I've called P of U the<00:07:24.639> propagator<00:07:25.199> of<00:07:25.360> U<00:07:25.680> is<00:07:25.840> a<00:07:26.080> linear<00:07:26.479> operator" + }, + { + "start": 446.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the propagator of U is a linear operator" + }, + { + "start": 446.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the propagator of U is a linear operator on<00:07:27.280> some<00:07:27.520> state<00:07:27.919> space.<00:07:29.039> And<00:07:29.280> in<00:07:29.520> fact<00:07:29.680> we<00:07:29.919> can" + }, + { + "start": 450.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on some state space. And in fact we can" + }, + { + "start": 450.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on some state space. And in fact we can make<00:07:30.240> the<00:07:30.560> state<00:07:30.800> space<00:07:31.039> a<00:07:31.280> Hilbert<00:07:31.840> space" + }, + { + "start": 452.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make the state space a Hilbert space" + }, + { + "start": 452.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make the state space a Hilbert space which<00:07:32.400> is<00:07:32.560> a<00:07:32.800> particularly<00:07:33.520> simple<00:07:34.000> kind<00:07:34.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 454.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is a particularly simple kind of" + }, + { + "start": 454.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is a particularly simple kind of vector<00:07:34.880> space.<00:07:35.520> It<00:07:35.759> just<00:07:36.000> takes<00:07:36.880> every" + }, + { + "start": 457.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "vector space. It just takes every" + }, + { + "start": 457.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "vector space. It just takes every possible<00:07:37.840> value<00:07:38.319> of<00:07:38.560> every<00:07:38.880> possible<00:07:39.360> degree" + }, + { + "start": 459.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "possible value of every possible degree" + }, + { + "start": 459.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "possible value of every possible degree of<00:07:39.919> freedom<00:07:40.800> and<00:07:41.039> makes<00:07:41.280> it<00:07:41.440> a<00:07:41.680> basis<00:07:42.160> vector." + }, + { + "start": 463.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of freedom and makes it a basis vector." + }, + { + "start": 464.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of freedom and makes it a basis vector. So<00:07:44.240> if<00:07:44.479> we<00:07:44.639> assume<00:07:45.039> some<00:07:45.360> background<00:07:46.000> time<00:07:46.479> t" + }, + { + "start": 467.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if we assume some background time t" + }, + { + "start": 467.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if we assume some background time t which<00:07:47.680> is<00:07:47.919> just<00:07:48.479> a<00:07:48.800> symbol<00:07:49.120> that<00:07:49.360> lets<00:07:49.680> us<00:07:49.919> talk" + }, + { + "start": 470.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is just a symbol that lets us talk" + }, + { + "start": 470.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is just a symbol that lets us talk about<00:07:50.639> change." + }, + { + "start": 472.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about change." + }, + { + "start": 472.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about change. Uh<00:07:52.880> we<00:07:53.120> can<00:07:53.360> write<00:07:53.599> this<00:07:54.720> propagator" + }, + { + "start": 476.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we can write this propagator" + }, + { + "start": 476.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we can write this propagator uh<00:07:57.120> as<00:07:57.360> a<00:07:57.520> periodic<00:07:58.240> function<00:07:59.680> of<00:08:00.000> another" + }, + { + "start": 480.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as a periodic function of another" + }, + { + "start": 480.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as a periodic function of another operator<00:08:01.120> which<00:08:01.440> represents<00:08:02.000> the<00:08:02.319> energy<00:08:02.720> of" + }, + { + "start": 482.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator which represents the energy of" + }, + { + "start": 482.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator which represents the energy of the<00:08:03.199> system.<00:08:03.759> That<00:08:04.080> operator<00:08:04.639> is<00:08:04.800> the" + }, + { + "start": 485.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the system. That operator is the" + }, + { + "start": 485.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the system. That operator is the Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 487.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 487.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Hamiltonian which<00:08:07.759> plays<00:08:08.240> essentially<00:08:08.639> the<00:08:08.960> same<00:08:09.199> role" + }, + { + "start": 489.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which plays essentially the same role" + }, + { + "start": 489.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which plays essentially the same role here<00:08:09.680> that<00:08:09.919> it<00:08:10.160> plays<00:08:10.400> in<00:08:10.639> classical<00:08:11.120> physics." + }, + { + "start": 491.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here that it plays in classical physics." + }, + { + "start": 491.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here that it plays in classical physics. It's<00:08:11.840> a<00:08:12.000> measure<00:08:12.319> of<00:08:12.479> energy" + }, + { + "start": 494.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's a measure of energy" + }, + { + "start": 494.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's a measure of energy and<00:08:15.440> when<00:08:15.759> we<00:08:15.919> write<00:08:16.240> this<00:08:16.560> equation<00:08:17.840> um<00:08:18.400> it" + }, + { + "start": 498.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and when we write this equation um it" + }, + { + "start": 498.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and when we write this equation um it requires<00:08:19.360> introducing<00:08:20.160> a<00:08:20.560> constant<00:08:21.280> which<00:08:21.520> is" + }, + { + "start": 501.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requires introducing a constant which is" + }, + { + "start": 501.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requires introducing a constant which is finite<00:08:22.639> and<00:08:22.960> which<00:08:23.199> has<00:08:23.360> the<00:08:23.599> units<00:08:24.000> of<00:08:24.240> action" + }, + { + "start": 505.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finite and which has the units of action" + }, + { + "start": 505.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finite and which has the units of action and<00:08:26.240> a<00:08:26.479> finite<00:08:27.039> value<00:08:27.280> of<00:08:27.520> this<00:08:27.840> constant" + }, + { + "start": 509.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and a finite value of this constant" + }, + { + "start": 509.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and a finite value of this constant um<00:08:30.160> corresponds<00:08:30.800> to<00:08:31.039> there<00:08:31.360> being<00:08:31.680> no<00:08:32.080> no" + }, + { + "start": 512.469, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um corresponds to there being no no" + }, + { + "start": 512.479, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um corresponds to there being no no singularities.<00:08:33.360> Clearly<00:08:33.760> if<00:08:34.000> that<00:08:34.880> symbol<00:08:35.360> h" + }, + { + "start": 515.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "singularities. Clearly if that symbol h" + }, + { + "start": 515.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "singularities. Clearly if that symbol h bar<00:08:36.000> was<00:08:36.320> zero" + }, + { + "start": 517.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bar was zero" + }, + { + "start": 517.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bar was zero there<00:08:38.080> would<00:08:38.240> be<00:08:38.320> a<00:08:38.479> singularity<00:08:39.200> and<00:08:39.440> if<00:08:39.599> it" + }, + { + "start": 519.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there would be a singularity and if it" + }, + { + "start": 519.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there would be a singularity and if it was<00:08:40.000> infinity<00:08:40.640> there<00:08:40.800> would<00:08:40.959> be<00:08:41.039> a" + }, + { + "start": 521.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "was infinity there would be a" + }, + { + "start": 521.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "was infinity there would be a singularity.<00:08:41.919> So<00:08:42.080> it<00:08:42.320> needs<00:08:42.479> to<00:08:42.640> be<00:08:42.800> finite." + }, + { + "start": 524.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "singularity. So it needs to be finite." + }, + { + "start": 524.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "singularity. So it needs to be finite. Now<00:08:45.440> this<00:08:45.760> theory<00:08:46.240> is<00:08:46.560> quantum<00:08:46.959> theory" + }, + { + "start": 528.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now this theory is quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 528.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now this theory is quantum theory of<00:08:49.040> an<00:08:49.279> isolated<00:08:50.000> system." + }, + { + "start": 531.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an isolated system." + }, + { + "start": 531.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an isolated system. So<00:08:51.920> in<00:08:52.080> a<00:08:52.320> sense<00:08:52.720> isolation<00:08:53.440> is<00:08:53.760> all<00:08:54.000> you<00:08:54.240> need" + }, + { + "start": 535.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So in a sense isolation is all you need" + }, + { + "start": 535.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So in a sense isolation is all you need to<00:08:55.440> get<00:08:55.839> quantum<00:08:56.240> theory.<00:08:57.200> Uh<00:08:57.839> it's<00:08:58.080> a<00:08:58.320> it's<00:08:58.560> a" + }, + { + "start": 538.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to get quantum theory. Uh it's a it's a" + }, + { + "start": 538.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to get quantum theory. Uh it's a it's a good<00:08:58.959> way<00:08:59.120> to<00:08:59.360> start<00:08:59.680> because<00:08:59.920> it<00:09:00.160> gets<00:09:00.399> you" + }, + { + "start": 540.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good way to start because it gets you" + }, + { + "start": 540.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good way to start because it gets you someplace<00:09:01.040> that<00:09:01.279> we<00:09:01.519> understand" + }, + { + "start": 543.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "someplace that we understand" + }, + { + "start": 543.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "someplace that we understand and<00:09:03.600> that<00:09:03.839> we<00:09:04.080> have<00:09:04.480> empirical<00:09:05.200> reasons<00:09:05.680> to" + }, + { + "start": 547.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that we have empirical reasons to" + }, + { + "start": 547.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that we have empirical reasons to think<00:09:07.600> is<00:09:07.760> a<00:09:08.000> good<00:09:08.160> description<00:09:08.640> of<00:09:08.959> generic" + }, + { + "start": 549.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think is a good description of generic" + }, + { + "start": 549.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think is a good description of generic systems." + }, + { + "start": 552.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:09:13.200> if<00:09:13.519> everything<00:09:14.000> is<00:09:14.320> linear,<00:09:15.680> the<00:09:15.920> dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 556.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if everything is linear, the dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 556.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if everything is linear, the dynamics is<00:09:16.800> linear,<00:09:17.920> we<00:09:18.160> can<00:09:18.320> do<00:09:18.480> a<00:09:18.720> linear" + }, + { + "start": 559.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is linear, we can do a linear" + }, + { + "start": 559.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is linear, we can do a linear decomposition<00:09:20.000> of<00:09:20.240> the<00:09:20.480> dynamics." + }, + { + "start": 561.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decomposition of the dynamics." + }, + { + "start": 562.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decomposition of the dynamics. So<00:09:22.240> we<00:09:22.480> can<00:09:22.800> split<00:09:23.440> this<00:09:24.080> isolated<00:09:24.880> system<00:09:25.360> U" + }, + { + "start": 565.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can split this isolated system U" + }, + { + "start": 565.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can split this isolated system U into<00:09:26.959> the<00:09:27.519> components<00:09:28.080> that<00:09:28.320> we're" + }, + { + "start": 568.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into the components that we're" + }, + { + "start": 568.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into the components that we're interested<00:09:28.959> in<00:09:29.440> some<00:09:29.760> system<00:09:30.240> that<00:09:30.480> we<00:09:30.720> want" + }, + { + "start": 570.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interested in some system that we want" + }, + { + "start": 570.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interested in some system that we want to<00:09:31.040> talk<00:09:31.279> about<00:09:32.399> uh<00:09:32.640> A<00:09:33.760> and<00:09:34.000> and<00:09:34.959> its" + }, + { + "start": 575.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to talk about uh A and and its" + }, + { + "start": 575.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to talk about uh A and and its environment<00:09:36.000> now<00:09:36.399> A<00:09:36.720> bar<00:09:37.040> which<00:09:37.279> is<00:09:37.440> just" + }, + { + "start": 577.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment now A bar which is just" + }, + { + "start": 577.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment now A bar which is just everything<00:09:38.160> else<00:09:38.399> in<00:09:38.640> U<00:09:38.959> that<00:09:39.200> isn't<00:09:39.519> A<00:09:40.800> and" + }, + { + "start": 581.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything else in U that isn't A and" + }, + { + "start": 581.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything else in U that isn't A and that<00:09:41.360> introduces<00:09:42.000> the<00:09:42.240> idea<00:09:42.480> of<00:09:42.640> a<00:09:42.880> boundary" + }, + { + "start": 583.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that introduces the idea of a boundary" + }, + { + "start": 583.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that introduces the idea of a boundary between<00:09:43.680> the<00:09:43.920> two.<00:09:45.279> Um<00:09:45.680> and<00:09:45.839> the<00:09:46.080> linear" + }, + { + "start": 586.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the two. Um and the linear" + }, + { + "start": 586.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the two. Um and the linear decomposition<00:09:47.360> is<00:09:47.519> a<00:09:47.760> decomposition<00:09:48.480> of<00:09:48.720> this" + }, + { + "start": 589.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decomposition is a decomposition of this" + }, + { + "start": 589.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decomposition is a decomposition of this operator<00:09:49.680> h<00:09:50.080> the<00:09:50.240> Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 592.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator h the Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 592.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator h the Hamiltonian and<00:09:52.320> we<00:09:52.480> can<00:09:52.800> decompose<00:09:53.360> it<00:09:53.600> into<00:09:53.839> the<00:09:54.000> sum<00:09:54.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 594.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we can decompose it into the sum of" + }, + { + "start": 594.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we can decompose it into the sum of three<00:09:54.800> terms.<00:09:55.600> A<00:09:55.839> term<00:09:56.080> for<00:09:56.320> the<00:09:56.480> left<00:09:56.720> side,<00:09:57.040> a" + }, + { + "start": 597.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three terms. A term for the left side, a" + }, + { + "start": 597.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three terms. A term for the left side, a term<00:09:57.519> for<00:09:57.680> the<00:09:57.839> right<00:09:58.080> side<00:09:58.480> and<00:09:58.720> a<00:09:58.880> term<00:09:59.120> for" + }, + { + "start": 599.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "term for the right side and a term for" + }, + { + "start": 599.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "term for the right side and a term for the<00:09:59.440> interaction." + }, + { + "start": 601.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction." + }, + { + "start": 601.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction. So<00:10:01.600> a<00:10:01.839> nice<00:10:02.080> thing<00:10:02.240> about<00:10:03.040> quantum<00:10:03.440> theory,<00:10:03.760> it" + }, + { + "start": 603.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So a nice thing about quantum theory, it" + }, + { + "start": 604.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So a nice thing about quantum theory, it has<00:10:04.160> this<00:10:04.560> simple<00:10:06.000> representation<00:10:06.880> of" + }, + { + "start": 607.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has this simple representation of" + }, + { + "start": 607.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has this simple representation of interaction<00:10:07.760> and<00:10:08.000> it's<00:10:08.320> linear." + }, + { + "start": 609.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction and it's linear." + }, + { + "start": 609.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction and it's linear. So<00:10:10.160> this<00:10:10.399> is<00:10:10.720> a<00:10:10.959> generic<00:10:11.600> symmetry<00:10:12.320> preserving" + }, + { + "start": 613.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is a generic symmetry preserving" + }, + { + "start": 613.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is a generic symmetry preserving representation<00:10:14.720> of<00:10:15.279> interaction<00:10:16.000> between<00:10:16.480> a" + }, + { + "start": 616.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "representation of interaction between a" + }, + { + "start": 616.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "representation of interaction between a system<00:10:17.200> and<00:10:17.360> and<00:10:17.680> everything<00:10:18.000> else." + }, + { + "start": 619.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system and and everything else." + }, + { + "start": 619.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system and and everything else. Now<00:10:20.079> we<00:10:20.320> can<00:10:20.560> continue<00:10:21.360> decomposing<00:10:22.240> this" + }, + { + "start": 622.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now we can continue decomposing this" + }, + { + "start": 622.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now we can continue decomposing this interaction<00:10:23.360> term<00:10:23.920> again<00:10:24.560> additively" + }, + { + "start": 626.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction term again additively" + }, + { + "start": 626.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction term again additively um<00:10:27.360> as<00:10:28.160> a<00:10:28.480> sum" + }, + { + "start": 630.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um as a sum" + }, + { + "start": 630.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um as a sum of<00:10:31.440> operators<00:10:32.079> that<00:10:32.320> act<00:10:32.560> on<00:10:32.959> single<00:10:33.440> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 633.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of operators that act on single quantum" + }, + { + "start": 633.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of operators that act on single quantum bits.<00:10:34.640> And<00:10:34.880> some<00:10:35.360> some<00:10:35.680> of<00:10:35.760> you<00:10:36.000> have<00:10:36.320> seen" + }, + { + "start": 636.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bits. And some some of you have seen" + }, + { + "start": 636.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bits. And some some of you have seen this<00:10:36.800> kind<00:10:36.959> of<00:10:37.120> picture<00:10:37.440> before<00:10:37.760> in<00:10:39.200> uh" + }, + { + "start": 639.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this kind of picture before in uh" + }, + { + "start": 639.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this kind of picture before in uh previous<00:10:40.000> talks,<00:10:41.040> but<00:10:41.279> these<00:10:41.760> operators<00:10:42.320> are" + }, + { + "start": 642.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "previous talks, but these operators are" + }, + { + "start": 642.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "previous talks, but these operators are very<00:10:42.959> simple.<00:10:43.519> They're<00:10:43.920> just<00:10:44.399> operators<00:10:45.040> that" + }, + { + "start": 645.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very simple. They're just operators that" + }, + { + "start": 645.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very simple. They're just operators that measure<00:10:46.079> the<00:10:46.399> spin<00:10:46.720> of<00:10:46.880> a<00:10:47.040> quantum<00:10:47.519> bit.<00:10:48.720> And" + }, + { + "start": 649.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measure the spin of a quantum bit. And" + }, + { + "start": 649.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measure the spin of a quantum bit. And each<00:10:49.279> one<00:10:49.519> of<00:10:49.600> them<00:10:49.760> is<00:10:50.000> equipped<00:10:50.480> with<00:10:50.640> a" + }, + { + "start": 650.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each one of them is equipped with a" + }, + { + "start": 650.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each one of them is equipped with a reference<00:10:51.360> frame<00:10:51.760> that<00:10:52.079> says<00:10:52.480> what<00:10:52.800> direction" + }, + { + "start": 653.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame that says what direction" + }, + { + "start": 653.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame that says what direction counts<00:10:54.079> as<00:10:54.640> Z<00:10:55.839> since<00:10:56.160> this<00:10:56.320> is<00:10:56.480> a<00:10:56.800> Z<00:10:57.200> spin" + }, + { + "start": 657.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "counts as Z since this is a Z spin" + }, + { + "start": 657.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "counts as Z since this is a Z spin operator.<00:10:58.160> And<00:10:58.399> Z<00:10:58.720> can<00:10:58.880> be<00:10:59.040> chosen<00:10:59.360> to<00:10:59.519> be" + }, + { + "start": 659.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator. And Z can be chosen to be" + }, + { + "start": 659.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator. And Z can be chosen to be anything.<00:11:01.040> and<00:11:01.440> it<00:11:01.680> can<00:11:01.839> be<00:11:02.000> chosen<00:11:03.040> uh<00:11:03.120> in" + }, + { + "start": 663.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything. and it can be chosen uh in" + }, + { + "start": 663.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything. and it can be chosen uh in different<00:11:03.680> ways<00:11:04.000> for<00:11:04.240> different<00:11:04.560> cubits." + }, + { + "start": 666.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different ways for different cubits." + }, + { + "start": 666.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different ways for different cubits. But<00:11:06.480> this<00:11:06.720> turns<00:11:07.040> this<00:11:07.440> boundary<00:11:08.000> B<00:11:08.399> into<00:11:08.720> a" + }, + { + "start": 668.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But this turns this boundary B into a" + }, + { + "start": 668.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But this turns this boundary B into a holographic<00:11:09.760> screen.<00:11:10.160> So<00:11:10.320> there's<00:11:10.560> a<00:11:10.800> lot<00:11:10.880> of" + }, + { + "start": 671.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "holographic screen. So there's a lot of" + }, + { + "start": 671.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "holographic screen. So there's a lot of physics<00:11:11.440> that<00:11:11.680> can<00:11:11.839> now<00:11:12.079> be<00:11:12.240> imported<00:11:12.880> to<00:11:13.200> talk" + }, + { + "start": 673.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics that can now be imported to talk" + }, + { + "start": 673.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics that can now be imported to talk about<00:11:14.000> this<00:11:14.399> boundary.<00:11:15.360> And<00:11:15.519> I'm<00:11:15.760> not<00:11:15.920> going" + }, + { + "start": 675.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about this boundary. And I'm not going" + }, + { + "start": 676.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about this boundary. And I'm not going to<00:11:16.079> really<00:11:16.399> talk<00:11:16.720> about<00:11:16.959> that<00:11:17.600> physics<00:11:18.240> today." + }, + { + "start": 679.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to really talk about that physics today." + }, + { + "start": 679.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to really talk about that physics today. Uh<00:11:19.920> we're<00:11:20.240> just<00:11:20.480> going<00:11:20.640> to<00:11:20.800> go<00:11:21.040> on." + }, + { + "start": 682.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we're just going to go on." + }, + { + "start": 682.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we're just going to go on. Um<00:11:23.600> this<00:11:23.839> Hamiltonian<00:11:24.720> now<00:11:25.120> tells<00:11:25.440> us<00:11:25.680> how<00:11:27.040> a" + }, + { + "start": 687.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um this Hamiltonian now tells us how a" + }, + { + "start": 687.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um this Hamiltonian now tells us how a and<00:11:27.360> a<00:11:27.680> bar<00:11:28.000> act<00:11:28.320> on<00:11:28.560> each<00:11:28.800> other.<00:11:29.200> they<00:11:29.519> act<00:11:29.760> on" + }, + { + "start": 689.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and a bar act on each other. they act on" + }, + { + "start": 690.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and a bar act on each other. they act on each<00:11:30.240> other<00:11:30.399> by<00:11:31.040> changing<00:11:31.440> the<00:11:31.680> values<00:11:32.079> of" + }, + { + "start": 692.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other by changing the values of" + }, + { + "start": 692.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other by changing the values of cubits." + }, + { + "start": 694.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cubits." + }, + { + "start": 694.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cubits. Uh<00:11:35.279> what<00:11:35.519> we<00:11:35.839> wanted<00:11:36.160> though<00:11:36.640> is<00:11:36.959> to" + }, + { + "start": 697.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh what we wanted though is to" + }, + { + "start": 697.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh what we wanted though is to understand<00:11:38.160> how<00:11:38.320> a<00:11:38.560> and<00:11:38.720> a<00:11:38.959> bar<00:11:39.360> influence" + }, + { + "start": 700.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand how a and a bar influence" + }, + { + "start": 700.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand how a and a bar influence each<00:11:40.320> other.<00:11:40.640> How<00:11:41.200> information<00:11:41.920> flows<00:11:42.480> from" + }, + { + "start": 702.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other. How information flows from" + }, + { + "start": 702.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other. How information flows from one<00:11:42.959> to<00:11:43.120> another." + }, + { + "start": 705.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one to another." + }, + { + "start": 705.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one to another. And<00:11:45.519> these<00:11:45.839> are<00:11:46.000> the<00:11:46.320> same<00:11:47.519> uh<00:11:47.680> if<00:11:47.920> and<00:11:48.160> only<00:11:48.399> if" + }, + { + "start": 708.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And these are the same uh if and only if" + }, + { + "start": 708.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And these are the same uh if and only if one<00:11:49.200> condition<00:11:49.600> is<00:11:49.920> met<00:11:51.040> that<00:11:51.600> a<00:11:51.760> and<00:11:51.920> a<00:11:52.160> bar" + }, + { + "start": 712.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one condition is met that a and a bar" + }, + { + "start": 712.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one condition is met that a and a bar have<00:11:52.959> conditionally<00:11:53.680> independent<00:11:54.399> states." + }, + { + "start": 715.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have conditionally independent states." + }, + { + "start": 715.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have conditionally independent states. So<00:11:55.200> that<00:11:55.360> we<00:11:55.519> could<00:11:55.760> talk<00:11:55.920> about<00:11:56.160> the<00:11:56.480> state<00:11:56.640> of" + }, + { + "start": 716.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that we could talk about the state of" + }, + { + "start": 716.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that we could talk about the state of A<00:11:57.519> and<00:11:57.760> the<00:11:57.920> state<00:11:58.160> of<00:11:58.320> A<00:11:58.560> bar." + }, + { + "start": 720.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "A and the state of A bar." + }, + { + "start": 720.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "A and the state of A bar. And<00:12:00.560> that's<00:12:01.040> a<00:12:01.360> simple<00:12:01.760> requirement.<00:12:02.560> We<00:12:02.880> have" + }, + { + "start": 722.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that's a simple requirement. We have" + }, + { + "start": 722.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that's a simple requirement. We have to<00:12:03.200> require<00:12:03.680> that<00:12:03.920> the<00:12:04.160> joint<00:12:04.560> state<00:12:05.440> the" + }, + { + "start": 725.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to require that the joint state the" + }, + { + "start": 725.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to require that the joint state the state<00:12:05.920> of<00:12:06.079> the<00:12:06.240> two<00:12:06.560> systems<00:12:07.200> factors<00:12:08.320> into" + }, + { + "start": 728.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state of the two systems factors into" + }, + { + "start": 728.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state of the two systems factors into the<00:12:08.880> state<00:12:09.040> of<00:12:09.200> the<00:12:09.360> one<00:12:09.600> system<00:12:09.920> and<00:12:10.160> the" + }, + { + "start": 730.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the state of the one system and the" + }, + { + "start": 730.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the state of the one system and the state<00:12:10.560> of<00:12:10.639> the<00:12:10.880> other<00:12:11.120> system." + }, + { + "start": 733.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state of the other system." + }, + { + "start": 733.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state of the other system. And<00:12:13.600> this<00:12:13.839> is<00:12:14.480> in<00:12:14.720> quantum<00:12:15.040> theory<00:12:15.440> called" + }, + { + "start": 735.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this is in quantum theory called" + }, + { + "start": 735.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this is in quantum theory called separability.<00:12:17.200> And<00:12:17.440> it's<00:12:17.680> the<00:12:18.000> same<00:12:18.160> as<00:12:18.399> the" + }, + { + "start": 738.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separability. And it's the same as the" + }, + { + "start": 738.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separability. And it's the same as the absence<00:12:19.120> of<00:12:19.360> entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 741.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absence of entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 741.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absence of entanglement. So<00:12:21.920> systems" + }, + { + "start": 743.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So systems" + }, + { + "start": 743.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So systems have<00:12:23.680> their<00:12:23.920> own<00:12:24.079> states.<00:12:24.480> if<00:12:24.720> they're<00:12:24.959> not" + }, + { + "start": 745.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have their own states. if they're not" + }, + { + "start": 745.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have their own states. if they're not entangled." + }, + { + "start": 746.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entangled." + }, + { + "start": 746.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entangled. And<00:12:27.440> entanglement<00:12:28.240> just<00:12:28.480> means<00:12:28.880> factoriz<00:12:29.600> or" + }, + { + "start": 750.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And entanglement just means factoriz or" + }, + { + "start": 750.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And entanglement just means factoriz or non-entanglement<00:12:32.000> just<00:12:32.240> means" + }, + { + "start": 752.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-entanglement just means" + }, + { + "start": 752.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-entanglement just means factorizability." + }, + { + "start": 754.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "factorizability." + }, + { + "start": 754.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "factorizability. And<00:12:34.320> of<00:12:34.480> course<00:12:34.639> that<00:12:34.959> maps<00:12:35.360> over<00:12:35.600> into" + }, + { + "start": 756.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And of course that maps over into" + }, + { + "start": 756.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And of course that maps over into classical<00:12:36.720> systems.<00:12:37.279> If<00:12:38.079> classical<00:12:38.639> dynamic" + }, + { + "start": 759.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "classical systems. If classical dynamic" + }, + { + "start": 759.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "classical systems. If classical dynamic system<00:12:39.680> has<00:12:39.839> a<00:12:40.079> markoff<00:12:40.560> blanket<00:12:40.959> then<00:12:41.200> the" + }, + { + "start": 761.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system has a markoff blanket then the" + }, + { + "start": 761.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system has a markoff blanket then the then<00:12:41.839> it<00:12:42.000> factors" + }, + { + "start": 764.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then it factors" + }, + { + "start": 764.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then it factors and<00:12:44.959> we<00:12:45.200> know<00:12:46.079> what<00:12:46.399> separability<00:12:47.279> requires." + }, + { + "start": 767.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we know what separability requires." + }, + { + "start": 767.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we know what separability requires. It<00:12:48.079> requires<00:12:48.639> sparse<00:12:49.120> coupling." + }, + { + "start": 770.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It requires sparse coupling." + }, + { + "start": 770.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It requires sparse coupling. So<00:12:51.120> formally<00:12:51.920> this<00:12:52.240> interaction<00:12:52.880> has<00:12:53.040> to<00:12:53.200> have" + }, + { + "start": 773.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So formally this interaction has to have" + }, + { + "start": 773.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So formally this interaction has to have a<00:12:53.680> small<00:12:54.160> dimension<00:12:55.120> and<00:12:55.360> since<00:12:55.680> it's<00:12:56.000> an" + }, + { + "start": 776.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a small dimension and since it's an" + }, + { + "start": 776.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a small dimension and since it's an operator<00:12:56.800> its<00:12:57.120> dimension<00:12:57.519> is<00:12:57.839> well<00:12:58.079> defined" + }, + { + "start": 779.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator its dimension is well defined" + }, + { + "start": 780.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operator its dimension is well defined and<00:13:00.240> by<00:13:00.720> small<00:13:01.760> it<00:13:02.079> means<00:13:02.240> its<00:13:02.560> dimension<00:13:02.959> is" + }, + { + "start": 783.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and by small it means its dimension is" + }, + { + "start": 783.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and by small it means its dimension is much<00:13:03.519> less<00:13:03.839> than<00:13:04.079> the<00:13:04.240> dimension<00:13:04.720> of<00:13:04.959> either" + }, + { + "start": 785.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much less than the dimension of either" + }, + { + "start": 785.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much less than the dimension of either of<00:13:05.360> the<00:13:05.600> other<00:13:05.920> operators<00:13:06.560> in<00:13:06.800> the<00:13:06.959> picture" + }, + { + "start": 787.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the other operators in the picture" + }, + { + "start": 787.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the other operators in the picture the<00:13:08.320> internal<00:13:09.040> operators<00:13:09.680> for<00:13:10.000> a<00:13:10.160> and<00:13:10.399> a<00:13:10.639> bar." + }, + { + "start": 791.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the internal operators for a and a bar." + }, + { + "start": 792.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the internal operators for a and a bar. So<00:13:12.320> intuitively<00:13:13.040> the<00:13:13.279> evolutions<00:13:13.920> of<00:13:14.079> these" + }, + { + "start": 794.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So intuitively the evolutions of these" + }, + { + "start": 794.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So intuitively the evolutions of these systems<00:13:14.959> have<00:13:15.120> to<00:13:15.360> be<00:13:15.519> almost<00:13:16.000> independent" + }, + { + "start": 796.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems have to be almost independent" + }, + { + "start": 796.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems have to be almost independent for<00:13:17.040> their<00:13:17.360> states<00:13:17.680> to<00:13:17.920> be<00:13:18.079> separable<00:13:19.519> and<00:13:20.240> for" + }, + { + "start": 800.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for their states to be separable and for" + }, + { + "start": 800.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for their states to be separable and for the<00:13:20.959> interaction<00:13:21.839> to<00:13:22.160> actually<00:13:22.800> capture<00:13:23.279> all" + }, + { + "start": 803.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction to actually capture all" + }, + { + "start": 803.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction to actually capture all of<00:13:23.680> the<00:13:23.920> influence<00:13:24.320> of<00:13:24.560> one<00:13:24.880> system<00:13:25.120> on<00:13:25.360> the" + }, + { + "start": 805.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the influence of one system on the" + }, + { + "start": 805.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the influence of one system on the other." + }, + { + "start": 808.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other." + }, + { + "start": 808.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other. So<00:13:29.120> what<00:13:29.360> we've<00:13:29.680> done<00:13:29.839> here<00:13:30.079> is<00:13:30.560> reconstruct" + }, + { + "start": 811.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what we've done here is reconstruct" + }, + { + "start": 811.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what we've done here is reconstruct the<00:13:31.440> free<00:13:31.760> energy<00:13:32.240> principle<00:13:32.720> from<00:13:33.040> minimal" + }, + { + "start": 813.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the free energy principle from minimal" + }, + { + "start": 813.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the free energy principle from minimal physics.<00:13:34.560> And<00:13:35.440> again<00:13:36.320> u<00:13:36.800> at<00:13:36.880> least<00:13:37.120> some<00:13:37.360> of" + }, + { + "start": 817.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics. And again u at least some of" + }, + { + "start": 817.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics. And again u at least some of you<00:13:37.600> have<00:13:37.839> seen<00:13:38.000> this<00:13:38.240> before." + }, + { + "start": 819.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you have seen this before." + }, + { + "start": 819.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you have seen this before. If<00:13:40.720> uh<00:13:40.800> these<00:13:41.200> two<00:13:41.440> systems<00:13:42.079> A<00:13:42.399> and<00:13:42.639> its" + }, + { + "start": 822.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If uh these two systems A and its" + }, + { + "start": 822.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If uh these two systems A and its environment<00:13:43.279> are<00:13:43.600> separable,<00:13:44.480> so<00:13:44.720> they<00:13:45.040> meet" + }, + { + "start": 825.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment are separable, so they meet" + }, + { + "start": 825.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment are separable, so they meet this<00:13:45.519> dimensionality<00:13:46.480> constraint<00:13:47.200> on<00:13:48.399> the" + }, + { + "start": 828.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this dimensionality constraint on the" + }, + { + "start": 828.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this dimensionality constraint on the Hamiltonians," + }, + { + "start": 830.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Hamiltonians," + }, + { + "start": 830.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Hamiltonians, then<00:13:50.720> the<00:13:50.880> Hamiltonian<00:13:51.680> fully<00:13:52.079> describes" + }, + { + "start": 832.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then the Hamiltonian fully describes" + }, + { + "start": 832.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then the Hamiltonian fully describes information<00:13:53.279> exchange.<00:13:54.639> The<00:13:54.959> boundary" + }, + { + "start": 835.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information exchange. The boundary" + }, + { + "start": 835.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information exchange. The boundary functions<00:13:55.839> as<00:13:56.000> a<00:13:56.160> markoff<00:13:56.720> blanket.<00:13:58.079> Uh<00:13:58.480> the" + }, + { + "start": 838.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functions as a markoff blanket. Uh the" + }, + { + "start": 838.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functions as a markoff blanket. Uh the variational<00:13:59.519> free<00:13:59.839> energy<00:14:00.240> is<00:14:00.480> a<00:14:00.720> measure<00:14:01.040> of" + }, + { + "start": 841.