From 593da355891e1b35418504eb52bbec17492f68ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed_ Date: Sun, 21 Jun 2026 22:54:26 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] conductor(free_lunches_levin): Phase 1 Acquire - transcript (1539 clean segments, 55KB) + 67MB mp4 --- .../artifacts/phase1.log | 11 + .../artifacts/transcript.json | 21366 ++++++++++++++++ .../artifacts/transcript_clean.txt | 1539 ++ .../artifacts/video.log | 16 + 4 files changed, 22932 insertions(+) create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt create mode 100644 conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/video.log diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log new file mode 100644 index 00000000..41dd47e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/phase1.log @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Phase 1 Acquire for free_lunches_levin: https://youtu.be/K8BmMU1Tm-I +Artifacts: C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621\artifacts +Step 1: extract_transcript (yt-dlp VTT directly) + OK: wrote C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621\artifacts\transcript.json (3040 segments) +Step 2: download_video + OK: wrote C:\projects\manual_slop\conductor\tracks\video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621\artifacts\video.mp4 (70353924 bytes) +{ + "status": "ok", + "video_path": "C:\\projects\\manual_slop\\conductor\\tracks\\video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621\\artifacts\\video.mp4", + "transcript_path": "C:\\projects\\manual_slop\\conductor\\tracks\\video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621\\artifacts\\transcript.json" +} diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..58789eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript.json @@ -0,0 +1,21366 @@ +{ + "video_id": "K8BmMU1Tm-I", + "segments": [ + { + "start": 2.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And<00:00:02.720> uh<00:00:02.800> much<00:00:03.040> of<00:00:03.160> what<00:00:03.280> I'm<00:00:03.360> going<00:00:03.560> to<00:00:03.640> tell" + }, + { + "start": 3.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And uh much of what I'm going to tell" + }, + { + "start": 3.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And uh much of what I'm going to tell you<00:00:03.920> today,<00:00:04.160> although<00:00:04.400> not<00:00:04.600> everything" + }, + { + "start": 4.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you today, although not everything" + }, + { + "start": 4.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you today, although not everything because<00:00:05.200> this<00:00:05.400> needs<00:00:05.640> to<00:00:05.720> be<00:00:05.960> significantly" + }, + { + "start": 6.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because this needs to be significantly" + }, + { + "start": 6.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because this needs to be significantly updated.<00:00:07.240> I<00:00:07.280> wrote<00:00:07.520> this<00:00:07.720> almost<00:00:08.040> a<00:00:08.080> year<00:00:08.280> ago," + }, + { + "start": 8.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "updated. I wrote this almost a year ago," + }, + { + "start": 8.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "updated. I wrote this almost a year ago, so<00:00:09.160> um<00:00:09.440> you<00:00:09.560> can<00:00:09.720> take<00:00:09.920> a<00:00:09.960> look<00:00:10.120> in<00:00:10.200> this<00:00:10.360> paper," + }, + { + "start": 10.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so um you can take a look in this paper," + }, + { + "start": 10.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so um you can take a look in this paper, but<00:00:10.760> I'm<00:00:10.840> going<00:00:10.960> to<00:00:11.040> upload<00:00:11.400> a<00:00:11.440> new<00:00:11.640> version" + }, + { + "start": 12.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but I'm going to upload a new version" + }, + { + "start": 12.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but I'm going to upload a new version probably<00:00:12.920> next<00:00:13.280> week.<00:00:13.960> So,<00:00:14.240> the<00:00:14.400> first<00:00:14.600> thing" + }, + { + "start": 14.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "probably next week. So, the first thing" + }, + { + "start": 14.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "probably next week. So, the first thing I<00:00:14.840> want<00:00:14.960> to<00:00:15.040> say<00:00:15.200> is<00:00:15.360> that<00:00:15.880> uh<00:00:16.320> I<00:00:16.440> run<00:00:17.040> a<00:00:17.320> a<00:00:17.440> wet" + }, + { + "start": 17.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I want to say is that uh I run a a wet" + }, + { + "start": 17.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I want to say is that uh I run a a wet lab.<00:00:18.160> Um" + }, + { + "start": 19.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab. Um" + }, + { + "start": 19.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab. Um we<00:00:19.200> do<00:00:19.360> experiments<00:00:19.920> at<00:00:20.040> the<00:00:20.120> intersection<00:00:20.720> of" + }, + { + "start": 21.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we do experiments at the intersection of" + }, + { + "start": 21.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we do experiments at the intersection of uh<00:00:21.360> biophysics,<00:00:22.080> computer<00:00:22.440> science,<00:00:22.840> and" + }, + { + "start": 22.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh biophysics, computer science, and" + }, + { + "start": 22.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh biophysics, computer science, and cognitive<00:00:23.360> science.<00:00:24.240> And<00:00:24.920> uh<00:00:25.240> what<00:00:25.560> I<00:00:25.760> what<00:00:25.920> I" + }, + { + "start": 25.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cognitive science. And uh what I what I" + }, + { + "start": 26.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cognitive science. And uh what I what I think<00:00:26.200> we<00:00:26.320> do,<00:00:27.080> you<00:00:27.160> know,<00:00:27.320> on<00:00:27.440> our<00:00:27.520> best<00:00:27.800> day," + }, + { + "start": 28.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think we do, you know, on our best day," + }, + { + "start": 28.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think we do, you know, on our best day, occasionally,<00:00:28.800> what<00:00:29.120> what<00:00:29.280> works<00:00:29.520> out,<00:00:30.080> is" + }, + { + "start": 30.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "occasionally, what what works out, is" + }, + { + "start": 30.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "occasionally, what what works out, is that<00:00:30.520> we<00:00:30.640> can<00:00:30.800> take<00:00:31.000> some<00:00:31.160> deep<00:00:31.400> ideas<00:00:32.160> from" + }, + { + "start": 32.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we can take some deep ideas from" + }, + { + "start": 32.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we can take some deep ideas from philosophy<00:00:33.080> and<00:00:33.240> actually<00:00:33.640> push<00:00:33.880> them<00:00:34.080> all" + }, + { + "start": 34.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophy and actually push them all" + }, + { + "start": 34.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophy and actually push them all the<00:00:34.320> way<00:00:34.440> through<00:00:34.680> practical<00:00:35.160> applications." + }, + { + "start": 36.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way through practical applications." + }, + { + "start": 36.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way through practical applications. So,<00:00:36.280> the<00:00:36.440> outputs<00:00:36.880> of<00:00:37.040> our<00:00:37.160> lab<00:00:37.440> are<00:00:37.560> things" + }, + { + "start": 37.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, the outputs of our lab are things" + }, + { + "start": 37.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, the outputs of our lab are things like<00:00:38.640> um" + }, + { + "start": 39.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like um" + }, + { + "start": 39.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like um discoveries<00:00:39.880> for<00:00:40.080> regenerative<00:00:40.600> medicine," + }, + { + "start": 41.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "discoveries for regenerative medicine," + }, + { + "start": 41.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "discoveries for regenerative medicine, birth<00:00:41.400> defects,<00:00:42.280> uh<00:00:42.360> organ<00:00:42.640> regeneration," + }, + { + "start": 43.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "birth defects, uh organ regeneration," + }, + { + "start": 43.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "birth defects, uh organ regeneration, cancer,<00:00:44.280> uh<00:00:44.520> AI,<00:00:44.920> bioengineering.<00:00:45.720> These<00:00:45.920> are" + }, + { + "start": 46.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cancer, uh AI, bioengineering. These are" + }, + { + "start": 46.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cancer, uh AI, bioengineering. These are These<00:00:46.280> are<00:00:46.360> things<00:00:46.640> that<00:00:46.800> that<00:00:46.960> come<00:00:47.160> out.<00:00:47.720> And" + }, + { + "start": 47.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "These are things that that come out. And" + }, + { + "start": 47.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "These are things that that come out. And so,<00:00:48.200> everything<00:00:48.640> that<00:00:48.760> I'm<00:00:48.840> going<00:00:49.040> to<00:00:49.120> tell" + }, + { + "start": 49.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so, everything that I'm going to tell" + }, + { + "start": 49.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so, everything that I'm going to tell you<00:00:49.520> is<00:00:49.800> aimed<00:00:50.480> at<00:00:51.120> uh<00:00:51.200> experiment<00:00:51.960> and" + }, + { + "start": 52.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you is aimed at uh experiment and" + }, + { + "start": 52.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you is aimed at uh experiment and application.<00:00:52.800> The<00:00:52.920> idea<00:00:53.280> is<00:00:53.520> that<00:00:53.960> we<00:00:54.120> have<00:00:54.360> to" + }, + { + "start": 54.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "application. The idea is that we have to" + }, + { + "start": 54.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "application. The idea is that we have to have<00:00:54.640> new<00:00:54.840> research<00:00:55.280> programs.<00:00:55.840> That<00:00:56.000> is" + }, + { + "start": 56.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have new research programs. That is" + }, + { + "start": 56.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have new research programs. That is everything.<00:00:56.640> And<00:00:56.760> so,<00:00:57.160> so<00:00:57.480> um<00:00:57.600> someone<00:00:57.960> asked" + }, + { + "start": 58.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything. And so, so um someone asked" + }, + { + "start": 58.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything. And so, so um someone asked um<00:00:58.640> a<00:00:58.680> moment<00:00:59.040> ago<00:00:59.240> around" + }, + { + "start": 60.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um a moment ago around" + }, + { + "start": 60.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um a moment ago around you<00:01:00.400> know,<00:01:00.520> whether<00:01:00.720> these<00:01:00.920> things<00:01:01.120> have<00:01:01.280> to" + }, + { + "start": 61.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, whether these things have to" + }, + { + "start": 61.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, whether these things have to make<00:01:01.640> make<00:01:01.880> contact<00:01:02.360> with<00:01:02.560> with<00:01:02.720> predictive" + }, + { + "start": 63.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make make contact with with predictive" + }, + { + "start": 63.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make make contact with with predictive experiments.<00:01:03.920> Absolutely<00:01:04.519> not.<00:01:04.760> Not<00:01:05.000> only<00:01:05.440> to" + }, + { + "start": 65.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments. Absolutely not. Not only to" + }, + { + "start": 65.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments. Absolutely not. Not only to explain<00:01:06.160> things<00:01:06.400> that<00:01:06.800> people<00:01:07.080> have<00:01:07.240> already" + }, + { + "start": 67.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "explain things that people have already" + }, + { + "start": 67.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "explain things that people have already seen,<00:01:08.320> but<00:01:08.440> actually<00:01:08.800> to<00:01:08.920> give<00:01:09.120> rise<00:01:09.400> to<00:01:09.520> new" + }, + { + "start": 69.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "seen, but actually to give rise to new" + }, + { + "start": 69.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "seen, but actually to give rise to new research<00:01:10.360> programs.<00:01:10.840> That<00:01:11.000> I<00:01:11.040> think<00:01:11.240> is" + }, + { + "start": 71.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research programs. That I think is" + }, + { + "start": 71.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research programs. That I think is absolutely<00:01:11.880> critical.<00:01:12.280> Not<00:01:12.440> just<00:01:12.600> looking" + }, + { + "start": 72.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely critical. Not just looking" + }, + { + "start": 72.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely critical. Not just looking backwards,<00:01:13.840> because<00:01:14.360> looking<00:01:14.640> backwards<00:01:15.080> you" + }, + { + "start": 75.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "backwards, because looking backwards you" + }, + { + "start": 75.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "backwards, because looking backwards you can<00:01:15.400> epicycle<00:01:16.040> almost<00:01:16.400> anything<00:01:16.760> into<00:01:17.080> a" + }, + { + "start": 77.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can epicycle almost anything into a" + }, + { + "start": 77.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can epicycle almost anything into a conventional<00:01:17.680> paradigm.<00:01:18.320> The<00:01:18.400> question<00:01:18.760> is," + }, + { + "start": 78.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conventional paradigm. The question is," + }, + { + "start": 78.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conventional paradigm. The question is, does<00:01:19.120> it<00:01:19.440> does<00:01:19.640> it<00:01:19.880> lead<00:01:20.240> you<00:01:20.360> to<00:01:20.480> do<00:01:20.640> new" + }, + { + "start": 80.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does it does it lead you to do new" + }, + { + "start": 80.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does it does it lead you to do new experiments<00:01:21.520> and<00:01:21.720> find<00:01:22.000> new<00:01:22.080> things<00:01:22.440> with<00:01:22.640> new" + }, + { + "start": 82.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments and find new things with new" + }, + { + "start": 82.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments and find new things with new applications?<00:01:23.800> So,<00:01:23.960> that<00:01:24.280> that<00:01:24.480> is<00:01:24.840> kind<00:01:25.080> of" + }, + { + "start": 85.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "applications? So, that that is kind of" + }, + { + "start": 85.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "applications? So, that that is kind of uh<00:01:25.880> the<00:01:26.160> the<00:01:26.320> good<00:01:26.520> news<00:01:26.720> is<00:01:26.800> that<00:01:26.920> I'm<00:01:27.000> going" + }, + { + "start": 87.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the the good news is that I'm going" + }, + { + "start": 87.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the the good news is that I'm going to<00:01:27.240> show<00:01:27.400> you<00:01:27.520> lots<00:01:27.800> of<00:01:28.000> lots<00:01:28.240> of<00:01:28.320> experiments" + }, + { + "start": 88.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to show you lots of lots of experiments" + }, + { + "start": 89.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to show you lots of lots of experiments and<00:01:29.440> um<00:01:29.480> lots<00:01:29.760> of<00:01:30.040> model<00:01:30.400> systems<00:01:30.840> for" + }, + { + "start": 91.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um lots of model systems for" + }, + { + "start": 91.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and um lots of model systems for studying<00:01:31.520> these<00:01:31.720> questions.<00:01:32.520> The<00:01:32.600> bad<00:01:32.840> news" + }, + { + "start": 93.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "studying these questions. The bad news" + }, + { + "start": 93.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "studying these questions. The bad news that<00:01:33.240> it<00:01:33.360> prevents<00:01:33.720> me<00:01:33.880> from<00:01:34.080> saying<00:01:34.400> some" + }, + { + "start": 94.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it prevents me from saying some" + }, + { + "start": 94.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it prevents me from saying some very<00:01:35.080> sort<00:01:35.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 95.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very sort of" + }, + { + "start": 95.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very sort of you<00:01:36.080> know,<00:01:36.520> cosmic<00:01:37.160> kinds<00:01:37.400> of<00:01:37.480> things<00:01:37.720> that" + }, + { + "start": 97.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, cosmic kinds of things that" + }, + { + "start": 97.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, cosmic kinds of things that people<00:01:38.120> often<00:01:38.400> ask<00:01:38.680> me<00:01:38.760> about,<00:01:39.280> and<00:01:39.400> I" + }, + { + "start": 99.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people often ask me about, and I" + }, + { + "start": 99.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people often ask me about, and I typically<00:01:39.880> don't<00:01:40.160> talk<00:01:40.360> about<00:01:40.600> those<00:01:40.800> things" + }, + { + "start": 101.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "typically don't talk about those things" + }, + { + "start": 101.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "typically don't talk about those things because<00:01:41.320> unless<00:01:41.640> we<00:01:41.760> have<00:01:42.320> either<00:01:42.600> data<00:01:43.000> or<00:01:43.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 103.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because unless we have either data or a" + }, + { + "start": 103.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because unless we have either data or a way<00:01:43.560> a<00:01:43.640> way<00:01:43.880> to<00:01:44.040> address<00:01:44.360> them" + }, + { + "start": 104.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "way a way to address them" + }, + { + "start": 104.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "way a way to address them experimentally,<00:01:45.280> I<00:01:45.520> I<00:01:45.800> you<00:01:45.920> know,<00:01:46.080> I<00:01:46.280> I<00:01:46.320> don't" + }, + { + "start": 106.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experimentally, I I you know, I I don't" + }, + { + "start": 106.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experimentally, I I you know, I I don't talk<00:01:46.720> about<00:01:46.920> it<00:01:47.040> in<00:01:47.120> public.<00:01:47.960> So," + }, + { + "start": 108.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk about it in public. So," + }, + { + "start": 108.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk about it in public. So, uh<00:01:49.080> one<00:01:49.280> of<00:01:49.360> the<00:01:49.440> things<00:01:49.760> that<00:01:50.160> that<00:01:50.320> people" + }, + { + "start": 110.