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "variational free energy is a measure of" + }, + { + "start": 841.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "variational free energy is a measure of the<00:14:01.360> interaction<00:14:02.000> strength." + }, + { + "start": 843.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction strength." + }, + { + "start": 843.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction strength. uh<00:14:03.839> minimizing<00:14:04.560> VF<00:14:05.519> VFE<00:14:06.079> which<00:14:06.320> is<00:14:06.480> what<00:14:06.720> the" + }, + { + "start": 847.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh minimizing VF VFE which is what the" + }, + { + "start": 847.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh minimizing VF VFE which is what the free<00:14:07.360> energy<00:14:07.680> principle<00:14:08.079> is<00:14:08.320> about<00:14:09.199> is" + }, + { + "start": 849.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "free energy principle is about is" + }, + { + "start": 849.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "free energy principle is about is keeping<00:14:09.760> the<00:14:10.000> interaction<00:14:10.639> weak<00:14:11.920> while" + }, + { + "start": 852.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping the interaction weak while" + }, + { + "start": 852.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping the interaction weak while allowing<00:14:13.040> thermodynamic<00:14:13.920> exchange." + }, + { + "start": 855.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "allowing thermodynamic exchange." + }, + { + "start": 855.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "allowing thermodynamic exchange. So<00:14:15.839> it's<00:14:16.079> it's<00:14:16.480> keeping<00:14:16.800> the<00:14:17.040> interaction" + }, + { + "start": 857.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So it's it's keeping the interaction" + }, + { + "start": 857.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So it's it's keeping the interaction between<00:14:17.839> the<00:14:18.079> system<00:14:18.320> and<00:14:18.560> its<00:14:18.800> environment" + }, + { + "start": 859.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the system and its environment" + }, + { + "start": 859.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the system and its environment fairly<00:14:20.000> weak<00:14:21.120> while<00:14:21.360> enviring<00:14:22.480> allowing<00:14:22.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 863.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fairly weak while enviring allowing the" + }, + { + "start": 863.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fairly weak while enviring allowing the system<00:14:23.440> to<00:14:23.680> eat<00:14:23.920> some<00:14:24.079> of<00:14:24.240> its<00:14:24.480> environment<00:14:25.120> to" + }, + { + "start": 865.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system to eat some of its environment to" + }, + { + "start": 865.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system to eat some of its environment to to<00:14:26.320> provide<00:14:26.639> enough<00:14:26.959> energy<00:14:27.360> to<00:14:27.600> live." + }, + { + "start": 869.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to provide enough energy to live." + }, + { + "start": 869.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to provide enough energy to live. And<00:14:30.000> in<00:14:30.240> this<00:14:30.399> case<00:14:30.720> predictability<00:14:32.000> which<00:14:32.240> is" + }, + { + "start": 872.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in this case predictability which is" + }, + { + "start": 872.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in this case predictability which is what<00:14:32.720> the<00:14:32.959> system<00:14:33.279> is<00:14:33.600> after<00:14:34.720> is<00:14:35.040> constrained" + }, + { + "start": 875.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the system is after is constrained" + }, + { + "start": 875.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the system is after is constrained interaction.<00:14:36.399> So<00:14:36.560> it's<00:14:37.040> constraining<00:14:37.680> the" + }, + { + "start": 877.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction. So it's constraining the" + }, + { + "start": 877.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction. So it's constraining the interaction<00:14:38.560> in<00:14:38.800> a<00:14:39.040> way<00:14:39.120> that's<00:14:39.519> consistent" + }, + { + "start": 880.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction in a way that's consistent" + }, + { + "start": 880.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction in a way that's consistent with<00:14:40.320> staying<00:14:40.639> alive." + }, + { + "start": 882.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with staying alive." + }, + { + "start": 882.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with staying alive. So<00:14:43.120> ANA<00:14:43.680> bar<00:14:43.920> maintain<00:14:44.399> their<00:14:44.720> identities<00:14:45.199> as" + }, + { + "start": 885.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So ANA bar maintain their identities as" + }, + { + "start": 885.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So ANA bar maintain their identities as distinct<00:14:46.000> systems<00:14:46.959> only<00:14:47.279> while<00:14:47.600> their" + }, + { + "start": 887.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distinct systems only while their" + }, + { + "start": 887.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distinct systems only while their boundary<00:14:49.199> um<00:14:49.600> remains<00:14:50.000> a<00:14:50.160> markoff<00:14:50.720> blanket." + }, + { + "start": 891.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary um remains a markoff blanket." + }, + { + "start": 892.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary um remains a markoff blanket. So<00:14:52.240> there<00:14:52.480> can't<00:14:52.639> be<00:14:52.800> any<00:14:52.959> rips,<00:14:53.440> there<00:14:53.600> can't" + }, + { + "start": 893.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So there can't be any rips, there can't" + }, + { + "start": 893.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So there can't be any rips, there can't be<00:14:54.000> any<00:14:54.560> explosions,<00:14:55.839> other<00:14:56.320> sort<00:14:56.560> of<00:14:56.880> huge" + }, + { + "start": 897.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be any explosions, other sort of huge" + }, + { + "start": 897.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be any explosions, other sort of huge excesses<00:14:58.320> in<00:14:58.639> interaction<00:14:59.360> strength." + }, + { + "start": 901.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "excesses in interaction strength." + }, + { + "start": 901.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "excesses in interaction strength. So<00:15:01.519> that's<00:15:01.760> actually<00:15:02.000> what<00:15:02.160> the<00:15:02.399> FE<00:15:02.959> is<00:15:03.199> about." + }, + { + "start": 903.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that's actually what the FE is about." + }, + { + "start": 903.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that's actually what the FE is about. It's<00:15:03.839> about<00:15:04.160> keeping<00:15:04.560> interactions<00:15:05.360> small" + }, + { + "start": 905.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's about keeping interactions small" + }, + { + "start": 905.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's about keeping interactions small enough<00:15:07.120> to<00:15:07.440> maintain<00:15:07.920> the<00:15:08.160> integrity<00:15:08.639> of<00:15:08.800> a" + }, + { + "start": 909.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "enough to maintain the integrity of a" + }, + { + "start": 909.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "enough to maintain the integrity of a boundary<00:15:10.399> and<00:15:10.639> that's<00:15:10.880> what's<00:15:11.360> required<00:15:11.920> for" + }, + { + "start": 912.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary and that's what's required for" + }, + { + "start": 912.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary and that's what's required for persistence<00:15:12.959> over<00:15:13.279> time<00:15:13.600> as<00:15:13.839> a<00:15:14.000> well-defined" + }, + { + "start": 914.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persistence over time as a well-defined" + }, + { + "start": 914.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persistence over time as a well-defined system" + }, + { + "start": 916.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system" + }, + { + "start": 916.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system and<00:15:16.720> this<00:15:17.120> follows<00:15:18.320> uh<00:15:18.560> just<00:15:18.880> from<00:15:19.360> very" + }, + { + "start": 919.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this follows uh just from very" + }, + { + "start": 919.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this follows uh just from very minimal<00:15:20.240> physical<00:15:20.720> assumptions." + }, + { + "start": 923.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minimal physical assumptions." + }, + { + "start": 923.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minimal physical assumptions. So<00:15:23.440> now<00:15:23.600> if<00:15:23.839> we<00:15:24.000> go<00:15:24.079> back<00:15:24.240> to<00:15:24.480> Jane's<00:15:25.519> Jane's" + }, + { + "start": 925.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So now if we go back to Jane's Jane's" + }, + { + "start": 926.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So now if we go back to Jane's Jane's definition<00:15:26.480> of<00:15:26.720> intelligence<00:15:27.760> as<00:15:28.000> a<00:15:28.240> fixed" + }, + { + "start": 928.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition of intelligence as a fixed" + }, + { + "start": 928.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition of intelligence as a fixed goal<00:15:29.040> with<00:15:29.360> various<00:15:29.920> means<00:15:30.240> of<00:15:30.399> achieving<00:15:30.800> it," + }, + { + "start": 932.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goal with various means of achieving it," + }, + { + "start": 932.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goal with various means of achieving it, we<00:15:32.800> can<00:15:32.959> ask<00:15:33.600> um<00:15:34.320> is<00:15:34.480> there<00:15:34.720> always<00:15:34.880> a<00:15:35.120> goal?" + }, + { + "start": 936.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can ask um is there always a goal?" + }, + { + "start": 936.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can ask um is there always a goal? Does<00:15:36.480> any<00:15:36.720> goal<00:15:37.040> count?<00:15:38.079> And<00:15:38.320> the<00:15:38.560> FEP<00:15:39.199> always" + }, + { + "start": 939.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Does any goal count? And the FEP always" + }, + { + "start": 939.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Does any goal count? And the FEP always gives<00:15:39.680> us<00:15:39.920> one<00:15:40.160> goal<00:15:41.199> continuing<00:15:41.839> to<00:15:42.079> exist." + }, + { + "start": 944.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gives us one goal continuing to exist." + }, + { + "start": 944.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gives us one goal continuing to exist. uh<00:15:44.720> any<00:15:45.279> system<00:15:45.680> that" + }, + { + "start": 947.189, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh any system that" + }, + { + "start": 947.199, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh any system that persists<00:15:47.680> through<00:15:48.000> time<00:15:49.360> acts<00:15:49.920> inferentially" + }, + { + "start": 951.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persists through time acts inferentially" + }, + { + "start": 951.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persists through time acts inferentially uh<00:15:52.079> as<00:15:52.320> if<00:15:52.480> it's<00:15:52.800> trying<00:15:53.040> to<00:15:53.360> continue<00:15:53.680> to" + }, + { + "start": 953.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as if it's trying to continue to" + }, + { + "start": 954.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh as if it's trying to continue to exist.<00:15:54.480> This<00:15:54.720> is<00:15:54.800> what<00:15:55.120> Jacob<00:15:55.759> Howey<00:15:56.240> calls" + }, + { + "start": 956.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exist. This is what Jacob Howey calls" + }, + { + "start": 956.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exist. This is what Jacob Howey calls self-evidencing" + }, + { + "start": 958.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "self-evidencing" + }, + { + "start": 958.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "self-evidencing as<00:15:58.720> an<00:15:58.959> interpretation<00:15:59.600> of<00:15:59.759> the<00:16:00.079> FEP." + }, + { + "start": 961.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as an interpretation of the FEP." + }, + { + "start": 962.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as an interpretation of the FEP. Are<00:16:02.240> any<00:16:02.480> means<00:16:02.880> allowed?<00:16:03.440> Well,<00:16:03.759> yeah." + }, + { + "start": 964.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Are any means allowed? Well, yeah." + }, + { + "start": 964.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Are any means allowed? Well, yeah. Whatever<00:16:04.639> the<00:16:05.600> internal<00:16:06.160> dynamics<00:16:06.880> are" + }, + { + "start": 967.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Whatever the internal dynamics are" + }, + { + "start": 967.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Whatever the internal dynamics are capable<00:16:07.600> of<00:16:08.399> is<00:16:08.800> an<00:16:08.959> allowed<00:16:09.440> means<00:16:09.759> for" + }, + { + "start": 969.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capable of is an allowed means for" + }, + { + "start": 970.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capable of is an allowed means for keeping<00:16:10.240> the<00:16:10.480> boundary<00:16:10.880> intact,<00:16:11.440> for<00:16:11.680> keeping" + }, + { + "start": 971.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping the boundary intact, for keeping" + }, + { + "start": 972.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping the boundary intact, for keeping the<00:16:12.720> interaction<00:16:13.920> uh<00:16:14.800> weak<00:16:15.279> but<00:16:15.600> still<00:16:15.920> open." + }, + { + "start": 977.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction uh weak but still open." + }, + { + "start": 977.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the interaction uh weak but still open. And<00:16:17.920> does<00:16:18.160> anything<00:16:18.560> fall<00:16:18.880> outside<00:16:19.199> of<00:16:19.360> this" + }, + { + "start": 979.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And does anything fall outside of this" + }, + { + "start": 979.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And does anything fall outside of this definition?<00:16:20.240> No.<00:16:20.639> It's<00:16:20.959> completely<00:16:21.519> generic." + }, + { + "start": 982.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition? No. It's completely generic." + }, + { + "start": 982.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition? No. It's completely generic. At least<00:16:22.959> it's<00:16:23.279> completely<00:16:23.759> generic<00:16:24.320> for" + }, + { + "start": 984.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "At least it's completely generic for" + }, + { + "start": 984.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "At least it's completely generic for systems<00:16:24.959> that<00:16:25.199> are<00:16:25.360> physically<00:16:26.000> realizable." + }, + { + "start": 988.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems that are physically realizable." + }, + { + "start": 988.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems that are physically realizable. um<00:16:28.800> so<00:16:29.120> systems<00:16:29.519> that<00:16:30.880> actually<00:16:31.360> respect<00:16:31.839> the" + }, + { + "start": 992.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um so systems that actually respect the" + }, + { + "start": 992.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um so systems that actually respect the sorts<00:16:32.399> of<00:16:32.639> symmetries<00:16:33.120> that<00:16:33.360> our<00:16:33.600> physics" + }, + { + "start": 994.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sorts of symmetries that our physics" + }, + { + "start": 994.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sorts of symmetries that our physics requires." + }, + { + "start": 997.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:16:37.839> from<00:16:38.160> this<00:16:38.399> point<00:16:38.560> of<00:16:38.720> view,<00:16:39.199> intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1000.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So from this point of view, intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1000.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So from this point of view, intelligence looks<00:16:41.120> like<00:16:41.360> something<00:16:41.680> that<00:16:42.000> could<00:16:42.240> be" + }, + { + "start": 1002.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks like something that could be" + }, + { + "start": 1002.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks like something that could be generic." + }, + { + "start": 1006.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The<00:16:47.199> question<00:16:47.440> then<00:16:47.759> becomes<00:16:48.320> not<00:16:48.880> what's" + }, + { + "start": 1009.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The question then becomes not what's" + }, + { + "start": 1009.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The question then becomes not what's intelligent,<00:16:50.320> but<00:16:50.639> is<00:16:50.880> its<00:16:51.199> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1011.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent, but is its behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1011.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent, but is its behavior interesting?" + }, + { + "start": 1013.749, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting?" + }, + { + "start": 1013.759, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting? Um<00:16:54.959> maybe<00:16:55.360> everything<00:16:55.680> is<00:16:56.000> intelligent<00:16:56.639> but" + }, + { + "start": 1016.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um maybe everything is intelligent but" + }, + { + "start": 1016.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um maybe everything is intelligent but some<00:16:57.199> things<00:16:57.920> are<00:16:58.320> completely<00:16:58.959> boring.<00:16:59.440> They" + }, + { + "start": 1019.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some things are completely boring. They" + }, + { + "start": 1019.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some things are completely boring. They don't<00:16:59.839> behave<00:17:00.160> in<00:17:00.399> ways<00:17:00.639> that<00:17:00.800> are" + }, + { + "start": 1021.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't behave in ways that are" + }, + { + "start": 1021.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't behave in ways that are interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1022.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1022.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting. So<00:17:03.519> our<00:17:03.920> question<00:17:04.240> about<00:17:05.039> intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1025.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So our question about intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1025.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So our question about intelligence really<00:17:06.079> turns<00:17:06.400> into<00:17:06.640> a<00:17:06.880> question<00:17:07.120> about" + }, + { + "start": 1027.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really turns into a question about" + }, + { + "start": 1027.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really turns into a question about interestingness.<00:17:08.559> Are<00:17:08.720> there<00:17:08.959> limits<00:17:09.280> on" + }, + { + "start": 1029.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interestingness. Are there limits on" + }, + { + "start": 1029.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interestingness. Are there limits on what<00:17:09.760> kinds<00:17:10.000> of<00:17:10.240> systems<00:17:10.799> can<00:17:11.039> exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 1031.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what kinds of systems can exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 1031.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what kinds of systems can exhibit interesting<00:17:12.160> behavior?<00:17:13.439> And<00:17:13.600> if<00:17:13.760> there<00:17:13.919> are," + }, + { + "start": 1034.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behavior? And if there are," + }, + { + "start": 1034.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behavior? And if there are, how<00:17:14.400> do<00:17:14.480> we<00:17:14.640> find<00:17:14.880> out?<00:17:15.199> How<00:17:15.360> do<00:17:15.520> we<00:17:15.679> find<00:17:15.839> out" + }, + { + "start": 1035.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "how do we find out? How do we find out" + }, + { + "start": 1036.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "how do we find out? How do we find out what<00:17:16.240> the<00:17:16.400> limits<00:17:16.799> are?<00:17:17.280> And<00:17:17.520> how<00:17:17.679> do<00:17:17.760> we<00:17:18.000> find" + }, + { + "start": 1038.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the limits are? And how do we find" + }, + { + "start": 1038.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the limits are? And how do we find out<00:17:18.400> what<00:17:18.640> sorts<00:17:18.880> of<00:17:19.120> systems<00:17:20.480> actually" + }, + { + "start": 1040.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out what sorts of systems actually" + }, + { + "start": 1040.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out what sorts of systems actually display<00:17:21.520> interesting<00:17:22.000> behavior?" + }, + { + "start": 1043.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "display interesting behavior?" + }, + { + "start": 1043.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "display interesting behavior? And<00:17:23.679> if<00:17:23.839> we're<00:17:24.000> going<00:17:24.079> to<00:17:24.240> ask<00:17:24.480> this<00:17:24.720> question," + }, + { + "start": 1045.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And if we're going to ask this question," + }, + { + "start": 1045.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And if we're going to ask this question, we<00:17:25.280> have<00:17:25.360> to<00:17:25.520> know<00:17:25.600> what<00:17:25.919> interesting<00:17:26.480> means." + }, + { + "start": 1048.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we have to know what interesting means." + }, + { + "start": 1048.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we have to know what interesting means. So<00:17:29.200> here's<00:17:29.600> some<00:17:29.840> ways<00:17:30.160> of<00:17:30.640> characterizing" + }, + { + "start": 1052.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's some ways of characterizing" + }, + { + "start": 1052.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's some ways of characterizing interesting<00:17:32.799> behavior.<00:17:34.000> Um" + }, + { + "start": 1055.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behavior. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1055.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behavior. Um so<00:17:36.480> if<00:17:36.720> it's<00:17:36.960> interesting,<00:17:37.440> we<00:17:37.679> want<00:17:37.760> it<00:17:37.919> to<00:17:38.080> be" + }, + { + "start": 1058.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so if it's interesting, we want it to be" + }, + { + "start": 1058.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so if it's interesting, we want it to be surprising." + }, + { + "start": 1059.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprising." + }, + { + "start": 1059.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprising. uh<00:17:40.000> maybe<00:17:40.240> it's<00:17:40.480> unpredictable<00:17:41.200> in<00:17:41.440> practice" + }, + { + "start": 1062.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh maybe it's unpredictable in practice" + }, + { + "start": 1062.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh maybe it's unpredictable in practice or<00:17:43.280> only<00:17:43.760> predictable<00:17:44.480> approximate" + }, + { + "start": 1065.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or only predictable approximate" + }, + { + "start": 1065.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or only predictable approximate approximately<00:17:46.400> with<00:17:46.960> some<00:17:47.280> amount<00:17:47.600> of<00:17:47.840> coarse" + }, + { + "start": 1068.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "approximately with some amount of coarse" + }, + { + "start": 1068.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "approximately with some amount of coarse graining.<00:17:48.720> So<00:17:48.880> if<00:17:49.039> we<00:17:49.200> don't<00:17:49.440> measure<00:17:49.760> what" + }, + { + "start": 1069.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "graining. So if we don't measure what" + }, + { + "start": 1070.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "graining. So if we don't measure what the<00:17:50.240> systems<00:17:50.799> doing<00:17:52.080> with<00:17:52.400> too<00:17:52.640> much" + }, + { + "start": 1072.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the systems doing with too much" + }, + { + "start": 1072.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the systems doing with too much precision" + }, + { + "start": 1074.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "precision" + }, + { + "start": 1074.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "precision um<00:17:56.080> maybe<00:17:56.320> we<00:17:56.640> can<00:17:56.799> predict<00:17:57.120> what's<00:17:57.520> going<00:17:57.679> on" + }, + { + "start": 1077.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um maybe we can predict what's going on" + }, + { + "start": 1078.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um maybe we can predict what's going on but<00:17:58.240> if<00:17:58.480> we<00:17:58.640> really<00:17:58.960> look<00:17:59.280> closely<00:17:59.919> it's<00:18:00.240> it's" + }, + { + "start": 1080.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but if we really look closely it's it's" + }, + { + "start": 1080.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but if we really look closely it's it's going<00:18:00.720> to<00:18:00.880> be<00:18:01.760> uh<00:18:01.919> less<00:18:02.240> predictable." + }, + { + "start": 1083.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to be uh less predictable." + }, + { + "start": 1083.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to be uh less predictable. Maybe<00:18:04.240> the<00:18:04.480> system<00:18:04.720> is<00:18:05.039> unpredictable<00:18:05.760> in" + }, + { + "start": 1086.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Maybe the system is unpredictable in" + }, + { + "start": 1086.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Maybe the system is unpredictable in principle." + }, + { + "start": 1088.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principle." + }, + { + "start": 1088.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principle. um<00:18:09.039> systems<00:18:10.080> seem<00:18:10.400> to<00:18:10.559> be<00:18:10.720> interesting<00:18:11.200> if" + }, + { + "start": 1091.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um systems seem to be interesting if" + }, + { + "start": 1091.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um systems seem to be interesting if they<00:18:11.679> can<00:18:11.840> learn<00:18:12.160> from<00:18:12.480> experience,<00:18:13.440> if<00:18:13.679> their" + }, + { + "start": 1095.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they can learn from experience, if their" + }, + { + "start": 1095.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they can learn from experience, if their um<00:18:15.600> behavior<00:18:16.160> depends<00:18:16.480> on<00:18:16.640> their<00:18:16.960> memory,<00:18:18.320> if" + }, + { + "start": 1098.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um behavior depends on their memory, if" + }, + { + "start": 1098.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um behavior depends on their memory, if it<00:18:18.720> depends<00:18:19.039> on<00:18:19.200> the<00:18:19.520> context<00:18:20.000> they're<00:18:20.240> in." + }, + { + "start": 1102.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it depends on the context they're in." + }, + { + "start": 1102.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it depends on the context they're in. Uh<00:18:22.480> and<00:18:22.720> we<00:18:22.960> can<00:18:23.120> get<00:18:23.280> really<00:18:23.679> radical<00:18:24.240> here." + }, + { + "start": 1105.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and we can get really radical here." + }, + { + "start": 1105.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and we can get really radical here. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1106.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um" + }, + { + "start": 1106.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um some<00:18:27.280> systems<00:18:27.840> may<00:18:28.160> have<00:18:28.480> distributions<00:18:29.120> of" + }, + { + "start": 1109.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some systems may have distributions of" + }, + { + "start": 1109.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some systems may have distributions of outcome<00:18:29.760> values<00:18:30.720> that<00:18:31.120> actually<00:18:31.600> violate<00:18:32.080> the" + }, + { + "start": 1112.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "outcome values that actually violate the" + }, + { + "start": 1112.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "outcome values that actually violate the Kaggoro<00:18:33.039> vacs.<00:18:34.480> So<00:18:35.200> the<00:18:35.520> outcome<00:18:36.080> probability" + }, + { + "start": 1116.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Kaggoro vacs. So the outcome probability" + }, + { + "start": 1116.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Kaggoro vacs. So the outcome probability distributions<00:18:37.520> are<00:18:37.840> undefined.<00:18:39.120> That's" + }, + { + "start": 1119.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distributions are undefined. That's" + }, + { + "start": 1119.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distributions are undefined. That's really<00:18:40.080> interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1123.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But<00:18:43.520> operationally," + }, + { + "start": 1125.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But operationally," + }, + { + "start": 1125.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But operationally, what<00:18:45.360> this<00:18:45.679> all<00:18:45.919> comes<00:18:46.160> down<00:18:46.400> to<00:18:46.640> is<00:18:46.960> that" + }, + { + "start": 1128.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what this all comes down to is that" + }, + { + "start": 1128.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what this all comes down to is that if<00:18:48.720> we<00:18:48.880> measure<00:18:49.200> a<00:18:49.440> bunch<00:18:49.600> of<00:18:49.760> state" + }, + { + "start": 1130.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if we measure a bunch of state" + }, + { + "start": 1130.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if we measure a bunch of state transition<00:18:50.799> probabilities<00:18:51.919> for<00:18:52.160> some<00:18:52.559> finite" + }, + { + "start": 1133.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transition probabilities for some finite" + }, + { + "start": 1133.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transition probabilities for some finite amount<00:18:53.520> of<00:18:53.760> time,<00:18:54.720> they<00:18:54.960> don't<00:18:55.200> converge<00:18:55.840> to" + }, + { + "start": 1136.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amount of time, they don't converge to" + }, + { + "start": 1136.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amount of time, they don't converge to predictive<00:18:56.640> adequacy." + }, + { + "start": 1138.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "predictive adequacy." + }, + { + "start": 1138.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "predictive adequacy. So<00:18:58.799> induction<00:19:00.000> uh<00:19:00.240> doesn't<00:19:00.640> work<00:19:01.200> or<00:19:01.440> doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1141.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So induction uh doesn't work or doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1141.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So induction uh doesn't work or doesn't work<00:19:01.919> very<00:19:02.240> well<00:19:02.480> or<00:19:02.880> only<00:19:03.200> works<00:19:03.520> if<00:19:03.679> we" + }, + { + "start": 1143.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "work very well or only works if we" + }, + { + "start": 1143.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "work very well or only works if we severely<00:19:04.480> coarse<00:19:04.880> grain<00:19:05.200> things." + }, + { + "start": 1146.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "severely coarse grain things." + }, + { + "start": 1146.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "severely coarse grain things. So<00:19:07.039> the<00:19:07.440> sort<00:19:07.760> of<00:19:08.000> mechanical<00:19:08.720> expectations" + }, + { + "start": 1149.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So the sort of mechanical expectations" + }, + { + "start": 1149.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So the sort of mechanical expectations that<00:19:10.400> we've<00:19:10.799> inherited<00:19:11.360> from<00:19:11.840> 19th<00:19:12.320> century" + }, + { + "start": 1152.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we've inherited from 19th century" + }, + { + "start": 1152.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we've inherited from 19th century science<00:19:13.280> are<00:19:13.520> violated" + }, + { + "start": 1155.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "science are violated" + }, + { + "start": 1155.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "science are violated and<00:19:15.360> we<00:19:15.520> know<00:19:15.679> that<00:19:15.919> life<00:19:16.320> does<00:19:16.559> this.<00:19:18.000> Um," + }, + { + "start": 1159.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we know that life does this. Um," + }, + { + "start": 1159.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we know that life does this. Um, if<00:19:20.000> you<00:19:20.559> observe<00:19:21.039> a<00:19:21.280> baby<00:19:21.520> for<00:19:21.760> a<00:19:22.000> while," + }, + { + "start": 1162.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you observe a baby for a while," + }, + { + "start": 1162.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you observe a baby for a while, you're<00:19:22.480> not<00:19:22.640> going<00:19:22.720> to<00:19:22.799> be<00:19:22.880> able<00:19:23.039> to<00:19:23.200> predict" + }, + { + "start": 1163.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're not going to be able to predict" + }, + { + "start": 1163.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're not going to be able to predict what<00:19:23.919> happens<00:19:24.400> as<00:19:24.720> an<00:19:24.960> adult<00:19:25.760> uh<00:19:25.840> to<00:19:26.080> that" + }, + { + "start": 1166.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what happens as an adult uh to that" + }, + { + "start": 1166.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what happens as an adult uh to that person<00:19:26.640> or<00:19:26.960> how<00:19:27.200> that<00:19:27.520> person<00:19:27.840> behaves<00:19:28.240> as<00:19:28.480> an" + }, + { + "start": 1168.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "person or how that person behaves as an" + }, + { + "start": 1168.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "person or how that person behaves as an adult.<00:19:29.679> In<00:19:29.840> fact,<00:19:30.080> if<00:19:30.320> you<00:19:30.640> observe<00:19:31.039> an<00:19:31.280> adult" + }, + { + "start": 1171.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adult. In fact, if you observe an adult" + }, + { + "start": 1171.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adult. In fact, if you observe an adult for<00:19:31.760> a<00:19:32.000> while,<00:19:32.720> you<00:19:32.960> can't<00:19:34.080> perfectly<00:19:34.640> predict" + }, + { + "start": 1174.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for a while, you can't perfectly predict" + }, + { + "start": 1174.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for a while, you can't perfectly predict what<00:19:35.200> they're<00:19:35.440> going<00:19:35.520> to<00:19:35.600> do<00:19:35.840> next.<00:19:37.280> So,<00:19:37.760> life" + }, + { + "start": 1178.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what they're going to do next. So, life" + }, + { + "start": 1178.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what they're going to do next. So, life life<00:19:38.720> doesn't<00:19:39.679> satisfy<00:19:40.320> these<00:19:40.640> sorts<00:19:40.880> of" + }, + { + "start": 1181.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "life doesn't satisfy these sorts of" + }, + { + "start": 1181.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "life doesn't satisfy these sorts of mechanical<00:19:41.760> expectations." + }, + { + "start": 1183.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mechanical expectations." + }, + { + "start": 1183.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mechanical expectations. But<00:19:43.600> what<00:19:43.919> else<00:19:44.320> violates<00:19:44.880> them?<00:19:45.919> Uh<00:19:46.240> that's" + }, + { + "start": 1186.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But what else violates them? Uh that's" + }, + { + "start": 1186.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But what else violates them? Uh that's what<00:19:47.039> we're<00:19:47.280> going<00:19:47.440> to<00:19:47.520> be<00:19:47.679> interested<00:19:48.080> in" + }, + { + "start": 1188.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what we're going to be interested in" + }, + { + "start": 1188.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what we're going to be interested in finding<00:19:48.640> out." + }, + { + "start": 1190.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finding out." + }, + { + "start": 1190.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finding out. And<00:19:50.720> we<00:19:50.960> have<00:19:51.039> some<00:19:51.280> hints." + }, + { + "start": 1192.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we have some hints." + }, + { + "start": 1192.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we have some hints. So<00:19:53.280> here's<00:19:53.600> a<00:19:53.919> old<00:19:54.160> hint<00:19:54.480> from<00:19:54.720> the<00:19:54.960> 1950s<00:19:55.840> from" + }, + { + "start": 1196.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's a old hint from the 1950s from" + }, + { + "start": 1196.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's a old hint from the 1950s from cybernetics." + }, + { + "start": 1197.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cybernetics." + }, + { + "start": 1197.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cybernetics. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1199.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um" + }, + { + "start": 1199.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um Edward<00:19:59.840> Moore<00:20:00.320> showed<00:20:00.559> that<00:20:02.000> finite<00:20:02.480> input" + }, + { + "start": 1202.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Edward Moore showed that finite input" + }, + { + "start": 1202.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Edward Moore showed that finite input output<00:20:03.360> experiments<00:20:04.480> can't<00:20:04.799> uniquely" + }, + { + "start": 1205.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "output experiments can't uniquely" + }, + { + "start": 1205.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "output experiments can't uniquely determine<00:20:05.919> the<00:20:06.320> the<00:20:06.720> machine<00:20:07.200> table<00:20:07.600> which" + }, + { + "start": 1207.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determine the the machine table which" + }, + { + "start": 1207.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determine the the machine table which just<00:20:08.000> means<00:20:08.240> the<00:20:08.480> in<00:20:08.960> internal<00:20:09.440> state" + }, + { + "start": 1209.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just means the in internal state" + }, + { + "start": 1209.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just means the in internal state transition<00:20:10.320> probabilities" + }, + { + "start": 1211.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transition probabilities" + }, + { + "start": 1211.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transition probabilities of<00:20:12.160> a<00:20:12.400> generic<00:20:12.880> classical<00:20:13.440> black<00:20:13.840> box." + }, + { + "start": 1215.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a generic classical black box." + }, + { + "start": 1215.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a generic classical black box. And<00:20:16.880> um<00:20:17.679> the<00:20:17.919> canonical<00:20:18.640> example<00:20:19.039> of<00:20:19.200> that<00:20:19.440> is" + }, + { + "start": 1219.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And um the canonical example of that is" + }, + { + "start": 1219.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And um the canonical example of that is a<00:20:19.840> a<00:20:20.160> box<00:20:20.480> with<00:20:20.640> a<00:20:20.799> clock.<00:20:21.200> So<00:20:21.440> something<00:20:21.679> like" + }, + { + "start": 1221.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a a box with a clock. So something like" + }, + { + "start": 1221.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a a box with a clock. So something like a<00:20:22.080> time<00:20:22.400> bomb<00:20:23.600> where<00:20:23.840> the<00:20:24.080> behavior<00:20:24.559> can" + }, + { + "start": 1224.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a time bomb where the behavior can" + }, + { + "start": 1224.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a time bomb where the behavior can change<00:20:25.600> abruptly<00:20:26.640> after<00:20:27.039> some<00:20:27.360> amount<00:20:27.600> of" + }, + { + "start": 1227.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "change abruptly after some amount of" + }, + { + "start": 1227.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "change abruptly after some amount of time.<00:20:28.159> And<00:20:28.320> if<00:20:28.480> you<00:20:28.640> don't<00:20:28.880> observe<00:20:29.360> it" + }, + { + "start": 1229.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time. And if you don't observe it" + }, + { + "start": 1229.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time. And if you don't observe it through<00:20:30.000> that<00:20:30.320> change<00:20:30.559> of<00:20:30.799> behavior,<00:20:31.280> then" + }, + { + "start": 1231.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through that change of behavior, then" + }, + { + "start": 1231.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through that change of behavior, then you<00:20:31.760> can't<00:20:31.919> predict<00:20:32.320> what's<00:20:32.640> going<00:20:32.720> to<00:20:32.880> happen" + }, + { + "start": 1233.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you can't predict what's going to happen" + }, + { + "start": 1233.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you can't predict what's going to happen next." + }, + { + "start": 1236.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's<00:20:36.640> another<00:20:37.039> more<00:20:37.280> recent<00:20:37.760> hint<00:20:38.400> from<00:20:38.960> um" + }, + { + "start": 1239.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's another more recent hint from um" + }, + { + "start": 1240.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's another more recent hint from um Conway<00:20:40.559> and<00:20:40.720> Koken.<00:20:41.440> The<00:20:41.679> free<00:20:41.919> will<00:20:42.240> theorem." + }, + { + "start": 1242.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Conway and Koken. The free will theorem." + }, + { + "start": 1242.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Conway and Koken. The free will theorem. Here<00:20:42.880> Conway<00:20:43.280> is<00:20:43.600> John<00:20:43.919> Conway<00:20:44.320> from<00:20:44.559> the<00:20:44.720> game" + }, + { + "start": 1244.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here Conway is John Conway from the game" + }, + { + "start": 1244.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here Conway is John Conway from the game of<00:20:45.039> life." + }, + { + "start": 1246.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of life." + }, + { + "start": 1246.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of life. They<00:20:46.960> published<00:20:47.760> what<00:20:48.080> they<00:20:48.240> called<00:20:48.480> the<00:20:48.720> free" + }, + { + "start": 1249.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They published what they called the free" + }, + { + "start": 1249.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They published what they called the free will<00:20:49.440> theorem" + }, + { + "start": 1251.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "will theorem" + }, + { + "start": 1251.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "will theorem which<00:20:51.760> shows<00:20:52.159> that<00:20:52.400> special<00:20:52.720> relativity<00:20:53.280> and" + }, + { + "start": 1253.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which shows that special relativity and" + }, + { + "start": 1253.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which shows that special relativity and quantum<00:20:53.919> theory<00:20:54.400> together<00:20:54.960> rule<00:20:55.280> out<00:20:55.520> local" + }, + { + "start": 1255.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantum theory together rule out local" + }, + { + "start": 1256.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantum theory together rule out local determinism" + }, + { + "start": 1257.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determinism" + }, + { + "start": 1257.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determinism and<00:20:58.480> rules<00:20:58.799> out<00:20:59.039> local<00:20:59.280> determinism<00:21:00.159> in<00:21:00.400> a" + }, + { + "start": 1260.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and rules out local determinism in a" + }, + { + "start": 1260.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and rules out local determinism in a very<00:21:00.960> strong<00:21:01.360> form.<00:21:02.080> Uh<00:21:02.400> the<00:21:02.640> whole<00:21:03.039> pass<00:21:03.600> like" + }, + { + "start": 1263.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very strong form. Uh the whole pass like" + }, + { + "start": 1263.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very strong form. Uh the whole pass like cone<00:21:04.159> of<00:21:04.320> a<00:21:04.559> system<00:21:04.880> can't<00:21:05.200> determine<00:21:05.679> its" + }, + { + "start": 1265.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cone of a system can't determine its" + }, + { + "start": 1265.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cone of a system can't determine its behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1267.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1267.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior if<00:21:08.000> special<00:21:08.400> relativity<00:21:08.880> and<00:21:09.039> quantum<00:21:09.440> theory" + }, + { + "start": 1269.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if special relativity and quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 1269.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if special relativity and quantum theory are<00:21:09.919> combined.<00:21:11.200> So<00:21:11.440> their<00:21:11.760> slogan<00:21:12.159> in<00:21:12.400> their" + }, + { + "start": 1272.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are combined. So their slogan in their" + }, + { + "start": 1272.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are combined. So their slogan in their first<00:21:12.799> paper<00:21:13.120> in<00:21:13.360> 2006<00:21:14.080> was<00:21:14.480> if<00:21:14.799> experimenters" + }, + { + "start": 1275.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "first paper in 2006 was if experimenters" + }, + { + "start": 1275.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "first paper in 2006 was if experimenters make<00:21:15.760> choices<00:21:16.480> electrons<00:21:17.120> do<00:21:17.360> too." + }, + { + "start": 1278.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make choices electrons do too." + }, + { + "start": 1278.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make choices electrons do too. So<00:21:19.120> that's<00:21:19.360> a<00:21:19.600> pretty<00:21:19.840> strong<00:21:20.159> hint<00:21:20.480> that<00:21:21.039> even" + }, + { + "start": 1281.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that's a pretty strong hint that even" + }, + { + "start": 1281.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So that's a pretty strong hint that even electrons<00:21:22.000> can<00:21:22.240> exhibit<00:21:22.720> interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1283.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrons can exhibit interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1283.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrons can exhibit interesting behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1285.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1285.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior. And<00:21:25.760> then<00:21:26.000> a<00:21:26.240> third<00:21:26.480> hint<00:21:27.520> uh<00:21:27.840> is<00:21:28.159> this<00:21:28.480> paper" + }, + { + "start": 1288.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And then a third hint uh is this paper" + }, + { + "start": 1288.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And then a third hint uh is this paper from<00:21:29.600> Frank<00:21:29.919> Tipler<00:21:30.400> in<00:21:30.640> 2014" + }, + { + "start": 1292.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from Frank Tipler in 2014" + }, + { + "start": 1292.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from Frank Tipler in 2014 where<00:21:33.039> he<00:21:33.280> showed<00:21:33.600> that<00:21:33.760> the<00:21:34.080> simplest<00:21:34.559> way<00:21:34.720> to" + }, + { + "start": 1295.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where he showed that the simplest way to" + }, + { + "start": 1295.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where he showed that the simplest way to remove<00:21:35.360> the<00:21:35.679> singularities" + }, + { + "start": 1297.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remove the singularities" + }, + { + "start": 1297.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remove the singularities from<00:21:37.679> classical<00:21:38.320> physics" + }, + { + "start": 1300.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from classical physics" + }, + { + "start": 1300.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from classical physics uh<00:21:40.320> actually<00:21:40.799> reproduced<00:21:41.840> the<00:21:42.320> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1302.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh actually reproduced the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1302.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh actually reproduced the quantum potential<00:21:44.080> postulated<00:21:44.799> by<00:21:45.039> David<00:21:45.440> Bone<00:21:45.919> in" + }, + { + "start": 1306.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "potential postulated by David Bone in" + }, + { + "start": 1306.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "potential postulated by David Bone in his<00:21:46.480> formulative<00:21:47.600> formulation<00:21:48.240> of<00:21:48.480> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1308.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "his formulative formulation of quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1308.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "his formulative formulation of quantum theory.<00:21:50.240> And<00:21:50.559> basically<00:21:50.880> what<00:21:51.120> the<00:21:51.280> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1311.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theory. And basically what the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1311.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theory. And basically what the quantum potential<00:21:52.400> does<00:21:52.640> is<00:21:53.039> make<00:21:53.360> the<00:21:53.600> motion<00:21:53.919> of<00:21:54.159> any" + }, + { + "start": 1314.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "potential does is make the motion of any" + }, + { + "start": 1314.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "potential does is make the motion of any given<00:21:55.039> particle<00:21:55.600> dependantly" + }, + { + "start": 1317.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "given particle dependantly" + }, + { + "start": 1317.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "given particle dependantly on<00:21:57.679> the<00:21:57.840> motion<00:21:58.080> of<00:21:58.320> every<00:21:58.559> other<00:21:58.799> particle<00:21:59.200> in" + }, + { + "start": 1319.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on the motion of every other particle in" + }, + { + "start": 1319.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on the motion of every other particle in the<00:21:59.600> universe." + }, + { + "start": 1321.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the universe." + }, + { + "start": 1321.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the universe. And<00:22:02.240> interestingly<00:22:03.200> uh<00:22:03.520> Nicholas<00:22:04.240> Jesus" + }, + { + "start": 1325.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And interestingly uh Nicholas Jesus" + }, + { + "start": 1325.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And interestingly uh Nicholas Jesus pointed<00:22:05.360> out<00:22:05.600> that<00:22:06.480> back<00:22:06.799> in<00:22:06.960> the<00:22:07.120> day<00:22:07.280> of" + }, + { + "start": 1327.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pointed out that back in the day of" + }, + { + "start": 1327.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pointed out that back in the day of Newton<00:22:08.080> and<00:22:08.240> lelass" + }, + { + "start": 1329.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Newton and lelass" + }, + { + "start": 1330.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Newton and lelass uh<00:22:10.240> before<00:22:10.559> the<00:22:10.880> 19th<00:22:11.280> century<00:22:12.480> physics" + }, + { + "start": 1332.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh before the 19th century physics" + }, + { + "start": 1332.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh before the 19th century physics wasn't<00:22:13.440> singular<00:22:14.559> because<00:22:14.799> it<00:22:15.120> was<00:22:15.280> basically" + }, + { + "start": 1335.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wasn't singular because it was basically" + }, + { + "start": 1335.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wasn't singular because it was basically about<00:22:16.320> gravity" + }, + { + "start": 1337.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about gravity" + }, + { + "start": 1337.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about gravity and<00:22:18.159> gravity<00:22:18.640> wasn't<00:22:19.120> local.<00:22:20.000> Every<00:22:20.320> particle" + }, + { + "start": 1340.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and gravity wasn't local. Every particle" + }, + { + "start": 1340.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and gravity wasn't local. Every particle did<00:22:21.280> actually<00:22:21.760> behave<00:22:22.159> on<00:22:22.960> depend<00:22:23.360> on<00:22:23.760> what" + }, + { + "start": 1343.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "did actually behave on depend on what" + }, + { + "start": 1344.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "did actually behave on depend on what every<00:22:24.240> other<00:22:24.480> particle<00:22:24.880> in<00:22:25.039> the<00:22:25.200> universe<00:22:25.520> was" + }, + { + "start": 1345.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "every other particle in the universe was" + }, + { + "start": 1345.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "every other particle in the universe was doing<00:22:26.720> instantaneously." + }, + { + "start": 1348.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing instantaneously." + }, + { + "start": 1348.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing instantaneously. And<00:22:28.799> it<00:22:28.960> was<00:22:29.120> Einstein<00:22:29.679> who<00:22:30.080> introduced" + }, + { + "start": 1350.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And it was Einstein who introduced" + }, + { + "start": 1350.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And it was Einstein who introduced strict<00:22:31.039> locality<00:22:31.679> by<00:22:32.000> requiring<00:22:32.640> information" + }, + { + "start": 1353.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "strict locality by requiring information" + }, + { + "start": 1353.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "strict locality by requiring information to<00:22:33.600> only<00:22:34.640> flow<00:22:34.960> at<00:22:35.200> the<00:22:35.360> speed<00:22:35.520> of<00:22:35.760> light." + }, + { + "start": 1359.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:22:39.760> these<00:22:40.159> hints<00:22:40.559> sort<00:22:40.799> of<00:22:41.039> suggest<00:22:41.840> that" + }, + { + "start": 1362.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So these hints sort of suggest that" + }, + { + "start": 1362.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So these hints sort of suggest that generic<00:22:43.120> systems<00:22:43.679> can<00:22:43.919> display<00:22:44.400> interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1364.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generic systems can display interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1364.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generic systems can display interesting behavior.<00:22:46.240> So<00:22:46.400> the<00:22:46.640> question<00:22:46.799> is<00:22:47.039> how<00:22:47.200> do<00:22:47.360> we" + }, + { + "start": 1367.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior. So the question is how do we" + }, + { + "start": 1367.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior. So the question is how do we make<00:22:47.600> this<00:22:47.919> precise?<00:22:49.039> How<00:22:49.200> do<00:22:49.360> we<00:22:49.520> understand" + }, + { + "start": 1369.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make this precise? How do we understand" + }, + { + "start": 1369.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make this precise? How do we understand it?<00:22:50.320> How<00:22:50.480> do<00:22:50.559> we<00:22:50.799> use<00:22:50.960> it?<00:22:52.240> So<00:22:52.400> that's<00:22:52.720> what<00:22:52.880> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 1373.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it? How do we use it? So that's what I'm" + }, + { + "start": 1373.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it? How do we use it? So that's what I'm going<00:22:53.200> to<00:22:53.360> try<00:22:53.600> to<00:22:53.919> talk<00:22:54.159> about<00:22:54.559> in<00:22:54.799> the" + }, + { + "start": 1375.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to try to talk about in the" + }, + { + "start": 1375.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to try to talk about in the remaining<00:22:55.520> time." + }, + { + "start": 1377.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remaining time." + }, + { + "start": 1377.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remaining time. So<00:22:58.240> here's<00:22:58.559> the<00:22:58.880> setting<00:22:59.280> again.<00:23:00.559> Uh<00:23:00.880> we<00:23:01.200> have" + }, + { + "start": 1381.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's the setting again. Uh we have" + }, + { + "start": 1381.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's the setting again. Uh we have a<00:23:01.520> system.<00:23:02.240> It's<00:23:02.480> interacting<00:23:02.960> with<00:23:03.200> another" + }, + { + "start": 1383.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a system. It's interacting with another" + }, + { + "start": 1383.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a system. It's interacting with another system<00:23:04.080> which<00:23:04.320> is<00:23:04.480> its<00:23:04.799> environment.<00:23:05.520> There's" + }, + { + "start": 1385.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system which is its environment. There's" + }, + { + "start": 1385.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system which is its environment. There's a<00:23:05.919> boundary<00:23:06.400> between<00:23:06.799> them<00:23:06.960> that<00:23:07.280> the" + }, + { + "start": 1387.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a boundary between them that the" + }, + { + "start": 1387.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a boundary between them that the interaction<00:23:08.159> flows<00:23:08.640> through.<00:23:10.080> So" + }, + { + "start": 1390.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction flows through. So" + }, + { + "start": 1390.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction flows through. So observations<00:23:11.360> and<00:23:11.679> actions<00:23:12.320> live<00:23:12.640> there<00:23:12.880> on" + }, + { + "start": 1393.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observations and actions live there on" + }, + { + "start": 1393.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observations and actions live there on the<00:23:13.200> boundary.<00:23:14.000> U<00:23:14.960> actions<00:23:15.440> of<00:23:15.600> A<00:23:15.840> on<00:23:16.080> A<00:23:16.320> bar" + }, + { + "start": 1396.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the boundary. U actions of A on A bar" + }, + { + "start": 1396.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the boundary. U actions of A on A bar and<00:23:16.799> actions<00:23:17.200> of<00:23:17.360> A<00:23:17.600> bar<00:23:17.840> on<00:23:18.000> A." + }, + { + "start": 1399.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and actions of A bar on A." + }, + { + "start": 1399.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and actions of A bar on A. And<00:23:20.880> u<00:23:21.360> A's<00:23:21.840> measurements<00:23:22.480> and<00:23:22.640> action" + }, + { + "start": 1403.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And u A's measurements and action" + }, + { + "start": 1403.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And u A's measurements and action choices<00:23:23.679> are<00:23:24.000> computed<00:23:24.400> by<00:23:24.640> its<00:23:24.880> internal" + }, + { + "start": 1405.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "choices are computed by its internal" + }, + { + "start": 1405.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "choices are computed by its internal dynamics.<00:23:26.080> That's<00:23:26.320> true<00:23:26.559> for<00:23:26.720> AA<00:23:27.039> bar<00:23:27.360> also." + }, + { + "start": 1408.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dynamics. That's true for AA bar also." + }, + { + "start": 1408.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dynamics. That's true for AA bar also. In<00:23:29.120> FE<00:23:29.679> language,<00:23:30.320> that<00:23:30.720> computation<00:23:31.360> is<00:23:31.679> done" + }, + { + "start": 1411.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "In FE language, that computation is done" + }, + { + "start": 1411.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "In FE language, that computation is done by<00:23:32.480> A's<00:23:33.039> generative<00:23:33.679> model.<00:23:34.799> Same<00:23:35.039> applies<00:23:35.440> to" + }, + { + "start": 1415.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by A's generative model. Same applies to" + }, + { + "start": 1415.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by A's generative model. Same applies to Abar." + }, + { + "start": 1417.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Abar." + }, + { + "start": 1417.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Abar. The<00:23:37.600> system<00:23:38.080> satisfies<00:23:38.720> this<00:23:39.039> dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 1419.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The system satisfies this dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 1419.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The system satisfies this dimensionality constraint.<00:23:40.960> So<00:23:41.120> we<00:23:41.360> can<00:23:41.520> also<00:23:42.080> think<00:23:42.240> of<00:23:42.400> it" + }, + { + "start": 1422.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "constraint. So we can also think of it" + }, + { + "start": 1422.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "constraint. So we can also think of it as<00:23:42.799> the<00:23:43.039> dimensionality<00:23:43.840> of<00:23:44.080> the<00:23:44.320> boundary<00:23:44.720> is" + }, + { + "start": 1425.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as the dimensionality of the boundary is" + }, + { + "start": 1425.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as the dimensionality of the boundary is much<00:23:45.360> smaller<00:23:45.840> than<00:23:46.080> the<00:23:46.240> dimensionality<00:23:46.960> of" + }, + { + "start": 1427.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much smaller than the dimensionality of" + }, + { + "start": 1427.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much smaller than the dimensionality of either<00:23:47.600> system." + }, + { + "start": 1429.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either system." + }, + { + "start": 1429.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either system. But<00:23:51.039> the<00:23:51.440> thing<00:23:51.600> to<00:23:51.840> keep<00:23:52.000> in<00:23:52.240> mind<00:23:52.400> is<00:23:52.720> that" + }, + { + "start": 1432.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But the thing to keep in mind is that" + }, + { + "start": 1432.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But the thing to keep in mind is that inputs<00:23:53.360> and<00:23:53.600> outputs,<00:23:54.559> so<00:23:54.880> behavior<00:23:56.159> is<00:23:56.480> much" + }, + { + "start": 1436.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inputs and outputs, so behavior is much" + }, + { + "start": 1436.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inputs and outputs, so behavior is much less<00:23:57.200> complex<00:23:57.679> than<00:23:57.919> the<00:23:58.159> computations<00:23:58.799> that" + }, + { + "start": 1439.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "less complex than the computations that" + }, + { + "start": 1439.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "less complex than the computations that generate<00:24:00.159> inputs<00:24:00.640> and<00:24:00.799> outputs.<00:24:01.840> So<00:24:02.080> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1442.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generate inputs and outputs. So behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1442.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generate inputs and outputs. So behavior is<00:24:02.799> less<00:24:03.200> complex<00:24:03.679> than<00:24:04.000> the<00:24:04.240> computations" + }, + { + "start": 1444.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is less complex than the computations" + }, + { + "start": 1444.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is less complex than the computations that<00:24:05.200> generate<00:24:05.600> it<00:24:06.480> generically." + }, + { + "start": 1452.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:24:12.480> this<00:24:12.799> immediately<00:24:13.520> tells<00:24:13.840> us<00:24:14.080> something" + }, + { + "start": 1454.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this immediately tells us something" + }, + { + "start": 1454.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this immediately tells us something important" + }, + { + "start": 1455.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "important" + }, + { + "start": 1456.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "important that<00:24:17.039> recurrence<00:24:17.679> of<00:24:18.000> states<00:24:18.640> on<00:24:19.120> B." + }, + { + "start": 1461.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that recurrence of states on B." + }, + { + "start": 1461.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that recurrence of states on B. So<00:24:21.440> seeing<00:24:21.840> the<00:24:22.159> same<00:24:22.480> behavior<00:24:23.840> does<00:24:24.080> not" + }, + { + "start": 1464.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So seeing the same behavior does not" + }, + { + "start": 1464.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So seeing the same behavior does not imply<00:24:24.880> recurrence<00:24:25.919> of<00:24:26.159> the<00:24:26.400> internal" + }, + { + "start": 1466.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "imply recurrence of the internal" + }, + { + "start": 1466.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "imply recurrence of the internal dynamics<00:24:27.760> of<00:24:28.080> the<00:24:28.320> system<00:24:28.640> that's<00:24:28.960> exhibiting" + }, + { + "start": 1469.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dynamics of the system that's exhibiting" + }, + { + "start": 1469.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dynamics of the system that's exhibiting the<00:24:29.760> behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1471.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1471.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavior. And<00:24:31.679> in<00:24:31.919> particular,<00:24:32.400> the<00:24:32.960> probability<00:24:33.600> of<00:24:33.760> a" + }, + { + "start": 1473.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in particular, the probability of a" + }, + { + "start": 1474.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in particular, the probability of a behavior<00:24:34.640> given<00:24:35.039> the<00:24:35.279> internal<00:24:35.760> dynamics<00:24:36.320> is" + }, + { + "start": 1476.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior given the internal dynamics is" + }, + { + "start": 1476.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior given the internal dynamics is not<00:24:36.799> the<00:24:37.039> same<00:24:37.200> as<00:24:37.360> the<00:24:37.600> probability<00:24:38.159> of<00:24:38.320> the" + }, + { + "start": 1478.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not the same as the probability of the" + }, + { + "start": 1478.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not the same as the probability of the internal<00:24:38.960> dynamics<00:24:39.520> given<00:24:39.760> the<00:24:40.000> behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1481.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "internal dynamics given the behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1481.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "internal dynamics given the behavior. So<00:24:42.159> behavior<00:24:42.799> generically<00:24:43.600> depends<00:24:44.080> on" + }, + { + "start": 1484.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So behavior generically depends on" + }, + { + "start": 1484.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So behavior generically depends on hidden<00:24:44.880> states<00:24:46.240> um<00:24:46.559> which<00:24:46.799> we<00:24:47.039> can<00:24:47.200> think<00:24:47.440> of" + }, + { + "start": 1487.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hidden states um which we can think of" + }, + { + "start": 1487.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hidden states um which we can think of as<00:24:48.240> memory<00:24:48.799> or<00:24:49.200> internal<00:24:49.760> context<00:24:50.320> or" + }, + { + "start": 1490.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as memory or internal context or" + }, + { + "start": 1490.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as memory or internal context or something<00:24:50.880> like<00:24:51.120> that." + }, + { + "start": 1492.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something like that." + }, + { + "start": 1492.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something like that. And<00:24:52.960> formally<00:24:54.000> we<00:24:54.240> can<00:24:54.400> always<00:24:54.720> represent" + }, + { + "start": 1495.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And formally we can always represent" + }, + { + "start": 1495.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And formally we can always represent that<00:24:56.480> as<00:24:57.120> an<00:24:57.440> internal<00:24:58.080> geometric<00:24:58.880> phase." + }, + { + "start": 1499.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that as an internal geometric phase." + }, + { + "start": 1499.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that as an internal geometric phase. what's<00:24:59.760> also<00:25:00.000> called<00:25:00.240> a<00:25:00.480> Barry<00:25:00.960> phase<00:25:01.600> after" + }, + { + "start": 1503.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what's also called a Barry phase after" + }, + { + "start": 1503.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what's also called a Barry phase after um<00:25:04.640> can't<00:25:04.880> remember<00:25:05.120> his<00:25:05.360> first<00:25:05.600> name<00:25:05.840> Barry" + }, + { + "start": 1506.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um can't remember his first name Barry" + }, + { + "start": 1506.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um can't remember his first name Barry who<00:25:06.799> first<00:25:07.120> characterized<00:25:07.840> it<00:25:08.799> almost<00:25:09.279> in" + }, + { + "start": 1509.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who first characterized it almost in" + }, + { + "start": 1509.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who first characterized it almost in general<00:25:09.919> for<00:25:10.080> for<00:25:10.559> adiabatic<00:25:11.440> systems" + }, + { + "start": 1513.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "general for for adiabatic systems" + }, + { + "start": 1513.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "general for for adiabatic systems and<00:25:13.600> as<00:25:13.760> as<00:25:14.159> Chris<00:25:14.400> Fuches<00:25:14.960> the<00:25:15.679> uh<00:25:15.919> physicist" + }, + { + "start": 1516.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and as as Chris Fuches the uh physicist" + }, + { + "start": 1516.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and as as Chris Fuches the uh physicist who<00:25:17.039> in<00:25:17.440> came<00:25:17.679> up<00:25:17.760> with<00:25:17.919> the<00:25:18.159> cubist" + }, + { + "start": 1518.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who in came up with the cubist" + }, + { + "start": 1518.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who in came up with the cubist interpretation<00:25:19.279> of<00:25:19.520> quantum<00:25:19.840> theory<00:25:20.159> put<00:25:20.320> it" + }, + { + "start": 1520.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interpretation of quantum theory put it" + }, + { + "start": 1520.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interpretation of quantum theory put it all<00:25:20.799> physical<00:25:21.279> systems<00:25:21.760> have<00:25:22.159> interiority" + }, + { + "start": 1523.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all physical systems have interiority" + }, + { + "start": 1524.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all physical systems have interiority and<00:25:24.240> here<00:25:24.480> he's<00:25:24.880> also<00:25:25.600> very<00:25:25.919> influenced<00:25:26.320> by" + }, + { + "start": 1526.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and here he's also very influenced by" + }, + { + "start": 1526.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and here he's also very influenced by William<00:25:27.039> James<00:25:27.679> I<00:25:27.919> think<00:25:28.080> interiority<00:25:29.039> is" + }, + { + "start": 1529.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "William James I think interiority is" + }, + { + "start": 1529.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "William James I think interiority is actually<00:25:29.520> a<00:25:29.760> Jamesian<00:25:30.480> term." + }, + { + "start": 1534.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:25:34.559> what<00:25:34.799> is<00:25:34.960> this<00:25:35.200> geometric<00:25:35.919> phase?" + }, + { + "start": 1537.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what is this geometric phase?" + }, + { + "start": 1537.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what is this geometric phase? It's<00:25:38.000> it's<00:25:38.480> just<00:25:38.720> an<00:25:38.960> apparent<00:25:39.520> phase<00:25:40.000> change" + }, + { + "start": 1541.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's it's just an apparent phase change" + }, + { + "start": 1541.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's it's just an apparent phase change that<00:25:42.000> results<00:25:42.799> from<00:25:43.279> transporting<00:25:44.000> a<00:25:44.320> vector" + }, + { + "start": 1545.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that results from transporting a vector" + }, + { + "start": 1545.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that results from transporting a vector or<00:25:45.760> some<00:25:46.080> collection<00:25:46.400> of<00:25:46.640> vectors<00:25:47.919> around<00:25:48.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 1548.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or some collection of vectors around a" + }, + { + "start": 1548.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or some collection of vectors around a path<00:25:49.039> in<00:25:49.360> an<00:25:49.600> internal<00:25:50.159> state<00:25:50.559> space." + }, + { + "start": 1552.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "path in an internal state space." + }, + { + "start": 1552.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "path in an internal state space. So<00:25:52.799> here's<00:25:53.120> an<00:25:53.360> example<00:25:54.480> um<00:25:55.919> the<00:25:56.159> right<00:25:56.320> hand" + }, + { + "start": 1556.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's an example um the right hand" + }, + { + "start": 1556.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So here's an example um the right hand side<00:25:56.799> of<00:25:57.039> the<00:25:57.200> screen.<00:25:58.480> If<00:25:58.799> you<00:25:59.360> have<00:25:59.520> a<00:25:59.760> sphere" + }, + { + "start": 1560.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side of the screen. If you have a sphere" + }, + { + "start": 1560.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side of the screen. If you have a sphere and<00:26:00.559> you<00:26:00.799> start<00:26:01.120> with<00:26:01.279> a<00:26:01.600> planer<00:26:02.240> a" + }, + { + "start": 1562.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and you start with a planer a" + }, + { + "start": 1562.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and you start with a planer a two-dimensional<00:26:03.279> coordinate<00:26:03.760> system<00:26:04.320> up<00:26:04.559> at" + }, + { + "start": 1564.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two-dimensional coordinate system up at" + }, + { + "start": 1564.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two-dimensional coordinate system up at the<00:26:04.880> north<00:26:05.200> pole<00:26:06.400> and<00:26:06.720> you<00:26:06.960> transport<00:26:07.520> that" + }, + { + "start": 1567.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the north pole and you transport that" + }, + { + "start": 1567.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the north pole and you transport that coordinate<00:26:08.320> system<00:26:08.799> smoothly<00:26:09.360> down<00:26:09.600> to<00:26:09.760> the" + }, + { + "start": 1569.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "coordinate system smoothly down to the" + }, + { + "start": 1570.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "coordinate system smoothly down to the equator<00:26:11.200> and<00:26:11.440> then<00:26:11.679> you<00:26:12.000> transport<00:26:12.480> it<00:26:12.880> a<00:26:13.039> bit" + }, + { + "start": 1573.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "equator and then you transport it a bit" + }, + { + "start": 1573.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "equator and then you transport it a bit to<00:26:13.440> the<00:26:13.600> east<00:26:13.840> on<00:26:14.080> the<00:26:14.240> equator<00:26:14.720> and<00:26:14.960> then" + }, + { + "start": 1575.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to the east on the equator and then" + }, + { + "start": 1575.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to the east on the equator and then transport<00:26:15.600> it<00:26:15.840> back<00:26:16.080> up<00:26:16.320> north.<00:26:17.600> It's<00:26:17.840> going" + }, + { + "start": 1577.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transport it back up north. It's going" + }, + { + "start": 1578.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transport it back up north. It's going to<00:26:18.320> look<00:26:18.559> like<00:26:19.520> you've<00:26:19.919> introduced<00:26:20.400> a<00:26:20.720> 90deree" + }, + { + "start": 1581.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to look like you've introduced a 90deree" + }, + { + "start": 1581.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to look like you've introduced a 90deree phase<00:26:22.000> change<00:26:22.320> in<00:26:22.559> the<00:26:22.720> coordinate<00:26:23.200> system." + }, + { + "start": 1584.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "phase change in the coordinate system." + }, + { + "start": 1584.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "phase change in the coordinate system. But<00:26:25.120> nowhere<00:26:25.600> in<00:26:25.840> this<00:26:26.080> process<00:26:26.480> have<00:26:26.720> you" + }, + { + "start": 1586.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But nowhere in this process have you" + }, + { + "start": 1586.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But nowhere in this process have you done<00:26:27.039> any<00:26:27.360> rotation." + }, + { + "start": 1588.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "done any rotation." + }, + { + "start": 1588.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "done any rotation. Uh<00:26:29.360> you've<00:26:29.679> just<00:26:30.000> transported" + }, + { + "start": 1591.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh you've just transported" + }, + { + "start": 1591.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh you've just transported uh<00:26:31.919> this<00:26:32.240> system<00:26:33.279> in<00:26:33.520> a<00:26:33.679> in<00:26:33.919> a<00:26:34.960> parallel<00:26:35.520> way" + }, + { + "start": 1595.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh this system in a in a parallel way" + }, + { + "start": 1595.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh this system in a in a parallel way without<00:26:36.080> changing<00:26:36.480> the<00:26:36.720> system<00:26:37.039> at<00:26:37.279> all" + }, + { + "start": 1597.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "without changing the system at all" + }, + { + "start": 1598.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "without changing the system at all around<00:26:38.400> in<00:26:38.640> the<00:26:38.799> state<00:26:39.120> space<00:26:39.520> but<00:26:39.760> the<00:26:39.919> state" + }, + { + "start": 1600.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around in the state space but the state" + }, + { + "start": 1600.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around in the state space but the state space<00:26:40.559> happened<00:26:40.799> to<00:26:41.039> be<00:26:41.200> curved.<00:26:42.480> So<00:26:42.720> these" + }, + { + "start": 1602.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space happened to be curved. So these" + }, + { + "start": 1602.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space happened to be curved. So these are<00:26:43.200> called<00:26:43.520> holonomy<00:26:44.320> operations." + }, + { + "start": 1606.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are called holonomy operations." + }, + { + "start": 1606.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are called holonomy operations. Uh<00:26:47.120> and<00:26:47.600> purists<00:26:48.159> call<00:26:48.320> them<00:26:48.799> anholony" + }, + { + "start": 1609.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and purists call them anholony" + }, + { + "start": 1609.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and purists call them anholony operations." + }, + { + "start": 1611.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations." + }, + { + "start": 1611.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations. um<00:26:52.320> but<00:26:52.559> physicists<00:26:53.120> just<00:26:53.360> call<00:26:53.520> them" + }, + { + "start": 1613.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um but physicists just call them" + }, + { + "start": 1613.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um but physicists just call them holottomy<00:26:54.480> operations<00:26:55.840> and<00:26:56.080> they're<00:26:56.320> not" + }, + { + "start": 1616.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "holottomy operations and they're not" + }, + { + "start": 1616.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "holottomy operations and they're not much<00:26:56.720> talked<00:26:57.039> about<00:26:57.279> in<00:26:57.600> biology" + }, + { + "start": 1619.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much talked about in biology" + }, + { + "start": 1619.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "much talked about in biology but<00:27:00.080> there<00:27:00.320> is<00:27:00.480> this<00:27:01.039> paper<00:27:01.440> from<00:27:01.840> 2026<00:27:02.799> from" + }, + { + "start": 1623.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but there is this paper from 2026 from" + }, + { + "start": 1623.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but there is this paper from 2026 from Marcel<00:27:03.600> Blatner" + }, + { + "start": 1625.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Marcel Blatner" + }, + { + "start": 1625.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Marcel Blatner that<00:27:05.760> applies<00:27:06.320> this<00:27:06.640> sort<00:27:06.880> of<00:27:07.120> thinking<00:27:07.520> to" + }, + { + "start": 1627.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that applies this sort of thinking to" + }, + { + "start": 1627.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that applies this sort of thinking to plenaria" + }, + { + "start": 1629.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plenaria" + }, + { + "start": 1629.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plenaria and<00:27:10.159> he<00:27:10.400> does<00:27:10.640> it<00:27:10.799> in<00:27:11.120> a<00:27:11.360> framework<00:27:11.760> he<00:27:12.000> calls" + }, + { + "start": 1632.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and he does it in a framework he calls" + }, + { + "start": 1632.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and he does it in a framework he calls tangential<00:27:13.360> action<00:27:13.840> spaces<00:27:14.480> but<00:27:14.640> if<00:27:14.880> you<00:27:15.039> go" + }, + { + "start": 1635.