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh one of the things that that people" + }, + { + "start": 110.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh one of the things that that people sometimes<00:01:51.040> say<00:01:51.160> we<00:01:51.280> do<00:01:51.560> is<00:01:51.800> bioinspired" + }, + { + "start": 112.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes say we do is bioinspired" + }, + { + "start": 112.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes say we do is bioinspired engineering.<00:01:53.840> Now,<00:01:53.960> the<00:01:54.080> way<00:01:54.760> typically" + }, + { + "start": 115.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering. Now, the way typically" + }, + { + "start": 115.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering. Now, the way typically people<00:01:55.560> think<00:01:55.760> of<00:01:55.880> bioinspired<00:01:56.600> is<00:01:56.720> that<00:01:56.880> they" + }, + { + "start": 117.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people think of bioinspired is that they" + }, + { + "start": 117.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people think of bioinspired is that they take<00:01:57.240> things<00:01:57.480> the<00:01:57.560> biology<00:01:58.080> is<00:01:58.200> doing<00:01:58.480> and" + }, + { + "start": 118.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take things the biology is doing and" + }, + { + "start": 118.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take things the biology is doing and then<00:01:58.680> they<00:01:58.800> try<00:01:59.000> to<00:01:59.200> make<00:01:59.440> technology,<00:02:00.120> for" + }, + { + "start": 120.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then they try to make technology, for" + }, + { + "start": 120.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "then they try to make technology, for example,<00:02:00.760> AI<00:02:01.400> that's<00:02:01.600> going<00:02:01.760> to<00:02:01.880> use<00:02:02.080> those" + }, + { + "start": 122.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, AI that's going to use those" + }, + { + "start": 122.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, AI that's going to use those principles.<00:02:03.120> I<00:02:03.200> actually<00:02:03.600> think<00:02:03.800> that<00:02:04.160> it" + }, + { + "start": 124.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principles. I actually think that it" + }, + { + "start": 124.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "principles. I actually think that it looks<00:02:04.560> something<00:02:04.880> like<00:02:05.080> this.<00:02:05.280> Actually," + }, + { + "start": 125.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks something like this. Actually," + }, + { + "start": 125.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks something like this. Actually, bioinspired<00:02:06.560> doesn't<00:02:06.840> mean<00:02:07.040> you<00:02:07.120> take" + }, + { + "start": 127.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bioinspired doesn't mean you take" + }, + { + "start": 127.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bioinspired doesn't mean you take inspiration<00:02:07.920> from<00:02:08.080> biology.<00:02:09.080> Bioinspired<00:02:09.759> to" + }, + { + "start": 129.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspiration from biology. Bioinspired to" + }, + { + "start": 129.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspiration from biology. Bioinspired to me<00:02:10.320> is<00:02:10.600> figuring<00:02:11.000> out<00:02:11.200> what<00:02:11.320> is<00:02:11.440> the<00:02:11.560> biology" + }, + { + "start": 132.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "me is figuring out what is the biology" + }, + { + "start": 132.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "me is figuring out what is the biology inspired<00:02:12.720> by<00:02:13.320> and<00:02:13.520> thus<00:02:13.800> what<00:02:13.959> is<00:02:14.080> the" + }, + { + "start": 134.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspired by and thus what is the" + }, + { + "start": 134.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspired by and thus what is the engineering<00:02:14.840> going<00:02:15.080> to<00:02:15.160> be<00:02:15.280> inspired<00:02:15.720> by.<00:02:15.840> So" + }, + { + "start": 135.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering going to be inspired by. So" + }, + { + "start": 135.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering going to be inspired by. So these<00:02:16.120> things<00:02:16.320> are<00:02:16.440> lateral<00:02:17.120> and<00:02:17.240> so<00:02:17.360> now" + }, + { + "start": 137.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things are lateral and so now" + }, + { + "start": 137.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things are lateral and so now here's<00:02:17.760> the<00:02:17.840> question,<00:02:18.280> what<00:02:18.560> what<00:02:18.760> is<00:02:18.880> it" + }, + { + "start": 138.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's the question, what what is it" + }, + { + "start": 139.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's the question, what what is it inspired<00:02:19.440> by?<00:02:19.560> So<00:02:19.680> I'm<00:02:19.800> going<00:02:20.000> to<00:02:20.400> try<00:02:20.560> to<00:02:20.680> tell" + }, + { + "start": 140.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspired by? So I'm going to try to tell" + }, + { + "start": 140.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspired by? So I'm going to try to tell you<00:02:21.560> what<00:02:21.880> I<00:02:21.959> think<00:02:22.160> at<00:02:22.240> this<00:02:22.440> moment.<00:02:22.760> So<00:02:23.000> so<00:02:23.160> a" + }, + { + "start": 143.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you what I think at this moment. So so a" + }, + { + "start": 143.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you what I think at this moment. So so a summary<00:02:23.680> of<00:02:23.760> the<00:02:23.840> whole<00:02:24.000> thing<00:02:24.200> goes<00:02:24.400> like" + }, + { + "start": 144.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "summary of the whole thing goes like" + }, + { + "start": 144.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "summary of the whole thing goes like this.<00:02:24.920> Um" + }, + { + "start": 145.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. Um" + }, + { + "start": 145.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. Um I'm<00:02:25.840> going<00:02:26.000> to<00:02:26.120> first" + }, + { + "start": 147.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm going to first" + }, + { + "start": 147.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm going to first argue<00:02:27.640> that<00:02:28.160> patterns,<00:02:28.920> in<00:02:29.080> particular" + }, + { + "start": 149.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "argue that patterns, in particular" + }, + { + "start": 149.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "argue that patterns, in particular patterns<00:02:30.040> of<00:02:30.520> form,<00:02:31.280> patterns<00:02:31.760> of<00:02:31.880> behavior," + }, + { + "start": 152.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns of form, patterns of behavior," + }, + { + "start": 152.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns of form, patterns of behavior, patterns<00:02:32.920> of<00:02:33.040> physiology,<00:02:33.800> patterns<00:02:34.200> of" + }, + { + "start": 154.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns of physiology, patterns of" + }, + { + "start": 154.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns of physiology, patterns of computation,<00:02:35.720> all<00:02:35.959> kinds<00:02:36.280> of<00:02:36.400> things<00:02:36.880> are" + }, + { + "start": 157.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation, all kinds of things are" + }, + { + "start": 157.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation, all kinds of things are actually<00:02:37.640> part<00:02:37.880> of<00:02:37.959> the<00:02:38.080> same<00:02:38.360> they're" + }, + { + "start": 158.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually part of the same they're" + }, + { + "start": 158.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually part of the same they're they're<00:02:38.840> kind<00:02:39.040> they're<00:02:39.200> the<00:02:39.280> same<00:02:39.520> thing.<00:02:39.880> So" + }, + { + "start": 160.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're kind they're the same thing. So" + }, + { + "start": 160.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're kind they're the same thing. So so<00:02:40.480> so<00:02:40.840> morphogenesis<00:02:41.760> and<00:02:41.920> behavior<00:02:42.360> in" + }, + { + "start": 162.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so so morphogenesis and behavior in" + }, + { + "start": 162.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so so morphogenesis and behavior in three-dimensional<00:02:43.080> space<00:02:43.360> are<00:02:43.440> not" + }, + { + "start": 163.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space are not" + }, + { + "start": 163.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space are not different.<00:02:44.520> They<00:02:44.720> are<00:02:45.000> they<00:02:45.160> are<00:02:45.280> just<00:02:45.959> just" + }, + { + "start": 166.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different. They are they are just just" + }, + { + "start": 166.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different. They are they are just just different<00:02:46.440> aspects<00:02:47.000> of<00:02:47.760> of<00:02:48.000> of<00:02:48.120> different" + }, + { + "start": 168.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different aspects of of of different" + }, + { + "start": 168.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different aspects of of of different kinds<00:02:48.640> of<00:02:48.760> patterns<00:02:49.320> and<00:02:49.920> I<00:02:50.000> think<00:02:50.200> it's<00:02:50.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 170.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinds of patterns and I think it's a" + }, + { + "start": 170.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinds of patterns and I think it's a critical<00:02:50.760> invariant<00:02:51.560> that<00:02:51.959> goes<00:02:52.200> across" + }, + { + "start": 172.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "critical invariant that goes across" + }, + { + "start": 172.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "critical invariant that goes across biology,<00:02:53.160> cognitive<00:02:53.560> science,<00:02:53.880> and<00:02:54.000> many" + }, + { + "start": 174.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology, cognitive science, and many" + }, + { + "start": 174.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology, cognitive science, and many other<00:02:54.680> disciplines." + }, + { + "start": 175.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other disciplines." + }, + { + "start": 175.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other disciplines. Now,<00:02:56.040> we're<00:02:56.280> interested<00:02:56.760> in<00:02:56.840> knowing<00:02:57.120> what" + }, + { + "start": 177.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, we're interested in knowing what" + }, + { + "start": 177.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, we're interested in knowing what determines<00:02:57.959> these<00:02:58.200> patterns.<00:02:58.680> Where<00:02:58.840> do<00:02:58.959> they" + }, + { + "start": 179.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determines these patterns. Where do they" + }, + { + "start": 179.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "determines these patterns. Where do they quote-unquote<00:02:59.640> come<00:02:59.840> from?<00:03:00.320> I'm<00:03:00.440> going<00:03:00.600> to" + }, + { + "start": 180.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quote-unquote come from? I'm going to" + }, + { + "start": 180.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quote-unquote come from? I'm going to address<00:03:01.040> this,<00:03:01.440> but<00:03:01.959> I<00:03:02.080> will<00:03:02.239> tell<00:03:02.440> you<00:03:02.519> right" + }, + { + "start": 182.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "address this, but I will tell you right" + }, + { + "start": 182.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "address this, but I will tell you right now<00:03:02.880> that<00:03:03.040> I<00:03:03.080> think<00:03:03.320> select<00:03:04.000> selection<00:03:04.519> and" + }, + { + "start": 184.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now that I think select selection and" + }, + { + "start": 184.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now that I think select selection and environment<00:03:05.440> or<00:03:05.920> history,<00:03:06.760> you<00:03:06.880> know," + }, + { + "start": 186.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment or history, you know," + }, + { + "start": 187.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment or history, you know, biology<00:03:07.760> and<00:03:08.239> physics<00:03:08.640> are<00:03:08.760> not<00:03:09.120> sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 189.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology and physics are not sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 189.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology and physics are not sufficient to<00:03:09.720> answer<00:03:10.000> this<00:03:10.160> question." + }, + { + "start": 191.229, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to answer this question." + }, + { + "start": 191.239, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to answer this question. I'm<00:03:11.400> also<00:03:11.600> going<00:03:11.800> to<00:03:11.920> say<00:03:12.080> that<00:03:12.600> physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 193.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm also going to say that physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 193.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm also going to say that physicalism has<00:03:13.280> been<00:03:13.440> dead<00:03:13.720> for<00:03:13.840> a<00:03:13.880> long<00:03:14.080> time." + }, + { + "start": 194.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has been dead for a long time." + }, + { + "start": 195.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has been dead for a long time. Mostly<00:03:15.519> we<00:03:15.640> knew<00:03:15.880> this<00:03:16.120> because<00:03:16.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 196.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Mostly we knew this because of" + }, + { + "start": 196.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Mostly we knew this because of mathematics<00:03:17.560> and<00:03:17.959> I<00:03:18.040> think<00:03:18.239> you<00:03:18.320> know," + }, + { + "start": 198.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics and I think you know," + }, + { + "start": 198.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics and I think you know, Pythagoras<00:03:19.040> and<00:03:19.120> probably<00:03:19.800> long<00:03:20.040> before<00:03:20.400> was" + }, + { + "start": 200.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pythagoras and probably long before was" + }, + { + "start": 200.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pythagoras and probably long before was already<00:03:20.800> aware<00:03:21.040> of<00:03:21.120> this,<00:03:21.560> but<00:03:21.640> it's<00:03:21.720> not<00:03:21.880> just" + }, + { + "start": 202.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already aware of this, but it's not just" + }, + { + "start": 202.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already aware of this, but it's not just about<00:03:22.320> that.<00:03:22.760> My<00:03:22.880> hypothesis<00:03:23.519> is<00:03:23.680> that<00:03:23.880> this" + }, + { + "start": 204.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about that. My hypothesis is that this" + }, + { + "start": 204.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about that. My hypothesis is that this latent<00:03:24.360> space<00:03:24.680> that<00:03:24.800> we're<00:03:24.920> going<00:03:25.080> to<00:03:25.200> talk" + }, + { + "start": 205.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "latent space that we're going to talk" + }, + { + "start": 205.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "latent space that we're going to talk about<00:03:25.959> contains<00:03:26.400> a<00:03:26.480> very<00:03:26.720> wide<00:03:27.080> range<00:03:27.400> of" + }, + { + "start": 207.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about contains a very wide range of" + }, + { + "start": 207.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about contains a very wide range of patterns<00:03:28.040> that<00:03:28.400> include<00:03:29.000> the<00:03:29.080> kinds<00:03:29.440> of" + }, + { + "start": 209.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns that include the kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 209.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns that include the kinds of things<00:03:29.920> mathematicians<00:03:30.600> study,<00:03:31.239> but<00:03:31.400> also" + }, + { + "start": 212.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things mathematicians study, but also" + }, + { + "start": 212.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things mathematicians study, but also highly<00:03:32.519> active,<00:03:33.120> complex,<00:03:33.720> high<00:03:33.920> agency" + }, + { + "start": 214.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "highly active, complex, high agency" + }, + { + "start": 214.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "highly active, complex, high agency patterns<00:03:34.920> that<00:03:35.120> the<00:03:35.239> behavior<00:03:35.680> scientists" + }, + { + "start": 216.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns that the behavior scientists" + }, + { + "start": 216.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns that the behavior scientists would<00:03:36.320> recognize<00:03:36.920> as<00:03:37.080> kinds<00:03:37.480> of<00:03:37.640> minds." + }, + { + "start": 218.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "would recognize as kinds of minds." + }, + { + "start": 218.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "would recognize as kinds of minds. Now,<00:03:39.840> the<00:03:40.000> reason<00:03:40.280> I<00:03:40.360> didn't<00:03:40.720> talk<00:03:40.920> about<00:03:41.120> this" + }, + { + "start": 221.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, the reason I didn't talk about this" + }, + { + "start": 221.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, the reason I didn't talk about this prior<00:03:41.600> to<00:03:41.840> 2025<00:03:42.600> is<00:03:42.720> that<00:03:43.120> we<00:03:43.239> didn't<00:03:43.440> have<00:03:43.519> a" + }, + { + "start": 223.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "prior to 2025 is that we didn't have a" + }, + { + "start": 223.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "prior to 2025 is that we didn't have a research<00:03:43.959> program<00:03:44.239> for<00:03:44.440> it.<00:03:44.760> You<00:03:44.840> know,<00:03:44.959> lots" + }, + { + "start": 225.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research program for it. You know, lots" + }, + { + "start": 225.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research program for it. You know, lots of<00:03:45.720> um" + }, + { + "start": 226.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of um" + }, + { + "start": 226.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of um as<00:03:46.480> was<00:03:46.640> just<00:03:46.840> said,<00:03:47.160> you<00:03:47.280> know,<00:03:47.400> lots<00:03:47.680> of" + }, + { + "start": 228.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as was just said, you know, lots of" + }, + { + "start": 228.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as was just said, you know, lots of kind<00:03:48.760> of<00:03:49.040> deep<00:03:49.280> thinkers<00:03:49.640> over<00:03:49.880> the<00:03:50.000> the<00:03:50.400> have" + }, + { + "start": 230.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of deep thinkers over the the have" + }, + { + "start": 230.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of deep thinkers over the the have said" + }, + { + "start": 231.509, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "said" + }, + { + "start": 231.519, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "said vaguely<00:03:51.920> things<00:03:52.239> like<00:03:52.520> this,<00:03:53.280> but<00:03:53.520> but<00:03:53.640> that's" + }, + { + "start": 233.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "vaguely things like this, but but that's" + }, + { + "start": 233.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "vaguely things like this, but but that's different<00:03:54.200> from<00:03:54.360> having<00:03:54.600> a<00:03:54.640> research<00:03:55.040> program" + }, + { + "start": 235.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different from having a research program" + }, + { + "start": 235.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different from having a research program to<00:03:55.440> actually<00:03:55.760> do<00:03:56.040> do<00:03:56.160> experiments.<00:03:56.720> And<00:03:56.840> now" + }, + { + "start": 237.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to actually do do experiments. And now" + }, + { + "start": 237.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to actually do do experiments. And now we<00:03:57.280> do.<00:03:57.480> We<00:03:57.640> now<00:03:57.840> have<00:03:58.120> model<00:03:58.480> systems,<00:03:58.920> which" + }, + { + "start": 239.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we do. We now have model systems, which" + }, + { + "start": 239.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we do. We now have model systems, which I'll<00:03:59.200> describe<00:03:59.600> to<00:03:59.680> you,<00:04:00.200> where<00:04:00.840> we<00:04:00.960> can" + }, + { + "start": 241.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'll describe to you, where we can" + }, + { + "start": 241.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'll describe to you, where we can actually<00:04:01.720> quantify<00:04:02.680> identify<00:04:03.200> and<00:04:03.360> quantify" + }, + { + "start": 243.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually quantify identify and quantify" + }, + { + "start": 243.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually quantify identify and quantify ways<00:04:04.560> in<00:04:04.720> which<00:04:05.320> our<00:04:05.600> current<00:04:06.080> frameworks<00:04:06.520> are" + }, + { + "start": 246.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ways in which our current frameworks are" + }, + { + "start": 246.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ways in which our current frameworks are broken.<00:04:07.200> In<00:04:07.360> particular,<00:04:08.160> what's<00:04:08.400> broken<00:04:08.760> is" + }, + { + "start": 248.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "broken. In particular, what's broken is" + }, + { + "start": 248.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "broken. In particular, what's broken is our<00:04:09.080> accounting<00:04:10.080> of<00:04:10.280> the<00:04:10.480> effort<00:04:10.840> we<00:04:10.959> put<00:04:11.200> in" + }, + { + "start": 251.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "our accounting of the effort we put in" + }, + { + "start": 251.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "our accounting of the effort we put in and<00:04:11.680> what<00:04:11.800> we<00:04:11.959> get<00:04:12.160> out.<00:04:12.640> What<00:04:12.800> we<00:04:12.880> get<00:04:13.080> out<00:04:13.440> is" + }, + { + "start": 253.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what we get out. What we get out is" + }, + { + "start": 253.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what we get out. What we get out is often<00:04:14.080> much<00:04:14.320> more<00:04:14.560> than<00:04:14.720> what<00:04:14.840> we've<00:04:15.040> put<00:04:15.200> in." + }, + { + "start": 255.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "often much more than what we've put in." + }, + { + "start": 255.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "often much more than what we've put in. The<00:04:15.720> delta,<00:04:16.079> the<00:04:16.200> difference<00:04:16.640> there," + }, + { + "start": 257.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The delta, the difference there," + }, + { + "start": 257.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The delta, the difference there, is<00:04:17.799> what<00:04:17.959> you<00:04:18.040> can<00:04:18.239> call<00:04:18.480> free<00:04:18.720> lunches<00:04:19.160> in<00:04:19.280> the" + }, + { + "start": 259.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is what you can call free lunches in the" + }, + { + "start": 259.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is what you can call free lunches in the physicist<00:04:20.160> sense,<00:04:20.519> tells<00:04:20.799> us<00:04:21.640> about<00:04:21.959> the" + }, + { + "start": 262.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physicist sense, tells us about the" + }, + { + "start": 262.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physicist sense, tells us about the space<00:04:23.000> the<00:04:23.200> structure<00:04:23.680> latent<00:04:24.040> space<00:04:24.360> from" + }, + { + "start": 264.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space the structure latent space from" + }, + { + "start": 264.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space the structure latent space from which<00:04:24.800> these<00:04:25.040> things<00:04:25.280> come,<00:04:25.919> and<00:04:26.480> and<00:04:26.600> we<00:04:26.720> can" + }, + { + "start": 266.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which these things come, and and we can" + }, + { + "start": 266.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which these things come, and and we can now<00:04:27.080> do<00:04:27.240> experiments<00:04:27.800> to<00:04:27.919> find<00:04:28.200> out<00:04:28.440> why<00:04:28.760> it" + }, + { + "start": 268.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now do experiments to find out why it" + }, + { + "start": 268.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now do experiments to find out why it comes<00:04:29.120> into<00:04:29.400> certain<00:04:29.720> physical<00:04:30.120> interfaces" + }, + { + "start": 271.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "comes into certain physical interfaces" + }, + { + "start": 271.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "comes into certain physical interfaces and<00:04:31.200> not<00:04:31.400> others.<00:04:31.680> Well,<00:04:31.760> actually<00:04:32.120> all<00:04:32.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 272.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and not others. Well, actually all of" + }, + { + "start": 272.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and not others. Well, actually all of them,<00:04:32.480> but<00:04:32.840> but<00:04:32.960> in<00:04:33.080> different<00:04:33.440> ways." + }, + { + "start": 274.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "them, but but in different ways." + }, + { + "start": 274.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "them, but but in different ways. So," + }, + { + "start": 275.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So," + }, + { + "start": 275.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, I'm<00:04:35.600> also<00:04:35.840> going<00:04:35.960> to<00:04:36.040> argue<00:04:36.240> at<00:04:36.360> the<00:04:36.440> end<00:04:36.600> that" + }, + { + "start": 276.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm also going to argue at the end that" + }, + { + "start": 277.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm also going to argue at the end that that<00:04:37.680> we<00:04:37.880> we<00:04:38.080> we<00:04:38.200> do<00:04:38.400> receive<00:04:39.080> so-called" + }, + { + "start": 279.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we we we do receive so-called" + }, + { + "start": 279.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we we we do receive so-called inspirations<00:04:40.320> from<00:04:40.480> that<00:04:40.680> scale<00:04:41.200> from<00:04:41.360> that" + }, + { + "start": 281.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspirations from that scale from that" + }, + { + "start": 281.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inspirations from that scale from that space<00:04:42.280> across<00:04:42.680> scales.<00:04:43.080> So,<00:04:43.320> so<00:04:43.760> your" + }, + { + "start": 283.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space across scales. So, so your" + }, + { + "start": 283.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space across scales. So, so your molecular<00:04:44.360> networks<00:04:44.840> get<00:04:45.000> them,<00:04:45.200> your<00:04:45.400> cells" + }, + { + "start": 285.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "molecular networks get them, your cells" + }, + { + "start": 285.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "molecular networks get them, your cells get<00:04:45.960> them,<00:04:46.120> tissues,<00:04:46.520> organs.<00:04:46.880> They<00:04:47.160> we<00:04:47.280> all" + }, + { + "start": 287.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "get them, tissues, organs. They we all" + }, + { + "start": 287.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "get them, tissues, organs. They we all got<00:04:47.600> them.<00:04:48.160> But<00:04:48.320> but<00:04:48.560> but<00:04:48.760> don't<00:04:48.960> get<00:04:49.200> to<00:04:49.360> don't" + }, + { + "start": 289.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "got them. But but but don't get to don't" + }, + { + "start": 289.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "got them. But but but don't get to don't don't<00:04:49.880> don't<00:04:50.120> don't<00:04:50.320> feel<00:04:50.480> too<00:04:50.640> proud<00:04:50.840> of" + }, + { + "start": 290.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't don't don't feel too proud of" + }, + { + "start": 290.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't don't don't feel too proud of yourselves<00:04:51.240> because<00:04:51.520> the<00:04:51.600> quote-unquote" + }, + { + "start": 292.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "yourselves because the quote-unquote" + }, + { + "start": 292.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "yourselves because the quote-unquote machines<00:04:52.880> get<00:04:53.040> them,<00:04:53.200> too.<00:04:53.720> This<00:04:53.919> is<00:04:54.240> this<00:04:54.480> is" + }, + { + "start": 295.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines get them, too. This is this is" + }, + { + "start": 295.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines get them, too. This is this is what<00:04:55.440> whatever<00:04:55.720> this<00:04:55.919> is" + }, + { + "start": 296.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what whatever this is" + }, + { + "start": 296.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what whatever this is basically<00:04:57.360> soaks<00:04:57.640> into<00:04:57.840> absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 298.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically soaks into absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 298.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically soaks into absolutely everything<00:04:58.680> as<00:04:58.800> far<00:04:58.919> as<00:04:59.040> I<00:04:59.120> can<00:04:59.240> tell.<00:04:59.960> And" + }, + { + "start": 300.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything as far as I can tell. And" + }, + { + "start": 300.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything as far as I can tell. And finally,<00:05:01.120> and<00:05:01.320> I<00:05:01.360> won't<00:05:01.560> have<00:05:01.760> time<00:05:02.000> to<00:05:02.080> talk" + }, + { + "start": 302.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finally, and I won't have time to talk" + }, + { + "start": 302.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "finally, and I won't have time to talk about<00:05:02.520> too<00:05:02.640> much,<00:05:03.160> but<00:05:03.360> but<00:05:03.560> but<00:05:03.720> we<00:05:03.840> can<00:05:04.040> talk" + }, + { + "start": 304.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about too much, but but but we can talk" + }, + { + "start": 304.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about too much, but but but we can talk in<00:05:04.400> the<00:05:04.480> Q&A.<00:05:05.120> I<00:05:05.200> don't<00:05:05.440> think<00:05:05.640> we<00:05:05.760> are" + }, + { + "start": 305.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in the Q&A. I don't think we are" + }, + { + "start": 305.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in the Q&A. I don't think we are physical<00:05:06.320> beings<00:05:06.680> that<00:05:06.800> occasionally<00:05:07.360> get" + }, + { + "start": 307.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical beings that occasionally get" + }, + { + "start": 307.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical beings that occasionally get affected<00:05:07.960> by<00:05:08.080> patterns<00:05:08.560> from<00:05:08.680> the<00:05:08.800> space.<00:05:09.600> I<00:05:09.720> I" + }, + { + "start": 310.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "affected by patterns from the space. I I" + }, + { + "start": 310.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "affected by patterns from the space. I I I<00:05:10.120> think<00:05:10.360> we<00:05:10.520> are<00:05:10.680> patterns.<00:05:11.120> We<00:05:11.280> we<00:05:11.440> are<00:05:11.600> the" + }, + { + "start": 311.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I think we are patterns. We we are the" + }, + { + "start": 311.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I think we are patterns. We we are the patterns<00:05:12.160> looking<00:05:12.480> out<00:05:12.720> into<00:05:13.080> a<00:05:13.680> into<00:05:13.919> a" + }, + { + "start": 313.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns looking out into a into a" + }, + { + "start": 314.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns looking out into a into a physical<00:05:14.400> interface." + }, + { + "start": 315.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical interface." + }, + { + "start": 315.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical interface. So,<00:05:15.919> so<00:05:16.480> one<00:05:16.640> thing<00:05:16.840> that's<00:05:17.600> that's" + }, + { + "start": 317.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, so one thing that's that's" + }, + { + "start": 317.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, so one thing that's that's interesting<00:05:18.560> about<00:05:18.960> all<00:05:19.120> of<00:05:19.160> these<00:05:19.320> kinds<00:05:19.520> of" + }, + { + "start": 319.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting about all of these kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 319.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting about all of these kinds of questions<00:05:19.960> that<00:05:20.040> we're<00:05:20.200> asking<00:05:21.000> is<00:05:21.120> that<00:05:21.280> we" + }, + { + "start": 321.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "questions that we're asking is that we" + }, + { + "start": 321.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "questions that we're asking is that we can<00:05:21.560> start<00:05:21.919> to" + }, + { + "start": 324.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "delete" + }, + { + "start": 325.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "delete" + }, + { + "start": 325.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "delete certain<00:05:26.360> sharp<00:05:26.840> categories<00:05:27.520> that<00:05:27.640> have<00:05:27.760> been" + }, + { + "start": 327.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "certain sharp categories that have been" + }, + { + "start": 327.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "certain sharp categories that have been with<00:05:28.040> us<00:05:28.160> for<00:05:28.280> a<00:05:28.320> long<00:05:28.560> time,<00:05:28.800> you<00:05:28.880> know,<00:05:28.960> from" + }, + { + "start": 329.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with us for a long time, you know, from" + }, + { + "start": 329.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with us for a long time, you know, from pre-scientific<00:05:29.919> times.<00:05:30.480> And<00:05:30.560> I<00:05:30.600> think<00:05:30.800> these" + }, + { + "start": 330.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pre-scientific times. And I think these" + }, + { + "start": 330.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pre-scientific times. And I think these categories<00:05:31.560> are<00:05:31.640> now<00:05:31.800> doing<00:05:32.120> way<00:05:32.360> more<00:05:32.680> harm" + }, + { + "start": 332.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "categories are now doing way more harm" + }, + { + "start": 332.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "categories are now doing way more harm than<00:05:33.080> good.<00:05:33.320> And<00:05:33.440> so<00:05:33.520> I'm<00:05:33.640> going<00:05:33.840> to<00:05:33.919> just" + }, + { + "start": 334.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "than good. And so I'm going to just" + }, + { + "start": 334.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "than good. And so I'm going to just point<00:05:34.360> out<00:05:34.480> a<00:05:34.520> couple.<00:05:35.200> One<00:05:35.360> is<00:05:35.480> this" + }, + { + "start": 335.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "point out a couple. One is this" + }, + { + "start": 335.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "point out a couple. One is this so-called<00:05:36.200> difference" + }, + { + "start": 337.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so-called difference" + }, + { + "start": 337.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so-called difference or<00:05:37.720> distinction<00:05:38.320> between<00:05:39.280> magical<00:05:39.800> living" + }, + { + "start": 340.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or distinction between magical living" + }, + { + "start": 340.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or distinction between magical living beings<00:05:40.360> on<00:05:40.520> one<00:05:40.680> end<00:05:40.919> and<00:05:41.120> dumb<00:05:41.320> machines<00:05:41.880> on" + }, + { + "start": 341.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "beings on one end and dumb machines on" + }, + { + "start": 342.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "beings on one end and dumb machines on the<00:05:42.120> other<00:05:42.360> end.<00:05:42.800> And<00:05:42.919> so<00:05:43.280> we<00:05:43.440> we<00:05:43.560> know<00:05:43.880> from<00:05:44.120> a" + }, + { + "start": 344.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the other end. And so we we know from a" + }, + { + "start": 344.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the other end. And so we we know from a developmental<00:05:45.160> scale<00:05:45.600> and<00:05:45.720> also<00:05:45.960> an" + }, + { + "start": 346.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "developmental scale and also an" + }, + { + "start": 346.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "developmental scale and also an evolutionary<00:05:46.560> scale<00:05:46.840> that<00:05:46.960> we<00:05:47.040> were<00:05:47.240> all" + }, + { + "start": 347.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary scale that we were all" + }, + { + "start": 347.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary scale that we were all single<00:05:47.760> cells<00:05:48.320> once,<00:05:48.920> you<00:05:49.000> know,<00:05:49.080> little" + }, + { + "start": 349.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "single cells once, you know, little" + }, + { + "start": 349.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "single cells once, you know, little blobs<00:05:49.720> of<00:05:49.880> chemistry<00:05:50.360> and<00:05:50.480> physics," + }, + { + "start": 350.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "blobs of chemistry and physics," + }, + { + "start": 350.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "blobs of chemistry and physics, unfertilized<00:05:51.480> oocytes.