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tangential action spaces but if you go" + }, + { + "start": 1635.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tangential action spaces but if you go back<00:27:15.360> and<00:27:15.600> look<00:27:15.760> what<00:27:15.919> he<00:27:16.240> means<00:27:16.559> by<00:27:16.799> that<00:27:17.360> he's" + }, + { + "start": 1637.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back and look what he means by that he's" + }, + { + "start": 1637.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back and look what he means by that he's really<00:27:18.080> just<00:27:18.400> talking<00:27:18.799> about<00:27:20.080> uh<00:27:20.320> holomy" + }, + { + "start": 1640.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really just talking about uh holomy" + }, + { + "start": 1640.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really just talking about uh holomy transfer<00:27:21.360> formations." + }, + { + "start": 1643.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transfer formations." + }, + { + "start": 1643.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transfer formations. So<00:27:23.600> this<00:27:23.840> is<00:27:24.240> this<00:27:24.559> is<00:27:24.799> work<00:27:25.120> that's<00:27:25.520> starting" + }, + { + "start": 1645.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is this is work that's starting" + }, + { + "start": 1645.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is this is work that's starting to<00:27:26.159> be<00:27:26.960> applied<00:27:27.440> biologically" + }, + { + "start": 1650.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but<00:27:31.919> to<00:27:32.240> see<00:27:32.400> why<00:27:32.640> it's<00:27:32.960> important" + }, + { + "start": 1654.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but to see why it's important" + }, + { + "start": 1654.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but to see why it's important um<00:27:36.080> it's<00:27:36.400> important<00:27:36.880> because<00:27:38.000> non-trivial" + }, + { + "start": 1658.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um it's important because non-trivial" + }, + { + "start": 1658.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um it's important because non-trivial honomy<00:27:39.919> is<00:27:40.320> actually<00:27:40.720> a<00:27:41.039> provably<00:27:41.760> sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 1662.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "honomy is actually a provably sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 1662.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "honomy is actually a provably sufficient resource<00:27:42.880> for<00:27:43.279> universal<00:27:44.000> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1664.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "resource for universal quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1664.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "resource for universal quantum computation." + }, + { + "start": 1666.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation." + }, + { + "start": 1666.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation. So<00:27:46.480> if<00:27:46.640> you<00:27:46.720> want<00:27:46.799> to<00:27:46.960> build<00:27:47.120> a<00:27:47.440> universal" + }, + { + "start": 1668.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if you want to build a universal" + }, + { + "start": 1668.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So if you want to build a universal quantum<00:27:48.559> touring<00:27:49.039> machine,<00:27:49.520> you<00:27:49.840> actually" + }, + { + "start": 1670.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantum touring machine, you actually" + }, + { + "start": 1670.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantum touring machine, you actually only<00:27:50.640> need<00:27:50.960> one<00:27:51.279> ingredient<00:27:52.400> and<00:27:52.640> that's" + }, + { + "start": 1673.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "only need one ingredient and that's" + }, + { + "start": 1673.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "only need one ingredient and that's non-trivial<00:27:53.919> holomy<00:27:54.559> in<00:27:54.720> the<00:27:54.880> search<00:27:55.200> space." + }, + { + "start": 1677.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-trivial holomy in the search space." + }, + { + "start": 1677.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-trivial holomy in the search space. And<00:27:57.360> it<00:27:57.600> works<00:27:57.919> because<00:27:58.480> it<00:27:58.799> allows<00:27:59.039> you<00:27:59.200> to" + }, + { + "start": 1679.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And it works because it allows you to" + }, + { + "start": 1679.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And it works because it allows you to construct<00:27:59.840> a<00:28:00.159> map<00:28:01.440> from<00:28:02.720> an<00:28:02.960> observable" + }, + { + "start": 1683.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "construct a map from an observable" + }, + { + "start": 1683.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "construct a map from an observable boundary<00:28:04.399> state,<00:28:04.799> an<00:28:05.039> input<00:28:06.159> and<00:28:06.480> an<00:28:06.799> internal" + }, + { + "start": 1687.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary state, an input and an internal" + }, + { + "start": 1687.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary state, an input and an internal state<00:28:08.320> to<00:28:08.640> some<00:28:08.880> other<00:28:10.000> observable<00:28:10.720> boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1691.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state to some other observable boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1691.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state to some other observable boundary state,<00:28:11.679> an<00:28:11.919> output<00:28:12.799> and<00:28:13.120> some<00:28:13.440> other<00:28:13.679> internal" + }, + { + "start": 1694.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state, an output and some other internal" + }, + { + "start": 1694.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state, an output and some other internal state.<00:28:15.279> for<00:28:15.600> arbitrary<00:28:16.159> input<00:28:16.480> and<00:28:16.720> output." + }, + { + "start": 1697.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state. for arbitrary input and output." + }, + { + "start": 1697.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state. for arbitrary input and output. So<00:28:17.679> you<00:28:17.919> can<00:28:18.240> you<00:28:18.559> can<00:28:18.720> implement<00:28:19.200> any" + }, + { + "start": 1699.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So you can you can implement any" + }, + { + "start": 1699.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So you can you can implement any computation<00:28:20.480> just<00:28:20.799> with<00:28:21.120> holonomy<00:28:22.480> and<00:28:22.720> this" + }, + { + "start": 1702.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation just with holonomy and this" + }, + { + "start": 1702.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation just with holonomy and this has<00:28:23.120> been<00:28:23.279> known<00:28:23.520> for<00:28:23.840> 25<00:28:24.399> years.<00:28:25.600> Uh<00:28:25.919> but<00:28:26.159> it's" + }, + { + "start": 1706.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has been known for 25 years. Uh but it's" + }, + { + "start": 1706.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has been known for 25 years. Uh but it's only<00:28:26.640> really<00:28:26.960> been<00:28:27.120> known<00:28:27.360> in<00:28:27.600> the<00:28:27.760> quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1708.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "only really been known in the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1708.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "only really been known in the quantum information<00:28:28.960> community." + }, + { + "start": 1710.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information community." + }, + { + "start": 1710.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "information community. So<00:28:31.760> um" + }, + { + "start": 1714.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So um" + }, + { + "start": 1714.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So um computing<00:28:34.640> by<00:28:34.880> holom<00:28:35.520> is<00:28:35.679> actually<00:28:36.640> stayed" + }, + { + "start": 1717.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computing by holom is actually stayed" + }, + { + "start": 1717.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computing by holom is actually stayed basically<00:28:37.679> within<00:28:38.000> the<00:28:38.159> quantum<00:28:38.559> computing" + }, + { + "start": 1719.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically within the quantum computing" + }, + { + "start": 1719.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically within the quantum computing community." + }, + { + "start": 1722.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:28:43.440> to<00:28:43.760> see<00:28:43.919> why<00:28:44.159> this<00:28:44.399> is<00:28:44.640> important<00:28:46.000> um<00:28:46.559> or<00:28:46.880> to" + }, + { + "start": 1728.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So to see why this is important um or to" + }, + { + "start": 1728.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So to see why this is important um or to see<00:28:49.039> its<00:28:49.360> larger<00:28:50.320> implelications," + }, + { + "start": 1732.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see its larger implelications," + }, + { + "start": 1732.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see its larger implelications, I<00:28:52.880> think<00:28:52.960> it's<00:28:54.000> important<00:28:54.320> to<00:28:54.640> think<00:28:54.799> about" + }, + { + "start": 1735.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I think it's important to think about" + }, + { + "start": 1735.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I think it's important to think about what<00:28:56.080> a<00:28:56.399> physically<00:28:56.960> implemented" + }, + { + "start": 1737.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what a physically implemented" + }, + { + "start": 1737.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what a physically implemented computation<00:28:58.480> is." + }, + { + "start": 1740.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation is." + }, + { + "start": 1740.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation is. Uh<00:29:00.559> physically<00:29:01.039> implemented<00:29:01.679> computation<00:29:02.320> is" + }, + { + "start": 1742.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh physically implemented computation is" + }, + { + "start": 1742.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh physically implemented computation is just<00:29:02.799> a<00:29:03.039> mapping" + }, + { + "start": 1744.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just a mapping" + }, + { + "start": 1744.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just a mapping from<00:29:05.279> the<00:29:05.600> behavior<00:29:06.080> of<00:29:06.399> some<00:29:06.720> physical" + }, + { + "start": 1747.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from the behavior of some physical" + }, + { + "start": 1747.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from the behavior of some physical system.<00:29:07.919> The<00:29:08.159> observable<00:29:09.039> behavior.<00:29:09.760> So<00:29:10.000> the" + }, + { + "start": 1750.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system. The observable behavior. So the" + }, + { + "start": 1750.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system. The observable behavior. So the observable<00:29:10.960> of<00:29:11.520> the<00:29:11.840> behavior<00:29:12.320> of<00:29:12.480> the" + }, + { + "start": 1752.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observable of the behavior of the" + }, + { + "start": 1752.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observable of the behavior of the boundary<00:29:13.279> of<00:29:13.520> that<00:29:13.840> system" + }, + { + "start": 1755.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary of that system" + }, + { + "start": 1755.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "boundary of that system to<00:29:16.960> an<00:29:17.200> abstract<00:29:17.840> representation<00:29:18.480> of<00:29:18.720> a" + }, + { + "start": 1758.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to an abstract representation of a" + }, + { + "start": 1758.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to an abstract representation of a computable<00:29:19.520> function." + }, + { + "start": 1761.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computable function." + }, + { + "start": 1761.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computable function. And" + }, + { + "start": 1763.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And" + }, + { + "start": 1763.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And saying<00:29:23.440> that" + }, + { + "start": 1764.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "saying that" + }, + { + "start": 1764.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "saying that um<00:29:25.679> some<00:29:26.000> device<00:29:26.559> implements<00:29:27.120> a<00:29:27.360> computation" + }, + { + "start": 1768.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um some device implements a computation" + }, + { + "start": 1768.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um some device implements a computation is<00:29:28.399> just<00:29:28.640> saying<00:29:28.960> that<00:29:29.520> these<00:29:30.080> kinds<00:29:30.399> of<00:29:31.600> u" + }, + { + "start": 1771.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is just saying that these kinds of u" + }, + { + "start": 1771.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is just saying that these kinds of u diagrams<00:29:32.640> commute" + }, + { + "start": 1774.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diagrams commute" + }, + { + "start": 1774.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diagrams commute where<00:29:36.080> you're<00:29:36.399> either<00:29:36.720> mapping<00:29:37.120> the<00:29:37.440> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1778.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where you're either mapping the behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1778.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where you're either mapping the behavior into<00:29:38.720> the<00:29:39.440> symbolic<00:29:40.159> representation<00:29:40.960> of<00:29:41.120> the" + }, + { + "start": 1781.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into the symbolic representation of the" + }, + { + "start": 1781.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into the symbolic representation of the computation" + }, + { + "start": 1782.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation" + }, + { + "start": 1782.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation or<00:29:43.120> you're<00:29:43.760> mapping<00:29:44.159> the<00:29:44.399> symbolic" + }, + { + "start": 1785.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or you're mapping the symbolic" + }, + { + "start": 1785.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or you're mapping the symbolic representation<00:29:45.760> of<00:29:46.000> the<00:29:46.159> computation<00:29:46.799> into" + }, + { + "start": 1787.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "representation of the computation into" + }, + { + "start": 1787.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "representation of the computation into the<00:29:47.279> behavior<00:29:47.840> by<00:29:48.159> either<00:29:48.399> a<00:29:48.640> projection<00:29:49.200> or" + }, + { + "start": 1789.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavior by either a projection or" + }, + { + "start": 1789.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavior by either a projection or embedding." + }, + { + "start": 1791.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embedding." + }, + { + "start": 1791.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embedding. And<00:29:51.679> obviously<00:29:52.240> this<00:29:52.480> only<00:29:52.799> works<00:29:53.120> for" + }, + { + "start": 1793.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And obviously this only works for" + }, + { + "start": 1793.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And obviously this only works for computable<00:29:54.080> functions" + }, + { + "start": 1795.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computable functions" + }, + { + "start": 1795.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computable functions because<00:29:56.399> if<00:29:56.640> you<00:29:56.880> can't<00:29:57.200> compute<00:29:57.600> the" + }, + { + "start": 1797.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because if you can't compute the" + }, + { + "start": 1797.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because if you can't compute the function<00:29:58.240> f,<00:29:58.720> you<00:29:58.960> can't<00:29:59.200> determine<00:29:59.600> whether" + }, + { + "start": 1799.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "function f, you can't determine whether" + }, + { + "start": 1800.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "function f, you can't determine whether these<00:30:01.440> diagrams<00:30:02.159> commute.<00:30:03.440> So<00:30:03.679> this<00:30:03.919> is<00:30:04.559> a" + }, + { + "start": 1804.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these diagrams commute. So this is a" + }, + { + "start": 1804.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these diagrams commute. So this is a definition<00:30:05.360> of<00:30:05.760> implemented<00:30:06.399> computation" + }, + { + "start": 1807.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition of implemented computation" + }, + { + "start": 1807.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "definition of implemented computation for<00:30:07.440> computable<00:30:08.080> functions." + }, + { + "start": 1810.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for computable functions." + }, + { + "start": 1810.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for computable functions. And<00:30:10.880> this<00:30:11.120> interpretation" + }, + { + "start": 1812.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this interpretation" + }, + { + "start": 1812.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this interpretation is<00:30:13.279> a<00:30:13.520> projection<00:30:14.960> uh<00:30:15.200> into<00:30:15.520> the<00:30:15.760> behavior.<00:30:17.200> So" + }, + { + "start": 1817.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is a projection uh into the behavior. So" + }, + { + "start": 1817.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is a projection uh into the behavior. So that's<00:30:17.760> important." + }, + { + "start": 1819.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's important." + }, + { + "start": 1819.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's important. Because<00:30:20.240> embeddings<00:30:20.880> are<00:30:21.039> injective." + }, + { + "start": 1821.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Because embeddings are injective." + }, + { + "start": 1822.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Because embeddings are injective. Embeddings<00:30:22.559> are<00:30:22.720> one<00:30:22.960> to<00:30:23.120> many." + }, + { + "start": 1824.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Embeddings are one to many." + }, + { + "start": 1824.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Embeddings are one to many. Um<00:30:25.039> you<00:30:25.279> can<00:30:25.360> embed<00:30:25.760> lots<00:30:26.080> of<00:30:26.240> different" + }, + { + "start": 1826.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um you can embed lots of different" + }, + { + "start": 1826.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um you can embed lots of different computations<00:30:27.360> in<00:30:27.679> any<00:30:27.919> given<00:30:28.240> behavior.<00:30:29.360> And" + }, + { + "start": 1829.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computations in any given behavior. And" + }, + { + "start": 1829.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computations in any given behavior. And that<00:30:29.840> tells<00:30:30.080> us<00:30:30.240> something<00:30:30.559> that<00:30:30.880> poly" + }, + { + "start": 1831.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that tells us something that poly" + }, + { + "start": 1831.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that tells us something that poly computation<00:30:31.919> is<00:30:32.240> actually<00:30:32.720> generic." + }, + { + "start": 1834.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation is actually generic." + }, + { + "start": 1834.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation is actually generic. Um<00:30:35.600> and<00:30:35.840> indeed<00:30:36.399> managing<00:30:36.960> thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1837.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and indeed managing thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1837.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and indeed managing thermodynamic flow.<00:30:38.240> So<00:30:38.480> keeping<00:30:38.799> your<00:30:38.960> system<00:30:39.360> alive<00:30:40.640> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1840.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "flow. So keeping your system alive uh" + }, + { + "start": 1840.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "flow. So keeping your system alive uh requires<00:30:41.360> that<00:30:42.399> the<00:30:42.960> informative<00:30:43.679> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1844.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requires that the informative behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1844.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requires that the informative behavior that<00:30:44.640> you're<00:30:45.120> you're<00:30:45.520> interested<00:30:45.919> in" + }, + { + "start": 1846.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that you're you're interested in" + }, + { + "start": 1846.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that you're you're interested in describing<00:30:46.960> computationally<00:30:47.840> is<00:30:48.159> just<00:30:48.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 1848.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describing computationally is just a" + }, + { + "start": 1848.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describing computationally is just a proper<00:30:49.039> sample<00:30:49.440> of<00:30:49.600> the<00:30:49.840> total<00:30:50.240> behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1851.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "proper sample of the total behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1851.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "proper sample of the total behavior. U<00:30:52.240> and<00:30:52.399> that's<00:30:52.640> true<00:30:52.960> even<00:30:53.200> for<00:30:53.600> your<00:30:54.240> laptop." + }, + { + "start": 1855.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "U and that's true even for your laptop." + }, + { + "start": 1855.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "U and that's true even for your laptop. You<00:30:55.200> know<00:30:55.440> we're<00:30:55.679> not<00:30:56.000> looking<00:30:56.240> at<00:30:56.640> everything" + }, + { + "start": 1857.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You know we're not looking at everything" + }, + { + "start": 1857.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You know we're not looking at everything the<00:30:57.440> computer<00:30:57.760> is<00:30:58.000> doing<00:30:58.240> when<00:30:58.480> we're<00:30:58.720> looking" + }, + { + "start": 1858.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the computer is doing when we're looking" + }, + { + "start": 1858.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the computer is doing when we're looking at<00:30:59.120> the<00:30:59.360> screen<00:31:00.559> particular.<00:31:01.120> We're<00:31:01.360> not" + }, + { + "start": 1861.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at the screen particular. We're not" + }, + { + "start": 1861.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at the screen particular. We're not looking<00:31:01.760> at<00:31:01.919> all<00:31:02.080> the<00:31:02.240> thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1863.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looking at all the thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1863.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looking at all the thermodynamic exchange<00:31:03.679> that<00:31:03.919> keeps<00:31:04.159> the<00:31:04.399> thing<00:31:04.640> running." + }, + { + "start": 1866.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exchange that keeps the thing running." + }, + { + "start": 1866.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exchange that keeps the thing running. And<00:31:06.399> the<00:31:06.640> same<00:31:06.720> is<00:31:06.960> true<00:31:07.200> for<00:31:07.440> organisms." + }, + { + "start": 1869.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the same is true for organisms." + }, + { + "start": 1869.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the same is true for organisms. Uh<00:31:09.440> we're<00:31:09.679> not<00:31:09.919> necessarily<00:31:10.720> looking<00:31:11.039> at<00:31:11.200> the" + }, + { + "start": 1871.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we're not necessarily looking at the" + }, + { + "start": 1871.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh we're not necessarily looking at the caloric<00:31:12.000> content<00:31:12.320> of<00:31:12.480> what<00:31:12.720> they're<00:31:12.960> eating" + }, + { + "start": 1874.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "caloric content of what they're eating" + }, + { + "start": 1874.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "caloric content of what they're eating when<00:31:14.399> we're<00:31:15.120> trying<00:31:15.360> to<00:31:15.520> do<00:31:15.760> their" + }, + { + "start": 1875.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when we're trying to do their" + }, + { + "start": 1876.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when we're trying to do their psychology." + }, + { + "start": 1881.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:31:22.080> um<00:31:22.799> we<00:31:23.039> can<00:31:23.200> take<00:31:23.360> this<00:31:23.600> a<00:31:23.840> little<00:31:24.000> bit" + }, + { + "start": 1884.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So um we can take this a little bit" + }, + { + "start": 1884.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So um we can take this a little bit farther.<00:31:25.679> Turns<00:31:25.919> out<00:31:26.159> that<00:31:26.399> we<00:31:26.640> can<00:31:26.880> always" + }, + { + "start": 1887.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "farther. Turns out that we can always" + }, + { + "start": 1887.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "farther. Turns out that we can always think<00:31:27.440> of<00:31:27.760> computation<00:31:28.480> as<00:31:28.799> scattering<00:31:29.840> in" + }, + { + "start": 1890.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think of computation as scattering in" + }, + { + "start": 1890.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think of computation as scattering in some<00:31:30.399> sort<00:31:30.640> of<00:31:30.880> space<00:31:31.200> of<00:31:31.520> data<00:31:31.919> structures." + }, + { + "start": 1893.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some sort of space of data structures." + }, + { + "start": 1893.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some sort of space of data structures. And<00:31:34.320> some<00:31:34.640> colleagues<00:31:35.039> and<00:31:35.200> I<00:31:35.440> have<00:31:35.600> a<00:31:36.320> paper" + }, + { + "start": 1896.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And some colleagues and I have a paper" + }, + { + "start": 1896.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And some colleagues and I have a paper on<00:31:36.880> this<00:31:37.120> that's<00:31:37.600> been<00:31:37.919> in<00:31:38.240> review<00:31:38.559> for<00:31:38.880> months" + }, + { + "start": 1899.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on this that's been in review for months" + }, + { + "start": 1899.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on this that's been in review for months now<00:31:40.480> that<00:31:41.279> goes<00:31:41.679> fairly<00:31:42.080> far<00:31:42.399> and<00:31:42.720> in<00:31:42.960> fact" + }, + { + "start": 1903.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now that goes fairly far and in fact" + }, + { + "start": 1903.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now that goes fairly far and in fact shows<00:31:43.760> that<00:31:45.200> the<00:31:45.600> formal<00:31:46.159> representation<00:31:46.960> of" + }, + { + "start": 1907.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shows that the formal representation of" + }, + { + "start": 1907.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shows that the formal representation of scattering<00:31:47.760> can<00:31:48.000> always<00:31:48.240> be<00:31:48.399> applied<00:31:48.799> to" + }, + { + "start": 1909.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scattering can always be applied to" + }, + { + "start": 1909.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scattering can always be applied to computation.<00:31:50.640> But<00:31:50.799> we<00:31:51.039> can<00:31:51.200> just<00:31:51.440> use<00:31:51.760> this<00:31:52.000> in" + }, + { + "start": 1912.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation. But we can just use this in" + }, + { + "start": 1912.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation. But we can just use this in a<00:31:52.480> in<00:31:52.640> a<00:31:52.880> fairly<00:31:53.200> intuitive<00:31:53.760> way.<00:31:54.159> If<00:31:54.320> we<00:31:54.480> think" + }, + { + "start": 1914.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a in a fairly intuitive way. If we think" + }, + { + "start": 1914.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a in a fairly intuitive way. If we think of<00:31:54.960> an<00:31:55.279> ideal<00:31:55.840> classical<00:31:56.480> computer" + }, + { + "start": 1917.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an ideal classical computer" + }, + { + "start": 1917.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an ideal classical computer implementing<00:31:58.240> an<00:31:58.559> algorithm<00:31:59.120> for<00:31:59.360> f<00:32:00.720> then" + }, + { + "start": 1921.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "implementing an algorithm for f then" + }, + { + "start": 1921.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "implementing an algorithm for f then we're<00:32:01.360> thinking<00:32:01.600> about<00:32:02.080> something<00:32:02.480> like" + }, + { + "start": 1922.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're thinking about something like" + }, + { + "start": 1922.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're thinking about something like this.<00:32:03.279> We<00:32:03.519> have<00:32:03.600> an<00:32:03.760> input<00:32:04.399> for<00:32:04.640> f<00:32:05.440> and<00:32:05.679> we<00:32:05.919> have" + }, + { + "start": 1926.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. We have an input for f and we have" + }, + { + "start": 1926.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. We have an input for f and we have some<00:32:06.399> ready<00:32:06.880> state<00:32:07.360> of<00:32:07.600> this<00:32:08.320> classical" + }, + { + "start": 1928.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some ready state of this classical" + }, + { + "start": 1928.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some ready state of this classical computer.<00:32:10.320> And<00:32:10.480> if<00:32:10.720> we<00:32:10.880> combine<00:32:11.279> the<00:32:11.519> input" + }, + { + "start": 1931.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computer. And if we combine the input" + }, + { + "start": 1931.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computer. And if we combine the input and<00:32:12.000> the<00:32:12.159> ready<00:32:12.480> state,<00:32:12.880> something<00:32:13.279> happens" + }, + { + "start": 1934.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and the ready state, something happens" + }, + { + "start": 1934.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and the ready state, something happens that<00:32:15.360> is<00:32:15.760> some<00:32:16.080> sort<00:32:16.320> of<00:32:16.559> implementation<00:32:17.279> of<00:32:17.600> f" + }, + { + "start": 1937.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is some sort of implementation of f" + }, + { + "start": 1937.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is some sort of implementation of f on<00:32:18.080> the<00:32:18.240> input." + }, + { + "start": 1939.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on the input." + }, + { + "start": 1939.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on the input. And<00:32:20.080> at<00:32:20.320> the<00:32:20.480> end<00:32:20.559> of<00:32:20.799> that<00:32:21.200> something" + }, + { + "start": 1941.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And at the end of that something" + }, + { + "start": 1941.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And at the end of that something happening,<00:32:22.080> we<00:32:22.240> get<00:32:22.399> an<00:32:22.640> output<00:32:23.679> of<00:32:24.080> f<00:32:24.320> on<00:32:24.559> the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happening, we get an output of f on the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happening, we get an output of f on the input<00:32:25.919> and<00:32:26.159> the<00:32:26.399> computer<00:32:26.880> returns<00:32:27.360> to<00:32:27.519> its" + }, + { + "start": 1947.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "input and the computer returns to its" + }, + { + "start": 1947.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "input and the computer returns to its ready<00:32:28.240> state.<00:32:28.880> So<00:32:29.039> we<00:32:29.200> can<00:32:29.360> do<00:32:29.519> it<00:32:29.679> again." + }, + { + "start": 1952.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ready state. So we can do it again." + }, + { + "start": 1952.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ready state. So we can do it again. Now<00:32:32.480> this<00:32:32.640> is<00:32:33.840> a<00:32:34.080> useful<00:32:34.480> way<00:32:34.720> to<00:32:34.960> think<00:32:35.279> in<00:32:35.519> a" + }, + { + "start": 1955.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now this is a useful way to think in a" + }, + { + "start": 1955.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now this is a useful way to think in a coarse<00:32:36.159> grained<00:32:36.559> way<00:32:37.760> but<00:32:38.000> the<00:32:38.320> observed" + }, + { + "start": 1959.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "coarse grained way but the observed" + }, + { + "start": 1959.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "coarse grained way but the observed ready<00:32:39.519> state<00:32:40.320> which<00:32:40.559> is<00:32:41.200> a<00:32:41.519> projection<00:32:42.159> of<00:32:42.480> B" + }, + { + "start": 1962.789, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ready state which is a projection of B" + }, + { + "start": 1962.799, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ready state which is a projection of B of<00:32:43.039> the<00:32:43.279> boundary<00:32:43.760> of<00:32:44.000> the<00:32:44.240> device<00:32:44.640> that<00:32:44.880> we're" + }, + { + "start": 1965.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the boundary of the device that we're" + }, + { + "start": 1965.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the boundary of the device that we're talking<00:32:45.519> about<00:32:46.799> does<00:32:47.039> not<00:32:47.279> actually<00:32:47.760> pick<00:32:48.000> out" + }, + { + "start": 1968.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talking about does not actually pick out" + }, + { + "start": 1968.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talking about does not actually pick out a<00:32:48.399> unique<00:32:48.880> machine<00:32:49.360> state." + }, + { + "start": 1970.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a unique machine state." + }, + { + "start": 1970.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a unique machine state. Um," + }, + { + "start": 1972.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um," + }, + { + "start": 1972.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, that's<00:32:53.919> what<00:32:54.159> we<00:32:54.399> just<00:32:54.640> saw<00:32:54.960> with<00:32:55.360> this" + }, + { + "start": 1975.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's what we just saw with this" + }, + { + "start": 1975.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's what we just saw with this business<00:32:56.240> about<00:32:56.720> holomy,<00:32:58.159> but<00:32:58.399> it's<00:32:58.640> also" + }, + { + "start": 1978.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "business about holomy, but it's also" + }, + { + "start": 1978.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "business about holomy, but it's also just<00:32:59.279> Morris<00:32:59.760> theorem<00:33:00.480> from<00:33:00.720> back<00:33:00.960> in<00:33:01.120> the<00:33:01.360> 50s" + }, + { + "start": 1981.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just Morris theorem from back in the 50s" + }, + { + "start": 1981.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just Morris theorem from back in the 50s updated." + }, + { + "start": 1983.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "updated." + }, + { + "start": 1983.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "updated. Uh,<00:33:04.240> we<00:33:04.559> don't<00:33:04.880> actually<00:33:05.440> know<00:33:05.760> what's<00:33:06.159> going" + }, + { + "start": 1986.389, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, we don't actually know what's going" + }, + { + "start": 1986.399, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, we don't actually know what's going on<00:33:06.799> inside<00:33:07.360> the<00:33:07.679> machine.<00:33:08.159> It's<00:33:08.320> a<00:33:08.559> black<00:33:08.880> box." + }, + { + "start": 1990.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside the machine. It's a black box." + }, + { + "start": 1990.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside the machine. It's a black box. Uh,<00:33:10.399> it's<00:33:10.640> got<00:33:10.799> a<00:33:11.039> boundary<00:33:11.440> and<00:33:11.679> we<00:33:11.840> have<00:33:12.000> to" + }, + { + "start": 1992.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, it's got a boundary and we have to" + }, + { + "start": 1992.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, it's got a boundary and we have to look<00:33:12.320> at<00:33:12.480> what's<00:33:12.799> going<00:33:12.960> on<00:33:13.679> on<00:33:13.919> its<00:33:14.240> boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1995.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "look at what's going on on its boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1995.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "look at what's going on on its boundary and<00:33:15.360> that<00:33:15.679> doesn't<00:33:16.000> determine<00:33:16.559> what's<00:33:16.880> going" + }, + { + "start": 1997.029, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that doesn't determine what's going" + }, + { + "start": 1997.039, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that doesn't determine what's going on<00:33:17.360> inside." + }, + { + "start": 1999.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside." + }, + { + "start": 1999.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside. And<00:33:19.760> we<00:33:20.000> can<00:33:20.159> see<00:33:20.399> this<00:33:21.039> in<00:33:21.360> practice.<00:33:22.320> Um<00:33:23.200> even" + }, + { + "start": 2003.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we can see this in practice. Um even" + }, + { + "start": 2003.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we can see this in practice. Um even a<00:33:23.760> classical<00:33:24.320> operating<00:33:24.960> system" + }, + { + "start": 2006.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a classical operating system" + }, + { + "start": 2006.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a classical operating system uh<00:33:26.880> accumulates<00:33:27.679> internal<00:33:28.240> state<00:33:28.559> changes<00:33:29.679> as" + }, + { + "start": 2009.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh accumulates internal state changes as" + }, + { + "start": 2010.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh accumulates internal state changes as we<00:33:30.399> execute<00:33:30.880> it<00:33:31.200> over<00:33:31.440> and<00:33:31.600> over<00:33:31.760> and<00:33:31.919> over" + }, + { + "start": 2012.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we execute it over and over and over" + }, + { + "start": 2012.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we execute it over and over and over again<00:33:32.320> with<00:33:32.640> different<00:33:32.880> inputs.<00:33:33.679> Here<00:33:33.919> the" + }, + { + "start": 2014.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "again with different inputs. Here the" + }, + { + "start": 2014.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "again with different inputs. Here the input<00:33:34.559> is<00:33:35.440> some<00:33:36.799> program<00:33:37.440> together<00:33:37.840> with<00:33:38.080> some" + }, + { + "start": 2018.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "input is some program together with some" + }, + { + "start": 2018.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "input is some program together with some data" + }, + { + "start": 2020.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "data" + }, + { + "start": 2020.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "data and" + }, + { + "start": 2021.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and" + }, + { + "start": 2021.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and uh<00:33:41.760> we<00:33:42.000> have<00:33:42.159> the<00:33:42.399> machine<00:33:42.720> implement<00:33:43.440> some" + }, + { + "start": 2023.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh we have the machine implement some" + }, + { + "start": 2023.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh we have the machine implement some program<00:33:44.080> with<00:33:44.399> some<00:33:44.559> data<00:33:44.799> and<00:33:45.039> it<00:33:45.279> produces" + }, + { + "start": 2025.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "program with some data and it produces" + }, + { + "start": 2025.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "program with some data and it produces an<00:33:45.919> output.<00:33:46.640> Then<00:33:46.880> we<00:33:47.039> give<00:33:47.120> it<00:33:47.279> another" + }, + { + "start": 2027.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an output. Then we give it another" + }, + { + "start": 2027.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an output. Then we give it another program<00:33:48.000> and<00:33:48.240> some<00:33:48.480> more<00:33:48.720> data<00:33:48.880> and<00:33:49.120> it" + }, + { + "start": 2029.269, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "program and some more data and it" + }, + { + "start": 2029.279, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "program and some more data and it produces<00:33:49.760> another<00:33:50.159> output.<00:33:51.200> We're<00:33:51.440> not" + }, + { + "start": 2031.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "produces another output. We're not" + }, + { + "start": 2031.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "produces another output. We're not keeping<00:33:52.000> track<00:33:52.320> of<00:33:52.559> everything<00:33:52.880> that's<00:33:53.200> going" + }, + { + "start": 2033.