<00:05:52.160> Eventually,<00:05:52.880> slowly" + }, + { + "start": 353.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "unfertilized oocytes. Eventually, slowly" + }, + { + "start": 353.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "unfertilized oocytes. Eventually, slowly and<00:05:53.560> gradually,<00:05:54.360> we<00:05:54.480> became<00:05:54.840> the<00:05:54.920> subjects<00:05:55.400> of" + }, + { + "start": 356.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and gradually, we became the subjects of" + }, + { + "start": 356.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and gradually, we became the subjects of behavior<00:05:56.520> science,<00:05:56.880> psychoanalysis,<00:05:57.720> love," + }, + { + "start": 358.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior science, psychoanalysis, love," + }, + { + "start": 358.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior science, psychoanalysis, love, all<00:05:58.280> of<00:05:58.400> those<00:05:58.640> kinds<00:05:58.960> of<00:05:59.040> things." + }, + { + "start": 359.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all of those kinds of things." + }, + { + "start": 359.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all of those kinds of things. Uh,<00:06:00.160> but<00:06:00.320> not<00:06:00.480> but<00:06:00.680> not<00:06:00.840> only<00:06:01.040> that,<00:06:01.240> there's" + }, + { + "start": 361.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, but not but not only that, there's" + }, + { + "start": 361.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, but not but not only that, there's another<00:06:01.720> continuum,<00:06:02.240> another<00:06:02.600> gradual" + }, + { + "start": 363.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "another continuum, another gradual" + }, + { + "start": 363.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "another continuum, another gradual continuum,<00:06:03.960> in<00:06:04.120> which<00:06:04.320> both<00:06:04.560> biological" + }, + { + "start": 365.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "continuum, in which both biological" + }, + { + "start": 365.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "continuum, in which both biological changes<00:06:05.760> and<00:06:06.000> technological<00:06:06.680> changes,<00:06:07.280> many" + }, + { + "start": 367.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changes and technological changes, many" + }, + { + "start": 367.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changes and technological changes, many of<00:06:07.600> which<00:06:07.760> are<00:06:07.960> already<00:06:08.400> happening,<00:06:09.240> uh,<00:06:09.360> are" + }, + { + "start": 369.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of which are already happening, uh, are" + }, + { + "start": 369.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of which are already happening, uh, are telling<00:06:09.800> us<00:06:09.920> that<00:06:10.040> it's<00:06:10.160> really<00:06:10.840> very" + }, + { + "start": 371.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "telling us that it's really very" + }, + { + "start": 371.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "telling us that it's really very non-trivial<00:06:11.840> to<00:06:12.280> to<00:06:12.520> write<00:06:12.680> down<00:06:12.880> a" + }, + { + "start": 372.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-trivial to to write down a" + }, + { + "start": 372.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-trivial to to write down a description<00:06:13.400> of<00:06:13.520> what<00:06:13.640> you<00:06:13.760> think<00:06:14.280> a<00:06:14.360> machine" + }, + { + "start": 374.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "description of what you think a machine" + }, + { + "start": 374.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "description of what you think a machine actually<00:06:15.360> is.<00:06:16.000> And<00:06:16.360> and<00:06:16.600> the<00:06:16.680> implications<00:06:17.320> of" + }, + { + "start": 377.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually is. And and the implications of" + }, + { + "start": 377.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually is. And and the implications of this<00:06:17.720> are<00:06:17.880> going<00:06:18.040> to<00:06:18.080> be<00:06:18.200> clear<00:06:18.480> in<00:06:18.560> a<00:06:18.600> moment" + }, + { + "start": 378.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this are going to be clear in a moment" + }, + { + "start": 378.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this are going to be clear in a moment that<00:06:19.040> it's<00:06:19.200> actually<00:06:19.680> a<00:06:19.919> a<00:06:20.000> bad<00:06:20.320> category<00:06:20.880> that" + }, + { + "start": 381.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it's actually a a bad category that" + }, + { + "start": 381.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it's actually a a bad category that that<00:06:21.560> we<00:06:21.760> leads<00:06:22.000> us<00:06:22.120> astray.<00:06:22.919> And<00:06:23.040> so,<00:06:23.840> the<00:06:24.080> the" + }, + { + "start": 384.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we leads us astray. And so, the the" + }, + { + "start": 384.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we leads us astray. And so, the the thing<00:06:24.440> is<00:06:24.600> that<00:06:25.160> the<00:06:25.320> problem<00:06:25.680> we<00:06:25.800> are<00:06:25.919> all" + }, + { + "start": 386.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing is that the problem we are all" + }, + { + "start": 386.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing is that the problem we are all going<00:06:26.240> to<00:06:26.360> face<00:06:26.600> in<00:06:26.720> society<00:06:27.240> is<00:06:27.360> this<00:06:27.560> kind<00:06:27.760> of" + }, + { + "start": 387.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to face in society is this kind of" + }, + { + "start": 387.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to face in society is this kind of thing.<00:06:28.000> It's<00:06:28.120> not<00:06:28.320> the<00:06:28.400> language<00:06:28.800> models<00:06:29.200> and" + }, + { + "start": 389.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing. It's not the language models and" + }, + { + "start": 389.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing. It's not the language models and it's<00:06:29.440> not<00:06:29.680> the<00:06:30.120> you<00:06:30.280> know,<00:06:30.640> the<00:06:30.840> AIs<00:06:31.320> that" + }, + { + "start": 391.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's not the you know, the AIs that" + }, + { + "start": 391.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's not the you know, the AIs that everybody<00:06:32.080> likes<00:06:32.320> to<00:06:32.400> say<00:06:32.600> are<00:06:32.680> not<00:06:32.919> like" + }, + { + "start": 393.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everybody likes to say are not like" + }, + { + "start": 393.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everybody likes to say are not like humans.<00:06:34.040> Uh,<00:06:34.440> that's<00:06:34.640> fine.<00:06:35.240> This<00:06:35.480> is<00:06:35.600> what" + }, + { + "start": 395.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans. Uh, that's fine. This is what" + }, + { + "start": 395.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans. Uh, that's fine. This is what we're<00:06:35.840> dealing<00:06:36.160> with.<00:06:36.320> You<00:06:36.400> know,<00:06:36.520> your" + }, + { + "start": 396.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're dealing with. You know, your" + }, + { + "start": 396.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're dealing with. You know, your neighbor<00:06:36.960> is<00:06:37.080> going<00:06:37.280> to<00:06:37.360> have<00:06:37.560> some" + }, + { + "start": 397.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neighbor is going to have some" + }, + { + "start": 397.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neighbor is going to have some percentage<00:06:38.520> of<00:06:38.640> their<00:06:38.800> brain<00:06:39.080> and<00:06:39.200> body" + }, + { + "start": 399.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "percentage of their brain and body" + }, + { + "start": 399.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "percentage of their brain and body replaced,<00:06:40.240> whether<00:06:40.520> for<00:06:40.680> medical<00:06:41.040> reasons<00:06:41.560> or" + }, + { + "start": 401.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replaced, whether for medical reasons or" + }, + { + "start": 401.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replaced, whether for medical reasons or just<00:06:42.080> because<00:06:42.440> of<00:06:42.560> freedom<00:06:42.880> of<00:06:43.000> embodiment." + }, + { + "start": 403.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just because of freedom of embodiment." + }, + { + "start": 403.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just because of freedom of embodiment. They're<00:06:43.600> going<00:06:43.840> to<00:06:44.520> look<00:06:44.760> very<00:06:45.000> different<00:06:45.400> in" + }, + { + "start": 405.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They're going to look very different in" + }, + { + "start": 405.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They're going to look very different in the<00:06:45.600> future." + }, + { + "start": 406.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the future." + }, + { + "start": 406.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the future. And<00:06:47.040> basically,<00:06:47.840> across<00:06:48.720> the<00:06:48.880> spectrum," + }, + { + "start": 409.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And basically, across the spectrum," + }, + { + "start": 409.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And basically, across the spectrum, okay,<00:06:50.000> the<00:06:50.120> spectrum<00:06:50.600> of<00:06:50.680> intelligence<00:06:51.240> all" + }, + { + "start": 411.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "okay, the spectrum of intelligence all" + }, + { + "start": 411.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "okay, the spectrum of intelligence all the<00:06:51.440> way<00:06:51.560> from<00:06:51.720> very<00:06:51.960> simple<00:06:52.600> kinds<00:06:52.840> of<00:06:52.960> things" + }, + { + "start": 413.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way from very simple kinds of things" + }, + { + "start": 413.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way from very simple kinds of things uh,<00:06:54.000> that" + }, + { + "start": 414.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, that" + }, + { + "start": 415.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, that that<00:06:55.240> can<00:06:55.400> only<00:06:55.600> be" + }, + { + "start": 416.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that can only be" + }, + { + "start": 416.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that can only be uh,<00:06:56.800> interacted<00:06:57.360> with<00:06:57.480> by<00:06:57.640> physical<00:06:58.080> rewiring" + }, + { + "start": 418.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, interacted with by physical rewiring" + }, + { + "start": 418.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, interacted with by physical rewiring versus<00:06:59.440> the<00:06:59.600> tools<00:06:59.880> of<00:07:00.000> cybernetics<00:07:00.640> and" + }, + { + "start": 420.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus the tools of cybernetics and" + }, + { + "start": 420.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus the tools of cybernetics and control<00:07:01.160> theory<00:07:01.480> versus<00:07:01.840> behavior<00:07:02.280> science" + }, + { + "start": 423.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "control theory versus behavior science" + }, + { + "start": 423.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "control theory versus behavior science versus<00:07:03.720> language<00:07:04.200> and<00:07:04.320> friendship<00:07:04.760> and<00:07:04.960> and" + }, + { + "start": 425.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus language and friendship and and" + }, + { + "start": 425.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus language and friendship and and and<00:07:05.360> so<00:07:05.520> on.<00:07:05.919> This<00:07:06.080> is<00:07:06.200> a<00:07:06.360> this<00:07:06.560> is<00:07:06.720> a<00:07:06.760> spectrum" + }, + { + "start": 427.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and so on. This is a this is a spectrum" + }, + { + "start": 427.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and so on. This is a this is a spectrum and<00:07:07.880> we<00:07:08.040> really<00:07:08.360> need<00:07:08.520> to<00:07:08.600> start<00:07:08.880> to" + }, + { + "start": 428.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we really need to start to" + }, + { + "start": 428.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we really need to start to understand<00:07:09.880> uh,<00:07:10.040> our<00:07:10.240> own<00:07:10.880> origins<00:07:11.440> and<00:07:11.560> our" + }, + { + "start": 431.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand uh, our own origins and our" + }, + { + "start": 431.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand uh, our own origins and our own<00:07:11.760> possibilities<00:07:12.480> in<00:07:12.680> light<00:07:12.919> of<00:07:13.400> the" + }, + { + "start": 433.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "own possibilities in light of the" + }, + { + "start": 433.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "own possibilities in light of the spectrum<00:07:13.960> of<00:07:14.080> possibilities<00:07:14.760> of<00:07:14.880> what's" + }, + { + "start": 435.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spectrum of possibilities of what's" + }, + { + "start": 435.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spectrum of possibilities of what's going<00:07:15.280> on.<00:07:15.640> I<00:07:15.720> think<00:07:15.919> our<00:07:16.040> language<00:07:16.480> really" + }, + { + "start": 436.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going on. I think our language really" + }, + { + "start": 436.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going on. I think our language really does<00:07:17.080> us<00:07:17.320> a<00:07:17.440> disservice<00:07:18.000> here.<00:07:18.160> We<00:07:18.280> have<00:07:18.760> we" + }, + { + "start": 438.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does us a disservice here. We have we" + }, + { + "start": 438.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does us a disservice here. We have we have<00:07:19.040> two<00:07:19.480> two<00:07:19.880> words<00:07:20.280> to<00:07:20.360> describe<00:07:21.160> things," + }, + { + "start": 441.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have two two words to describe things," + }, + { + "start": 441.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have two two words to describe things, who<00:07:22.200> and<00:07:22.400> what.<00:07:22.960> Yeah,<00:07:23.160> if<00:07:23.280> you<00:07:23.400> want<00:07:23.520> to" + }, + { + "start": 443.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who and what. Yeah, if you want to" + }, + { + "start": 443.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who and what. Yeah, if you want to describe<00:07:24.120> a" + }, + { + "start": 444.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describe a" + }, + { + "start": 444.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "describe a you<00:07:24.840> know,<00:07:25.000> a<00:07:25.040> noun,<00:07:25.400> a<00:07:25.440> system,<00:07:26.080> you<00:07:26.200> can" + }, + { + "start": 446.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, a noun, a system, you can" + }, + { + "start": 446.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, a noun, a system, you can either<00:07:26.560> say<00:07:27.080> you<00:07:27.160> can<00:07:27.280> either<00:07:27.440> call<00:07:27.640> it<00:07:27.720> a<00:07:27.800> who" + }, + { + "start": 447.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either say you can either call it a who" + }, + { + "start": 448.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either say you can either call it a who or<00:07:28.160> you<00:07:28.240> can<00:07:28.360> call<00:07:28.560> it<00:07:28.640> a<00:07:28.720> what.<00:07:28.960> And<00:07:29.080> I<00:07:29.120> think" + }, + { + "start": 449.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or you can call it a what. And I think" + }, + { + "start": 449.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or you can call it a what. And I think this<00:07:29.480> is<00:07:29.600> a<00:07:29.680> fundamental<00:07:30.320> problem<00:07:31.080> that<00:07:31.400> is" + }, + { + "start": 452.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a fundamental problem that is" + }, + { + "start": 452.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a fundamental problem that is uh,<00:07:32.600> forces<00:07:33.080> us<00:07:33.200> to<00:07:33.280> think<00:07:33.520> in<00:07:33.640> binary<00:07:34.120> terms." + }, + { + "start": 454.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, forces us to think in binary terms." + }, + { + "start": 454.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, forces us to think in binary terms. I<00:07:34.760> don't<00:07:34.880> know<00:07:34.960> what<00:07:35.040> the<00:07:35.160> answer<00:07:35.400> is,<00:07:35.520> but" + }, + { + "start": 455.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't know what the answer is, but" + }, + { + "start": 455.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't know what the answer is, but maybe<00:07:35.960> we<00:07:36.040> can<00:07:36.200> have<00:07:36.360> something<00:07:36.680> like<00:07:36.840> this," + }, + { + "start": 457.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maybe we can have something like this," + }, + { + "start": 457.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maybe we can have something like this, like<00:07:37.200> a<00:07:37.280> who<00:07:37.480> with<00:07:37.600> a<00:07:37.640> little<00:07:37.840> exponent<00:07:38.680> and" + }, + { + "start": 458.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like a who with a little exponent and" + }, + { + "start": 458.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like a who with a little exponent and the<00:07:38.960> exponent<00:07:39.400> tells<00:07:39.640> you<00:07:39.720> to<00:07:39.840> what<00:07:40.040> degree," + }, + { + "start": 460.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the exponent tells you to what degree," + }, + { + "start": 460.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the exponent tells you to what degree, where<00:07:40.640> you<00:07:40.800> are<00:07:41.280> or<00:07:41.440> where<00:07:41.640> that<00:07:41.800> system<00:07:42.160> is<00:07:42.320> on" + }, + { + "start": 462.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where you are or where that system is on" + }, + { + "start": 462.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where you are or where that system is on the<00:07:42.600> on<00:07:42.800> the<00:07:43.000> you<00:07:43.080> know<00:07:43.200> on<00:07:43.320> the<00:07:43.440> edge<00:07:43.920> where" + }, + { + "start": 464.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the on the you know on the edge where" + }, + { + "start": 464.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the on the you know on the edge where you<00:07:44.440> know<00:07:44.760> uh,<00:07:44.840> uh" + }, + { + "start": 465.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know uh, uh" + }, + { + "start": 465.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know uh, uh uh<00:07:45.600> some<00:07:45.840> some<00:07:46.040> way<00:07:46.160> of<00:07:46.280> letting<00:07:46.480> our<00:07:46.600> language" + }, + { + "start": 466.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh some some way of letting our language" + }, + { + "start": 466.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh some some way of letting our language catch<00:07:47.280> up<00:07:47.400> to<00:07:47.520> actually<00:07:47.920> the<00:07:48.240> the<00:07:48.360> discoveries" + }, + { + "start": 469.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "catch up to actually the the discoveries" + }, + { + "start": 469.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "catch up to actually the the discoveries of<00:07:49.400> a<00:07:49.480> diverse<00:07:49.840> intelligence<00:07:50.360> research<00:07:51.120> and" + }, + { + "start": 471.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a diverse intelligence research and" + }, + { + "start": 471.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of a diverse intelligence research and away<00:07:51.600> from<00:07:52.160> ancient<00:07:52.880> categories<00:07:53.920> where<00:07:54.360> we" + }, + { + "start": 474.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "away from ancient categories where we" + }, + { + "start": 474.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "away from ancient categories where we really<00:07:54.760> did<00:07:55.160> only<00:07:55.400> have<00:07:55.880> two<00:07:56.080> you<00:07:56.160> know<00:07:56.280> two" + }, + { + "start": 476.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really did only have two you know two" + }, + { + "start": 476.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really did only have two you know two two<00:07:56.760> two<00:07:56.960> categories.<00:07:58.000> So<00:07:58.320> so<00:07:58.840> um<00:07:59.200> so<00:07:59.440> one" + }, + { + "start": 479.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two two categories. So so um so one" + }, + { + "start": 479.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two two categories. So so um so one thing<00:07:59.880> one<00:08:00.040> thing<00:08:00.200> to<00:08:00.320> keep<00:08:00.480> in<00:08:00.600> mind" + }, + { + "start": 481.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing one thing to keep in mind" + }, + { + "start": 481.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing one thing to keep in mind uh<00:08:01.800> is<00:08:02.120> is<00:08:02.600> that<00:08:03.040> uh<00:08:03.360> even<00:08:03.840> even<00:08:04.080> when<00:08:04.200> you're" + }, + { + "start": 484.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh is is that uh even even when you're" + }, + { + "start": 484.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh is is that uh even even when you're talking<00:08:04.560> about<00:08:04.720> traditional<00:08:05.200> brainy" + }, + { + "start": 485.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talking about traditional brainy" + }, + { + "start": 485.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talking about traditional brainy organisms<00:08:06.280> and<00:08:06.440> I'm<00:08:06.880> going<00:08:07.120> to<00:08:07.400> talk<00:08:07.600> about" + }, + { + "start": 487.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organisms and I'm going to talk about" + }, + { + "start": 487.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organisms and I'm going to talk about cell<00:08:08.160> intelligence<00:08:08.680> and<00:08:08.800> things<00:08:09.000> like<00:08:09.120> this" + }, + { + "start": 489.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cell intelligence and things like this" + }, + { + "start": 489.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cell intelligence and things like this in<00:08:09.400> a<00:08:09.440> minute.<00:08:10.040> But<00:08:10.160> even<00:08:10.360> in<00:08:10.600> traditional" + }, + { + "start": 491.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in a minute. But even in traditional" + }, + { + "start": 491.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in a minute. But even in traditional brainy<00:08:11.560> organisms<00:08:12.240> already<00:08:12.680> you<00:08:12.800> can<00:08:12.919> see" + }, + { + "start": 493.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brainy organisms already you can see" + }, + { + "start": 493.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brainy organisms already you can see that<00:08:13.240> things<00:08:13.440> are<00:08:13.560> not<00:08:13.840> simple.<00:08:14.240> The<00:08:14.360> standard" + }, + { + "start": 495.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that things are not simple. The standard" + }, + { + "start": 495.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that things are not simple. The standard mapping<00:08:16.120> of<00:08:16.600> the<00:08:16.720> hardware<00:08:17.200> that's<00:08:17.440> required" + }, + { + "start": 497.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mapping of the hardware that's required" + }, + { + "start": 498.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mapping of the hardware that's required to<00:08:18.080> maintain<00:08:18.680> a<00:08:18.760> certain<00:08:19.200> amount<00:08:19.520> of<00:08:19.800> um<00:08:20.520> uh<00:08:20.600> uh" + }, + { + "start": 501.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to maintain a certain amount of um uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 501.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to maintain a certain amount of um uh uh if<00:08:22.080> if<00:08:22.560> if<00:08:22.880> if<00:08:23.120> efficacious<00:08:24.000> uh<00:08:24.440> a" + }, + { + "start": 504.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if if if if efficacious uh a" + }, + { + "start": 504.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if if if if efficacious uh a functionality<00:08:25.320> let's<00:08:25.480> say<00:08:25.600> a<00:08:25.640> normal<00:08:26.040> human" + }, + { + "start": 506.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functionality let's say a normal human" + }, + { + "start": 506.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functionality let's say a normal human IQ<00:08:26.800> and<00:08:26.919> a<00:08:26.960> normal<00:08:27.280> human<00:08:27.520> personality" + }, + { + "start": 508.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "IQ and a normal human personality" + }, + { + "start": 508.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "IQ and a normal human personality there's<00:08:28.440> already<00:08:28.760> some<00:08:29.040> some<00:08:29.240> weird" + }, + { + "start": 509.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's already some some weird" + }, + { + "start": 509.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's already some some weird mismatches<00:08:30.080> and<00:08:30.480> Karina<00:08:30.760> Coffman<00:08:31.080> and<00:08:31.200> I" + }, + { + "start": 511.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mismatches and Karina Coffman and I" + }, + { + "start": 511.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mismatches and Karina Coffman and I reviewed<00:08:31.760> them<00:08:31.880> in<00:08:31.960> this<00:08:32.159> paper<00:08:32.800> where<00:08:33.200> there" + }, + { + "start": 513.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reviewed them in this paper where there" + }, + { + "start": 513.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reviewed them in this paper where there are<00:08:33.400> certain<00:08:33.640> individuals<00:08:34.280> with<00:08:34.880> massive" + }, + { + "start": 515.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are certain individuals with massive" + }, + { + "start": 515.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are certain individuals with massive reductions<00:08:36.200> of<00:08:36.400> brain<00:08:36.640> volume<00:08:37.080> but<00:08:37.320> normal<00:08:37.800> or" + }, + { + "start": 517.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductions of brain volume but normal or" + }, + { + "start": 517.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductions of brain volume but normal or above<00:08:38.240> normal<00:08:38.880> intelligent<00:08:39.320> functional" + }, + { + "start": 519.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "above normal intelligent functional" + }, + { + "start": 519.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "above normal intelligent functional intelligence.<00:08:40.280> Some<00:08:40.360> of<00:08:40.440> these<00:08:40.560> people<00:08:40.760> don't" + }, + { + "start": 520.909, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence. Some of these people don't" + }, + { + "start": 520.919, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence. Some of these people don't even<00:08:41.120> know<00:08:41.240> they're<00:08:41.400> missing<00:08:41.680> most<00:08:41.960> of<00:08:42.039> their" + }, + { + "start": 522.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "even know they're missing most of their" + }, + { + "start": 522.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "even know they're missing most of their brain.<00:08:42.640> So<00:08:42.760> what's<00:08:42.960> going<00:08:43.200> on<00:08:43.320> here?<00:08:43.479> Why<00:08:43.840> why" + }, + { + "start": 524.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brain. So what's going on here? Why why" + }, + { + "start": 524.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brain. So what's going on here? Why why is<00:08:44.240> there<00:08:44.520> I<00:08:44.560> mean<00:08:44.720> this<00:08:44.880> is<00:08:44.960> not<00:08:45.120> common<00:08:45.480> by" + }, + { + "start": 525.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is there I mean this is not common by" + }, + { + "start": 525.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is there I mean this is not common by any<00:08:45.800> means<00:08:46.120> but<00:08:46.520> it<00:08:46.600> doesn't<00:08:46.839> take<00:08:47.000> too<00:08:47.160> many" + }, + { + "start": 527.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any means but it doesn't take too many" + }, + { + "start": 527.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any means but it doesn't take too many of<00:08:47.480> these<00:08:47.640> clinical<00:08:48.040> cases<00:08:48.400> to<00:08:48.480> understand" + }, + { + "start": 528.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of these clinical cases to understand" + }, + { + "start": 528.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of these clinical cases to understand that<00:08:49.280> something<00:08:49.760> is<00:08:49.920> wrong<00:08:50.200> in<00:08:50.320> our" + }, + { + "start": 530.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that something is wrong in our" + }, + { + "start": 530.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that something is wrong in our accounting<00:08:51.000> of<00:08:51.240> what<00:08:51.400> the<00:08:51.520> mapping<00:08:51.920> should<00:08:52.120> be" + }, + { + "start": 532.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "accounting of what the mapping should be" + }, + { + "start": 532.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "accounting of what the mapping should be between<00:08:52.640> the<00:08:52.720> hardware<00:08:53.560> uh<00:08:53.760> and<00:08:54.000> the<00:08:54.280> and<00:08:54.440> the" + }, + { + "start": 534.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the hardware uh and the and the" + }, + { + "start": 534.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between the hardware uh and the and the um<00:08:55.040> the<00:08:55.160> performance<00:08:55.720> that<00:08:55.880> you<00:08:55.960> get<00:08:56.120> out<00:08:56.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 536.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um the performance that you get out of" + }, + { + "start": 536.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um the performance that you get out of it." + }, + { + "start": 537.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it." + }, + { + "start": 537.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it. The<00:08:57.600> other<00:08:57.760> thing<00:08:57.960> that<00:08:58.400> uh<00:08:58.480> I<00:08:58.560> will<00:08:58.720> point<00:08:58.960> out" + }, + { + "start": 539.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The other thing that uh I will point out" + }, + { + "start": 539.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "The other thing that uh I will point out is<00:08:59.240> that<00:08:59.760> life<00:09:00.440> has<00:09:00.760> embodiments<00:09:01.839> and<00:09:02.200> and<00:09:02.720> uh" + }, + { + "start": 542.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is that life has embodiments and and uh" + }, + { + "start": 542.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is that life has embodiments and and uh uh<00:09:02.839> traverses<00:09:03.480> many<00:09:03.920> different<00:09:04.240> kinds<00:09:04.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 544.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh traverses many different kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 544.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh traverses many different kinds of spaces<00:09:05.000> besides<00:09:05.520> the<00:09:05.640> familiar" + }, + { + "start": 546.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spaces besides the familiar" + }, + { + "start": 546.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spaces besides the familiar three-dimensional<00:09:06.760> space.<00:09:07.400> So<00:09:07.520> we<00:09:07.640> should" + }, + { + "start": 547.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space. So we should" + }, + { + "start": 547.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space. So we should remember<00:09:08.280> as<00:09:08.560> as<00:09:08.720> humans<00:09:09.120> with<00:09:09.240> our<00:09:09.400> own" + }, + { + "start": 549.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remember as as humans with our own" + }, + { + "start": 550.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remember as as humans with our own evolutionary<00:09:10.600> history<00:09:11.040> our<00:09:11.200> own<00:09:11.560> uh<00:09:11.600> kind<00:09:11.760> of" + }, + { + "start": 551.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary history our own uh kind of" + }, + { + "start": 551.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary history our own uh kind of obsession<00:09:12.480> with<00:09:12.720> vision<00:09:13.080> and" + }, + { + "start": 553.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "obsession with vision and" + }, + { + "start": 553.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "obsession with vision and three-dimensional<00:09:13.880> space<00:09:14.760> that<00:09:15.400> uh" + }, + { + "start": 556.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space that uh" + }, + { + "start": 556.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "three-dimensional space that uh while<00:09:16.360> we<00:09:16.520> are<00:09:17.080> okay<00:09:17.600> at<00:09:17.760> recognizing" + }, + { + "start": 558.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "while we are okay at recognizing" + }, + { + "start": 558.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "while we are okay at recognizing intelligence<00:09:19.400> when<00:09:19.560> it<00:09:19.760> moves<00:09:20.200> in<00:09:20.280> the<00:09:20.400> same" + }, + { + "start": 560.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence when it moves in the same" + }, + { + "start": 560.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence when it moves in the same 3D<00:09:21.000> space<00:09:21.360> that<00:09:21.480> we<00:09:21.640> do<00:09:21.880> roughly<00:09:22.320> same<00:09:22.600> time" + }, + { + "start": 562.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "3D space that we do roughly same time" + }, + { + "start": 562.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "3D space that we do roughly same time scale<00:09:23.200> roughly<00:09:23.600> same<00:09:24.240> um" + }, + { + "start": 564.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scale roughly same um" + }, + { + "start": 564.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scale roughly same um uh<00:09:25.000> uh<00:09:25.080> uh" + }, + { + "start": 565.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 565.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh uh uh spatial<00:09:26.560> scales" + }, + { + "start": 567.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spatial scales" + }, + { + "start": 567.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spatial scales biology<00:09:28.080> has<00:09:28.240> been<00:09:28.680> solving<00:09:29.280> problems<00:09:30.080> aka" + }, + { + "start": 570.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology has been solving problems aka" + }, + { + "start": 570.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology has been solving problems aka intelligent<00:09:31.280> behavior<00:09:31.760> in<00:09:31.920> many<00:09:32.200> many<00:09:32.440> spaces" + }, + { + "start": 572.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent behavior in many many spaces" + }, + { + "start": 572.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligent behavior in many many spaces before<00:09:33.320> nerve<00:09:33.600> and<00:09:33.680> muscle<00:09:34.000> appear<00:09:34.360> long" + }, + { + "start": 574.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "before nerve and muscle appear long" + }, + { + "start": 574.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "before nerve and muscle appear long before.<00:09:35.240> So<00:09:35.680> high-dimensional" + }, + { + "start": 576.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "before. So high-dimensional" + }, + { + "start": 576.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "before. So high-dimensional transcriptional<00:09:37.200> spaces<00:09:37.800> or<00:09:37.920> gene" + }, + { + "start": 578.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transcriptional spaces or gene" + }, + { + "start": 578.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transcriptional spaces or gene expression<00:09:38.640> spaces,<00:09:39.520> physiological<00:09:40.280> state" + }, + { + "start": 580.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expression spaces, physiological state" + }, + { + "start": 580.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expression spaces, physiological state spaces,<00:09:41.120> and<00:09:41.360> anatomical<00:09:42.000> morphospace," + }, + { + "start": 582.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spaces, and anatomical morphospace," + }, + { + "start": 582.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spaces, and anatomical morphospace, which<00:09:42.880> is<00:09:43.040> mostly<00:09:43.600> what<00:09:43.760> we<00:09:43.880> work<00:09:44.080> on<00:09:44.200> in<00:09:44.280> the" + }, + { + "start": 584.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is mostly what we work on in the" + }, + { + "start": 584.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which is mostly what we work on in the lab." + }, + { + "start": 585.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab." + }, + { + "start": 585.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab. Uh<00:09:45.560> biology<00:09:45.960> navigates<00:09:46.440> all<00:09:46.520> these<00:09:46.720> spaces" + }, + { + "start": 587.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh biology navigates all these spaces" + }, + { + "start": 587.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh biology navigates all these spaces making<00:09:47.880> decisions,<00:09:48.480> taking" + }, + { + "start": 589.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "making decisions, taking" + }, + { + "start": 589.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "making decisions, taking uh<00:09:50.000> sensory<00:09:50.520> readings,<00:09:51.560> uh" + }, + { + "start": 592.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh sensory readings, uh" + }, + { + "start": 592.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh sensory readings, uh doing<00:09:52.400> goal-directed<00:09:53.200> functionalities.<00:09:54.040> And" + }, + { + "start": 594.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing goal-directed functionalities. And" + }, + { + "start": 594.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing goal-directed functionalities. And And<00:09:54.360> this<00:09:54.480> has<00:09:54.840> this<00:09:55.000> has<00:09:55.160> lots<00:09:55.480> of<00:09:55.920> lots<00:09:56.160> of" + }, + { + "start": 596.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this has this has lots of lots of" + }, + { + "start": 596.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this has this has lots of lots of implications<00:09:56.840> for<00:09:56.960> what<00:09:57.080> we're<00:09:57.160> going<00:09:57.360> to" + }, + { + "start": 597.