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping track of everything that's going" + }, + { + "start": 2033.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keeping track of everything that's going on<00:33:53.600> inside.<00:33:54.640> We<00:33:54.880> just<00:33:55.039> depend<00:33:55.360> on<00:33:55.519> the" + }, + { + "start": 2035.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside. We just depend on the" + }, + { + "start": 2035.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on inside. We just depend on the operating<00:33:56.240> system<00:33:56.720> to<00:33:57.039> to<00:33:57.519> stay<00:33:57.840> in<00:33:58.080> some" + }, + { + "start": 2038.549, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operating system to to stay in some" + }, + { + "start": 2038.559, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operating system to to stay in some usable<00:33:59.600> state" + }, + { + "start": 2041.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "usable state" + }, + { + "start": 2041.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "usable state uh<00:34:01.279> without<00:34:02.000> saying<00:34:02.480> exactly<00:34:02.960> what<00:34:03.279> that" + }, + { + "start": 2043.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh without saying exactly what that" + }, + { + "start": 2043.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh without saying exactly what that state<00:34:04.000> is.<00:34:04.799> And<00:34:05.760> after<00:34:06.080> a<00:34:06.399> day's<00:34:06.720> use<00:34:06.960> of<00:34:07.200> your" + }, + { + "start": 2047.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state is. And after a day's use of your" + }, + { + "start": 2047.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state is. And after a day's use of your computer,<00:34:08.639> the<00:34:08.960> final<00:34:09.280> state<00:34:09.679> may<00:34:09.919> be<00:34:10.079> very" + }, + { + "start": 2050.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computer, the final state may be very" + }, + { + "start": 2050.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computer, the final state may be very different<00:34:10.800> from<00:34:11.119> the<00:34:11.359> initial<00:34:11.760> state.<00:34:13.200> And" + }, + { + "start": 2054.149, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different from the initial state. And" + }, + { + "start": 2054.159, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different from the initial state. And eventually<00:34:14.720> the<00:34:15.040> computer<00:34:15.440> has<00:34:15.599> to<00:34:15.760> be" + }, + { + "start": 2055.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually the computer has to be" + }, + { + "start": 2055.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually the computer has to be rebooted<00:34:16.480> to<00:34:16.720> get<00:34:16.800> it<00:34:16.960> back<00:34:17.200> to<00:34:17.599> something" + }, + { + "start": 2057.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rebooted to get it back to something" + }, + { + "start": 2057.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rebooted to get it back to something like<00:34:18.720> the<00:34:18.960> initial<00:34:19.440> state<00:34:19.760> that<00:34:20.000> you<00:34:20.320> started" + }, + { + "start": 2060.629, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like the initial state that you started" + }, + { + "start": 2060.639, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like the initial state that you started with<00:34:20.960> today." + }, + { + "start": 2063.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with today." + }, + { + "start": 2063.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with today. So<00:34:23.919> we<00:34:24.159> can<00:34:24.320> think<00:34:24.480> of<00:34:24.639> that<00:34:24.800> in<00:34:25.040> in<00:34:25.359> this" + }, + { + "start": 2065.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can think of that in in this" + }, + { + "start": 2065.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can think of that in in this language<00:34:25.919> of<00:34:26.240> side<00:34:26.560> projects.<00:34:27.919> Uh<00:34:28.960> the" + }, + { + "start": 2069.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "language of side projects. Uh the" + }, + { + "start": 2069.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "language of side projects. Uh the operating<00:34:29.760> system<00:34:30.000> is<00:34:30.320> constantly<00:34:30.879> doing" + }, + { + "start": 2071.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operating system is constantly doing" + }, + { + "start": 2071.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operating system is constantly doing side<00:34:31.679> projects.<00:34:32.320> It's<00:34:32.480> it's<00:34:32.879> rearranging<00:34:33.599> its" + }, + { + "start": 2073.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side projects. It's it's rearranging its" + }, + { + "start": 2074.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side projects. It's it's rearranging its internal<00:34:34.560> memory.<00:34:35.040> It's<00:34:35.359> moving<00:34:35.760> things" + }, + { + "start": 2075.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "internal memory. It's moving things" + }, + { + "start": 2076.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "internal memory. It's moving things around<00:34:36.320> in<00:34:36.639> its<00:34:36.879> long-term<00:34:38.320> what<00:34:38.560> used<00:34:38.800> to<00:34:38.960> be" + }, + { + "start": 2079.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around in its long-term what used to be" + }, + { + "start": 2079.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around in its long-term what used to be a<00:34:39.359> disk<00:34:39.760> memory." + }, + { + "start": 2081.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a disk memory." + }, + { + "start": 2082.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a disk memory. um<00:34:43.200> it's<00:34:44.639> um<00:34:45.440> changing<00:34:45.839> its<00:34:46.159> internal<00:34:46.639> state" + }, + { + "start": 2086.869, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um it's um changing its internal state" + }, + { + "start": 2086.879, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um it's um changing its internal state in<00:34:47.200> various<00:34:47.599> other<00:34:47.839> ways.<00:34:48.800> So<00:34:49.119> this<00:34:49.280> is" + }, + { + "start": 2089.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in various other ways. So this is" + }, + { + "start": 2089.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in various other ways. So this is inevitable<00:34:50.079> in<00:34:50.399> generic<00:34:50.960> systems<00:34:52.240> uh<00:34:52.320> because" + }, + { + "start": 2092.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inevitable in generic systems uh because" + }, + { + "start": 2092.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inevitable in generic systems uh because generic<00:34:53.359> systems" + }, + { + "start": 2095.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generic systems" + }, + { + "start": 2095.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "generic systems u<00:34:55.359> exhibit<00:34:55.919> non-trivial<00:34:56.720> honomy<00:34:58.000> because" + }, + { + "start": 2098.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "u exhibit non-trivial honomy because" + }, + { + "start": 2098.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "u exhibit non-trivial honomy because they<00:34:58.560> have<00:34:58.720> big<00:34:59.040> state<00:34:59.359> spaces<00:34:59.839> and<00:35:00.160> more" + }, + { + "start": 2100.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they have big state spaces and more" + }, + { + "start": 2100.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they have big state spaces and more complicated<00:35:01.200> dynamics<00:35:01.839> than<00:35:02.079> what<00:35:02.320> they" + }, + { + "start": 2102.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complicated dynamics than what they" + }, + { + "start": 2102.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complicated dynamics than what they display<00:35:02.960> on<00:35:03.200> their<00:35:03.359> boundaries." + }, + { + "start": 2107.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:35:09.119> we<00:35:09.359> can<00:35:09.520> also<00:35:10.160> represent<00:35:10.880> these<00:35:11.280> sort<00:35:11.520> of" + }, + { + "start": 2111.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can also represent these sort of" + }, + { + "start": 2111.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we can also represent these sort of phase<00:35:12.079> changes<00:35:12.960> geometric<00:35:13.599> phase<00:35:14.000> changes<00:35:15.040> as" + }, + { + "start": 2115.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "phase changes geometric phase changes as" + }, + { + "start": 2115.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "phase changes geometric phase changes as reference<00:35:15.920> frame<00:35:16.320> changes." + }, + { + "start": 2118.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame changes." + }, + { + "start": 2118.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame changes. So<00:35:19.119> for<00:35:19.280> example<00:35:20.720> u<00:35:21.280> go<00:35:21.440> back<00:35:21.599> to<00:35:21.760> that<00:35:22.240> picture" + }, + { + "start": 2122.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So for example u go back to that picture" + }, + { + "start": 2122.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So for example u go back to that picture of<00:35:22.880> a<00:35:23.119> generic<00:35:23.599> interaction<00:35:24.320> that<00:35:24.640> shows" + }, + { + "start": 2125.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a generic interaction that shows" + }, + { + "start": 2125.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a generic interaction that shows operations<00:35:25.839> on<00:35:26.160> cubits<00:35:27.280> by<00:35:27.760> spin<00:35:28.079> operators" + }, + { + "start": 2129.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations on cubits by spin operators" + }, + { + "start": 2129.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations on cubits by spin operators each<00:35:29.839> of<00:35:30.000> which<00:35:30.320> has<00:35:30.640> a<00:35:30.880> local<00:35:31.280> reference" + }, + { + "start": 2131.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each of which has a local reference" + }, + { + "start": 2131.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each of which has a local reference frame." + }, + { + "start": 2133.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frame." + }, + { + "start": 2133.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frame. If<00:35:33.920> the<00:35:34.240> system<00:35:34.800> undergoes<00:35:35.440> some<00:35:36.560> honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2137.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If the system undergoes some honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2137.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If the system undergoes some honomy operation" + }, + { + "start": 2140.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh<00:35:41.280> that<00:35:42.560> introduces<00:35:43.280> a<00:35:43.599> phase<00:35:44.400> into<00:35:44.800> a<00:35:45.040> vector" + }, + { + "start": 2145.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh that introduces a phase into a vector" + }, + { + "start": 2145.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh that introduces a phase into a vector that's<00:35:45.920> transported<00:35:46.720> to<00:35:46.960> some<00:35:47.280> new<00:35:47.599> part<00:35:47.760> of" + }, + { + "start": 2147.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's transported to some new part of" + }, + { + "start": 2147.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's transported to some new part of the<00:35:48.160> state<00:35:48.560> space" + }, + { + "start": 2150.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the state space" + }, + { + "start": 2150.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the state space and<00:35:50.320> we<00:35:50.480> think<00:35:50.640> of<00:35:50.800> what<00:35:51.040> that<00:35:51.359> does<00:35:51.760> to<00:35:52.800> these" + }, + { + "start": 2153.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we think of what that does to these" + }, + { + "start": 2153.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we think of what that does to these reference<00:35:54.000> frame<00:35:54.480> vectors" + }, + { + "start": 2156.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame vectors" + }, + { + "start": 2156.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frame vectors um" + }, + { + "start": 2157.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um" + }, + { + "start": 2157.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um that<00:35:58.079> tell<00:35:58.240> the<00:35:58.480> spin<00:35:58.800> operators<00:35:59.359> what" + }, + { + "start": 2159.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that tell the spin operators what" + }, + { + "start": 2159.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that tell the spin operators what they're<00:35:59.920> doing.<00:36:01.119> Then<00:36:01.920> a<00:36:02.240> general<00:36:02.720> holomy" + }, + { + "start": 2163.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're doing. Then a general holomy" + }, + { + "start": 2163.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're doing. Then a general holomy transform<00:36:04.720> can<00:36:05.040> modify<00:36:05.599> a<00:36:05.920> reference<00:36:06.320> frame" + }, + { + "start": 2167.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transform can modify a reference frame" + }, + { + "start": 2167.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transform can modify a reference frame and<00:36:08.320> in<00:36:08.640> that<00:36:08.800> case<00:36:09.280> the<00:36:09.520> output<00:36:09.920> of<00:36:10.079> acting" + }, + { + "start": 2170.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in that case the output of acting" + }, + { + "start": 2170.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in that case the output of acting with<00:36:10.800> that<00:36:11.119> operator<00:36:11.680> is<00:36:12.000> different.<00:36:13.119> So<00:36:13.280> if" + }, + { + "start": 2173.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with that operator is different. So if" + }, + { + "start": 2173.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with that operator is different. So if the<00:36:13.760> reference<00:36:14.160> frame<00:36:14.480> is<00:36:14.720> up<00:36:15.040> and<00:36:15.280> you<00:36:15.440> act<00:36:15.680> on" + }, + { + "start": 2175.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the reference frame is up and you act on" + }, + { + "start": 2175.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the reference frame is up and you act on something<00:36:16.320> with<00:36:16.560> spin<00:36:16.800> up<00:36:17.920> stays<00:36:18.320> spin<00:36:18.640> up." + }, + { + "start": 2179.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something with spin up stays spin up." + }, + { + "start": 2179.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something with spin up stays spin up. But<00:36:19.839> if<00:36:20.000> I've<00:36:20.320> tilted<00:36:20.720> the<00:36:20.960> reference<00:36:21.440> frame" + }, + { + "start": 2182.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But if I've tilted the reference frame" + }, + { + "start": 2182.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But if I've tilted the reference frame then<00:36:22.880> what<00:36:23.040> I<00:36:23.280> do<00:36:23.440> is<00:36:23.760> rotate" + }, + { + "start": 2185.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then what I do is rotate" + }, + { + "start": 2185.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then what I do is rotate um<00:36:26.240> that<00:36:26.560> cubit.<00:36:27.280> So<00:36:27.599> it<00:36:27.920> when<00:36:28.160> that<00:36:28.320> cubit" + }, + { + "start": 2188.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um that cubit. So it when that cubit" + }, + { + "start": 2188.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um that cubit. So it when that cubit gets<00:36:29.040> measured<00:36:29.440> by<00:36:29.680> another<00:36:30.079> system<00:36:30.480> you're" + }, + { + "start": 2190.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gets measured by another system you're" + }, + { + "start": 2190.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gets measured by another system you're going<00:36:30.800> to<00:36:30.880> get<00:36:31.040> a<00:36:31.280> different<00:36:31.520> answer" + }, + { + "start": 2193.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to get a different answer" + }, + { + "start": 2193.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to get a different answer and<00:36:33.920> in<00:36:34.160> fact<00:36:34.560> this<00:36:35.839> representation" + }, + { + "start": 2198.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in fact this representation" + }, + { + "start": 2198.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in fact this representation of<00:36:38.640> holom<00:36:39.280> as<00:36:39.520> reference<00:36:40.000> frame<00:36:40.560> change<00:36:41.839> turns" + }, + { + "start": 2202.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of holom as reference frame change turns" + }, + { + "start": 2202.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of holom as reference frame change turns out<00:36:42.400> to<00:36:42.560> be<00:36:42.800> generic" + }, + { + "start": 2204.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out to be generic" + }, + { + "start": 2204.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out to be generic and<00:36:45.599> um<00:36:45.920> I'm<00:36:46.160> involved<00:36:46.560> in<00:36:46.800> another<00:36:48.160> ongoing" + }, + { + "start": 2208.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um I'm involved in another ongoing" + }, + { + "start": 2208.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um I'm involved in another ongoing paper<00:36:49.200> that's<00:36:49.520> trying<00:36:49.760> to<00:36:50.000> sort<00:36:50.320> out<00:36:51.520> um<00:36:52.480> how" + }, + { + "start": 2212.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paper that's trying to sort out um how" + }, + { + "start": 2212.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paper that's trying to sort out um how this<00:36:53.040> works<00:36:53.440> in<00:36:53.680> general" + }, + { + "start": 2215.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this works in general" + }, + { + "start": 2215.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this works in general and<00:36:56.560> Again,<00:36:57.280> it<00:36:57.599> involves<00:36:58.160> many<00:36:58.560> different" + }, + { + "start": 2218.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and Again, it involves many different" + }, + { + "start": 2218.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and Again, it involves many different literatures<00:37:00.000> that<00:37:00.800> don't<00:37:01.200> communicate<00:37:02.240> with" + }, + { + "start": 2222.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "literatures that don't communicate with" + }, + { + "start": 2222.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "literatures that don't communicate with each<00:37:02.800> other<00:37:03.040> very<00:37:03.359> much<00:37:04.400> to<00:37:04.800> put<00:37:05.040> together<00:37:05.520> a<00:37:06.079> a" + }, + { + "start": 2226.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other very much to put together a a" + }, + { + "start": 2226.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "each other very much to put together a a real<00:37:06.720> understanding<00:37:07.280> of<00:37:07.599> how<00:37:08.000> holomy<00:37:08.720> change" + }, + { + "start": 2229.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "real understanding of how holomy change" + }, + { + "start": 2229.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "real understanding of how holomy change relates<00:37:10.160> to<00:37:10.400> reference<00:37:10.800> frame<00:37:11.200> change" + }, + { + "start": 2232.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "relates to reference frame change" + }, + { + "start": 2232.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "relates to reference frame change and<00:37:13.119> it<00:37:13.359> all<00:37:13.599> turns<00:37:13.839> out<00:37:14.000> to<00:37:14.320> couple<00:37:14.800> to<00:37:15.599> the" + }, + { + "start": 2235.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it all turns out to couple to the" + }, + { + "start": 2235.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it all turns out to couple to the theory<00:37:16.320> of<00:37:17.200> error<00:37:17.440> correcting<00:37:18.079> codes<00:37:18.880> and" + }, + { + "start": 2239.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theory of error correcting codes and" + }, + { + "start": 2239.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theory of error correcting codes and hence<00:37:19.599> the<00:37:19.760> theory<00:37:20.160> of<00:37:20.320> emergent<00:37:20.960> spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 2242.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hence the theory of emergent spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 2242.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hence the theory of emergent spacetime. So<00:37:23.119> this<00:37:23.440> this<00:37:23.920> issue<00:37:24.320> of<00:37:25.040> geometric<00:37:25.680> phase" + }, + { + "start": 2246.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this this issue of geometric phase" + }, + { + "start": 2246.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this this issue of geometric phase and<00:37:26.320> reference<00:37:26.800> frame<00:37:27.200> change<00:37:27.520> is<00:37:27.920> is" + }, + { + "start": 2248.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and reference frame change is is" + }, + { + "start": 2248.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and reference frame change is is actually<00:37:28.480> very<00:37:28.880> deep.<00:37:30.160> But<00:37:30.400> all<00:37:30.800> we<00:37:31.119> need<00:37:31.280> to" + }, + { + "start": 2251.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually very deep. But all we need to" + }, + { + "start": 2251.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually very deep. But all we need to know<00:37:32.000> for<00:37:32.320> for<00:37:32.720> now<00:37:32.960> is<00:37:33.280> that<00:37:34.640> if<00:37:35.040> the<00:37:35.280> system<00:37:35.680> a" + }, + { + "start": 2255.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know for for now is that if the system a" + }, + { + "start": 2255.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know for for now is that if the system a bar<00:37:36.400> exhibits<00:37:37.040> non-trivial<00:37:37.839> honomy<00:37:38.480> then<00:37:38.800> how" + }, + { + "start": 2259.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bar exhibits non-trivial honomy then how" + }, + { + "start": 2259.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bar exhibits non-trivial honomy then how it<00:37:39.200> acts<00:37:39.520> on<00:37:39.839> on<00:37:40.160> the<00:37:40.400> boundary<00:37:41.040> so<00:37:41.599> that<00:37:41.839> the" + }, + { + "start": 2262.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it acts on on the boundary so that the" + }, + { + "start": 2262.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it acts on on the boundary so that the output<00:37:42.480> that<00:37:42.720> it<00:37:42.880> produces<00:37:43.440> its<00:37:43.760> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2264.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "output that it produces its behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2264.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "output that it produces its behavior it's<00:37:45.359> going<00:37:45.520> to<00:37:45.760> change<00:37:46.960> um<00:37:48.400> as<00:37:49.760> honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2270.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's going to change um as honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2270.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's going to change um as honomy operations<00:37:51.119> move<00:37:51.440> vectors<00:37:51.920> around<00:37:52.160> in<00:37:52.400> its" + }, + { + "start": 2272.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations move vectors around in its" + }, + { + "start": 2272.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operations move vectors around in its state<00:37:52.960> space." + }, + { + "start": 2274.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state space." + }, + { + "start": 2274.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "state space. So<00:37:55.119> this<00:37:55.359> is<00:37:55.599> important<00:37:56.880> um<00:37:57.599> because<00:37:58.160> when<00:37:58.480> you" + }, + { + "start": 2278.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is important um because when you" + }, + { + "start": 2278.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this is important um because when you move<00:37:58.880> reference<00:37:59.359> frames<00:38:00.000> around" + }, + { + "start": 2281.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "move reference frames around" + }, + { + "start": 2281.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "move reference frames around you<00:38:02.079> end<00:38:02.240> up<00:38:02.640> with<00:38:03.520> uh<00:38:03.680> behaviors<00:38:04.240> that<00:38:04.480> don't" + }, + { + "start": 2284.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you end up with uh behaviors that don't" + }, + { + "start": 2284.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you end up with uh behaviors that don't commute." + }, + { + "start": 2286.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "commute." + }, + { + "start": 2286.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "commute. So<00:38:06.800> in<00:38:07.119> particular<00:38:08.240> uh<00:38:08.560> this<00:38:08.880> simple<00:38:09.520> case<00:38:09.839> of" + }, + { + "start": 2290.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So in particular uh this simple case of" + }, + { + "start": 2290.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So in particular uh this simple case of spin<00:38:11.119> operators" + }, + { + "start": 2292.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spin operators" + }, + { + "start": 2292.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spin operators uh<00:38:13.280> spin<00:38:13.680> operators<00:38:14.160> with<00:38:14.480> different" + }, + { + "start": 2294.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh spin operators with different" + }, + { + "start": 2294.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh spin operators with different reference<00:38:15.200> frames<00:38:15.599> don't<00:38:15.839> commute.<00:38:16.320> Acting" + }, + { + "start": 2296.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frames don't commute. Acting" + }, + { + "start": 2296.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frames don't commute. Acting with<00:38:17.359> up<00:38:17.680> and<00:38:17.920> then<00:38:18.160> sideways<00:38:19.440> is<00:38:19.680> not<00:38:19.920> the" + }, + { + "start": 2300.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with up and then sideways is not the" + }, + { + "start": 2300.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with up and then sideways is not the same<00:38:20.240> as<00:38:20.480> acting<00:38:20.800> with<00:38:21.040> sideways<00:38:21.520> and<00:38:21.680> then" + }, + { + "start": 2301.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "same as acting with sideways and then" + }, + { + "start": 2301.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "same as acting with sideways and then up." + }, + { + "start": 2303.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "up." + }, + { + "start": 2303.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "up. And<00:38:24.000> this<00:38:24.240> has<00:38:24.400> a<00:38:24.960> an<00:38:25.520> overall<00:38:26.160> global" + }, + { + "start": 2306.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this has a an overall global" + }, + { + "start": 2306.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this has a an overall global consequence.<00:38:27.359> Whenever<00:38:27.760> you<00:38:27.920> have" + }, + { + "start": 2308.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "consequence. Whenever you have" + }, + { + "start": 2308.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "consequence. Whenever you have non-commuting<00:38:28.960> reference<00:38:29.440> frames," + }, + { + "start": 2311.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-commuting reference frames," + }, + { + "start": 2311.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-commuting reference frames, uh<00:38:31.359> they<00:38:31.680> generate<00:38:32.320> non-causal<00:38:33.359> context" + }, + { + "start": 2313.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh they generate non-causal context" + }, + { + "start": 2313.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh they generate non-causal context dependence<00:38:34.880> in<00:38:35.200> the<00:38:35.440> behavior<00:38:35.839> of<00:38:36.079> the" + }, + { + "start": 2316.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dependence in the behavior of the" + }, + { + "start": 2316.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dependence in the behavior of the system.<00:38:37.760> Uh<00:38:38.160> and<00:38:38.320> if<00:38:38.560> you're<00:38:38.800> you're<00:38:39.119> making" + }, + { + "start": 2319.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system. Uh and if you're you're making" + }, + { + "start": 2319.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system. Uh and if you're you're making measurements<00:38:40.000> with<00:38:40.240> non-commuting" + }, + { + "start": 2321.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measurements with non-commuting" + }, + { + "start": 2321.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measurements with non-commuting reference<00:38:41.440> frames,<00:38:41.920> they<00:38:42.160> generate" + }, + { + "start": 2323.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frames, they generate" + }, + { + "start": 2323.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reference frames, they generate non-causal<00:38:44.240> context<00:38:44.800> dependence<00:38:45.280> in<00:38:45.440> your" + }, + { + "start": 2325.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-causal context dependence in your" + }, + { + "start": 2325.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-causal context dependence in your measurement<00:38:46.079> outcomes." + }, + { + "start": 2327.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measurement outcomes." + }, + { + "start": 2328.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "measurement outcomes. And<00:38:48.240> in<00:38:48.640> either<00:38:49.040> case,<00:38:49.440> the<00:38:49.760> consequence<00:38:50.320> of" + }, + { + "start": 2330.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in either case, the consequence of" + }, + { + "start": 2330.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And in either case, the consequence of that<00:38:51.119> is<00:38:51.440> that<00:38:52.000> joint<00:38:52.400> probability" + }, + { + "start": 2333.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is that joint probability" + }, + { + "start": 2333.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is that joint probability distributions<00:38:53.839> on<00:38:54.079> the<00:38:54.320> outcomes<00:38:54.720> are" + }, + { + "start": 2335.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distributions on the outcomes are" + }, + { + "start": 2335.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distributions on the outcomes are actually<00:38:55.359> undefined.<00:38:56.320> They<00:38:56.640> violate<00:38:57.040> the" + }, + { + "start": 2337.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually undefined. They violate the" + }, + { + "start": 2337.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually undefined. They violate the Kagoro<00:38:58.160> axioms.<00:38:59.599> And<00:38:59.839> this<00:39:00.079> is<00:39:00.320> this<00:39:00.640> is<00:39:00.800> what" + }, + { + "start": 2341.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Kagoro axioms. And this is this is what" + }, + { + "start": 2341.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Kagoro axioms. And this is this is what is<00:39:01.440> observed<00:39:02.079> in<00:39:02.480> systems<00:39:02.960> that<00:39:03.359> violate<00:39:04.160> for" + }, + { + "start": 2344.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is observed in systems that violate for" + }, + { + "start": 2344.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is observed in systems that violate for example<00:39:04.800> Bell's<00:39:05.200> inequality<00:39:06.000> that<00:39:06.880> exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2347.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example Bell's inequality that exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2347.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example Bell's inequality that exhibit entanglement" + }, + { + "start": 2348.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entanglement" + }, + { + "start": 2348.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entanglement uh<00:39:09.119> systems<00:39:09.520> that<00:39:09.760> violate<00:39:10.240> the<00:39:10.480> leot" + }, + { + "start": 2351.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh systems that violate the leot" + }, + { + "start": 2351.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh systems that violate the leot inequalities<00:39:12.240> and<00:39:12.560> so<00:39:13.440> um<00:39:13.920> exhibit<00:39:14.400> what" + }, + { + "start": 2354.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inequalities and so um exhibit what" + }, + { + "start": 2354.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inequalities and so um exhibit what looks<00:39:14.880> like<00:39:15.119> entanglement<00:39:16.160> in<00:39:16.480> time." + }, + { + "start": 2358.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks like entanglement in time." + }, + { + "start": 2358.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks like entanglement in time. uh<00:39:18.560> systems<00:39:18.960> that<00:39:19.280> violate<00:39:19.760> the<00:39:20.079> Coke<00:39:20.320> and" + }, + { + "start": 2360.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh systems that violate the Coke and" + }, + { + "start": 2360.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh systems that violate the Coke and Specker" + }, + { + "start": 2362.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Specker" + }, + { + "start": 2362.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Specker uh<00:39:22.240> theorem" + }, + { + "start": 2364.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh theorem" + }, + { + "start": 2364.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh theorem uh<00:39:24.560> which<00:39:24.800> is<00:39:25.359> essentially<00:39:25.839> a<00:39:26.079> restatement<00:39:26.720> of" + }, + { + "start": 2367.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh which is essentially a restatement of" + }, + { + "start": 2367.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh which is essentially a restatement of the<00:39:27.760> conditions<00:39:28.240> for<00:39:28.480> entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 2370.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the conditions for entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 2370.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the conditions for entanglement. Uh<00:39:30.960> so<00:39:31.359> exhibit<00:39:32.000> context<00:39:32.560> dependence" + }, + { + "start": 2373.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh so exhibit context dependence" + }, + { + "start": 2373.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh so exhibit context dependence depending<00:39:34.160> on<00:39:35.280> different<00:39:36.000> orders<00:39:36.480> of<00:39:36.720> of" + }, + { + "start": 2377.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "depending on different orders of of" + }, + { + "start": 2377.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "depending on different orders of of observational" + }, + { + "start": 2379.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observational" + }, + { + "start": 2380.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "observational actions<00:39:40.880> yield<00:39:42.000> results<00:39:42.480> that<00:39:43.839> can't<00:39:44.160> be" + }, + { + "start": 2384.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actions yield results that can't be" + }, + { + "start": 2384.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actions yield results that can't be given<00:39:44.640> an<00:39:44.960> overall<00:39:45.440> joint<00:39:45.839> probability" + }, + { + "start": 2386.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "given an overall joint probability" + }, + { + "start": 2386.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "given an overall joint probability distribution.<00:39:47.280> So<00:39:47.520> there's<00:39:47.839> tons<00:39:48.320> now<00:39:48.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 2388.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distribution. So there's tons now of" + }, + { + "start": 2388.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distribution. So there's tons now of experimental<00:39:49.359> data<00:39:50.640> that<00:39:51.119> it<00:39:52.079> demonstrates" + }, + { + "start": 2392.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experimental data that it demonstrates" + }, + { + "start": 2392.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experimental data that it demonstrates this<00:39:53.119> sort<00:39:53.440> of" + }, + { + "start": 2396.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this sort of" + }, + { + "start": 2396.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this sort of kagorov<00:39:57.280> axiom<00:39:58.560> violation<00:39:59.200> by<00:39:59.520> physical" + }, + { + "start": 2399.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kagorov axiom violation by physical" + }, + { + "start": 2400.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kagorov axiom violation by physical systems" + }, + { + "start": 2401.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems" + }, + { + "start": 2401.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems and<00:40:02.079> I've<00:40:02.560> put<00:40:02.720> down<00:40:02.960> here<00:40:03.119> a<00:40:03.359> reference<00:40:03.599> to<00:40:03.839> a" + }, + { + "start": 2403.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and I've put down here a reference to a" + }, + { + "start": 2404.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and I've put down here a reference to a paper<00:40:04.240> that<00:40:04.480> talks<00:40:04.800> about<00:40:05.760> uh<00:40:06.640> this" + }, + { + "start": 2407.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paper that talks about uh this" + }, + { + "start": 2407.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paper that talks about uh this non-communing<00:40:08.400> QRFs<00:40:09.119> generating<00:40:09.680> non-causal" + }, + { + "start": 2410.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-communing QRFs generating non-causal" + }, + { + "start": 2410.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-communing QRFs generating non-causal context<00:40:10.880> dependence<00:40:11.440> in<00:40:11.680> general." + }, + { + "start": 2415.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:40:15.440> what<00:40:15.599> does<00:40:15.760> this<00:40:16.079> mean?<00:40:16.400> It<00:40:16.640> means<00:40:16.880> that" + }, + { + "start": 2417.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what does this mean? It means that" + }, + { + "start": 2417.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So what does this mean? It means that all<00:40:17.359> of<00:40:17.520> these<00:40:18.079> interesting<00:40:18.640> kinds<00:40:18.960> of" + }, + { + "start": 2419.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all of these interesting kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 2419.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all of these interesting kinds of behaviors<00:40:19.920> are<00:40:20.160> in<00:40:20.400> fact<00:40:20.640> generic." + }, + { + "start": 2422.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behaviors are in fact generic." + }, + { + "start": 2422.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behaviors are in fact generic. And<00:40:22.560> they're<00:40:22.800> all<00:40:22.960> generic<00:40:23.440> for<00:40:23.680> the<00:40:23.920> same" + }, + { + "start": 2424.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And they're all generic for the same" + }, + { + "start": 2424.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And they're all generic for the same reason.<00:40:25.599> That<00:40:25.920> they're<00:40:26.240> all<00:40:26.400> the<00:40:26.720> result<00:40:27.359> of" + }, + { + "start": 2428.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reason. That they're all the result of" + }, + { + "start": 2428.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reason. That they're all the result of requiring<00:40:29.520> that<00:40:30.640> the<00:40:30.960> behaving<00:40:31.760> system<00:40:32.400> is" + }, + { + "start": 2432.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requiring that the behaving system is" + }, + { + "start": 2432.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requiring that the behaving system is separate<00:40:33.520> from<00:40:33.760> the<00:40:34.079> system<00:40:34.400> that's<00:40:34.720> exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2435.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separate from the system that's exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2435.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separate from the system that's exhibit that's<00:40:35.680> observing<00:40:36.160> its<00:40:36.480> behavior." + }, + { + "start": 2438.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's observing its behavior." + }, + { + "start": 2438.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's observing its behavior. Uh<00:40:38.720> and<00:40:38.960> that<00:40:39.359> separability<00:40:40.160> requirement<00:40:41.040> as" + }, + { + "start": 2441.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and that separability requirement as" + }, + { + "start": 2441.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and that separability requirement as we<00:40:41.520> saw" + }, + { + "start": 2443.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we saw" + }, + { + "start": 2443.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we saw uh<00:40:43.359> induces<00:40:44.000> this<00:40:44.240> dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 2445.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh induces this dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 2445.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh induces this dimensionality requirement<00:40:46.400> that<00:40:46.960> we<00:40:47.200> have<00:40:47.440> big<00:40:47.839> systems" + }, + { + "start": 2448.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requirement that we have big systems" + }, + { + "start": 2448.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "requirement that we have big systems with<00:40:48.640> small<00:40:49.040> boundaries<00:40:50.000> and<00:40:50.240> so<00:40:50.640> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2451.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with small boundaries and so behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2451.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with small boundaries and so behavior has<00:40:52.240> much<00:40:52.560> less<00:40:52.880> dimensionality<00:40:54.320> than<00:40:54.640> the" + }, + { + "start": 2454.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has much less dimensionality than the" + }, + { + "start": 2454.