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "implications for what we're going to" + }, + { + "start": 597.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "implications for what we're going to talk<00:09:57.640> about." + }, + { + "start": 598.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk about." + }, + { + "start": 598.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk about. So,<00:09:59.280> um<00:09:59.640> another<00:10:00.480> thing<00:10:00.760> to<00:10:00.880> keep<00:10:01.080> in<00:10:01.160> mind<00:10:01.400> is" + }, + { + "start": 601.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, um another thing to keep in mind is" + }, + { + "start": 601.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, um another thing to keep in mind is that<00:10:02.040> we<00:10:02.240> are<00:10:02.400> all<00:10:02.640> collective" + }, + { + "start": 603.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we are all collective" + }, + { + "start": 603.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we are all collective intelligences,<00:10:04.000> not<00:10:04.200> just<00:10:04.400> the<00:10:04.480> beehives<00:10:05.040> and" + }, + { + "start": 605.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligences, not just the beehives and" + }, + { + "start": 605.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligences, not just the beehives and the<00:10:05.280> ant<00:10:05.480> colonies,<00:10:05.880> but<00:10:06.040> all<00:10:06.160> of<00:10:06.240> us.<00:10:06.360> We're" + }, + { + "start": 606.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the ant colonies, but all of us. We're" + }, + { + "start": 606.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the ant colonies, but all of us. We're all<00:10:06.600> made<00:10:06.880> of<00:10:07.000> things<00:10:07.240> like<00:10:07.440> this.<00:10:08.160> Okay,<00:10:08.360> so" + }, + { + "start": 608.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all made of things like this. Okay, so" + }, + { + "start": 608.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all made of things like this. Okay, so this<00:10:08.720> is<00:10:08.840> a<00:10:08.920> single<00:10:09.320> cell,<00:10:09.920> no<00:10:10.080> brain,<00:10:10.480> no" + }, + { + "start": 610.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a single cell, no brain, no" + }, + { + "start": 610.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a single cell, no brain, no nervous<00:10:10.960> system,<00:10:11.240> but<00:10:11.400> you<00:10:11.480> can<00:10:11.640> see<00:10:11.760> it's" + }, + { + "start": 611.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nervous system, but you can see it's" + }, + { + "start": 611.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nervous system, but you can see it's very<00:10:12.120> competent<00:10:12.640> in<00:10:12.720> its<00:10:12.880> own<00:10:13.520> local" + }, + { + "start": 614.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very competent in its own local" + }, + { + "start": 614.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "very competent in its own local cognitive<00:10:14.640> light<00:10:14.800> cone<00:10:14.960> here.<00:10:15.120> It's<00:10:15.280> doing" + }, + { + "start": 615.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cognitive light cone here. It's doing" + }, + { + "start": 615.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cognitive light cone here. It's doing everything<00:10:15.880> it<00:10:15.960> needs<00:10:16.200> to<00:10:16.280> do." + }, + { + "start": 617.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything it needs to do." + }, + { + "start": 617.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything it needs to do. This<00:10:17.360> is<00:10:17.520> the<00:10:17.600> kind<00:10:17.960> of<00:10:18.040> thing<00:10:18.240> that<00:10:18.480> that<00:10:18.720> we" + }, + { + "start": 618.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "This is the kind of thing that that we" + }, + { + "start": 618.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "This is the kind of thing that that we are<00:10:18.880> made<00:10:19.080> of.<00:10:19.480> And<00:10:19.600> so,<00:10:19.800> our<00:10:19.960> bodies<00:10:20.560> are<00:10:20.800> kind" + }, + { + "start": 620.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are made of. And so, our bodies are kind" + }, + { + "start": 621.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are made of. And so, our bodies are kind of<00:10:21.080> an<00:10:21.240> ecosystem<00:10:21.840> of<00:10:21.960> diverse<00:10:22.320> intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 622.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an ecosystem of diverse intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 622.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of an ecosystem of diverse intelligence all<00:10:23.080> the<00:10:23.200> way<00:10:23.400> from<00:10:23.640> molecular<00:10:24.120> networks<00:10:24.880> up" + }, + { + "start": 625.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all the way from molecular networks up" + }, + { + "start": 625.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all the way from molecular networks up through<00:10:25.800> all<00:10:26.000> the<00:10:26.120> different<00:10:26.480> components<00:10:27.000> and" + }, + { + "start": 627.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through all the different components and" + }, + { + "start": 627.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through all the different components and layers.<00:10:27.480> All<00:10:27.680> of<00:10:27.760> these<00:10:27.960> things<00:10:28.160> have" + }, + { + "start": 628.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "layers. All of these things have" + }, + { + "start": 628.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "layers. All of these things have agendas,<00:10:28.800> they<00:10:28.920> also<00:10:29.160> have<00:10:29.320> problems.<00:10:30.080> Most" + }, + { + "start": 630.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "agendas, they also have problems. Most" + }, + { + "start": 630.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "agendas, they also have problems. Most of<00:10:30.480> them<00:10:30.600> can<00:10:30.800> learn<00:10:31.040> and<00:10:31.160> have<00:10:31.320> learning" + }, + { + "start": 631.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of them can learn and have learning" + }, + { + "start": 631.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of them can learn and have learning capacity.<00:10:32.520> So,<00:10:33.040> so<00:10:33.200> this<00:10:33.360> becomes<00:10:33.840> this" + }, + { + "start": 634.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capacity. So, so this becomes this" + }, + { + "start": 634.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capacity. So, so this becomes this becomes<00:10:34.320> also<00:10:34.600> important<00:10:35.040> that<00:10:35.280> that<00:10:35.400> this" + }, + { + "start": 635.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "becomes also important that that this" + }, + { + "start": 635.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "becomes also important that that this notion<00:10:35.920> that" + }, + { + "start": 636.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "notion that" + }, + { + "start": 636.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "notion that we,<00:10:37.040> the<00:10:37.200> verbal<00:10:38.120> intelligence<00:10:38.760> that<00:10:38.880> you<00:10:38.960> can" + }, + { + "start": 639.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we, the verbal intelligence that you can" + }, + { + "start": 639.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we, the verbal intelligence that you can have<00:10:39.200> a<00:10:39.280> conversation<00:10:39.880> with,<00:10:40.080> is<00:10:40.280> the<00:10:40.520> is<00:10:40.760> the" + }, + { + "start": 640.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have a conversation with, is the is the" + }, + { + "start": 641.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have a conversation with, is the is the one<00:10:41.240> inhabitant<00:10:41.839> of<00:10:41.920> a<00:10:42.000> body<00:10:42.320> is<00:10:42.680> absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 643.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one inhabitant of a body is absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 643.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one inhabitant of a body is absolutely wrong.<00:10:43.920> And<00:10:44.200> that's<00:10:44.560> before<00:10:44.960> you<00:10:45.080> even<00:10:45.280> get" + }, + { + "start": 645.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wrong. And that's before you even get" + }, + { + "start": 645.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wrong. And that's before you even get into<00:10:45.720> microbiome<00:10:46.280> and<00:10:46.360> things<00:10:46.560> like<00:10:46.680> this." + }, + { + "start": 646.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into microbiome and things like this." + }, + { + "start": 646.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into microbiome and things like this. Just<00:10:47.120> just<00:10:47.360> the<00:10:47.440> layers<00:10:47.839> of<00:10:47.920> your<00:10:48.120> actual<00:10:48.400> body" + }, + { + "start": 648.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Just just the layers of your actual body" + }, + { + "start": 648.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Just just the layers of your actual body is<00:10:49.320> are<00:10:49.480> already" + }, + { + "start": 650.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is are already" + }, + { + "start": 650.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is are already an<00:10:51.000> ecosystem<00:10:51.600> of<00:10:51.760> minds<00:10:52.120> that<00:10:52.320> live<00:10:52.680> that" + }, + { + "start": 652.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an ecosystem of minds that live that" + }, + { + "start": 652.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an ecosystem of minds that live that live<00:10:53.040> with<00:10:53.240> you.<00:10:53.839> Now," + }, + { + "start": 654.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "live with you. Now," + }, + { + "start": 654.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "live with you. Now, now<00:10:54.880> let's<00:10:55.160> let's<00:10:55.720> let's<00:10:56.160> lay<00:10:56.320> down<00:10:56.600> some<00:10:57.000> some" + }, + { + "start": 657.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now let's let's let's lay down some some" + }, + { + "start": 657.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now let's let's let's lay down some some some<00:10:57.440> fundamentals<00:10:58.000> here.<00:10:58.120> First<00:10:58.400> of<00:10:58.480> all," + }, + { + "start": 659.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some fundamentals here. First of all," + }, + { + "start": 659.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some fundamentals here. First of all, so<00:10:59.600> as<00:10:59.839> was<00:11:00.000> just<00:11:00.200> mentioned," + }, + { + "start": 661.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so as was just mentioned," + }, + { + "start": 661.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so as was just mentioned, we<00:11:01.800> know<00:11:01.960> this<00:11:02.120> amazing<00:11:02.560> process.<00:11:03.000> You<00:11:03.080> start" + }, + { + "start": 663.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we know this amazing process. You start" + }, + { + "start": 663.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we know this amazing process. You start with<00:11:03.600> a<00:11:03.760> with<00:11:03.920> an<00:11:04.080> egg,<00:11:04.360> you<00:11:04.480> eventually<00:11:05.240> very" + }, + { + "start": 665.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with a with an egg, you eventually very" + }, + { + "start": 665.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with a with an egg, you eventually very reliably<00:11:06.200> end<00:11:06.360> with<00:11:06.520> something<00:11:06.800> like<00:11:06.960> this." + }, + { + "start": 668.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reliably end with something like this." + }, + { + "start": 668.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reliably end with something like this. But<00:11:08.520> I<00:11:08.640> want<00:11:08.920> to<00:11:09.000> be<00:11:09.120> clear<00:11:09.520> for<00:11:09.680> a<00:11:09.720> number<00:11:10.000> of" + }, + { + "start": 670.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But I want to be clear for a number of" + }, + { + "start": 670.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But I want to be clear for a number of reason<00:11:10.480> for<00:11:10.600> a<00:11:10.640> number<00:11:10.880> of<00:11:10.920> reasons<00:11:11.400> that<00:11:11.600> I'll" + }, + { + "start": 671.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reason for a number of reasons that I'll" + }, + { + "start": 671.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reason for a number of reasons that I'll mention," + }, + { + "start": 672.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mention," + }, + { + "start": 672.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mention, the<00:11:12.920> the<00:11:13.280> the<00:11:13.720> standard<00:11:14.200> concept<00:11:14.640> of<00:11:14.760> emergent" + }, + { + "start": 675.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the the the standard concept of emergent" + }, + { + "start": 675.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the the the standard concept of emergent emergence,<00:11:16.680> so<00:11:17.120> lots<00:11:17.440> of<00:11:17.560> simple<00:11:18.000> local<00:11:18.440> dumb" + }, + { + "start": 678.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergence, so lots of simple local dumb" + }, + { + "start": 678.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergence, so lots of simple local dumb rules," + }, + { + "start": 679.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules," + }, + { + "start": 679.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules, rules<00:11:20.360> that<00:11:20.520> are<00:11:20.600> well<00:11:20.839> described<00:11:21.280> by" + }, + { + "start": 681.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules that are well described by" + }, + { + "start": 681.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules that are well described by chemistry<00:11:21.880> in<00:11:22.000> which<00:11:22.200> systems<00:11:22.640> have<00:11:22.800> no" + }, + { + "start": 682.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "chemistry in which systems have no" + }, + { + "start": 683.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "chemistry in which systems have no goals,<00:11:23.400> they<00:11:23.520> don't<00:11:23.760> know<00:11:23.920> anything,<00:11:24.520> they" + }, + { + "start": 684.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goals, they don't know anything, they" + }, + { + "start": 684.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goals, they don't know anything, they just<00:11:24.960> sort<00:11:25.200> of<00:11:25.320> roll<00:11:25.640> on" + }, + { + "start": 686.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just sort of roll on" + }, + { + "start": 686.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just sort of roll on roll<00:11:26.880> forward,<00:11:27.200> and<00:11:27.280> eventually<00:11:27.920> emergence," + }, + { + "start": 688.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "roll forward, and eventually emergence," + }, + { + "start": 688.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "roll forward, and eventually emergence, you<00:11:28.839> know,<00:11:28.960> something<00:11:29.240> complex<00:11:29.640> happens.<00:11:30.280> You" + }, + { + "start": 690.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, something complex happens. You" + }, + { + "start": 690.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, something complex happens. You can<00:11:30.560> get<00:11:30.760> complexity<00:11:31.320> that<00:11:31.520> way.<00:11:31.640> It's<00:11:31.760> very" + }, + { + "start": 692.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can get complexity that way. It's very" + }, + { + "start": 692.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can get complexity that way. It's very clear<00:11:32.360> that<00:11:32.760> that<00:11:32.920> by<00:11:33.040> following<00:11:33.440> simple" + }, + { + "start": 693.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "clear that that by following simple" + }, + { + "start": 693.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "clear that that by following simple rules,<00:11:34.080> you<00:11:34.160> can<00:11:34.400> get<00:11:34.560> very<00:11:34.800> complex<00:11:35.520> outcomes" + }, + { + "start": 695.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules, you can get very complex outcomes" + }, + { + "start": 695.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules, you can get very complex outcomes and<00:11:36.040> in<00:11:36.120> fact<00:11:36.360> reliable<00:11:36.880> outcomes,<00:11:37.680> but<00:11:37.800> that" + }, + { + "start": 697.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in fact reliable outcomes, but that" + }, + { + "start": 697.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and in fact reliable outcomes, but that isn't<00:11:38.200> what's<00:11:38.400> going<00:11:38.640> on<00:11:38.920> here.<00:11:39.640> And<00:11:40.480> um" + }, + { + "start": 701.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "isn't what's going on here. And um" + }, + { + "start": 701.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "isn't what's going on here. And um the<00:11:41.200> thing<00:11:41.400> is<00:11:41.800> that<00:11:42.480> uh<00:11:42.560> this<00:11:42.760> this<00:11:42.960> idea<00:11:43.360> that" + }, + { + "start": 703.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the thing is that uh this this idea that" + }, + { + "start": 703.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the thing is that uh this this idea that we<00:11:43.720> can<00:11:43.880> only<00:11:44.120> use<00:11:44.360> models<00:11:44.720> of<00:11:44.840> chemistry" + }, + { + "start": 705.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can only use models of chemistry" + }, + { + "start": 705.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can only use models of chemistry where<00:11:45.520> the<00:11:45.600> components<00:11:46.360> have<00:11:46.520> no<00:11:46.680> goals<00:11:46.920> and" + }, + { + "start": 706.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where the components have no goals and" + }, + { + "start": 707.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where the components have no goals and don't<00:11:47.200> know<00:11:47.320> anything<00:11:48.160> is<00:11:48.320> an<00:11:48.440> axiom.<00:11:48.960> It<00:11:49.040> is" + }, + { + "start": 709.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't know anything is an axiom. It is" + }, + { + "start": 709.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't know anything is an axiom. It is not<00:11:49.360> a<00:11:49.400> result.<00:11:49.880> It<00:11:49.960> is<00:11:50.080> not<00:11:50.240> something<00:11:50.560> that" + }, + { + "start": 710.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not a result. It is not something that" + }, + { + "start": 710.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not a result. It is not something that was<00:11:51.000> was<00:11:51.200> shown<00:11:51.600> or<00:11:51.760> derived<00:11:52.360> or<00:11:52.520> proven<00:11:52.880> to<00:11:53.000> be" + }, + { + "start": 713.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "was was shown or derived or proven to be" + }, + { + "start": 713.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "was was shown or derived or proven to be successful.<00:11:54.040> And<00:11:54.240> in<00:11:54.320> fact,<00:11:54.560> it's<00:11:54.680> a<00:11:54.760> terrible" + }, + { + "start": 715.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "successful. And in fact, it's a terrible" + }, + { + "start": 715.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "successful. And in fact, it's a terrible axiom.<00:11:55.800> I<00:11:55.920> I<00:11:56.000> understand<00:11:56.480> it<00:11:56.560> might<00:11:56.720> have<00:11:56.840> been" + }, + { + "start": 717.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "axiom. I I understand it might have been" + }, + { + "start": 717.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "axiom. I I understand it might have been useful<00:11:57.640> when<00:11:58.280> the<00:11:58.480> only<00:11:58.720> options<00:11:59.160> were<00:11:59.360> dumb" + }, + { + "start": 719.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "useful when the only options were dumb" + }, + { + "start": 719.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "useful when the only options were dumb like<00:11:59.920> rocks<00:12:00.200> versus<00:12:00.560> smart<00:12:00.760> like<00:12:01.080> like" + }, + { + "start": 721.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like rocks versus smart like like" + }, + { + "start": 721.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like rocks versus smart like like humans,<00:12:02.240> but<00:12:02.360> that's<00:12:02.560> no<00:12:02.680> longer<00:12:02.920> the<00:12:03.040> case." + }, + { + "start": 723.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans, but that's no longer the case." + }, + { + "start": 723.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans, but that's no longer the case. Since<00:12:03.480> the<00:12:03.600> 1940s,<00:12:04.520> we've<00:12:04.680> had<00:12:05.200> cybernetics" + }, + { + "start": 725.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Since the 1940s, we've had cybernetics" + }, + { + "start": 725.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Since the 1940s, we've had cybernetics and<00:12:06.160> we've<00:12:06.320> had<00:12:07.000> uh<00:12:07.120> lots<00:12:07.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 728.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we've had uh lots of" + }, + { + "start": 728.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we've had uh lots of uh<00:12:08.320> rigorous<00:12:08.760> theory<00:12:09.240> around<00:12:10.000> how<00:12:10.200> systems," + }, + { + "start": 731.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh rigorous theory around how systems," + }, + { + "start": 731.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh rigorous theory around how systems, um<00:12:11.440> whether<00:12:11.840> natural<00:12:12.240> or<00:12:12.360> engineered,<00:12:13.040> can" + }, + { + "start": 733.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um whether natural or engineered, can" + }, + { + "start": 733.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um whether natural or engineered, can have<00:12:13.400> goals.<00:12:13.760> And<00:12:13.840> it<00:12:13.920> doesn't<00:12:14.280> mean<00:12:14.800> human" + }, + { + "start": 735.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have goals. And it doesn't mean human" + }, + { + "start": 735.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have goals. And it doesn't mean human metacognitive<00:12:16.480> uh" + }, + { + "start": 737.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "metacognitive uh" + }, + { + "start": 737.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "metacognitive uh uh<00:12:17.400> size<00:12:17.960> goals.<00:12:18.520> It<00:12:18.680> means" + }, + { + "start": 739.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh size goals. It means" + }, + { + "start": 739.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh size goals. It means uh<00:12:19.920> there's<00:12:20.200> a<00:12:20.280> there's<00:12:20.480> a<00:12:20.520> spectrum<00:12:21.040> of<00:12:21.240> of" + }, + { + "start": 741.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh there's a there's a spectrum of of" + }, + { + "start": 741.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh there's a there's a spectrum of of techniques<00:12:21.880> that<00:12:22.040> you<00:12:22.120> can<00:12:22.280> use<00:12:22.520> to" + }, + { + "start": 742.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "techniques that you can use to" + }, + { + "start": 742.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "techniques that you can use to understand<00:12:23.040> how<00:12:23.200> systems<00:12:23.640> have<00:12:23.840> goals.<00:12:24.480> And" + }, + { + "start": 744.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand how systems have goals. And" + }, + { + "start": 744.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand how systems have goals. And so,<00:12:25.080> I<00:12:25.120> you<00:12:25.280> know,<00:12:25.360> teleology<00:12:26.280> shouldn't<00:12:26.560> have" + }, + { + "start": 746.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so, I you know, teleology shouldn't have" + }, + { + "start": 746.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so, I you know, teleology shouldn't have been<00:12:26.880> taboo<00:12:27.360> past<00:12:27.880> the<00:12:28.000> 1940s.<00:12:28.760> And<00:12:28.880> I<00:12:28.960> think" + }, + { + "start": 749.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "been taboo past the 1940s. And I think" + }, + { + "start": 749.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "been taboo past the 1940s. And I think actually<00:12:29.520> nothing<00:12:29.920> in<00:12:30.040> biology<00:12:30.920> uh<00:12:31.080> can<00:12:31.280> be" + }, + { + "start": 751.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually nothing in biology uh can be" + }, + { + "start": 751.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually nothing in biology uh can be properly<00:12:32.040> handled<00:12:32.400> without<00:12:32.720> understanding" + }, + { + "start": 753.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "properly handled without understanding" + }, + { + "start": 753.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "properly handled without understanding that<00:12:33.680> sticking<00:12:34.120> to<00:12:34.240> this<00:12:34.760> low<00:12:35.080> lowest<00:12:36.000> uh<00:12:36.320> uh" + }, + { + "start": 756.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that sticking to this low lowest uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 756.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that sticking to this low lowest uh uh rung<00:12:36.680> of<00:12:36.760> the<00:12:36.880> cybernetic<00:12:37.520> ladder<00:12:37.880> is<00:12:38.040> simply" + }, + { + "start": 758.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rung of the cybernetic ladder is simply" + }, + { + "start": 758.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rung of the cybernetic ladder is simply uh<00:12:39.440> leaving<00:12:39.800> too<00:12:40.000> many<00:12:40.320> useful<00:12:40.640> tools<00:12:40.960> on<00:12:41.040> the" + }, + { + "start": 761.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh leaving too many useful tools on the" + }, + { + "start": 761.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh leaving too many useful tools on the table.<00:12:41.520> It's<00:12:42.080> And<00:12:42.240> evolution<00:12:42.720> certainly" + }, + { + "start": 762.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "table. It's And evolution certainly" + }, + { + "start": 763.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "table. It's And evolution certainly didn't<00:12:43.240> do<00:12:43.360> that.<00:12:43.600> Didn't<00:12:44.200> didn't<00:12:44.480> stay<00:12:44.760> at" + }, + { + "start": 764.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't do that. Didn't didn't stay at" + }, + { + "start": 764.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't do that. Didn't didn't stay at this<00:12:45.240> at<00:12:45.360> this<00:12:45.560> low<00:12:45.680> level.<00:12:46.240> So,<00:12:46.440> so<00:12:46.600> it<00:12:46.680> is<00:12:46.800> not" + }, + { + "start": 766.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this at this low level. So, so it is not" + }, + { + "start": 766.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this at this low level. So, so it is not about<00:12:47.200> emergence.<00:12:47.720> Why?<00:12:48.560> Because<00:12:49.000> one<00:12:49.160> of<00:12:49.240> the" + }, + { + "start": 769.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about emergence. Why? Because one of the" + }, + { + "start": 769.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about emergence. Why? Because one of the things<00:12:49.640> that<00:12:49.800> we<00:12:49.920> see<00:12:50.120> in<00:12:50.200> these<00:12:50.400> complex" + }, + { + "start": 770.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things that we see in these complex" + }, + { + "start": 770.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things that we see in these complex systems<00:12:51.560> is<00:12:52.080> that<00:12:52.240> they<00:12:52.360> pursue" + }, + { + "start": 773.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems is that they pursue" + }, + { + "start": 773.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems is that they pursue a<00:12:53.800> goal.<00:12:54.080> They<00:12:54.360> they<00:12:54.680> they<00:12:54.839> don't<00:12:55.280> merely<00:12:55.800> have" + }, + { + "start": 776.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a goal. They they they don't merely have" + }, + { + "start": 776.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a goal. They they they don't merely have complex<00:12:56.640> outcomes.<00:12:57.000> They<00:12:57.120> go<00:12:57.280> toward<00:12:57.680> a" + }, + { + "start": 777.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complex outcomes. They go toward a" + }, + { + "start": 777.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complex outcomes. They go toward a specific<00:12:58.240> pattern.<00:12:58.520> Now,<00:12:58.640> how<00:12:58.800> do<00:12:58.920> you<00:12:59.040> know?" + }, + { + "start": 779.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "specific pattern. Now, how do you know?" + }, + { + "start": 779.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "specific pattern. Now, how do you know? You<00:12:59.600> can't<00:12:59.800> just<00:12:59.960> assume<00:13:00.360> this.<00:13:00.839> You<00:13:00.920> can't<00:13:01.480> uh" + }, + { + "start": 781.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can't just assume this. You can't uh" + }, + { + "start": 781.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can't just assume this. You can't uh just<00:13:01.760> say<00:13:01.960> this<00:13:02.200> because<00:13:02.520> you<00:13:02.640> see<00:13:03.200> them" + }, + { + "start": 783.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just say this because you see them" + }, + { + "start": 783.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just say this because you see them reliably<00:13:03.880> doing<00:13:04.120> it.<00:13:04.480> You<00:13:04.600> have<00:13:04.760> to<00:13:04.839> do" + }, + { + "start": 784.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reliably doing it. You have to do" + }, + { + "start": 784.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reliably doing it. You have to do perturbative<00:13:05.600> experiments.<00:13:06.440> So,<00:13:06.600> for" + }, + { + "start": 786.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "perturbative experiments. So, for" + }, + { + "start": 786.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "perturbative experiments. So, for example,<00:13:07.080> if<00:13:07.200> we<00:13:07.320> scramble<00:13:07.920> the<00:13:08.040> face<00:13:08.360> of<00:13:08.480> this" + }, + { + "start": 788.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, if we scramble the face of this" + }, + { + "start": 788.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example, if we scramble the face of this tadpole,<00:13:09.440> it<00:13:09.560> doesn't<00:13:09.839> make<00:13:10.040> a<00:13:10.080> scrambled" + }, + { + "start": 790.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tadpole, it doesn't make a scrambled" + }, + { + "start": 790.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tadpole, it doesn't make a scrambled frog,<00:13:11.360> which<00:13:11.520> it<00:13:11.640> would<00:13:11.880> if<00:13:12.040> all<00:13:12.200> of<00:13:12.280> the" + }, + { + "start": 792.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frog, which it would if all of the" + }, + { + "start": 792.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frog, which it would if all of the organs<00:13:12.760> were<00:13:12.880> just<00:13:13.120> following<00:13:13.760> their" + }, + { + "start": 793.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organs were just following their" + }, + { + "start": 793.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organs were just following their standard<00:13:14.440> rules<00:13:14.800> of<00:13:15.040> of<00:13:15.280> how<00:13:15.440> far<00:13:15.680> to<00:13:15.760> go<00:13:15.920> in" + }, + { + "start": 796.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard rules of of how far to go in" + }, + { + "start": 796.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard rules of of how far to go in what<00:13:16.200> direction.<00:13:16.880> So,<00:13:17.040> these<00:13:17.240> kind<00:13:17.480> of<00:13:17.600> uh" + }, + { + "start": 797.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what direction. So, these kind of uh" + }, + { + "start": 797.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what direction. So, these kind of uh Picasso-like<00:13:18.760> scrambled<00:13:19.320> tadpoles,<00:13:20.080> nope," + }, + { + "start": 800.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Picasso-like scrambled tadpoles, nope," + }, + { + "start": 800.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Picasso-like scrambled tadpoles, nope, they<00:13:20.400> make<00:13:20.640> pretty<00:13:20.920> normal<00:13:21.320> frogs<00:13:21.680> because" + }, + { + "start": 801.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make pretty normal frogs because" + }, + { + "start": 801.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make pretty normal frogs because all<00:13:22.080> the<00:13:22.160> different<00:13:22.480> organs<00:13:22.880> will<00:13:23.040> move<00:13:23.240> in" + }, + { + "start": 803.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all the different organs will move in" + }, + { + "start": 803.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all the different organs will move in different<00:13:24.080> novel<00:13:24.480> paths.<00:13:25.360> Then<00:13:25.600> they<00:13:25.680> will<00:13:26.240> uh" + }, + { + "start": 806.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different novel paths. Then they will uh" + }, + { + "start": 806.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different novel paths. Then they will uh sometimes<00:13:26.920> go<00:13:27.040> too<00:13:27.200> far<00:13:27.440> and<00:13:27.520> to<00:13:27.600> come<00:13:27.760> back" + }, + { + "start": 807.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes go too far and to come back" + }, + { + "start": 808.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes go too far and to come back and<00:13:28.080> they<00:13:28.160> all<00:13:28.320> rearrange<00:13:28.760> themselves<00:13:29.680> and<00:13:30.160> uh" + }, + { + "start": 810.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they all rearrange themselves and uh" + }, + { + "start": 810.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they all rearrange themselves and uh they<00:13:30.400> make<00:13:30.640> pretty<00:13:31.240> pretty<00:13:31.840> uh<00:13:31.920> normal<00:13:32.240> frog" + }, + { + "start": 812.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make pretty pretty uh normal frog" + }, + { + "start": 812.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make pretty pretty uh normal frog faces." + }, + { + "start": 813.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "faces." + }, + { + "start": 813.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "faces. And<00:13:33.680> then<00:13:33.800> they<00:13:33.880> stop<00:13:34.200> and<00:13:34.320> then<00:13:34.440> they<00:13:34.520> stop" + }, + { + "start": 814.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And then they stop and then they stop" + }, + { + "start": 814.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And then they stop and then they stop moving.<00:13:35.520> Same<00:13:35.760> thing<00:13:35.920> here,<00:13:36.160> if<00:13:36.280> you<00:13:36.360> have<00:13:36.560> an" + }, + { + "start": 816.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "moving. Same thing here, if you have an" + }, + { + "start": 816.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "moving. Same thing here, if you have an axolotl,<00:13:37.360> you<00:13:37.480> amputate<00:13:37.880> the<00:13:37.960> limb,<00:13:38.480> these" + }, + { + "start": 818.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "axolotl, you amputate the limb, these" + }, + { + "start": 818.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "axolotl, you amputate the limb, these cells<00:13:38.880> will<00:13:39.040> grow<00:13:39.280> really<00:13:39.560> quickly,<00:13:39.920> but<00:13:40.120> then" + }, + { + "start": 820.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells will grow really quickly, but then" + }, + { + "start": 820.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells will grow really quickly, but then they<00:13:40.400> stop.<00:13:41.000> The<00:13:41.040> most<00:13:41.240> amazing<00:13:41.600> part<00:13:41.840> of" + }, + { + "start": 821.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they stop. The most amazing part of" + }, + { + "start": 821.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they stop. The most amazing part of regeneration<00:13:42.520> is<00:13:42.640> that<00:13:42.760> it<00:13:42.880> stops.<00:13:43.400> When<00:13:43.560> does" + }, + { + "start": 823.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regeneration is that it stops. When does" + }, + { + "start": 823.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "regeneration is that it stops. When does it<00:13:43.840> stop?<00:13:44.520> It<00:13:44.680> stops<00:13:45.160> when<00:13:45.360> the<00:13:45.480> correct" + }, + { + "start": 826.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it stop? It stops when the correct" + }, + { + "start": 826.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it stop? It stops when the correct pattern<00:13:46.480> has<00:13:46.640> been<00:13:46.760> completed.<00:13:47.520> So,<00:13:47.680> all<00:13:47.880> of" + }, + { + "start": 827.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pattern has been completed. So, all of" + }, + { + "start": 827.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pattern has been completed. So, all of this,<00:13:48.440> again,<00:13:49.120> uh<00:13:49.320> doesn't<00:13:49.760> you<00:13:49.920> know,<00:13:50.040> ever" + }, + { + "start": 830.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, again, uh doesn't you know, ever" + }, + { + "start": 830.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, again, uh doesn't you know, ever since<00:13:50.560> ever<00:13:50.760> since<00:13:51.040> we've<00:13:51.200> understood<00:13:51.520> about" + }, + { + "start": 831.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "since ever since we've understood about" + }, + { + "start": 831.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "since ever since we've understood about homeostats,<00:13:52.280> doesn't<00:13:52.600> need<00:13:52.760> to<00:13:52.880> be<00:13:53.320> magical." + }, + { + "start": 833.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "homeostats, doesn't need to be magical." + }, + { + "start": 833.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "homeostats, doesn't need to be magical. It<00:13:53.920> basically<00:13:54.400> is<00:13:54.520> a<00:13:54.600> system<00:13:55.280> that<00:13:55.520> represents" + }, + { + "start": 836.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It basically is a system that represents" + }, + { + "start": 836.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It basically is a system that represents the<00:13:56.880> the<00:13:57.040> journey<00:13:57.440> that<00:13:57.600> it's<00:13:57.760> taking<00:13:58.240> in" + }, + { + "start": 838.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the the journey that it's taking in" + }, + { + "start": 838.