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has much less dimensionality than the computation<00:40:55.599> that<00:40:55.920> generates<00:40:56.400> it.<00:40:57.760> Whenever" + }, + { + "start": 2458.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation that generates it. Whenever" + }, + { + "start": 2458.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation that generates it. Whenever that<00:40:58.960> condition<00:40:59.440> holds" + }, + { + "start": 2461.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that condition holds" + }, + { + "start": 2461.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that condition holds uh<00:41:01.200> then<00:41:01.359> we<00:41:01.599> see<00:41:01.760> these<00:41:02.079> sorts<00:41:02.319> of" + }, + { + "start": 2462.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh then we see these sorts of" + }, + { + "start": 2462.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh then we see these sorts of interesting<00:41:03.119> behaviors" + }, + { + "start": 2464.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behaviors" + }, + { + "start": 2464.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting behaviors and<00:41:05.200> that<00:41:05.440> condition<00:41:05.920> holds<00:41:06.400> whenever<00:41:06.880> we<00:41:07.119> can" + }, + { + "start": 2467.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that condition holds whenever we can" + }, + { + "start": 2467.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and that condition holds whenever we can separate<00:41:07.839> ourselves<00:41:08.400> as<00:41:08.720> observers<00:41:09.440> from" + }, + { + "start": 2469.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separate ourselves as observers from" + }, + { + "start": 2469.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "separate ourselves as observers from whatever<00:41:10.240> system<00:41:10.560> it<00:41:10.800> is<00:41:10.960> we're<00:41:11.200> observing." + }, + { + "start": 2474.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So<00:41:14.480> this<00:41:14.800> tells<00:41:15.119> us<00:41:15.440> in<00:41:15.680> fact" + }, + { + "start": 2477.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this tells us in fact" + }, + { + "start": 2477.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So this tells us in fact that<00:41:18.160> intelligence<00:41:18.880> is<00:41:19.119> very<00:41:19.520> diverse<00:41:20.000> and<00:41:20.160> in" + }, + { + "start": 2480.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that intelligence is very diverse and in" + }, + { + "start": 2480.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that intelligence is very diverse and in fact<00:41:20.720> interesting<00:41:21.280> behavior<00:41:21.839> is<00:41:22.079> very" + }, + { + "start": 2482.309, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fact interesting behavior is very" + }, + { + "start": 2482.319, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fact interesting behavior is very diverse.<00:41:23.680> Um<00:41:24.319> it<00:41:24.640> also<00:41:25.599> provides<00:41:26.079> us<00:41:26.480> with<00:41:27.760> a" + }, + { + "start": 2488.069, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse. Um it also provides us with a" + }, + { + "start": 2488.079, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse. Um it also provides us with a very<00:41:28.480> general<00:41:29.200> and<00:41:29.599> strongly<00:41:30.240> empirically" + }, + { + "start": 2491.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very general and strongly empirically" + }, + { + "start": 2491.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very general and strongly empirically validated<00:41:31.760> foundation<00:41:32.319> for<00:41:32.640> talking<00:41:33.040> about" + }, + { + "start": 2493.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "validated foundation for talking about" + }, + { + "start": 2493.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "validated foundation for talking about diverse<00:41:33.839> intelligence<00:41:34.960> i.e.<00:41:35.760> quantum<00:41:36.160> theory" + }, + { + "start": 2497.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse intelligence i.e. quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 2497.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse intelligence i.e. quantum theory and<00:41:38.000> it<00:41:38.160> tells<00:41:38.400> us<00:41:38.560> that<00:41:38.800> intelligence<00:41:39.599> and" + }, + { + "start": 2499.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it tells us that intelligence and" + }, + { + "start": 2500.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and it tells us that intelligence and persistent<00:41:40.640> observability<00:41:41.839> so<00:41:42.240> separability" + }, + { + "start": 2503.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persistent observability so separability" + }, + { + "start": 2503.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "persistent observability so separability between<00:41:44.079> the<00:41:44.400> observer<00:41:44.960> and<00:41:45.200> the<00:41:45.440> observed" + }, + { + "start": 2507.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the observer and the observed" + }, + { + "start": 2507.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the observer and the observed uh<00:41:47.520> go<00:41:47.760> hand<00:41:48.000> in<00:41:48.319> hand." + }, + { + "start": 2509.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh go hand in hand." + }, + { + "start": 2509.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh go hand in hand. uh<00:41:51.040> if<00:41:51.200> if<00:41:51.599> a<00:41:51.839> system<00:41:52.160> is<00:41:52.480> different<00:41:52.800> from<00:41:53.119> us," + }, + { + "start": 2513.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh if if a system is different from us," + }, + { + "start": 2513.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh if if a system is different from us, we're<00:41:54.240> observing<00:41:54.720> it,<00:41:55.680> then<00:41:55.920> its<00:41:56.160> behavior<00:41:56.640> is" + }, + { + "start": 2516.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're observing it, then its behavior is" + }, + { + "start": 2516.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're observing it, then its behavior is going<00:41:57.040> to<00:41:57.200> be<00:41:57.440> interesting." + }, + { + "start": 2519.349, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to be interesting." + }, + { + "start": 2519.359, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to be interesting. And<00:41:59.599> we<00:41:59.760> can<00:41:59.920> make<00:42:00.160> that<00:42:00.560> interestingness<00:42:01.359> go" + }, + { + "start": 2521.589, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we can make that interestingness go" + }, + { + "start": 2521.599, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And we can make that interestingness go away<00:42:02.480> by<00:42:03.040> coarse<00:42:03.440> graining<00:42:04.000> or<00:42:05.119> averaging<00:42:06.000> or" + }, + { + "start": 2526.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "away by coarse graining or averaging or" + }, + { + "start": 2526.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "away by coarse graining or averaging or the<00:42:06.960> common<00:42:07.280> practice<00:42:07.760> of<00:42:08.079> throwing<00:42:08.560> out" + }, + { + "start": 2528.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the common practice of throwing out" + }, + { + "start": 2528.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the common practice of throwing out anything<00:42:09.119> that<00:42:09.440> looks<00:42:09.680> anomalous," + }, + { + "start": 2532.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything that looks anomalous," + }, + { + "start": 2532.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything that looks anomalous, but<00:42:12.880> it's<00:42:13.280> actually<00:42:13.680> there.<00:42:14.319> And<00:42:14.560> if<00:42:14.720> we<00:42:14.880> look" + }, + { + "start": 2535.109, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but it's actually there. And if we look" + }, + { + "start": 2535.119, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but it's actually there. And if we look carefully<00:42:15.599> enough,<00:42:16.079> we'll<00:42:16.400> see<00:42:16.640> it." + }, + { + "start": 2539.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "carefully enough, we'll see it." + }, + { + "start": 2539.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "carefully enough, we'll see it. So<00:42:20.240> that's<00:42:20.560> it.<00:42:20.960> Thank<00:42:21.200> you." + } + ], + "plain": "I want to talk today about interesting\nbehavior by generic systems.\nAnd the first part of this will be a bit\nof a review and then the second half\nwill be more u a report on new work uh\nsince the last time I talked which\nuh as a general presentation was over a\nyear ago. I did a couple of more\nspecialized presentations last year. So\nthis is in the context of the diverse\nintelligence project\nwhich raises these questions u how\ndiverse is intelligence\nand what what are the limits of\nintelligence uh if there are limits and\nhow do we find out so that's what I'm\ngoing to talk about today\nuh to start with um\nwe can look at this definition of\nintelligence that we've been using in\nthe lab from William James as as kind of\na guideline\nthat intelligence is a fixed goal\nachievable with variable means of\nachieving it. So intelligence involves\ning it. So intelligence involves\nsome level of flexibility\nand this definition itself raises\nquestions. Uh does any goal count? Uh\nare many any kinds of means allowed\nand does anything fall outside this\ndefinition? Are there any are there\nsystems that don't achieve this kind of\nflexibility that James was interested\nin? And um it's not clear from from\nJames the extent to which he was willing\nto extend intelligence\nuh to generic systems,\nbut at at least some of his writings\nsuggest that that may have been the\ncase.\nUm\nsome sort of methodological guidelines\nuh have appeared recently. Uh, for\nexample, in this paper that Mike and\nDavid Resnik published last year,\nuh, emphasizing that the\ndiverse intelligence project or the the\nTAM framework,\num,\nemphasizes methodologically\na reliance on empirical research, not on\nintuition for thinking about\nintelligence.\nand um an insistence on testable methods\nfor understanding uh what is and is not\nintelligent and the extent to which\nthings are intelligent. So I I want to\nfollow this kind of empirically oriented\nframework as opposed to making\nphilosophical assumptions upfront.\nAnd in thinking about this um an obvious\nplace to look is the literature of the\nfree energy principle.\nSo here's um a recent paper from Carl\nFristen's group\num their most recent actual technical\nelaboration of the free energy principle\nand they describe it as describing a\nsimple relationship between the dynamics\nof random dynamical systems and\ninference\nand that of course has been the theme of\nthe free energy principle for almost 30\nyears now that random dynamical systems\nuh can be considered inferential.\nBut when you look into this paper\num here's figure two\nalready we find an assumption that\nthere's some systems that are inert that\ndon't act on the world at all.\nAnd that's a problem because a system\nthat doesn't act back on the world when\nthe world acts on it is violating\nNewton's third law. So it's it's\nviolating a very basic physical symmetry\nprinciple.\nSo\nthis picture uh at least appears to\ninvolve uh intuitions about inertness.\nUh and the the trademark inert system is\na rock uh in much of this literature\nthat may not stand up to scrutiny from\nthe point of view of fundamental\nphysics.\nSo uh in that case I think we need to\ntake an approach where we look at\nphysics first and worry about intuitions\nlater.\nSo if we have a system which I'll call a\nand it's interacting with something else\nwhich I'll call a bar or the complement\nof a for reasons that will become clear.\nHow do we guarantee that this\ninteraction respects all of the physical\nsymmetries that it needs to respect to\ncomply with known physical theory or\nempirically supported physical theory.\nAnd what we want is a generic case that\ndescribes any interacting system\nregardless of its scale or its\nstructure.\nAnd um I'll add here since\nthe whole talk will respect this uh\nregardless of its embedding in spacetime\nwhat it looks like as a as a thing in\nspacetime.\nSo how do we do that? And the answer is\nwe start with the generic case.\nSo let's assume the simplest thing we\ncan assume\nwhich is a system that doesn't interact\nwith anything. So a system that doesn't\nhave an environment.\nUm so a system that's isolated.\nAnd if we start with that, um, we know\nthat we're going to respect the various\nsymmetries that have to do with not\nhaving singularities because there's no\nthere's no place for information to flow\nfrom into this system and no place for\ninformation to flow to because there's\nno environment. So there aren't going to\nbe sources or syncs.\nSo whatever dynamics this system has, it\nhas to conserve momentum and energy and\ninformation.\nU so\nthe technical term for conserving\ninformation is unitarity\nand it turns out that this is a very\nproductive assumption.\nIf we have conservation of information\nin other words unitarity\nthen we can represent the dynamics as a\nlinear operator\num because nonlinearities\nuh don't conserve information.\nSo this dynamics that I've called P of U\nthe propagator of U is a linear operator\non some state space. And in fact we can\nmake the state space a Hilbert space\nwhich is a particularly simple kind of\nvector space. It just takes every\npossible value of every possible degree\nof freedom and makes it a basis vector.\nSo if we assume some background time t\nwhich is just a symbol that lets us talk\nabout change.\nUh we can write this propagator\nuh as a periodic function of another\noperator which represents the energy of\nthe system. That operator is the\nHamiltonian\nwhich plays essentially the same role\nhere that it plays in classical physics.\nIt's a measure of energy\nand when we write this equation um it\nrequires introducing a constant which is\nfinite and which has the units of action\nand a finite value of this constant\num corresponds to there being no no\nsingularities. Clearly if that symbol h\nbar was zero\nthere would be a singularity and if it\nwas infinity there would be a\nsingularity. So it needs to be finite.\nNow this theory is quantum theory\nof an isolated system.\nSo in a sense isolation is all you need\nto get quantum theory. Uh it's a it's a\ngood way to start because it gets you\nsomeplace that we understand\nand that we have empirical reasons to\nthink is a good description of generic\nsystems.\nSo if everything is linear, the dynamics\nis linear, we can do a linear\ndecomposition of the dynamics.\nSo we can split this isolated system U\ninto the components that we're\ninterested in some system that we want\nto talk about uh A and and its\nenvironment now A bar which is just\neverything else in U that isn't A and\nthat introduces the idea of a boundary\nbetween the two. Um and the linear\ndecomposition is a decomposition of this\noperator h the Hamiltonian\nand we can decompose it into the sum of\nthree terms. A term for the left side, a\nterm for the right side and a term for\nthe interaction.\nSo a nice thing about quantum theory, it\nhas this simple representation of\ninteraction and it's linear.\nSo this is a generic symmetry preserving\nrepresentation of interaction between a\nsystem and and everything else.\nNow we can continue decomposing this\ninteraction term again additively\num as a sum\nof operators that act on single quantum\nbits. And some some of you have seen\nthis kind of picture before in uh\nprevious talks, but these operators are\nvery simple. They're just operators that\nmeasure the spin of a quantum bit. And\neach one of them is equipped with a\nreference frame that says what direction\ncounts as Z since this is a Z spin\noperator. And Z can be chosen to be\nanything. and it can be chosen uh in\ndifferent ways for different cubits.\nBut this turns this boundary B into a\nholographic screen. So there's a lot of\nphysics that can now be imported to talk\nabout this boundary. And I'm not going\nto really talk about that physics today.\nUh we're just going to go on.\nUm this Hamiltonian now tells us how a\nand a bar act on each other. they act on\neach other by changing the values of\ncubits.\nUh what we wanted though is to\nunderstand how a and a bar influence\neach other. How information flows from\none to another.\nAnd these are the same uh if and only if\none condition is met that a and a bar\nhave conditionally independent states.\nSo that we could talk about the state of\nA and the state of A bar.\nAnd that's a simple requirement. We have\nto require that the joint state the\nstate of the two systems factors into\nthe state of the one system and the\nstate of the other system.\nAnd this is in quantum theory called\nseparability. And it's the same as the\nabsence of entanglement.\nSo systems\nhave their own states. if they're not\nentangled.\nAnd entanglement just means factoriz or\nnon-entanglement just means\nfactorizability.\nAnd of course that maps over into\nclassical systems. If classical dynamic\nsystem has a markoff blanket then the\nthen it factors\nand we know what separability requires.\nIt requires sparse coupling.\nSo formally this interaction has to have\na small dimension and since it's an\noperator its dimension is well defined\nand by small it means its dimension is\nmuch less than the dimension of either\nof the other operators in the picture\nthe internal operators for a and a bar.\nSo intuitively the evolutions of these\nsystems have to be almost independent\nfor their states to be separable and for\nthe interaction to actually capture all\nof the influence of one system on the\nother.\nSo what we've done here is reconstruct\nthe free energy principle from minimal\nphysics. And again u at least some of\nyou have seen this before.\nIf uh these two systems A and its\nenvironment are separable, so they meet\nthis dimensionality constraint on the\nHamiltonians,\nthen the Hamiltonian fully describes\ninformation exchange. The boundary\nfunctions as a markoff blanket. Uh the\nvariational free energy is a measure of\nthe interaction strength.\nuh minimizing VF VFE which is what the\nfree energy principle is about is\nkeeping the interaction weak while\nallowing thermodynamic exchange.\nSo it's it's keeping the interaction\nbetween the system and its environment\nfairly weak while enviring allowing the\nsystem to eat some of its environment to\nto provide enough energy to live.\nAnd in this case predictability which is\nwhat the system is after is constrained\ninteraction. So it's constraining the\ninteraction in a way that's consistent\nin a way that's consistent\nwith staying alive.\nSo ANA bar maintain their identities as\ndistinct systems only while their\nboundary um remains a markoff blanket.\nSo there can't be any rips, there can't\nbe any explosions, other sort of huge\nexcesses in interaction strength.\nSo that's actually what the FE is about.\nIt's about keeping interactions small\nenough to maintain the integrity of a\nboundary and that's what's required for\npersistence over time as a well-defined\nsystem\nand this follows uh just from very\nminimal physical assumptions.\nSo now if we go back to Jane's Jane's\ndefinition of intelligence as a fixed\ngoal with various means of achieving it,\nwe can ask um is there always a goal?\nDoes any goal count? And the FEP always\ngives us one goal continuing to exist.\nuh any system that\npersists through time acts inferentially\nuh as if it's trying to continue to\nexist. This is what Jacob Howey calls\nself-evidencing\nas an interpretation of the FEP.\nAre any means allowed? Well, yeah.\nWhatever the internal dynamics are\ncapable of is an allowed means for\nkeeping the boundary intact, for keeping\nthe interaction uh weak but still open.\nAnd does anything fall outside of this\ndefinition? No. It's completely generic.\nAt least it's completely generic for\nsystems that are physically realizable.\num so systems that actually respect the\nsorts of symmetries that our physics\nrequires.\nSo from this point of view, intelligence\nlooks like something that could be\ngeneric.\nThe question then becomes not what's\nintelligent, but is its behavior\ninteresting?\nUm maybe everything is intelligent but\nsome things are completely boring. They\ndon't behave in ways that are\ninteresting.\nSo our question about intelligence\nreally turns into a question about\ninterestingness. Are there limits on\nwhat kinds of systems can exhibit\ninteresting behavior? And if there are,\nhow do we find out? How do we find out\nwhat the limits are? And how do we find\nout what sorts of systems actually\ndisplay interesting behavior?\nAnd if we're going to ask this question,\nwe have to know what interesting means.\nSo here's some ways of characterizing\ninteresting behavior. Um\nso if it's interesting, we want it to be\nsurprising.\nuh maybe it's unpredictable in practice\nor only predictable approximate\napproximately with some amount of coarse\ngraining. So if we don't measure what\nthe systems doing with too much\nprecision\num maybe we can predict what's going on\nbut if we really look closely it's it's\ngoing to be uh less predictable.\nMaybe the system is unpredictable in\num systems seem to be interesting if\nthey can learn from experience, if their\num behavior depends on their memory, if\nit depends on the context they're in.\nUh and we can get really radical here.\nsome systems may have distributions of\noutcome values that actually violate the\nKaggoro vacs. So the outcome probability\ndistributions are undefined. That's\nreally interesting.\nBut operationally,\nwhat this all comes down to is that\nif we measure a bunch of state\ntransition probabilities for some finite\namount of time, they don't converge to\npredictive adequacy.\nSo induction uh doesn't work or doesn't\nwork very well or only works if we\nseverely coarse grain things.\nSo the sort of mechanical expectations\nthat we've inherited from 19th century\nscience are violated\nand we know that life does this. Um,\nif you observe a baby for a while,\nyou're not going to be able to predict\nwhat happens as an adult uh to that\nperson or how that person behaves as an\nadult. In fact, if you observe an adult\nfor a while, you can't perfectly predict\nwhat they're going to do next. So, life\nlife doesn't satisfy these sorts of\nmechanical expectations.\nBut what else violates them? Uh that's\nwhat we're going to be interested in\nfinding out.\nAnd we have some hints.\nSo here's a old hint from the 1950s from\ncybernetics.\nEdward Moore showed that finite input\noutput experiments can't uniquely\ndetermine the the machine table which\njust means the in internal state\ntransition probabilities\nof a generic classical black box.\nAnd um the canonical example of that is\na a box with a clock. So something like\na time bomb where the behavior can\nchange abruptly after some amount of\ntime. And if you don't observe it\nthrough that change of behavior, then\nyou can't predict what's going to happen\nnext.\nHere's another more recent hint from um\nConway and Koken. The free will theorem.\nHere Conway is John Conway from the game\nof life.\nThey published what they called the free\nwill theorem\nwhich shows that special relativity and\nquantum theory together rule out local\ndeterminism\nand rules out local determinism in a\nvery strong form. Uh the whole pass like\ncone of a system can't determine its\nbehavior\nif special relativity and quantum theory\nare combined. So their slogan in their\nfirst paper in 2006 was if experimenters\nmake choices electrons do too.\nSo that's a pretty strong hint that even\nelectrons can exhibit interesting\nbehavior.\nAnd then a third hint uh is this paper\nfrom Frank Tipler in 2014\nwhere he showed that the simplest way to\nremove the singularities\nfrom classical physics\nuh actually reproduced the quantum\npotential postulated by David Bone in\nhis formulative formulation of quantum\ntheory. And basically what the quantum\npotential does is make the motion of any\ngiven particle dependantly\non the motion of every other particle in\nthe universe.\nAnd interestingly uh Nicholas Jesus\npointed out that back in the day of\nNewton and lelass\nuh before the 19th century physics\nwasn't singular because it was basically\nabout gravity\nand gravity wasn't local. Every particle\ndid actually behave on depend on what\nevery other particle in the universe was\ndoing instantaneously.\nAnd it was Einstein who introduced\nstrict locality by requiring information\nto only flow at the speed of light.\nSo these hints sort of suggest that\ngeneric systems can display interesting\nbehavior. So the question is how do we\nmake this precise? How do we understand\nit? How do we use it? So that's what I'm\ngoing to try to talk about in the\nremaining time.\nSo here's the setting again. Uh we have\na system. It's interacting with another\nsystem which is its environment. There's\na boundary between them that the\ninteraction flows through. So\nobservations and actions live there on\nthe boundary. U actions of A on A bar\nand actions of A bar on A.\nAnd u A's measurements and action\nchoices are computed by its internal\ndynamics. That's true for AA bar also.\nIn FE language, that computation is done\nby A's generative model. Same applies to\nAbar.\nThe system satisfies this dimensionality\nconstraint. So we can also think of it\nas the dimensionality of the boundary is\nmuch smaller than the dimensionality of\neither system.\nBut the thing to keep in mind is that\ninputs and outputs, so behavior is much\nless complex than the computations that\ngenerate inputs and outputs. So behavior\nis less complex than the computations\nthat generate it generically.\nSo this immediately tells us something\nimportant\nthat recurrence of states on B.\nSo seeing the same behavior does not\nimply recurrence of the internal\ndynamics of the system that's exhibiting\nthe behavior.\nAnd in particular, the probability of a\nbehavior given the internal dynamics is\nnot the same as the probability of the\ninternal dynamics given the behavior.\nSo behavior generically depends on\nhidden states um which we can think of\nas memory or internal context or\nsomething like that.\nAnd formally we can always represent\nthat as an internal geometric phase.\nwhat's also called a Barry phase after\num can't remember his first name Barry\nwho first characterized it almost in\ngeneral for for adiabatic systems\nand as as Chris Fuches the uh physicist\nwho in came up with the cubist\ninterpretation of quantum theory put it\nall physical systems have interiority\nand here he's also very influenced by\nWilliam James I think interiority is\nactually a Jamesian term.\nSo what is this geometric phase?\nIt's it's just an apparent phase change\nthat results from transporting a vector\nor some collection of vectors around a\npath in an internal state space.\nSo here's an example um the right hand\nside of the screen. If you have a sphere\nand you start with a planer a\ntwo-dimensional coordinate system up at\nthe north pole and you transport that\ncoordinate system smoothly down to the\nequator and then you transport it a bit\nto the east on the equator and then\ntransport it back up north. It's going\nto look like you've introduced a 90deree\nphase change in the coordinate system.\nBut nowhere in this process have you\ndone any rotation.\nUh you've just transported\nuh this system in a in a parallel way\nwithout changing the system at all\naround in the state space but the state\nspace happened to be curved. So these\nare called holonomy operations.\nUh and purists call them anholony\noperations.\num but physicists just call them\nholottomy operations and they're not\nmuch talked about in biology\nbut there is this paper from 2026 from\nMarcel Blatner\nthat applies this sort of thinking to\nplenaria\nand he does it in a framework he calls\ntangential action spaces but if you go\nback and look what he means by that he's\nreally just talking about uh holomy\ntransfer formations.\nSo this is this is work that's starting\nto be applied biologically\nbut to see why it's important\num it's important because non-trivial\nhonomy is actually a provably sufficient\nresource for universal quantum\ncomputation.\nSo if you want to build a universal\nquantum touring machine, you actually\nonly need one ingredient and that's\nnon-trivial holomy in the search space.\nAnd it works because it allows you to\nconstruct a map from an observable\nboundary state, an input and an internal\nstate to some other observable boundary\nstate, an output and some other internal\n, an output and some other internal\nstate. for arbitrary input and output.\n. for arbitrary input and output.\nSo you can you can implement any\ncomputation just with holonomy and this\nhas been known for 25 years. Uh but it's\nonly really been known in the quantum\ninformation community.\nSo um\ncomputing by holom is actually stayed\nbasically within the quantum computing\ncommunity.\nSo to see why this is important um or to\nsee its larger implelications,\nI think it's important to think about\nwhat a physically implemented\ncomputation is.\nUh physically implemented computation is\njust a mapping\nfrom the behavior of some physical\nsystem. The observable behavior. So the\nobservable of the behavior of the\nboundary of that system\nto an abstract representation of a\ncomputable function.\nAnd\nsaying that\num some device implements a computation\nis just saying that these kinds of u\ndiagrams commute\nwhere you're either mapping the behavior\ninto the symbolic representation of the\ncomputation\nor you're mapping the symbolic\nrepresentation of the computation into\nthe behavior by either a projection or\nembedding.\nAnd obviously this only works for\ncomputable functions\nbecause if you can't compute the\nfunction f, you can't determine whether\nthese diagrams commute. So this is a\ndefinition of implemented computation\nfor computable functions.\nAnd this interpretation\nis a projection uh into the behavior. So\nthat's important.\nBecause embeddings are injective.\nEmbeddings are one to many.\nUm you can embed lots of different\ncomputations in any given behavior. And\nthat tells us something that poly\ncomputation is actually generic.\nUm and indeed managing thermodynamic\nflow. So keeping your system alive uh\nrequires that the informative behavior\nthat you're you're interested in\ndescribing computationally is just a\nproper sample of the total behavior.\nU and that's true even for your laptop.\nYou know we're not looking at everything\nthe computer is doing when we're looking\nat the screen particular. We're not\nlooking at all the thermodynamic\nexchange that keeps the thing running.\nAnd the same is true for organisms.\nUh we're not necessarily looking at the\ncaloric content of what they're eating\nwhen we're trying to do their\npsychology.\nSo um we can take this a little bit\nfarther. Turns out that we can always\nthink of computation as scattering in\nsome sort of space of data structures.\nAnd some colleagues and I have a paper\non this that's been in review for months\nnow that goes fairly far and in fact\nshows that the formal representation of\nscattering can always be applied to\ncomputation. But we can just use this in\na in a fairly intuitive way. If we think\nof an ideal classical computer\nimplementing an algorithm for f then\nwe're thinking about something like\nthis. We have an input for f and we have\nsome ready state of this classical\ncomputer. And if we combine the input\nand the ready state, something happens\nthat is some sort of implementation of f\non the input.\nAnd at the end of that something\nhappening, we get an output of f on the\ninput and the computer returns to its\nready state. So we can do it again.\nNow this is a useful way to think in a\ncoarse grained way but the observed\nready state which is a projection of B\nof the boundary of the device that we're\ntalking about does not actually pick out\na unique machine state.\nUm,\nthat's what we just saw with this\nbusiness about holomy, but it's also\njust Morris theorem from back in the 50s\nupdated.\nUh, we don't actually know what's going\non inside the machine. It's a black box.\nUh, it's got a boundary and we have to\nlook at what's going on on its boundary\nand that doesn't determine what's going\non inside.\nAnd we can see this in practice. Um even\na classical operating system\nuh accumulates internal state changes as\nwe execute it over and over and over\nagain with different inputs. Here the\ninput is some program together with some\ndata\nand\nuh we have the machine implement some\nprogram with some data and it produces\nan output. Then we give it another\nprogram and some more data and it\nproduces another output. We're not\nkeeping track of everything that's going\non inside. We just depend on the\noperating system to to stay in some\nusable state\nuh without saying exactly what that\nstate is. And after a day's use of your\ncomputer, the final state may be very\ndifferent from the initial state. And\neventually the computer has to be\nrebooted to get it back to something\nlike the initial state that you started\nwith today.\nSo we can think of that in in this\nlanguage of side projects. Uh the\noperating system is constantly doing\nside projects. It's it's rearranging its\ninternal memory. It's moving things\naround in its long-term what used to be\na disk memory.\num it's um changing its internal state\nin various other ways. So this is\ninevitable in generic systems uh because\ngeneric systems\nu exhibit non-trivial honomy because\nthey have big state spaces and more\ncomplicated dynamics than what they\ndisplay on their boundaries.\nSo we can also represent these sort of\nphase changes geometric phase changes as\nreference frame changes.\nSo for example u go back to that picture\nof a generic interaction that shows\noperations on cubits by spin operators\neach of which has a local reference\nframe.\nIf the system undergoes some honomy\noperation\nuh that introduces a phase into a vector\nthat's transported to some new part of\nthe state space\nand we think of what that does to these\nreference frame vectors\num\nthat tell the spin operators what\nthey're doing. Then a general holomy\ntransform can modify a reference frame\nand in that case the output of acting\nwith that operator is different. So if\nthe reference frame is up and you act on\nsomething with spin up stays spin up.\nBut if I've tilted the reference frame\nthen what I do is rotate\num that cubit. So it when that cubit\ngets measured by another system you're\ngoing to get a different answer\nand in fact this representation\nof holom as reference frame change turns\nout to be generic\nand um I'm involved in another ongoing\npaper that's trying to sort out um how\nthis works in general\nand Again, it involves many different\nliteratures that don't communicate with\neach other very much to put together a a\nreal understanding of how holomy change\nrelates to reference frame change\nand it all turns out to couple to the\ntheory of error correcting codes and\nhence the theory of emergent spacetime.\nSo this this issue of geometric phase\nand reference frame change is is\nactually very deep. But all we need to\nknow for for now is that if the system a\nbar exhibits non-trivial honomy then how\nit acts on on the boundary so that the\noutput that it produces its behavior\nit's going to change um as honomy\noperations move vectors around in its\nstate space.\nSo this is important um because when you\nmove reference frames around\nyou end up with uh behaviors that don't\ncommute.\nSo in particular uh this simple case of\nspin operators\nuh spin operators with different\nreference frames don't commute. Acting\nwith up and then sideways is not the\nsame as acting with sideways and then\nup.\nAnd this has a an overall global\nconsequence. Whenever you have\nnon-commuting reference frames,\nuh they generate non-causal context\ndependence in the behavior of the\nsystem. Uh and if you're you're making\nmeasurements with non-commuting\nreference frames, they generate\nnon-causal context dependence in your\nmeasurement outcomes.\nAnd in either case, the consequence of\nthat is that joint probability\ndistributions on the outcomes are\nactually undefined. They violate the\nKagoro axioms. And this is this is what\nis observed in systems that violate for\nexample Bell's inequality that exhibit\nentanglement\nuh systems that violate the leot\ninequalities and so um exhibit what\nlooks like entanglement in time.\nuh systems that violate the Coke and\nSpecker\nuh theorem\nuh which is essentially a restatement of\nthe conditions for entanglement.\nUh so exhibit context dependence\ndepending on different orders of of\nobservational\nactions yield results that can't be\ngiven an overall joint probability\ndistribution. So there's tons now of\nexperimental data that it demonstrates\nthis sort of\nkagorov axiom violation by physical\nsystems\nand I've put down here a reference to a\npaper that talks about uh this\nnon-communing QRFs generating non-causal\ncontext dependence in general.\nSo what does this mean? It means that\nall of these interesting kinds of\nbehaviors are in fact generic.\nAnd they're all generic for the same\nreason. That they're all the result of\nrequiring that the behaving system is\nseparate from the system that's exhibit\nthat's observing its behavior.\nUh and that separability requirement as\nwe saw\nuh induces this dimensionality\nrequirement that we have big systems\nwith small boundaries and so behavior\nhas much less dimensionality than the\ncomputation that generates it. Whenever\nthat condition holds\nuh then we see these sorts of\ninteresting behaviors\nand that condition holds whenever we can\nseparate ourselves as observers from\nwhatever system it is we're observing.\nSo this tells us in fact\nthat intelligence is very diverse and in\nfact interesting behavior is very\ndiverse. Um it also provides us with a\nvery general and strongly empirically\nvalidated foundation for talking about\ndiverse intelligence i.e. quantum theory\nand it tells us that intelligence and\npersistent observability so separability\nbetween the observer and the observed\nuh go hand in hand.\nuh if if a system is different from us,\nwe're observing it, then its behavior is\ngoing to be interesting.\nAnd we can make that interestingness go\naway by coarse graining or averaging or\nthe common practice of throwing out\nanything that looks anomalous,\nbut it's actually there. And if we look\ncarefully enough, we'll see it.\nSo that's it. Thank you.", + "fetched_at": "2026-06-22T03:15:01Z", + "source": "yt-dlp-vtt", + "clean_segments": [ + { + "start": 0.48, + "text": "I want to talk today about interesting" + }, + { + "start": 3.2, + "text": "behavior by generic systems." + }, + { + "start": 6.48, + "text": "And the first part of this will be a bit" + }, + { + "start": 8.4, + "text": "of a review and then the second half" + }, + { + "start": 10.24, + "text": "will be more u a report on new work uh" + }, + { + "start": 14.639, + "text": "since the last time I talked which" + }, + { + "start": 18.16, + "text": "uh as a general presentation was over a" + }, + { + "start": 20.72, + "text": "year ago. I did a couple of more" + }, + { + "start": 22.64, + "text": "specialized presentations last year. So" + }, + { + "start": 25.84, + "text": "this is in the context of the diverse" + }, + { + "start": 28.08, + "text": "intelligence project" + }, + { + "start": 30.56, + "text": "which raises these questions u how" + }, + { + "start": 33.52, + "text": "diverse is intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 35.76, + "text": "and what what are the limits of" + }, + { + "start": 37.92, + "text": "intelligence uh if there are limits and" + }, + { + "start": 40.96, + "text": "how do we find out so that's what I'm" + }, + { + "start": 44.64, + "text": "going to talk about today" + }, + { + "start": 47.92, + "text": "uh to start with um" + }, + { + "start": 52.399, + "text": "we can look at this definition of" + }, + { + "start": 54.239, + "text": "intelligence that we've been using in" + }, + { + "start": 56.559, + "text": "the lab from William James as as kind of" + }, + { + "start": 60.16, + "text": "a guideline" + }, + { + "start": 62.079, + "text": "that intelligence is a fixed goal" + }, + { + "start": 64.879, + "text": "achievable with variable means of" + }, + { + "start": 67.119, + "text": "achieving it. So intelligence involves" + }, + { + "start": 69.35, + "text": "ing it. So intelligence involves" + }, + { + "start": 69.36, + "text": "some level of flexibility" + }, + { + "start": 71.92, + "text": "and this definition itself raises" + }, + { + "start": 74.64, + "text": "questions. Uh does any goal count? Uh" + }, + { + "start": 78.0, + "text": "are many any kinds of means allowed" + }, + { + "start": 82.08, + "text": "and does anything fall outside this" + }, + { + "start": 84.56, + "text": "definition? Are there any are there" + }, + { + "start": 87.439, + "text": "systems that don't achieve this kind of" + }, + { + "start": 89.92, + "text": "flexibility that James was interested" + }, + { + "start": 92.0, + "text": "in? And um it's not clear from from" + }, + { + "start": 97.2, + "text": "James the extent to which he was willing" + }, + { + "start": 100.24, + "text": "to extend intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 103.119, + "text": "uh to generic systems," + }, + { + "start": 106.0, + "text": "but at at least some of his writings" + }, + { + "start": 108.479, + "text": "suggest that that may have been the" + }, + { + "start": 110.159, + "text": "case." + }, + { + "start": 112.079, + "text": "Um" + }, + { + "start": 113.759, + "text": "some sort of methodological guidelines" + }, + { + "start": 119.36, + "text": "uh have appeared recently. Uh, for" + }, + { + "start": 122.479, + "text": "example, in this paper that Mike and" + }, + { + "start": 125.36, + "text": "David Resnik published last year," + }, + { + "start": 128.879, + "text": "uh, emphasizing that the" + }, + { + "start": 132.56, + "text": "diverse intelligence project or the the" + }, + { + "start": 135.04, + "text": "TAM framework," + }, + { + "start": 138.4, + "text": "um," + }, + { + "start": 140.959, + "text": "emphasizes methodologically" + }, + { + "start": 144.8, + "text": "a reliance on empirical research, not on" + }, + { + "start": 148.64, + "text": "intuition for thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 150.64, + "text": "intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 152.8, + "text": "and um an insistence on testable methods" + }, + { + "start": 158.64, + "text": "for understanding uh what is and is not" + }, + { + "start": 162.239, + "text": "intelligent and the extent to which" + }, + { + "start": 163.92, + "text": "things are intelligent. So I I want to" + }, + { + "start": 167.2, + "text": "follow this kind of empirically oriented" + }, + { + "start": 170.4, + "text": "framework as opposed to making" + }, + { + "start": 173.28, + "text": "philosophical assumptions upfront." + }, + { + "start": 177.2, + "text": "And in thinking about this um an obvious" + }, + { + "start": 181.599, + "text": "place to look is the literature of the" + }, + { + "start": 185.12, + "text": "free energy principle." + }, + { + "start": 187.68, + "text": "So here's um a recent paper from Carl" + }, + { + "start": 192.64, + "text": "Fristen's group" + }, + { + "start": 194.879, + "text": "um their most recent actual technical" + }, + { + "start": 198.48, + "text": "elaboration of the free energy principle" + }, + { + "start": 201.28, + "text": "and they describe it as describing a" + }, + { + "start": 204.08, + "text": "simple relationship between the dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 206.72, + "text": "of random dynamical systems and" + }, + { + "start": 209.599, + "text": "inference" + }, + { + "start": 211.36, + "text": "and that of course has been the theme of" + }, + { + "start": 214.4, + "text": "the free energy principle for almost 30" + }, + { + "start": 216.879, + "text": "years now that random dynamical systems" + }, + { + "start": 221.04, + "text": "uh can be considered inferential." + }, + { + "start": 224.48, + "text": "But when you look into this paper" + }, + { + "start": 227.84, + "text": "um here's figure two" + }, + { + "start": 231.92, + "text": "already we find an assumption that" + }, + { + "start": 235.04, + "text": "there's some systems that are inert that" + }, + { + "start": 239.599, + "text": "don't act on the world at all." + }, + { + "start": 243.12, + "text": "And that's a problem because a system" + }, + { + "start": 246.239, + "text": "that doesn't act back on the world when" + }, + { + "start": 249.12, + "text": "the world acts on it is violating" + }, + { + "start": 252.0, + "text": "Newton's third law. So it's it's" + }, + { + "start": 254.08, + "text": "violating a very basic physical symmetry" + }, + { + "start": 257.759, + "text": "principle." + }, + { + "start": 259.919, + "text": "So" + }, + { + "start": 261.44, + "text": "this picture uh at least appears to" + }, + { + "start": 265.919, + "text": "involve uh intuitions about inertness." + }, + { + "start": 270.8, + "text": "Uh and the the trademark inert system is" + }, + { + "start": 274.24, + "text": "a rock uh in much of this literature" + }, + { + "start": 278.8, + "text": "that may not stand up to scrutiny from" + }, + { + "start": 281.759, + "text": "the point of view of fundamental" + }, + { + "start": 283.28, + "text": "physics." + }, + { + "start": 284.96, + "text": "So uh in that case I think we need to" + }, + { + "start": 288.8, + "text": "take an approach where we look at" + }, + { + "start": 291.68, + "text": "physics first and worry about intuitions" + }, + { + "start": 295.199, + "text": "later." + }, + { + "start": 297.199, + "text": "So if we have a system which I'll call a" + }, + { + "start": 300.4, + "text": "and it's interacting with something else" + }, + { + "start": 302.96, + "text": "which I'll call a bar or the complement" + }, + { + "start": 305.919, + "text": "of a for reasons that will become clear." + }, + { + "start": 310.0, + "text": "How do we guarantee that this" + }, + { + "start": 312.16, + "text": "interaction respects all of the physical" + }, + { + "start": 315.84, + "text": "symmetries that it needs to respect to" + }, + { + "start": 319.759, + "text": "comply with known physical theory or" + }, + { + "start": 322.32, + "text": "empirically supported physical theory." + }, + { + "start": 325.84, + "text": "And what we want is a generic case that" + }, + { + "start": 330.0, + "text": "describes any interacting system" + }, + { + "start": 332.4, + "text": "regardless of its scale or its" + }, + { + "start": 334.4, + "text": "structure." + }, + { + "start": 336.08, + "text": "And um I'll add here since" + }, + { + "start": 339.759, + "text": "the whole talk will respect this uh" + }, + { + "start": 343.919, + "text": "regardless of its embedding in spacetime" + }, + { + "start": 346.639, + "text": "what it looks like as a as a thing in" + }, + { + "start": 349.52, + "text": "spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 351.36, + "text": "So how do we do that? And the answer is" + }, + { + "start": 355.039, + "text": "we start with the generic case." + }, + { + "start": 358.16, + "text": "So let's assume the simplest thing we" + }, + { + "start": 360.72, + "text": "can assume" + }, + { + "start": 362.479, + "text": "which is a system that doesn't interact" + }, + { + "start": 365.36, + "text": "with anything. So a system that doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 368.319, + "text": "have an environment." + }, + { + "start": 370.639, + "text": "Um so a system that's isolated." + }, + { + "start": 375.44, + "text": "And if we start with that, um, we know" + }, + { + "start": 378.96, + "text": "that we're going to respect the various" + }, + { + "start": 380.96, + "text": "symmetries that have to do with not" + }, + { + "start": 385.28, + "text": "having singularities because there's no" + }, + { + "start": 387.84, + "text": "there's no place for information to flow" + }, + { + "start": 390.479, + "text": "from into this system and no place for" + }, + { + "start": 394.0, + "text": "information to flow to because there's" + }, + { + "start": 396.96, + "text": "no environment. So there aren't going to" + }, + { + "start": 399.44, + "text": "be sources or syncs." + }, + { + "start": 401.919, + "text": "So whatever dynamics this system has, it" + }, + { + "start": 405.68, + "text": "has to conserve momentum and energy and" + }, + { + "start": 408.08, + "text": "information." + }, + { + "start": 409.6, + "text": "U so" + }, + { + "start": 412.16, + "text": "the technical term for conserving" + }, + { + "start": 414.88, + "text": "information is unitarity" + }, + { + "start": 418.96, + "text": "and it turns out that this is a very" + }, + { + "start": 421.199, + "text": "productive assumption." + }, + { + "start": 423.44, + "text": "If we have conservation of information" + }, + { + "start": 426.24, + "text": "in other words unitarity" + }, + { + "start": 429.12, + "text": "then we can represent the dynamics as a" + }, + { + "start": 431.759, + "text": "linear operator" + }, + { + "start": 433.919, + "text": "um because nonlinearities" + }, + { + "start": 437.36, + "text": "uh don't conserve information." + }, + { + "start": 440.639, + "text": "So this dynamics that I've called P of U" + }, + { + "start": 444.4, + "text": "the propagator of U is a linear operator" + }, + { + "start": 446.96, + "text": "on some state space. And in fact we can" + }, + { + "start": 450.08, + "text": "make the state space a Hilbert space" + }, + { + "start": 452.16, + "text": "which is a particularly simple kind of" + }, + { + "start": 454.4, + "text": "vector space. It just takes every" + }, + { + "start": 457.28, + "text": "possible value of every possible degree" + }, + { + "start": 459.759, + "text": "of freedom and makes it a basis vector." + }, + { + "start": 464.0, + "text": "So if we assume some background time t" + }, + { + "start": 467.52, + "text": "which is just a symbol that lets us talk" + }, + { + "start": 470.24, + "text": "about change." + }, + { + "start": 472.4, + "text": "Uh we can write this propagator" + }, + { + "start": 476.56, + "text": "uh as a periodic function of another" + }, + { + "start": 480.479, + "text": "operator which represents the energy of" + }, + { + "start": 482.879, + "text": "the system. That operator is the" + }, + { + "start": 485.039, + "text": "Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 487.44, + "text": "which plays essentially the same role" + }, + { + "start": 489.44, + "text": "here that it plays in classical physics." + }, + { + "start": 491.599, + "text": "It's a measure of energy" + }, + { + "start": 494.56, + "text": "and when we write this equation um it" + }, + { + "start": 498.72, + "text": "requires introducing a constant which is" + }, + { + "start": 501.919, + "text": "finite and which has the units of action" + }, + { + "start": 505.84, + "text": "and a finite value of this constant" + }, + { + "start": 509.36, + "text": "um corresponds to there being no no" + }, + { + "start": 512.479, + "text": "singularities. Clearly if that symbol h" + }, + { + "start": 515.68, + "text": "bar was zero" + }, + { + "start": 517.839, + "text": "there would be a singularity and if it" + }, + { + "start": 519.76, + "text": "was infinity there would be a" + }, + { + "start": 521.2, + "text": "singularity. So it needs to be finite." + }, + { + "start": 524.959, + "text": "Now this theory is quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 528.64, + "text": "of an isolated system." + }, + { + "start": 531.6, + "text": "So in a sense isolation is all you need" + }, + { + "start": 535.12, + "text": "to get quantum theory. Uh it's a it's a" + }, + { + "start": 538.8, + "text": "good way to start because it gets you" + }, + { + "start": 540.64, + "text": "someplace that we understand" + }, + { + "start": 543.279, + "text": "and that we have empirical reasons to" + }, + { + "start": 547.36, + "text": "think is a good description of generic" + }, + { + "start": 549.519, + "text": "systems." + }, + { + "start": 552.959, + "text": "So if everything is linear, the dynamics" + }, + { + "start": 556.48, + "text": "is linear, we can do a linear" + }, + { + "start": 559.279, + "text": "decomposition of the dynamics." + }, + { + "start": 562.0, + "text": "So we can split this isolated system U" + }, + { + "start": 565.92, + "text": "into the components that we're" + }, + { + "start": 568.64, + "text": "interested in some system that we want" + }, + { + "start": 570.88, + "text": "to talk about uh A and and its" + }, + { + "start": 575.279, + "text": "environment now A bar which is just" + }, + { + "start": 577.76, + "text": "everything else in U that isn't A and" + }, + { + "start": 581.04, + "text": "that introduces the idea of a boundary" + }, + { + "start": 583.279, + "text": "between the two. Um and the linear" + }, + { + "start": 586.56, + "text": "decomposition is a decomposition of this" + }, + { + "start": 589.04, + "text": "operator h the Hamiltonian" + }, + { + "start": 592.08, + "text": "and we can decompose it into the sum of" + }, + { + "start": 594.48, + "text": "three terms. A term for the left side, a" + }, + { + "start": 597.279, + "text": "term for the right side and a term for" + }, + { + "start": 599.279, + "text": "the interaction." + }, + { + "start": 601.12, + "text": "So a nice thing about quantum theory, it" + }, + { + "start": 604.0, + "text": "has this simple representation of" + }, + { + "start": 607.12, + "text": "interaction and it's linear." + }, + { + "start": 609.92, + "text": "So this is a generic symmetry preserving" + }, + { + "start": 613.36, + "text": "representation of interaction between a" + }, + { + "start": 616.8, + "text": "system and and everything else." + }, + { + "start": 619.76, + "text": "Now we can continue decomposing this" + }, + { + "start": 622.72, + "text": "interaction term again additively" + }, + { + "start": 626.64, + "text": "um as a sum" + }, + { + "start": 630.32, + "text": "of operators that act on single quantum" + }, + { + "start": 633.92, + "text": "bits. And some some of you have seen" + }, + { + "start": 636.56, + "text": "this kind of picture before in uh" + }, + { + "start": 639.519, + "text": "previous talks, but these operators are" + }, + { + "start": 642.56, + "text": "very simple. They're just operators that" + }, + { + "start": 645.68, + "text": "measure the spin of a quantum bit. And" + }, + { + "start": 649.04, + "text": "each one of them is equipped with a" + }, + { + "start": 650.88, + "text": "reference frame that says what direction" + }, + { + "start": 653.68, + "text": "counts as Z since this is a Z spin" + }, + { + "start": 657.68, + "text": "operator. And Z can be chosen to be" + }, + { + "start": 659.68, + "text": "anything. and it can be chosen uh in" + }, + { + "start": 663.36, + "text": "different ways for different cubits." + }, + { + "start": 666.32, + "text": "But this turns this boundary B into a" + }, + { + "start": 668.959, + "text": "holographic screen. So there's a lot of" + }, + { + "start": 671.04, + "text": "physics that can now be imported to talk" + }, + { + "start": 673.44, + "text": "about this boundary. And I'm not going" + }, + { + "start": 676.0, + "text": "to really talk about that physics today." + }, + { + "start": 679.6, + "text": "Uh we're just going to go on." + }, + { + "start": 682.64, + "text": "Um this Hamiltonian now tells us how a" + }, + { + "start": 687.2, + "text": "and a bar act on each other. they act on" + }, + { + "start": 690.0, + "text": "each other by changing the values of" + }, + { + "start": 692.32, + "text": "cubits." + }, + { + "start": 694.88, + "text": "Uh what we wanted though is to" + }, + { + "start": 697.6, + "text": "understand how a and a bar influence" + }, + { + "start": 700.079, + "text": "each other. How information flows from" + }, + { + "start": 702.72, + "text": "one to another." + }, + { + "start": 705.04, + "text": "And these are the same uh if and only if" + }, + { + "start": 708.8, + "text": "one condition is met that a and a bar" + }, + { + "start": 712.56, + "text": "have conditionally independent states." + }, + { + "start": 715.04, + "text": "So that we could talk about the state of" + }, + { + "start": 716.88, + "text": "A and the state of A bar." + }, + { + "start": 720.399, + "text": "And that's a simple requirement. We have" + }, + { + "start": 722.959, + "text": "to require that the joint state the" + }, + { + "start": 725.76, + "text": "state of the two systems factors into" + }, + { + "start": 728.639, + "text": "the state of the one system and the" + }, + { + "start": 730.32, + "text": "state of the other system." + }, + { + "start": 733.04, + "text": "And this is in quantum theory called" + }, + { + "start": 735.839, + "text": "separability. And it's the same as the" + }, + { + "start": 738.72, + "text": "absence of entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 741.44, + "text": "So systems" + }, + { + "start": 743.44, + "text": "have their own states. if they're not" + }, + { + "start": 745.12, + "text": "entangled." + }, + { + "start": 746.88, + "text": "And entanglement just means factoriz or" + }, + { + "start": 750.959, + "text": "non-entanglement just means" + }, + { + "start": 752.56, + "text": "factorizability." + }, + { + "start": 754.079, + "text": "And of course that maps over into" + }, + { + "start": 756.16, + "text": "classical systems. If classical dynamic" + }, + { + "start": 759.2, + "text": "system has a markoff blanket then the" + }, + { + "start": 761.519, + "text": "then it factors" + }, + { + "start": 764.72, + "text": "and we know what separability requires." + }, + { + "start": 767.92, + "text": "It requires sparse coupling." + }, + { + "start": 770.639, + "text": "So formally this interaction has to have" + }, + { + "start": 773.36, + "text": "a small dimension and since it's an" + }, + { + "start": 776.24, + "text": "operator its dimension is well defined" + }, + { + "start": 780.0, + "text": "and by small it means its dimension is" + }, + { + "start": 783.2, + "text": "much less than the dimension of either" + }, + { + "start": 785.279, + "text": "of the other operators in the picture" + }, + { + "start": 787.839, + "text": "the internal operators for a and a bar." + }, + { + "start": 792.0, + "text": "So intuitively the evolutions of these" + }, + { + "start": 794.399, + "text": "systems have to be almost independent" + }, + { + "start": 796.8, + "text": "for their states to be separable and for" + }, + { + "start": 800.639, + "text": "the interaction to actually capture all" + }, + { + "start": 803.519, + "text": "of the influence of one system on the" + }, + { + "start": 805.6, + "text": "other." + }, + { + "start": 808.399, + "text": "So what we've done here is reconstruct" + }, + { + "start": 811.2, + "text": "the free energy principle from minimal" + }, + { + "start": 813.519, + "text": "physics. And again u at least some of" + }, + { + "start": 817.44, + "text": "you have seen this before." + }, + { + "start": 819.76, + "text": "If uh these two systems A and its" + }, + { + "start": 822.88, + "text": "environment are separable, so they meet" + }, + { + "start": 825.279, + "text": "this dimensionality constraint on the" + }, + { + "start": 828.639, + "text": "Hamiltonians," + }, + { + "start": 830.48, + "text": "then the Hamiltonian fully describes" + }, + { + "start": 832.639, + "text": "information exchange. The boundary" + }, + { + "start": 835.44, + "text": "functions as a markoff blanket. Uh the" + }, + { + "start": 838.72, + "text": "variational free energy is a measure of" + }, + { + "start": 841.199, + "text": "the interaction strength." + }, + { + "start": 843.68, + "text": "uh minimizing VF VFE which is what the" + }, + { + "start": 847.04, + "text": "free energy principle is about is" + }, + { + "start": 849.519, + "text": "keeping the interaction weak while" + }, + { + "start": 852.32, + "text": "allowing thermodynamic exchange." + }, + { + "start": 855.44, + "text": "So it's it's keeping the interaction" + }, + { + "start": 857.6, + "text": "between the system and its environment" + }, + { + "start": 859.519, + "text": "fairly weak while enviring allowing the" + }, + { + "start": 863.12, + "text": "system to eat some of its environment to" + }, + { + "start": 865.76, + "text": "to provide enough energy to live." + }, + { + "start": 869.76, + "text": "And in this case predictability which is" + }, + { + "start": 872.399, + "text": "what the system is after is constrained" + }, + { + "start": 875.68, + "text": "interaction. So it's constraining the" + }, + { + "start": 877.92, + "text": "interaction in a way that's consistent" + }, + { + "start": 880.069, + "text": "in a way that's consistent" + }, + { + "start": 880.079, + "text": "with staying alive." + }, + { + "start": 882.639, + "text": "So ANA bar maintain their identities as" + }, + { + "start": 885.519, + "text": "distinct systems only while their" + }, + { + "start": 887.839, + "text": "boundary um remains a markoff blanket." + }, + { + "start": 892.0, + "text": "So there can't be any rips, there can't" + }, + { + "start": 893.839, + "text": "be any explosions, other sort of huge" + }, + { + "start": 897.6, + "text": "excesses in interaction strength." + }, + { + "start": 901.279, + "text": "So that's actually what the FE is about." + }, + { + "start": 903.519, + "text": "It's about keeping interactions small" + }, + { + "start": 905.68, + "text": "enough to maintain the integrity of a" + }, + { + "start": 909.04, + "text": "boundary and that's what's required for" + }, + { + "start": 912.32, + "text": "persistence over time as a well-defined" + }, + { + "start": 914.72, + "text": "system" + }, + { + "start": 916.399, + "text": "and this follows uh just from very" + }, + { + "start": 919.76, + "text": "minimal physical assumptions." + }, + { + "start": 923.199, + "text": "So now if we go back to Jane's Jane's" + }, + { + "start": 926.0, + "text": "definition of intelligence as a fixed" + }, + { + "start": 928.639, + "text": "goal with various means of achieving it," + }, + { + "start": 932.48, + "text": "we can ask um is there always a goal?" + }, + { + "start": 936.24, + "text": "Does any goal count? And the FEP always" + }, + { + "start": 939.44, + "text": "gives us one goal continuing to exist." + }, + { + "start": 944.24, + "text": "uh any system that" + }, + { + "start": 947.199, + "text": "persists through time acts inferentially" + }, + { + "start": 951.92, + "text": "uh as if it's trying to continue to" + }, + { + "start": 954.0, + "text": "exist. This is what Jacob Howey calls" + }, + { + "start": 956.8, + "text": "self-evidencing" + }, + { + "start": 958.399, + "text": "as an interpretation of the FEP." + }, + { + "start": 962.0, + "text": "Are any means allowed? Well, yeah." + }, + { + "start": 964.24, + "text": "Whatever the internal dynamics are" + }, + { + "start": 967.12, + "text": "capable of is an allowed means for" + }, + { + "start": 970.0, + "text": "keeping the boundary intact, for keeping" + }, + { + "start": 972.0, + "text": "the interaction uh weak but still open." + }, + { + "start": 977.68, + "text": "And does anything fall outside of this" + }, + { + "start": 979.6, + "text": "definition? No. It's completely generic." + }, + { + "start": 982.56, + "text": "At least it's completely generic for" + }, + { + "start": 984.639, + "text": "systems that are physically realizable." + }, + { + "start": 988.079, + "text": "um so systems that actually respect the" + }, + { + "start": 992.16, + "text": "sorts of symmetries that our physics" + }, + { + "start": 994.079, + "text": "requires." + }, + { + "start": 997.44, + "text": "So from this point of view, intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1000.8, + "text": "looks like something that could be" + }, + { + "start": 1002.48, + "text": "generic." + }, + { + "start": 1006.88, + "text": "The question then becomes not what's" + }, + { + "start": 1009.279, + "text": "intelligent, but is its behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1011.92, + "text": "interesting?" + }, + { + "start": 1013.759, + "text": "Um maybe everything is intelligent but" + }, + { + "start": 1016.959, + "text": "some things are completely boring. They" + }, + { + "start": 1019.68, + "text": "don't behave in ways that are" + }, + { + "start": 1021.04, + "text": "interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1022.88, + "text": "So our question about intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 1025.839, + "text": "really turns into a question about" + }, + { + "start": 1027.6, + "text": "interestingness. Are there limits on" + }, + { + "start": 1029.52, + "text": "what kinds of systems can exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 1031.6, + "text": "interesting behavior? And if there are," + }, + { + "start": 1034.24, + "text": "how do we find out? How do we find out" + }, + { + "start": 1036.0, + "text": "what the limits are? And how do we find" + }, + { + "start": 1038.16, + "text": "out what sorts of systems actually" + }, + { + "start": 1040.959, + "text": "display interesting behavior?" + }, + { + "start": 1043.52, + "text": "And if we're going to ask this question," + }, + { + "start": 1045.12, + "text": "we have to know what interesting means." + }, + { + "start": 1048.24, + "text": "So here's some ways of characterizing" + }, + { + "start": 1052.16, + "text": "interesting behavior. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1055.6, + "text": "so if it's interesting, we want it to be" + }, + { + "start": 1058.24, + "text": "surprising." + }, + { + "start": 1059.919, + "text": "uh maybe it's unpredictable in practice" + }, + { + "start": 1062.08, + "text": "or only predictable approximate" + }, + { + "start": 1065.52, + "text": "approximately with some amount of coarse" + }, + { + "start": 1068.16, + "text": "graining. So if we don't measure what" + }, + { + "start": 1070.0, + "text": "the systems doing with too much" + }, + { + "start": 1072.96, + "text": "precision" + }, + { + "start": 1074.88, + "text": "um maybe we can predict what's going on" + }, + { + "start": 1078.0, + "text": "but if we really look closely it's it's" + }, + { + "start": 1080.64, + "text": "going to be uh less predictable." + }, + { + "start": 1083.919, + "text": "Maybe the system is unpredictable in" + }, + { + "start": 1088.16, + "text": "um systems seem to be interesting if" + }, + { + "start": 1091.44, + "text": "they can learn from experience, if their" + }, + { + "start": 1095.039, + "text": "um behavior depends on their memory, if" + }, + { + "start": 1098.559, + "text": "it depends on the context they're in." + }, + { + "start": 1102.24, + "text": "Uh and we can get really radical here." + }, + { + "start": 1106.96, + "text": "some systems may have distributions of" + }, + { + "start": 1109.28, + "text": "outcome values that actually violate the" + }, + { + "start": 1112.24, + "text": "Kaggoro vacs. So the outcome probability" + }, + { + "start": 1116.799, + "text": "distributions are undefined. That's" + }, + { + "start": 1119.6, + "text": "really interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1123.2, + "text": "But operationally," + }, + { + "start": 1125.12, + "text": "what this all comes down to is that" + }, + { + "start": 1128.48, + "text": "if we measure a bunch of state" + }, + { + "start": 1130.16, + "text": "transition probabilities for some finite" + }, + { + "start": 1133.2, + "text": "amount of time, they don't converge to" + }, + { + "start": 1136.08, + "text": "predictive adequacy." + }, + { + "start": 1138.32, + "text": "So induction uh doesn't work or doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1141.679, + "text": "work very well or only works if we" + }, + { + "start": 1143.919, + "text": "severely coarse grain things." + }, + { + "start": 1146.799, + "text": "So the sort of mechanical expectations" + }, + { + "start": 1149.6, + "text": "that we've inherited from 19th century" + }, + { + "start": 1152.799, + "text": "science are violated" + }, + { + "start": 1155.039, + "text": "and we know that life does this. Um," + }, + { + "start": 1159.76, + "text": "if you observe a baby for a while," + }, + { + "start": 1162.32, + "text": "you're not going to be able to predict" + }, + { + "start": 1163.6, + "text": "what happens as an adult uh to that" + }, + { + "start": 1166.4, + "text": "person or how that person behaves as an" + }, + { + "start": 1168.72, + "text": "adult. In fact, if you observe an adult" + }, + { + "start": 1171.6, + "text": "for a while, you can't perfectly predict" + }, + { + "start": 1174.96, + "text": "what they're going to do next. So, life" + }, + { + "start": 1178.4, + "text": "life doesn't satisfy these sorts of" + }, + { + "start": 1181.039, + "text": "mechanical expectations." + }, + { + "start": 1183.44, + "text": "But what else violates them? Uh that's" + }, + { + "start": 1186.559, + "text": "what we're going to be interested in" + }, + { + "start": 1188.32, + "text": "finding out." + }, + { + "start": 1190.559, + "text": "And we have some hints." + }, + { + "start": 1192.799, + "text": "So here's a old hint from the 1950s from" + }, + { + "start": 1196.08, + "text": "cybernetics." + }, + { + "start": 1199.44, + "text": "Edward Moore showed that finite input" + }, + { + "start": 1202.96, + "text": "output experiments can't uniquely" + }, + { + "start": 1205.44, + "text": "determine the the machine table which" + }, + { + "start": 1207.84, + "text": "just means the in internal state" + }, + { + "start": 1209.76, + "text": "transition probabilities" + }, + { + "start": 1211.919, + "text": "of a generic classical black box." + }, + { + "start": 1215.84, + "text": "And um the canonical example of that is" + }, + { + "start": 1219.679, + "text": "a a box with a clock. So something like" + }, + { + "start": 1221.84, + "text": "a time bomb where the behavior can" + }, + { + "start": 1224.88, + "text": "change abruptly after some amount of" + }, + { + "start": 1227.84, + "text": "time. And if you don't observe it" + }, + { + "start": 1229.679, + "text": "through that change of behavior, then" + }, + { + "start": 1231.52, + "text": "you can't predict what's going to happen" + }, + { + "start": 1233.2, + "text": "next." + }, + { + "start": 1236.32, + "text": "Here's another more recent hint from um" + }, + { + "start": 1240.0, + "text": "Conway and Koken. The free will theorem." + }, + { + "start": 1242.48, + "text": "Here Conway is John Conway from the game" + }, + { + "start": 1244.88, + "text": "of life." + }, + { + "start": 1246.72, + "text": "They published what they called the free" + }, + { + "start": 1249.039, + "text": "will theorem" + }, + { + "start": 1251.039, + "text": "which shows that special relativity and" + }, + { + "start": 1253.6, + "text": "quantum theory together rule out local" + }, + { + "start": 1256.0, + "text": "determinism" + }, + { + "start": 1257.76, + "text": "and rules out local determinism in a" + }, + { + "start": 1260.64, + "text": "very strong form. Uh the whole pass like" + }, + { + "start": 1263.84, + "text": "cone of a system can't determine its" + }, + { + "start": 1265.919, + "text": "behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1267.679, + "text": "if special relativity and quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 1269.679, + "text": "are combined. So their slogan in their" + }, + { + "start": 1272.559, + "text": "first paper in 2006 was if experimenters" + }, + { + "start": 1275.52, + "text": "make choices electrons do too." + }, + { + "start": 1278.88, + "text": "So that's a pretty strong hint that even" + }, + { + "start": 1281.44, + "text": "electrons can exhibit interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1283.2, + "text": "behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1285.6, + "text": "And then a third hint uh is this paper" + }, + { + "start": 1288.799, + "text": "from Frank Tipler in 2014" + }, + { + "start": 1292.559, + "text": "where he showed that the simplest way to" + }, + { + "start": 1295.039, + "text": "remove the singularities" + }, + { + "start": 1297.2, + "text": "from classical physics" + }, + { + "start": 1300.159, + "text": "uh actually reproduced the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1302.799, + "text": "potential postulated by David Bone in" + }, + { + "start": 1306.24, + "text": "his formulative formulation of quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1308.799, + "text": "theory. And basically what the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1311.84, + "text": "potential does is make the motion of any" + }, + { + "start": 1314.559, + "text": "given particle dependantly" + }, + { + "start": 1317.44, + "text": "on the motion of every other particle in" + }, + { + "start": 1319.44, + "text": "the universe." + }, + { + "start": 1321.44, + "text": "And interestingly uh Nicholas Jesus" + }, + { + "start": 1325.039, + "text": "pointed out that back in the day of" + }, + { + "start": 1327.679, + "text": "Newton and lelass" + }, + { + "start": 1330.0, + "text": "uh before the 19th century physics" + }, + { + "start": 1332.96, + "text": "wasn't singular because it was basically" + }, + { + "start": 1335.76, + "text": "about gravity" + }, + { + "start": 1337.84, + "text": "and gravity wasn't local. Every particle" + }, + { + "start": 1340.88, + "text": "did actually behave on depend on what" + }, + { + "start": 1344.0, + "text": "every other particle in the universe was" + }, + { + "start": 1345.84, + "text": "doing instantaneously." + }, + { + "start": 1348.64, + "text": "And it was Einstein who introduced" + }, + { + "start": 1350.64, + "text": "strict locality by requiring information" + }, + { + "start": 1353.28, + "text": "to only flow at the speed of light." + }, + { + "start": 1359.36, + "text": "So these hints sort of suggest that" + }, + { + "start": 1362.48, + "text": "generic systems can display interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1364.88, + "text": "behavior. So the question is how do we" + }, + { + "start": 1367.52, + "text": "make this precise? How do we understand" + }, + { + "start": 1369.919, + "text": "it? How do we use it? So that's what I'm" + }, + { + "start": 1373.12, + "text": "going to try to talk about in the" + }, + { + "start": 1375.039, + "text": "remaining time." + }, + { + "start": 1377.919, + "text": "So here's the setting again. Uh we have" + }, + { + "start": 1381.28, + "text": "a system. It's interacting with another" + }, + { + "start": 1383.679, + "text": "system which is its environment. There's" + }, + { + "start": 1385.76, + "text": "a boundary between them that the" + }, + { + "start": 1387.52, + "text": "interaction flows through. So" + }, + { + "start": 1390.559, + "text": "observations and actions live there on" + }, + { + "start": 1393.039, + "text": "the boundary. U actions of A on A bar" + }, + { + "start": 1396.559, + "text": "and actions of A bar on A." + }, + { + "start": 1399.919, + "text": "And u A's measurements and action" + }, + { + "start": 1403.12, + "text": "choices are computed by its internal" + }, + { + "start": 1405.36, + "text": "dynamics. That's true for AA bar also." + }, + { + "start": 1408.72, + "text": "In FE language, that computation is done" + }, + { + "start": 1411.919, + "text": "by A's generative model. Same applies to" + }, + { + "start": 1415.679, + "text": "Abar." + }, + { + "start": 1417.28, + "text": "The system satisfies this dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 1419.919, + "text": "constraint. So we can also think of it" + }, + { + "start": 1422.559, + "text": "as the dimensionality of the boundary is" + }, + { + "start": 1425.039, + "text": "much smaller than the dimensionality of" + }, + { + "start": 1427.2, + "text": "either system." + }, + { + "start": 1429.6, + "text": "But the thing to keep in mind is that" + }, + { + "start": 1432.96, + "text": "inputs and outputs, so behavior is much" + }, + { + "start": 1436.799, + "text": "less complex than the computations that" + }, + { + "start": 1439.12, + "text": "generate inputs and outputs. So behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1442.559, + "text": "is less complex than the computations" + }, + { + "start": 1444.88, + "text": "that generate it generically." + }, + { + "start": 1452.159, + "text": "So this immediately tells us something" + }, + { + "start": 1454.48, + "text": "important" + }, + { + "start": 1456.0, + "text": "that recurrence of states on B." + }, + { + "start": 1461.12, + "text": "So seeing the same behavior does not" + }, + { + "start": 1464.32, + "text": "imply recurrence of the internal" + }, + { + "start": 1466.96, + "text": "dynamics of the system that's exhibiting" + }, + { + "start": 1469.44, + "text": "the behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1471.52, + "text": "And in particular, the probability of a" + }, + { + "start": 1474.0, + "text": "behavior given the internal dynamics is" + }, + { + "start": 1476.64, + "text": "not the same as the probability of the" + }, + { + "start": 1478.48, + "text": "internal dynamics given the behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1481.84, + "text": "So behavior generically depends on" + }, + { + "start": 1484.32, + "text": "hidden states um which we can think of" + }, + { + "start": 1487.6, + "text": "as memory or internal context or" + }, + { + "start": 1490.64, + "text": "something like that." + }, + { + "start": 1492.559, + "text": "And formally we can always represent" + }, + { + "start": 1495.279, + "text": "that as an internal geometric phase." + }, + { + "start": 1499.36, + "text": "what's also called a Barry phase after" + }, + { + "start": 1503.36, + "text": "um can't remember his first name Barry" + }, + { + "start": 1506.48, + "text": "who first characterized it almost in" + }, + { + "start": 1509.52, + "text": "general for for adiabatic systems" + }, + { + "start": 1513.36, + "text": "and as as Chris Fuches the uh physicist" + }, + { + "start": 1516.64, + "text": "who in came up with the cubist" + }, + { + "start": 1518.64, + "text": "interpretation of quantum theory put it" + }, + { + "start": 1520.559, + "text": "all physical systems have interiority" + }, + { + "start": 1524.0, + "text": "and here he's also very influenced by" + }, + { + "start": 1526.559, + "text": "William James I think interiority is" + }, + { + "start": 1529.279, + "text": "actually a Jamesian term." + }, + { + "start": 1534.4, + "text": "So what is this geometric phase?" + }, + { + "start": 1537.679, + "text": "It's it's just an apparent phase change" + }, + { + "start": 1541.52, + "text": "that results from transporting a vector" + }, + { + "start": 1545.44, + "text": "or some collection of vectors around a" + }, + { + "start": 1548.64, + "text": "path in an internal state space." + }, + { + "start": 1552.32, + "text": "So here's an example um the right hand" + }, + { + "start": 1556.559, + "text": "side of the screen. If you have a sphere" + }, + { + "start": 1560.24, + "text": "and you start with a planer a" + }, + { + "start": 1562.48, + "text": "two-dimensional coordinate system up at" + }, + { + "start": 1564.72, + "text": "the north pole and you transport that" + }, + { + "start": 1567.84, + "text": "coordinate system smoothly down to the" + }, + { + "start": 1570.0, + "text": "equator and then you transport it a bit" + }, + { + "start": 1573.2, + "text": "to the east on the equator and then" + }, + { + "start": 1575.2, + "text": "transport it back up north. It's going" + }, + { + "start": 1578.0, + "text": "to look like you've introduced a 90deree" + }, + { + "start": 1581.52, + "text": "phase change in the coordinate system." + }, + { + "start": 1584.799, + "text": "But nowhere in this process have you" + }, + { + "start": 1586.88, + "text": "done any rotation." + }, + { + "start": 1588.88, + "text": "Uh you've just transported" + }, + { + "start": 1591.76, + "text": "uh this system in a in a parallel way" + }, + { + "start": 1595.76, + "text": "without changing the system at all" + }, + { + "start": 1598.0, + "text": "around in the state space but the state" + }, + { + "start": 1600.24, + "text": "space happened to be curved. So these" + }, + { + "start": 1602.96, + "text": "are called holonomy operations." + }, + { + "start": 1606.48, + "text": "Uh and purists call them anholony" + }, + { + "start": 1609.76, + "text": "operations." + }, + { + "start": 1611.84, + "text": "um but physicists just call them" + }, + { + "start": 1613.76, + "text": "holottomy operations and they're not" + }, + { + "start": 1616.48, + "text": "much talked about in biology" + }, + { + "start": 1619.6, + "text": "but there is this paper from 2026 from" + }, + { + "start": 1623.039, + "text": "Marcel Blatner" + }, + { + "start": 1625.2, + "text": "that applies this sort of thinking to" + }, + { + "start": 1627.84, + "text": "plenaria" + }, + { + "start": 1629.84, + "text": "and he does it in a framework he calls" + }, + { + "start": 1632.4, + "text": "tangential action spaces but if you go" + }, + { + "start": 1635.2, + "text": "back and look what he means by that he's" + }, + { + "start": 1637.679, + "text": "really just talking about uh holomy" + }, + { + "start": 1640.96, + "text": "transfer formations." + }, + { + "start": 1643.2, + "text": "So this is this is work that's starting" + }, + { + "start": 1645.919, + "text": "to be applied biologically" + }, + { + "start": 1650.799, + "text": "but to see why it's important" + }, + { + "start": 1654.96, + "text": "um it's important because non-trivial" + }, + { + "start": 1658.799, + "text": "honomy is actually a provably sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 1662.4, + "text": "resource for universal quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1664.48, + "text": "computation." + }, + { + "start": 1666.24, + "text": "So if you want to build a universal" + }, + { + "start": 1668.08, + "text": "quantum touring machine, you actually" + }, + { + "start": 1670.32, + "text": "only need one ingredient and that's" + }, + { + "start": 1673.039, + "text": "non-trivial holomy in the search space." + }, + { + "start": 1677.12, + "text": "And it works because it allows you to" + }, + { + "start": 1679.44, + "text": "construct a map from an observable" + }, + { + "start": 1683.919, + "text": "boundary state, an input and an internal" + }, + { + "start": 1687.36, + "text": "state to some other observable boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1691.279, + "text": "state, an output and some other internal" + }, + { + "start": 1694.23, + "text": ", an output and some other internal" + }, + { + "start": 1694.24, + "text": "state. for arbitrary input and output." + }, + { + "start": 1697.43, + "text": ". for arbitrary input and output." + }, + { + "start": 1697.44, + "text": "So you can you can implement any" + }, + { + "start": 1699.52, + "text": "computation just with holonomy and this" + }, + { + "start": 1702.88, + "text": "has been known for 25 years. Uh but it's" + }, + { + "start": 1706.399, + "text": "only really been known in the quantum" + }, + { + "start": 1708.24, + "text": "information community." + }, + { + "start": 1710.48, + "text": "So um" + }, + { + "start": 1714.24, + "text": "computing by holom is actually stayed" + }, + { + "start": 1717.12, + "text": "basically within the quantum computing" + }, + { + "start": 1719.12, + "text": "community." + }, + { + "start": 1722.88, + "text": "So to see why this is important um or to" + }, + { + "start": 1728.799, + "text": "see its larger implelications," + }, + { + "start": 1732.64, + "text": "I think it's important to think about" + }, + { + "start": 1735.12, + "text": "what a physically implemented" + }, + { + "start": 1737.679, + "text": "computation is." + }, + { + "start": 1740.08, + "text": "Uh physically implemented computation is" + }, + { + "start": 1742.559, + "text": "just a mapping" + }, + { + "start": 1744.96, + "text": "from the behavior of some physical" + }, + { + "start": 1747.279, + "text": "system. The observable behavior. So the" + }, + { + "start": 1750.24, + "text": "observable of the behavior of the" + }, + { + "start": 1752.88, + "text": "boundary of that system" + }, + { + "start": 1755.919, + "text": "to an abstract representation of a" + }, + { + "start": 1758.96, + "text": "computable function." + }, + { + "start": 1761.6, + "text": "And" + }, + { + "start": 1763.12, + "text": "saying that" + }, + { + "start": 1764.96, + "text": "um some device implements a computation" + }, + { + "start": 1768.08, + "text": "is just saying that these kinds of u" + }, + { + "start": 1771.919, + "text": "diagrams commute" + }, + { + "start": 1774.72, + "text": "where you're either mapping the behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1778.24, + "text": "into the symbolic representation of the" + }, + { + "start": 1781.36, + "text": "computation" + }, + { + "start": 1782.88, + "text": "or you're mapping the symbolic" + }, + { + "start": 1785.039, + "text": "representation of the computation into" + }, + { + "start": 1787.12, + "text": "the behavior by either a projection or" + }, + { + "start": 1789.52, + "text": "embedding." + }, + { + "start": 1791.36, + "text": "And obviously this only works for" + }, + { + "start": 1793.44, + "text": "computable functions" + }, + { + "start": 1795.6, + "text": "because if you can't compute the" + }, + { + "start": 1797.84, + "text": "function f, you can't determine whether" + }, + { + "start": 1800.0, + "text": "these diagrams commute. So this is a" + }, + { + "start": 1804.799, + "text": "definition of implemented computation" + }, + { + "start": 1807.12, + "text": "for computable functions." + }, + { + "start": 1810.64, + "text": "And this interpretation" + }, + { + "start": 1812.72, + "text": "is a projection uh into the behavior. So" + }, + { + "start": 1817.36, + "text": "that's important." + }, + { + "start": 1819.919, + "text": "Because embeddings are injective." + }, + { + "start": 1822.0, + "text": "Embeddings are one to many." + }, + { + "start": 1824.64, + "text": "Um you can embed lots of different" + }, + { + "start": 1826.64, + "text": "computations in any given behavior. And" + }, + { + "start": 1829.6, + "text": "that tells us something that poly" + }, + { + "start": 1831.36, + "text": "computation is actually generic." + }, + { + "start": 1834.88, + "text": "Um and indeed managing thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1837.76, + "text": "flow. So keeping your system alive uh" + }, + { + "start": 1840.799, + "text": "requires that the informative behavior" + }, + { + "start": 1844.32, + "text": "that you're you're interested in" + }, + { + "start": 1846.24, + "text": "describing computationally is just a" + }, + { + "start": 1848.64, + "text": "proper sample of the total behavior." + }, + { + "start": 1851.919, + "text": "U and that's true even for your laptop." + }, + { + "start": 1855.12, + "text": "You know we're not looking at everything" + }, + { + "start": 1857.12, + "text": "the computer is doing when we're looking" + }, + { + "start": 1858.96, + "text": "at the screen particular. We're not" + }, + { + "start": 1861.52, + "text": "looking at all the thermodynamic" + }, + { + "start": 1863.12, + "text": "exchange that keeps the thing running." + }, + { + "start": 1866.24, + "text": "And the same is true for organisms." + }, + { + "start": 1869.12, + "text": "Uh we're not necessarily looking at the" + }, + { + "start": 1871.44, + "text": "caloric content of what they're eating" + }, + { + "start": 1874.08, + "text": "when we're trying to do their" + }, + { + "start": 1876.0, + "text": "psychology." + }, + { + "start": 1881.279, + "text": "So um we can take this a little bit" + }, + { + "start": 1884.24, + "text": "farther. Turns out that we can always" + }, + { + "start": 1887.279, + "text": "think of computation as scattering in" + }, + { + "start": 1890.159, + "text": "some sort of space of data structures." + }, + { + "start": 1893.919, + "text": "And some colleagues and I have a paper" + }, + { + "start": 1896.64, + "text": "on this that's been in review for months" + }, + { + "start": 1899.279, + "text": "now that goes fairly far and in fact" + }, + { + "start": 1903.44, + "text": "shows that the formal representation of" + }, + { + "start": 1907.279, + "text": "scattering can always be applied to" + }, + { + "start": 1909.2, + "text": "computation. But we can just use this in" + }, + { + "start": 1912.24, + "text": "a in a fairly intuitive way. If we think" + }, + { + "start": 1914.64, + "text": "of an ideal classical computer" + }, + { + "start": 1917.679, + "text": "implementing an algorithm for f then" + }, + { + "start": 1921.039, + "text": "we're thinking about something like" + }, + { + "start": 1922.799, + "text": "this. We have an input for f and we have" + }, + { + "start": 1926.08, + "text": "some ready state of this classical" + }, + { + "start": 1928.96, + "text": "computer. And if we combine the input" + }, + { + "start": 1931.84, + "text": "and the ready state, something happens" + }, + { + "start": 1934.799, + "text": "that is some sort of implementation of f" + }, + { + "start": 1937.84, + "text": "on the input." + }, + { + "start": 1939.84, + "text": "And at the end of that something" + }, + { + "start": 1941.6, + "text": "happening, we get an output of f on the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.72, + "text": "input and the computer returns to its" + }, + { + "start": 1947.84, + "text": "ready state. So we can do it again." + }, + { + "start": 1952.159, + "text": "Now this is a useful way to think in a" + }, + { + "start": 1955.76, + "text": "coarse grained way but the observed" + }, + { + "start": 1959.12, + "text": "ready state which is a projection of B" + }, + { + "start": 1962.799, + "text": "of the boundary of the device that we're" + }, + { + "start": 1965.2, + "text": "talking about does not actually pick out" + }, + { + "start": 1968.159, + "text": "a unique machine state." + }, + { + "start": 1970.88, + "text": "Um," + }, + { + "start": 1972.48, + "text": "that's what we just saw with this" + }, + { + "start": 1975.76, + "text": "business about holomy, but it's also" + }, + { + "start": 1978.96, + "text": "just Morris theorem from back in the 50s" + }, + { + "start": 1981.919, + "text": "updated." + }, + { + "start": 1983.519, + "text": "Uh, we don't actually know what's going" + }, + { + "start": 1986.399, + "text": "on inside the machine. It's a black box." + }, + { + "start": 1990.08, + "text": "Uh, it's got a boundary and we have to" + }, + { + "start": 1992.159, + "text": "look at what's going on on its boundary" + }, + { + "start": 1995.039, + "text": "and that doesn't determine what's going" + }, + { + "start": 1997.039, + "text": "on inside." + }, + { + "start": 1999.519, + "text": "And we can see this in practice. Um even" + }, + { + "start": 2003.44, + "text": "a classical operating system" + }, + { + "start": 2006.72, + "text": "uh accumulates internal state changes as" + }, + { + "start": 2010.0, + "text": "we execute it over and over and over" + }, + { + "start": 2012.08, + "text": "again with different inputs. Here the" + }, + { + "start": 2014.159, + "text": "input is some program together with some" + }, + { + "start": 2018.32, + "text": "data" + }, + { + "start": 2020.08, + "text": "and" + }, + { + "start": 2021.6, + "text": "uh we have the machine implement some" + }, + { + "start": 2023.76, + "text": "program with some data and it produces" + }, + { + "start": 2025.679, + "text": "an output. Then we give it another" + }, + { + "start": 2027.679, + "text": "program and some more data and it" + }, + { + "start": 2029.279, + "text": "produces another output. We're not" + }, + { + "start": 2031.679, + "text": "keeping track of everything that's going" + }, + { + "start": 2033.36, + "text": "on inside. We just depend on the" + }, + { + "start": 2035.76, + "text": "operating system to to stay in some" + }, + { + "start": 2038.559, + "text": "usable state" + }, + { + "start": 2041.12, + "text": "uh without saying exactly what that" + }, + { + "start": 2043.519, + "text": "state is. And after a day's use of your" + }, + { + "start": 2047.6, + "text": "computer, the final state may be very" + }, + { + "start": 2050.48, + "text": "different from the initial state. And" + }, + { + "start": 2054.159, + "text": "eventually the computer has to be" + }, + { + "start": 2055.919, + "text": "rebooted to get it back to something" + }, + { + "start": 2057.919, + "text": "like the initial state that you started" + }, + { + "start": 2060.639, + "text": "with today." + }, + { + "start": 2063.119, + "text": "So we can think of that in in this" + }, + { + "start": 2065.52, + "text": "language of side projects. Uh the" + }, + { + "start": 2069.28, + "text": "operating system is constantly doing" + }, + { + "start": 2071.28, + "text": "side projects. It's it's rearranging its" + }, + { + "start": 2074.0, + "text": "internal memory. It's moving things" + }, + { + "start": 2076.0, + "text": "around in its long-term what used to be" + }, + { + "start": 2079.04, + "text": "a disk memory." + }, + { + "start": 2082.0, + "text": "um it's um changing its internal state" + }, + { + "start": 2086.879, + "text": "in various other ways. So this is" + }, + { + "start": 2089.52, + "text": "inevitable in generic systems uh because" + }, + { + "start": 2092.72, + "text": "generic systems" + }, + { + "start": 2095.119, + "text": "u exhibit non-trivial honomy because" + }, + { + "start": 2098.32, + "text": "they have big state spaces and more" + }, + { + "start": 2100.48, + "text": "complicated dynamics than what they" + }, + { + "start": 2102.56, + "text": "display on their boundaries." + }, + { + "start": 2107.839, + "text": "So we can also represent these sort of" + }, + { + "start": 2111.68, + "text": "phase changes geometric phase changes as" + }, + { + "start": 2115.44, + "text": "reference frame changes." + }, + { + "start": 2118.72, + "text": "So for example u go back to that picture" + }, + { + "start": 2122.64, + "text": "of a generic interaction that shows" + }, + { + "start": 2125.2, + "text": "operations on cubits by spin operators" + }, + { + "start": 2129.599, + "text": "each of which has a local reference" + }, + { + "start": 2131.76, + "text": "frame." + }, + { + "start": 2133.68, + "text": "If the system undergoes some honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2137.52, + "text": "operation" + }, + { + "start": 2140.88, + "text": "uh that introduces a phase into a vector" + }, + { + "start": 2145.44, + "text": "that's transported to some new part of" + }, + { + "start": 2147.92, + "text": "the state space" + }, + { + "start": 2150.16, + "text": "and we think of what that does to these" + }, + { + "start": 2153.52, + "text": "reference frame vectors" + }, + { + "start": 2156.16, + "text": "um" + }, + { + "start": 2157.76, + "text": "that tell the spin operators what" + }, + { + "start": 2159.599, + "text": "they're doing. Then a general holomy" + }, + { + "start": 2163.52, + "text": "transform can modify a reference frame" + }, + { + "start": 2167.92, + "text": "and in that case the output of acting" + }, + { + "start": 2170.56, + "text": "with that operator is different. So if" + }, + { + "start": 2173.599, + "text": "the reference frame is up and you act on" + }, + { + "start": 2175.92, + "text": "something with spin up stays spin up." + }, + { + "start": 2179.68, + "text": "But if I've tilted the reference frame" + }, + { + "start": 2182.56, + "text": "then what I do is rotate" + }, + { + "start": 2185.28, + "text": "um that cubit. So it when that cubit" + }, + { + "start": 2188.8, + "text": "gets measured by another system you're" + }, + { + "start": 2190.72, + "text": "going to get a different answer" + }, + { + "start": 2193.44, + "text": "and in fact this representation" + }, + { + "start": 2198.079, + "text": "of holom as reference frame change turns" + }, + { + "start": 2202.24, + "text": "out to be generic" + }, + { + "start": 2204.72, + "text": "and um I'm involved in another ongoing" + }, + { + "start": 2208.8, + "text": "paper that's trying to sort out um how" + }, + { + "start": 2212.72, + "text": "this works in general" + }, + { + "start": 2215.76, + "text": "and Again, it involves many different" + }, + { + "start": 2218.88, + "text": "literatures that don't communicate with" + }, + { + "start": 2222.48, + "text": "each other very much to put together a a" + }, + { + "start": 2226.4, + "text": "real understanding of how holomy change" + }, + { + "start": 2229.76, + "text": "relates to reference frame change" + }, + { + "start": 2232.8, + "text": "and it all turns out to couple to the" + }, + { + "start": 2235.92, + "text": "theory of error correcting codes and" + }, + { + "start": 2239.2, + "text": "hence the theory of emergent spacetime." + }, + { + "start": 2242.56, + "text": "So this this issue of geometric phase" + }, + { + "start": 2246.079, + "text": "and reference frame change is is" + }, + { + "start": 2248.16, + "text": "actually very deep. But all we need to" + }, + { + "start": 2251.68, + "text": "know for for now is that if the system a" + }, + { + "start": 2255.92, + "text": "bar exhibits non-trivial honomy then how" + }, + { + "start": 2259.04, + "text": "it acts on on the boundary so that the" + }, + { + "start": 2262.16, + "text": "output that it produces its behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2264.96, + "text": "it's going to change um as honomy" + }, + { + "start": 2270.48, + "text": "operations move vectors around in its" + }, + { + "start": 2272.64, + "text": "state space." + }, + { + "start": 2274.88, + "text": "So this is important um because when you" + }, + { + "start": 2278.64, + "text": "move reference frames around" + }, + { + "start": 2281.839, + "text": "you end up with uh behaviors that don't" + }, + { + "start": 2284.72, + "text": "commute." + }, + { + "start": 2286.32, + "text": "So in particular uh this simple case of" + }, + { + "start": 2290.64, + "text": "spin operators" + }, + { + "start": 2292.72, + "text": "uh spin operators with different" + }, + { + "start": 2294.72, + "text": "reference frames don't commute. Acting" + }, + { + "start": 2296.72, + "text": "with up and then sideways is not the" + }, + { + "start": 2300.079, + "text": "same as acting with sideways and then" + }, + { + "start": 2301.839, + "text": "up." + }, + { + "start": 2303.76, + "text": "And this has a an overall global" + }, + { + "start": 2306.72, + "text": "consequence. Whenever you have" + }, + { + "start": 2308.079, + "text": "non-commuting reference frames," + }, + { + "start": 2311.119, + "text": "uh they generate non-causal context" + }, + { + "start": 2313.92, + "text": "dependence in the behavior of the" + }, + { + "start": 2316.32, + "text": "system. Uh and if you're you're making" + }, + { + "start": 2319.44, + "text": "measurements with non-commuting" + }, + { + "start": 2321.04, + "text": "reference frames, they generate" + }, + { + "start": 2323.359, + "text": "non-causal context dependence in your" + }, + { + "start": 2325.68, + "text": "measurement outcomes." + }, + { + "start": 2328.0, + "text": "And in either case, the consequence of" + }, + { + "start": 2330.56, + "text": "that is that joint probability" + }, + { + "start": 2333.2, + "text": "distributions on the outcomes are" + }, + { + "start": 2335.04, + "text": "actually undefined. They violate the" + }, + { + "start": 2337.28, + "text": "Kagoro axioms. And this is this is what" + }, + { + "start": 2341.2, + "text": "is observed in systems that violate for" + }, + { + "start": 2344.32, + "text": "example Bell's inequality that exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2347.28, + "text": "entanglement" + }, + { + "start": 2348.88, + "text": "uh systems that violate the leot" + }, + { + "start": 2351.359, + "text": "inequalities and so um exhibit what" + }, + { + "start": 2354.64, + "text": "looks like entanglement in time." + }, + { + "start": 2358.32, + "text": "uh systems that violate the Coke and" + }, + { + "start": 2360.56, + "text": "Specker" + }, + { + "start": 2362.079, + "text": "uh theorem" + }, + { + "start": 2364.32, + "text": "uh which is essentially a restatement of" + }, + { + "start": 2367.52, + "text": "the conditions for entanglement." + }, + { + "start": 2370.48, + "text": "Uh so exhibit context dependence" + }, + { + "start": 2373.76, + "text": "depending on different orders of of" + }, + { + "start": 2377.76, + "text": "observational" + }, + { + "start": 2380.0, + "text": "actions yield results that can't be" + }, + { + "start": 2384.32, + "text": "given an overall joint probability" + }, + { + "start": 2386.56, + "text": "distribution. So there's tons now of" + }, + { + "start": 2388.8, + "text": "experimental data that it demonstrates" + }, + { + "start": 2392.8, + "text": "this sort of" + }, + { + "start": 2396.32, + "text": "kagorov axiom violation by physical" + }, + { + "start": 2400.0, + "text": "systems" + }, + { + "start": 2401.68, + "text": "and I've put down here a reference to a" + }, + { + "start": 2404.0, + "text": "paper that talks about uh this" + }, + { + "start": 2407.599, + "text": "non-communing QRFs generating non-causal" + }, + { + "start": 2410.4, + "text": "context dependence in general." + }, + { + "start": 2415.2, + "text": "So what does this mean? It means that" + }, + { + "start": 2417.119, + "text": "all of these interesting kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 2419.2, + "text": "behaviors are in fact generic." + }, + { + "start": 2422.4, + "text": "And they're all generic for the same" + }, + { + "start": 2424.16, + "text": "reason. That they're all the result of" + }, + { + "start": 2428.079, + "text": "requiring that the behaving system is" + }, + { + "start": 2432.88, + "text": "separate from the system that's exhibit" + }, + { + "start": 2435.359, + "text": "that's observing its behavior." + }, + { + "start": 2438.4, + "text": "Uh and that separability requirement as" + }, + { + "start": 2441.28, + "text": "we saw" + }, + { + "start": 2443.119, + "text": "uh induces this dimensionality" + }, + { + "start": 2445.2, + "text": "requirement that we have big systems" + }, + { + "start": 2448.4, + "text": "with small boundaries and so behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2451.839, + "text": "has much less dimensionality than the" + }, + { + "start": 2454.96, + "text": "computation that generates it. Whenever" + }, + { + "start": 2458.16, + "text": "that condition holds" + }, + { + "start": 2461.04, + "text": "uh then we see these sorts of" + }, + { + "start": 2462.56, + "text": "interesting behaviors" + }, + { + "start": 2464.88, + "text": "and that condition holds whenever we can" + }, + { + "start": 2467.359, + "text": "separate ourselves as observers from" + }, + { + "start": 2469.76, + "text": "whatever system it is we're observing." + }, + { + "start": 2474.24, + "text": "So this tells us in fact" + }, + { + "start": 2477.359, + "text": "that intelligence is very diverse and in" + }, + { + "start": 2480.4, + "text": "fact interesting behavior is very" + }, + { + "start": 2482.319, + "text": "diverse. Um it also provides us with a" + }, + { + "start": 2488.079, + "text": "very general and strongly empirically" + }, + { + "start": 2491.04, + "text": "validated foundation for talking about" + }, + { + "start": 2493.44, + "text": "diverse intelligence i.e. quantum theory" + }, + { + "start": 2497.76, + "text": "and it tells us that intelligence and" + }, + { + "start": 2500.0, + "text": "persistent observability so separability" + }, + { + "start": 2503.2, + "text": "between the observer and the observed" + }, + { + "start": 2507.28, + "text": "uh go hand in hand." + }, + { + "start": 2509.839, + "text": "uh if if a system is different from us," + }, + { + "start": 2513.92, + "text": "we're observing it, then its behavior is" + }, + { + "start": 2516.96, + "text": "going to be interesting." + }, + { + "start": 2519.359, + "text": "And we can make that interestingness go" + }, + { + "start": 2521.599, + "text": "away by coarse graining or averaging or" + }, + { + "start": 2526.64, + "text": "the common practice of throwing out" + }, + { + "start": 2528.8, + "text": "anything that looks anomalous," + }, + { + "start": 2532.56, + "text": "but it's actually there. And if we look" + }, + { + "start": 2535.119, + "text": "carefully enough, we'll see it." + }, + { + "start": 2539.28, + "text": "So that's it. Thank you." + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2db0e603 --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt @@ -0,0 +1,885 @@ +I want to talk today about interesting +behavior by generic systems. +And the first part of this will be a bit +of a review and then the second half +will be more u a report on new work uh +since the last time I talked which +uh as a general presentation was over a +year ago. I did a couple of more +specialized presentations last year. So +this is in the context of the diverse +intelligence project +which raises these questions u how +diverse is intelligence +and what what are the limits of +intelligence uh if there are limits and +how do we find out so that's what I'm +going to talk about today +uh to start with um +we can look at this definition of +intelligence that we've been using in +the lab from William James as as kind of +a guideline +that intelligence is a fixed goal +achievable with variable means of +achieving it. So intelligence involves +ing it. So intelligence involves +some level of flexibility +and this definition itself raises +questions. Uh does any goal count? Uh +are many any kinds of means allowed +and does anything fall outside this +definition? Are there any are there +systems that don't achieve this kind of +flexibility that James was interested +in? And um it's not clear from from +James the extent to which he was willing +to extend intelligence +uh to generic systems, +but at at least some of his writings +suggest that that may have been the +case. +Um +some sort of methodological guidelines +uh have appeared recently. Uh, for +example, in this paper that Mike and +David Resnik published last year, +uh, emphasizing that the +diverse intelligence project or the the +TAM framework, +um, +emphasizes methodologically +a reliance on empirical research, not on +intuition for thinking about +intelligence. +and um an insistence on testable methods +for understanding uh what is and is not +intelligent and the extent to which +things are intelligent. So I I want to +follow this kind of empirically oriented +framework as opposed to making +philosophical assumptions upfront. +And in thinking about this um an obvious +place to look is the literature of the +free energy principle. +So here's um a recent paper from Carl +Fristen's group +um their most recent actual technical +elaboration of the free energy principle +and they describe it as describing a +simple relationship between the dynamics +of random dynamical systems and +inference +and that of course has been the theme of +the free energy principle for almost 30 +years now that random dynamical systems +uh can be considered inferential. +But when you look into this paper +um here's figure two +already we find an assumption that +there's some systems that are inert that +don't act on the world at all. +And that's a problem because a system +that doesn't act back on the world when +the world acts on it is violating +Newton's third law. So it's it's +violating a very basic physical symmetry +principle. +So +this picture uh at least appears to +involve uh intuitions about inertness. +Uh and the the trademark inert system is +a rock uh in much of this literature +that may not stand up to scrutiny from +the point of view of fundamental +physics. +So uh in that case I think we need to +take an approach where we look at +physics first and worry about intuitions +later. +So if we have a system which I'll call a +and it's interacting with something else +which I'll call a bar or the complement +of a for reasons that will become clear. +How do we guarantee that this +interaction respects all of the physical +symmetries that it needs to respect to +comply with known physical theory or +empirically supported physical theory. +And what we want is a generic case that +describes any interacting system +regardless of its scale or its +structure. +And um I'll add here since +the whole talk will respect this uh +regardless of its embedding in spacetime +what it looks like as a as a thing in +spacetime. +So how do we do that? And the answer is +we start with the generic case. +So let's assume the simplest thing we +can assume +which is a system that doesn't interact +with anything. So a system that doesn't +have an environment. +Um so a system that's isolated. +And if we start with that, um, we know +that we're going to respect the various +symmetries that have to do with not +having singularities because there's no +there's no place for information to flow +from into this system and no place for +information to flow to because there's +no environment. So there aren't going to +be sources or syncs. +So whatever dynamics this system has, it +has to conserve momentum and energy and +information. +U so +the technical term for conserving +information is unitarity +and it turns out that this is a very +productive assumption. +If we have conservation of information +in other words unitarity +then we can represent the dynamics as a +linear operator +um because nonlinearities +uh don't conserve information. +So this dynamics that I've called P of U +the propagator of U is a linear operator +on some state space. And in fact we can +make the state space a Hilbert space +which is a particularly simple kind of +vector space. It just takes every +possible value of every possible degree +of freedom and makes it a basis vector. +So if we assume some background time t +which is just a symbol that lets us talk +about change. +Uh we can write this propagator +uh as a periodic function of another +operator which represents the energy of +the system. That operator is the +Hamiltonian +which plays essentially the same role +here that it plays in classical physics. +It's a measure of energy +and when we write this equation um it +requires introducing a constant which is +finite and which has the units of action +and a finite value of this constant +um corresponds to there being no no +singularities. Clearly if that symbol h +bar was zero +there would be a singularity and if it +was infinity there would be a +singularity. So it needs to be finite. +Now this theory is quantum theory +of an isolated system. +So in a sense isolation is all you need +to get quantum theory. Uh it's a it's a +good way to start because it gets you +someplace that we understand +and that we have empirical reasons to +think is a good description of generic +systems. +So if everything is linear, the dynamics +is linear, we can do a linear +decomposition of the dynamics. +So we can split this isolated system U +into the components that we're +interested in some system that we want +to talk about uh A and and its +environment now A bar which is just +everything else in U that isn't A and +that introduces the idea of a boundary +between the two. Um and the linear +decomposition is a decomposition of this +operator h the Hamiltonian +and we can decompose it into the sum of +three terms. A term for the left side, a +term for the right side and a term for +the interaction. +So a nice thing about quantum theory, it +has this simple representation of +interaction and it's linear. +So this is a generic symmetry preserving +representation of interaction between a +system and and everything else. +Now we can continue decomposing this +interaction term again additively +um as a sum +of operators that act on single quantum +bits. And some some of you have seen +this kind of picture before in uh +previous talks, but these operators are +very simple. They're just operators that +measure the spin of a quantum bit. And +each one of them is equipped with a +reference frame that says what direction +counts as Z since this is a Z spin +operator. And Z can be chosen to be +anything. and it can be chosen uh in +different ways for different cubits. +But this turns this boundary B into a +holographic screen. So there's a lot of +physics that can now be imported to talk +about this boundary. And I'm not going +to really talk about that physics today. +Uh we're just going to go on. +Um this Hamiltonian now tells us how a +and a bar act on each other. they act on +each other by changing the values of +cubits. +Uh what we wanted though is to +understand how a and a bar influence +each other. How information flows from +one to another. +And these are the same uh if and only if +one condition is met that a and a bar +have conditionally independent states. +So that we could talk about the state of +A and the state of A bar. +And that's a simple requirement. We have +to require that the joint state the +state of the two systems factors into +the state of the one system and the +state of the other system. +And this is in quantum theory called +separability. And it's the same as the +absence of entanglement. +So systems +have their own states. if they're not +entangled. +And entanglement just means factoriz or +non-entanglement just means +factorizability. +And of course that maps over into +classical systems. If classical dynamic +system has a markoff blanket then the +then it factors +and we know what separability requires. +It requires sparse coupling. +So formally this interaction has to have +a small dimension and since it's an +operator its dimension is well defined +and by small it means its dimension is +much less than the dimension of either +of the other operators in the picture +the internal operators for a and a bar. +So intuitively the evolutions of these +systems have to be almost independent +for their states to be separable and for +the interaction to actually capture all +of the influence of one system on the +other. +So what we've done here is reconstruct +the free energy principle from minimal +physics. And again u at least some of +you have seen this before. +If uh these two systems A and its +environment are separable, so they meet +this dimensionality constraint on the +Hamiltonians, +then the Hamiltonian fully describes +information exchange. The boundary +functions as a markoff blanket. Uh the +variational free energy is a measure of +the interaction strength. +uh minimizing VF VFE which is what the +free energy principle is about is +keeping the interaction weak while +allowing thermodynamic exchange. +So it's it's keeping the interaction +between the system and its environment +fairly weak while enviring allowing the +system to eat some of its environment to +to provide enough energy to live. +And in this case predictability which is +what the system is after is constrained +interaction. So it's constraining the +interaction in a way that's consistent +in a way that's consistent +with staying alive. +So ANA bar maintain their identities as +distinct systems only while their +boundary um remains a markoff blanket. +So there can't be any rips, there can't +be any explosions, other sort of huge +excesses in interaction strength. +So that's actually what the FE is about. +It's about keeping interactions small +enough to maintain the integrity of a +boundary and that's what's required for +persistence over time as a well-defined +system +and this follows uh just from very +minimal physical assumptions. +So now if we go back to Jane's Jane's +definition of intelligence as a fixed +goal with various means of achieving it, +we can ask um is there always a goal? +Does any goal count? And the FEP always +gives us one goal continuing to exist. +uh any system that +persists through time acts inferentially +uh as if it's trying to continue to +exist. This is what Jacob Howey calls +self-evidencing +as an interpretation of the FEP. +Are any means allowed? Well, yeah. +Whatever the internal dynamics are +capable of is an allowed means for +keeping the boundary intact, for keeping +the interaction uh weak but still open. +And does anything fall outside of this +definition? No. It's completely generic. +At least it's completely generic for +systems that are physically realizable. +um so systems that actually respect the +sorts of symmetries that our physics +requires. +So from this point of view, intelligence +looks like something that could be +generic. +The question then becomes not what's +intelligent, but is its behavior +interesting? +Um maybe everything is intelligent but +some things are completely boring. They +don't behave in ways that are +interesting. +So our question about intelligence +really turns into a question about +interestingness. Are there limits on +what kinds of systems can exhibit +interesting behavior? And if there are, +how do we find out? How do we find out +what the limits are? And how do we find +out what sorts of systems actually +display interesting behavior? +And if we're going to ask this question, +we have to know what interesting means. +So here's some ways of characterizing +interesting behavior. Um +so if it's interesting, we want it to be +surprising. +uh maybe it's unpredictable in practice +or only predictable approximate +approximately with some amount of coarse +graining. So if we don't measure what +the systems doing with too much +precision +um maybe we can predict what's going on +but if we really look closely it's it's +going to be uh less predictable. +Maybe the system is unpredictable in +um systems seem to be interesting if +they can learn from experience, if their +um behavior depends on their memory, if +it depends on the context they're in. +Uh and we can get really radical here. +some systems may have distributions of +outcome values that actually violate the +Kaggoro vacs. So the outcome probability +distributions are undefined. That's +really interesting. +But operationally, +what this all comes down to is that +if we measure a bunch of state +transition probabilities for some finite +amount of time, they don't converge to +predictive adequacy. +So induction uh doesn't work or doesn't +work very well or only works if we +severely coarse grain things. +So the sort of mechanical expectations +that we've inherited from 19th century +science are violated +and we know that life does this. Um, +if you observe a baby for a while, +you're not going to be able to predict +what happens as an adult uh to that +person or how that person behaves as an +adult. In fact, if you observe an adult +for a while, you can't perfectly predict +what they're going to do next. So, life +life doesn't satisfy these sorts of +mechanical expectations. +But what else violates them? Uh that's +what we're going to be interested in +finding out. +And we have some hints. +So here's a old hint from the 1950s from +cybernetics. +Edward Moore showed that finite input +output experiments can't uniquely +determine the the machine table which +just means the in internal state +transition probabilities +of a generic classical black box. +And um the canonical example of that is +a a box with a clock. So something like +a time bomb where the behavior can +change abruptly after some amount of +time. And if you don't observe it +through that change of behavior, then +you can't predict what's going to happen +next. +Here's another more recent hint from um +Conway and Koken. The free will theorem. +Here Conway is John Conway from the game +of life. +They published what they called the free +will theorem +which shows that special relativity and +quantum theory together rule out local +determinism +and rules out local determinism in a +very strong form. Uh the whole pass like +cone of a system can't determine its +behavior +if special relativity and quantum theory +are combined. So their slogan in their +first paper in 2006 was if experimenters +make choices electrons do too. +So that's a pretty strong hint that even +electrons can exhibit interesting +behavior. +And then a third hint uh is this paper +from Frank Tipler in 2014 +where he showed that the simplest way to +remove the singularities +from classical physics +uh actually reproduced the quantum +potential postulated by David Bone in +his formulative formulation of quantum +theory. And basically what the quantum +potential does is make the motion of any +given particle dependantly +on the motion of every other particle in +the universe. +And interestingly uh Nicholas Jesus +pointed out that back in the day of +Newton and lelass +uh before the 19th century physics +wasn't singular because it was basically +about gravity +and gravity wasn't local. Every particle +did actually behave on depend on what +every other particle in the universe was +doing instantaneously. +And it was Einstein who introduced +strict locality by requiring information +to only flow at the speed of light. +So these hints sort of suggest that +generic systems can display interesting +behavior. So the question is how do we +make this precise? How do we understand +it? How do we use it? So that's what I'm +going to try to talk about in the +remaining time. +So here's the setting again. Uh we have +a system. It's interacting with another +system which is its environment. There's +a boundary between them that the +interaction flows through. So +observations and actions live there on +the boundary. U actions of A on A bar +and actions of A bar on A. +And u A's measurements and action +choices are computed by its internal +dynamics. That's true for AA bar also. +In FE language, that computation is done +by A's generative model. Same applies to +Abar. +The system satisfies this dimensionality +constraint. So we can also think of it +as the dimensionality of the boundary is +much smaller than the dimensionality of +either system. +But the thing to keep in mind is that +inputs and outputs, so behavior is much +less complex than the computations that +generate inputs and outputs. So behavior +is less complex than the computations +that generate it generically. +So this immediately tells us something +important +that recurrence of states on B. +So seeing the same behavior does not +imply recurrence of the internal +dynamics of the system that's exhibiting +the behavior. +And in particular, the probability of a +behavior given the internal dynamics is +not the same as the probability of the +internal dynamics given the behavior. +So behavior generically depends on +hidden states um which we can think of +as memory or internal context or +something like that. +And formally we can always represent +that as an internal geometric phase. +what's also called a Barry phase after +um can't remember his first name Barry +who first characterized it almost in +general for for adiabatic systems +and as as Chris Fuches the uh physicist +who in came up with the cubist +interpretation of quantum theory put it +all physical systems have interiority +and here he's also very influenced by +William James I think interiority is +actually a Jamesian term. +So what is this geometric phase? +It's it's just an apparent phase change +that results from transporting a vector +or some collection of vectors around a +path in an internal state space. +So here's an example um the right hand +side of the screen. If you have a sphere +and you start with a planer a +two-dimensional coordinate system up at +the north pole and you transport that +coordinate system smoothly down to the +equator and then you transport it a bit +to the east on the equator and then +transport it back up north. It's going +to look like you've introduced a 90deree +phase change in the coordinate system. +But nowhere in this process have you +done any rotation. +Uh you've just transported +uh this system in a in a parallel way +without changing the system at all +around in the state space but the state +space happened to be curved. So these +are called holonomy operations. +Uh and purists call them anholony +operations. +um but physicists just call them +holottomy operations and they're not +much talked about in biology +but there is this paper from 2026 from +Marcel Blatner +that applies this sort of thinking to +plenaria +and he does it in a framework he calls +tangential action spaces but if you go +back and look what he means by that he's +really just talking about uh holomy +transfer formations. +So this is this is work that's starting +to be applied biologically +but to see why it's important +um it's important because non-trivial +honomy is actually a provably sufficient +resource for universal quantum +computation. +So if you want to build a universal +quantum touring machine, you actually +only need one ingredient and that's +non-trivial holomy in the search space. +And it works because it allows you to +construct a map from an observable +boundary state, an input and an internal +state to some other observable boundary +state, an output and some other internal +, an output and some other internal +state. for arbitrary input and output. +. for arbitrary input and output. +So you can you can implement any +computation just with holonomy and this +has been known for 25 years. Uh but it's +only really been known in the quantum +information community. +So um +computing by holom is actually stayed +basically within the quantum computing +community. +So to see why this is important um or to +see its larger implelications, +I think it's important to think about +what a physically implemented +computation is. +Uh physically implemented computation is +just a mapping +from the behavior of some physical +system. The observable behavior. So the +observable of the behavior of the +boundary of that system +to an abstract representation of a +computable function. +And +saying that +um some device implements a computation +is just saying that these kinds of u +diagrams commute +where you're either mapping the behavior +into the symbolic representation of the +computation +or you're mapping the symbolic +representation of the computation into +the behavior by either a projection or +embedding. +And obviously this only works for +computable functions +because if you can't compute the +function f, you can't determine whether +these diagrams commute. So this is a +definition of implemented computation +for computable functions. +And this interpretation +is a projection uh into the behavior. So +that's important. +Because embeddings are injective. +Embeddings are one to many. +Um you can embed lots of different +computations in any given behavior. And +that tells us something that poly +computation is actually generic. +Um and indeed managing thermodynamic +flow. So keeping your system alive uh +requires that the informative behavior +that you're you're interested in +describing computationally is just a +proper sample of the total behavior. +U and that's true even for your laptop. +You know we're not looking at everything +the computer is doing when we're looking +at the screen particular. We're not +looking at all the thermodynamic +exchange that keeps the thing running. +And the same is true for organisms. +Uh we're not necessarily looking at the +caloric content of what they're eating +when we're trying to do their +psychology. +So um we can take this a little bit +farther. Turns out that we can always +think of computation as scattering in +some sort of space of data structures. +And some colleagues and I have a paper +on this that's been in review for months +now that goes fairly far and in fact +shows that the formal representation of +scattering can always be applied to +computation. But we can just use this in +a in a fairly intuitive way. If we think +of an ideal classical computer +implementing an algorithm for f then +we're thinking about something like +this. We have an input for f and we have +some ready state of this classical +computer. And if we combine the input +and the ready state, something happens +that is some sort of implementation of f +on the input. +And at the end of that something +happening, we get an output of f on the +input and the computer returns to its +ready state. So we can do it again. +Now this is a useful way to think in a +coarse grained way but the observed +ready state which is a projection of B +of the boundary of the device that we're +talking about does not actually pick out +a unique machine state. +Um, +that's what we just saw with this +business about holomy, but it's also +just Morris theorem from back in the 50s +updated. +Uh, we don't actually know what's going +on inside the machine. It's a black box. +Uh, it's got a boundary and we have to +look at what's going on on its boundary +and that doesn't determine what's going +on inside. +And we can see this in practice. Um even +a classical operating system +uh accumulates internal state changes as +we execute it over and over and over +again with different inputs. Here the +input is some program together with some +data +and +uh we have the machine implement some +program with some data and it produces +an output. Then we give it another +program and some more data and it +produces another output. We're not +keeping track of everything that's going +on inside. We just depend on the +operating system to to stay in some +usable state +uh without saying exactly what that +state is. And after a day's use of your +computer, the final state may be very +different from the initial state. And +eventually the computer has to be +rebooted to get it back to something +like the initial state that you started +with today. +So we can think of that in in this +language of side projects. Uh the +operating system is constantly doing +side projects. It's it's rearranging its +internal memory. It's moving things +around in its long-term what used to be +a disk memory. +um it's um changing its internal state +in various other ways. So this is +inevitable in generic systems uh because +generic systems +u exhibit non-trivial honomy because +they have big state spaces and more +complicated dynamics than what they +display on their boundaries. +So we can also represent these sort of +phase changes geometric phase changes as +reference frame changes. +So for example u go back to that picture +of a generic interaction that shows +operations on cubits by spin operators +each of which has a local reference +frame. +If the system undergoes some honomy +operation +uh that introduces a phase into a vector +that's transported to some new part of +the state space +and we think of what that does to these +reference frame vectors +um +that tell the spin operators what +they're doing. Then a general holomy +transform can modify a reference frame +and in that case the output of acting +with that operator is different. So if +the reference frame is up and you act on +something with spin up stays spin up. +But if I've tilted the reference frame +then what I do is rotate +um that cubit. So it when that cubit +gets measured by another system you're +going to get a different answer +and in fact this representation +of holom as reference frame change turns +out to be generic +and um I'm involved in another ongoing +paper that's trying to sort out um how +this works in general +and Again, it involves many different +literatures that don't communicate with +each other very much to put together a a +real understanding of how holomy change +relates to reference frame change +and it all turns out to couple to the +theory of error correcting codes and +hence the theory of emergent spacetime. +So this this issue of geometric phase +and reference frame change is is +actually very deep. But all we need to +know for for now is that if the system a +bar exhibits non-trivial honomy then how +it acts on on the boundary so that the +output that it produces its behavior +it's going to change um as honomy +operations move vectors around in its +state space. +So this is important um because when you +move reference frames around +you end up with uh behaviors that don't +commute. +So in particular uh this simple case of +spin operators +uh spin operators with different +reference frames don't commute. Acting +with up and then sideways is not the +same as acting with sideways and then +up. +And this has a an overall global +consequence. Whenever you have +non-commuting reference frames, +uh they generate non-causal context +dependence in the behavior of the +system. Uh and if you're you're making +measurements with non-commuting +reference frames, they generate +non-causal context dependence in your +measurement outcomes. +And in either case, the consequence of +that is that joint probability +distributions on the outcomes are +actually undefined. They violate the +Kagoro axioms. And this is this is what +is observed in systems that violate for +example Bell's inequality that exhibit +entanglement +uh systems that violate the leot +inequalities and so um exhibit what +looks like entanglement in time. +uh systems that violate the Coke and +Specker +uh theorem +uh which is essentially a restatement of +the conditions for entanglement. +Uh so exhibit context dependence +depending on different orders of of +observational +actions yield results that can't be +given an overall joint probability +distribution. So there's tons now of +experimental data that it demonstrates +this sort of +kagorov axiom violation by physical +systems +and I've put down here a reference to a +paper that talks about uh this +non-communing QRFs generating non-causal +context dependence in general. +So what does this mean? It means that +all of these interesting kinds of +behaviors are in fact generic. +And they're all generic for the same +reason. That they're all the result of +requiring that the behaving system is +separate from the system that's exhibit +that's observing its behavior. +Uh and that separability requirement as +we saw +uh induces this dimensionality +requirement that we have big systems +with small boundaries and so behavior +has much less dimensionality than the +computation that generates it. Whenever +that condition holds +uh then we see these sorts of +interesting behaviors +and that condition holds whenever we can +separate ourselves as observers from +whatever system it is we're observing. +So this tells us in fact +that intelligence is very diverse and in +fact interesting behavior is very +diverse. Um it also provides us with a +very general and strongly empirically +validated foundation for talking about +diverse intelligence i.e. quantum theory +and it tells us that intelligence and +persistent observability so separability +between the observer and the observed +uh go hand in hand. +uh if if a system is different from us, +we're observing it, then its behavior is +going to be interesting. +And we can make that interestingness go +away by coarse graining or averaging or +the common practice of throwing out +anything that looks anomalous, +but it's actually there. And if we look +carefully enough, we'll see it. +So that's it. Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/video.log b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/video.log new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1161df2e --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/video.log @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# yt-dlp log +# url: https://youtu.be/QeMajYvhEbI +# output: conductor/tracks/video_analysis_generic_systems_fields_20260621/artifacts/video.mp4 +# returncode: 0 + +stdout: +[youtube] Extracting URL: https://youtu.be/QeMajYvhEbI +[youtube] QeMajYvhEbI: Downloading webpage +[youtube] QeMajYvhEbI: Downloading android vr player API JSON +[info] QeMajYvhEbI: Downloading 1 format(s): 400+251 +[download] video.mp4.f400.mp4 +[download] video.mp4.f251.webm +[Merger] Merging formats into video.mp4 + +stderr: +WARNING: yt-dlp EJS not enabled; some formats may be missing.