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the the journey that it's taking in morphospace<00:13:59.480> and<00:13:59.640> anatomical<00:14:00.280> space.<00:14:00.920> It" + }, + { + "start": 841.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "morphospace and anatomical space. It" + }, + { + "start": 841.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "morphospace and anatomical space. It navigates<00:14:01.680> to<00:14:01.760> that<00:14:01.960> position<00:14:02.360> using<00:14:02.720> now" + }, + { + "start": 843.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "navigates to that position using now" + }, + { + "start": 843.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "navigates to that position using now well-known<00:14:04.320> uh<00:14:04.440> mechanisms.<00:14:05.480> And<00:14:05.800> uh<00:14:05.840> when<00:14:06.000> it" + }, + { + "start": 846.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "well-known uh mechanisms. And uh when it" + }, + { + "start": 846.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "well-known uh mechanisms. And uh when it gets<00:14:06.320> there,<00:14:06.960> uh<00:14:07.040> then<00:14:07.320> then<00:14:07.480> it<00:14:07.600> stops,<00:14:07.960> like" + }, + { + "start": 848.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gets there, uh then then it stops, like" + }, + { + "start": 848.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gets there, uh then then it stops, like any<00:14:08.320> other<00:14:08.600> kind<00:14:08.880> of<00:14:09.120> uh<00:14:09.160> goal-seeking" + }, + { + "start": 849.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any other kind of uh goal-seeking" + }, + { + "start": 849.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any other kind of uh goal-seeking behavior." + }, + { + "start": 850.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior." + }, + { + "start": 850.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior. Uh<00:14:11.160> and<00:14:11.840> in<00:14:12.000> fact,<00:14:12.400> now<00:14:12.640> so<00:14:12.880> so<00:14:13.240> so<00:14:13.480> how<00:14:13.680> does<00:14:13.880> it" + }, + { + "start": 853.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and in fact, now so so so how does it" + }, + { + "start": 853.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh and in fact, now so so so how does it know<00:14:14.120> what<00:14:14.320> the<00:14:14.480> what<00:14:14.640> the<00:14:14.720> patterns<00:14:15.120> are?<00:14:15.520> I<00:14:15.840> I" + }, + { + "start": 856.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know what the what the patterns are? I I" + }, + { + "start": 856.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know what the what the patterns are? I I asked<00:14:16.480> that<00:14:16.600> question<00:14:17.120> absolutely<00:14:17.680> literally" + }, + { + "start": 858.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "asked that question absolutely literally" + }, + { + "start": 858.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "asked that question absolutely literally because<00:14:19.560> the<00:14:19.680> way<00:14:19.880> that<00:14:20.120> these<00:14:20.320> systems<00:14:20.880> know" + }, + { + "start": 861.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because the way that these systems know" + }, + { + "start": 861.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because the way that these systems know where<00:14:21.560> they<00:14:21.720> are<00:14:21.840> going<00:14:22.680> is<00:14:23.040> exactly<00:14:23.640> the<00:14:23.760> same" + }, + { + "start": 863.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where they are going is exactly the same" + }, + { + "start": 863.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where they are going is exactly the same mechanisms<00:14:24.520> by<00:14:24.680> which<00:14:25.160> you<00:14:25.360> know<00:14:25.560> where" + }, + { + "start": 865.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mechanisms by which you know where" + }, + { + "start": 865.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mechanisms by which you know where you're<00:14:25.880> going<00:14:26.200> when<00:14:26.320> you<00:14:26.480> execute<00:14:26.960> goals.<00:14:27.680> Uh" + }, + { + "start": 867.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're going when you execute goals. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 867.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're going when you execute goals. Uh the<00:14:28.040> same<00:14:28.280> way<00:14:28.680> that<00:14:28.920> your<00:14:29.160> collective" + }, + { + "start": 869.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the same way that your collective" + }, + { + "start": 869.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the same way that your collective intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 871.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 871.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence uses<00:14:31.560> electrical<00:14:32.360> processes<00:14:33.000> in<00:14:33.120> your<00:14:33.240> brain," + }, + { + "start": 873.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uses electrical processes in your brain," + }, + { + "start": 873.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uses electrical processes in your brain, ion<00:14:33.880> channels,<00:14:34.520> neurotransmitters," + }, + { + "start": 875.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ion channels, neurotransmitters," + }, + { + "start": 875.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ion channels, neurotransmitters, electrical<00:14:36.040> synapses,<00:14:36.880> in<00:14:37.080> electrical" + }, + { + "start": 877.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrical synapses, in electrical" + }, + { + "start": 877.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrical synapses, in electrical networks<00:14:37.920> of<00:14:38.000> the<00:14:38.120> brain<00:14:38.480> to<00:14:39.160> to<00:14:39.320> remember" + }, + { + "start": 879.829, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks of the brain to to remember" + }, + { + "start": 879.839, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks of the brain to to remember goals<00:14:40.200> and<00:14:40.320> to<00:14:40.440> guide<00:14:40.800> goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 881.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goals and to guide goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 881.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "goals and to guide goal-directed behavior<00:14:41.880> toward<00:14:42.120> those<00:14:42.320> goals,<00:14:42.920> that" + }, + { + "start": 883.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior toward those goals, that" + }, + { + "start": 883.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "behavior toward those goals, that exactly<00:14:43.880> same<00:14:44.240> system<00:14:44.960> is<00:14:45.240> evolutionarily" + }, + { + "start": 886.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exactly same system is evolutionarily" + }, + { + "start": 886.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exactly same system is evolutionarily ancient.<00:14:46.839> It<00:14:47.000> was<00:14:47.200> used<00:14:47.480> long<00:14:47.800> before<00:14:48.200> you" + }, + { + "start": 888.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ancient. It was used long before you" + }, + { + "start": 888.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ancient. It was used long before you anybody<00:14:48.920> had<00:14:49.120> neurons<00:14:49.920> to<00:14:50.760> uh<00:14:50.920> to<00:14:51.120> remember" + }, + { + "start": 891.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anybody had neurons to uh to remember" + }, + { + "start": 891.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anybody had neurons to uh to remember what<00:14:52.040> our<00:14:52.160> shape<00:14:52.520> was<00:14:52.640> supposed<00:14:53.000> to<00:14:53.080> look" + }, + { + "start": 893.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what our shape was supposed to look" + }, + { + "start": 893.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what our shape was supposed to look like.<00:14:53.839> Uh<00:14:53.960> back<00:14:54.200> in<00:14:54.760> 2000<00:14:55.480> or<00:14:55.560> so,<00:14:55.760> we" + }, + { + "start": 895.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like. Uh back in 2000 or so, we" + }, + { + "start": 895.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like. Uh back in 2000 or so, we developed<00:14:56.280> the<00:14:56.360> first<00:14:57.160> uh<00:14:57.520> uh<00:14:57.560> molecular" + }, + { + "start": 898.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "developed the first uh uh molecular" + }, + { + "start": 898.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "developed the first uh uh molecular tools<00:14:58.520> to<00:14:58.680> read<00:14:58.920> and<00:14:59.040> write<00:14:59.520> these<00:14:59.880> these" + }, + { + "start": 900.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tools to read and write these these" + }, + { + "start": 900.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tools to read and write these these patterns.<00:15:00.839> So,<00:15:00.960> we<00:15:01.080> can<00:15:01.240> literally<00:15:01.680> see<00:15:01.920> this" + }, + { + "start": 902.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns. So, we can literally see this" + }, + { + "start": 902.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "patterns. So, we can literally see this is<00:15:02.280> this<00:15:02.480> is<00:15:02.560> not<00:15:02.960> AI<00:15:03.320> or<00:15:03.560> simulations<00:15:04.200> or" + }, + { + "start": 904.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is this is not AI or simulations or" + }, + { + "start": 904.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is this is not AI or simulations or anything.<00:15:04.839> These<00:15:05.040> are<00:15:05.160> these<00:15:05.360> are<00:15:05.520> actual" + }, + { + "start": 906.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything. These are these are actual" + }, + { + "start": 906.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything. These are these are actual uh<00:15:06.760> data<00:15:07.120> from<00:15:07.360> an<00:15:07.480> early<00:15:07.720> frog<00:15:07.960> embryo<00:15:08.320> and" + }, + { + "start": 908.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh data from an early frog embryo and" + }, + { + "start": 908.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh data from an early frog embryo and from<00:15:08.600> the<00:15:08.720> cells<00:15:09.040> in<00:15:09.120> culture<00:15:09.880> looking<00:15:10.360> at" + }, + { + "start": 910.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from the cells in culture looking at" + }, + { + "start": 910.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from the cells in culture looking at that<00:15:11.120> now<00:15:11.280> we<00:15:11.400> can<00:15:11.600> read<00:15:12.080> in<00:15:12.240> the<00:15:12.320> vivo,<00:15:12.720> in<00:15:12.839> the" + }, + { + "start": 912.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that now we can read in the vivo, in the" + }, + { + "start": 912.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that now we can read in the vivo, in the living<00:15:13.240> state,<00:15:13.560> we<00:15:13.640> can<00:15:13.760> now<00:15:13.960> read<00:15:14.560> the<00:15:14.760> of<00:15:14.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 914.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "living state, we can now read the of the" + }, + { + "start": 915.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "living state, we can now read the of the electrical<00:15:15.880> uh<00:15:15.960> um" + }, + { + "start": 916.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrical uh um" + }, + { + "start": 916.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electrical uh um memory<00:15:17.080> patterns<00:15:17.600> that<00:15:17.839> non-neural<00:15:18.839> tissue" + }, + { + "start": 919.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "memory patterns that non-neural tissue" + }, + { + "start": 919.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "memory patterns that non-neural tissue drives.<00:15:20.080> And<00:15:20.160> so,<00:15:20.280> this<00:15:20.560> is<00:15:20.680> a<00:15:20.720> particular" + }, + { + "start": 921.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "drives. And so, this is a particular" + }, + { + "start": 921.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "drives. And so, this is a particular pattern<00:15:21.720> here.<00:15:21.960> This<00:15:22.080> is<00:15:22.360> we<00:15:22.480> call<00:15:22.680> this<00:15:22.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 922.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pattern here. This is we call this the" + }, + { + "start": 922.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pattern here. This is we call this the electric<00:15:23.400> face.<00:15:24.000> This<00:15:24.160> is<00:15:24.280> a<00:15:24.360> pattern<00:15:24.760> that" + }, + { + "start": 924.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electric face. This is a pattern that" + }, + { + "start": 924.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "electric face. This is a pattern that shows<00:15:25.240> up<00:15:25.400> before<00:15:26.400> any<00:15:26.640> of<00:15:26.720> the<00:15:26.840> genes<00:15:27.200> turn<00:15:27.520> on" + }, + { + "start": 927.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shows up before any of the genes turn on" + }, + { + "start": 927.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shows up before any of the genes turn on to<00:15:27.880> regionalize<00:15:28.560> the<00:15:28.880> tadpole<00:15:29.400> face.<00:15:30.000> So,<00:15:30.240> it" + }, + { + "start": 930.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to regionalize the tadpole face. So, it" + }, + { + "start": 930.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to regionalize the tadpole face. So, it already<00:15:30.720> tells<00:15:31.000> you<00:15:31.120> everything<00:15:31.480> you<00:15:31.560> need<00:15:31.760> to" + }, + { + "start": 931.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already tells you everything you need to" + }, + { + "start": 931.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already tells you everything you need to know.<00:15:31.960> Here's<00:15:32.280> where<00:15:32.440> the<00:15:32.800> the<00:15:32.960> animal's" + }, + { + "start": 933.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know. Here's where the the animal's" + }, + { + "start": 933.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know. Here's where the the animal's right<00:15:33.600> eye<00:15:33.680> is<00:15:33.840> going<00:15:34.080> to<00:15:34.160> be.<00:15:34.320> Here's<00:15:34.600> where" + }, + { + "start": 934.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right eye is going to be. Here's where" + }, + { + "start": 934.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right eye is going to be. Here's where the<00:15:34.840> mouth<00:15:35.080> is<00:15:35.200> going<00:15:35.400> to<00:15:35.480> be.<00:15:35.600> Here<00:15:35.760> are<00:15:35.800> the" + }, + { + "start": 935.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the mouth is going to be. Here are the" + }, + { + "start": 935.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the mouth is going to be. Here are the placodes.<00:15:36.680> What<00:15:36.800> you're<00:15:36.920> seeing<00:15:37.200> here,<00:15:37.360> by" + }, + { + "start": 937.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "placodes. What you're seeing here, by" + }, + { + "start": 937.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "placodes. What you're seeing here, by the<00:15:37.640> way,<00:15:37.880> is<00:15:38.040> not,<00:15:38.440> you<00:15:38.560> know,<00:15:38.680> some<00:15:38.920> some" + }, + { + "start": 939.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way, is not, you know, some some" + }, + { + "start": 939.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the way, is not, you know, some some mystical<00:15:39.560> energy.<00:15:39.840> What<00:15:39.960> you're<00:15:40.080> seeing<00:15:40.320> here" + }, + { + "start": 940.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mystical energy. What you're seeing here" + }, + { + "start": 940.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mystical energy. What you're seeing here are<00:15:40.920> just<00:15:41.640> voltage<00:15:42.120> gradients<00:15:42.680> between<00:15:43.000> the" + }, + { + "start": 943.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are just voltage gradients between the" + }, + { + "start": 943.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are just voltage gradients between the inside<00:15:43.640> and<00:15:43.760> the<00:15:43.880> outside<00:15:44.480> of<00:15:44.640> the<00:15:44.840> cell" + }, + { + "start": 945.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inside and the outside of the cell" + }, + { + "start": 945.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inside and the outside of the cell plasma<00:15:45.480> membrane.<00:15:45.920> Just<00:15:46.200> like<00:15:46.400> in<00:15:46.520> your" + }, + { + "start": 946.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plasma membrane. Just like in your" + }, + { + "start": 946.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plasma membrane. Just like in your brain,<00:15:46.960> that's<00:15:47.160> what<00:15:47.280> the<00:15:47.360> neurons<00:15:47.760> are" + }, + { + "start": 947.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brain, that's what the neurons are" + }, + { + "start": 947.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "brain, that's what the neurons are doing.<00:15:48.400> But,<00:15:48.560> this<00:15:48.720> network<00:15:49.160> is<00:15:49.280> much<00:15:49.520> slower." + }, + { + "start": 950.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing. But, this network is much slower." + }, + { + "start": 950.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing. But, this network is much slower. It<00:15:50.200> doesn't<00:15:50.480> operate<00:15:50.800> at<00:15:50.920> milliseconds.<00:15:51.520> It" + }, + { + "start": 951.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It doesn't operate at milliseconds. It" + }, + { + "start": 951.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It doesn't operate at milliseconds. It operates<00:15:52.040> in<00:15:52.160> minutes<00:15:52.640> and<00:15:52.960> and<00:15:53.160> hours.<00:15:53.880> And" + }, + { + "start": 954.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operates in minutes and and hours. And" + }, + { + "start": 954.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "operates in minutes and and hours. And what<00:15:54.240> it<00:15:54.520> likes<00:15:54.840> to<00:15:54.920> think<00:15:55.120> about<00:15:55.480> is<00:15:55.880> shape." + }, + { + "start": 956.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what it likes to think about is shape." + }, + { + "start": 956.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what it likes to think about is shape. And<00:15:56.680> so,<00:15:56.840> having<00:15:57.120> done<00:15:57.400> having<00:15:57.680> seen<00:15:57.880> this," + }, + { + "start": 958.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, having done having seen this," + }, + { + "start": 958.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, having done having seen this, one<00:15:58.920> of<00:15:58.960> the<00:15:59.040> things<00:15:59.240> you<00:15:59.320> might<00:15:59.520> do<00:15:59.680> is<00:15:59.840> try<00:16:00.040> to" + }, + { + "start": 960.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one of the things you might do is try to" + }, + { + "start": 960.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one of the things you might do is try to establish<00:16:00.720> the<00:16:00.840> same<00:16:01.120> bioelectrical<00:16:01.760> pattern" + }, + { + "start": 962.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "establish the same bioelectrical pattern" + }, + { + "start": 962.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "establish the same bioelectrical pattern somewhere<00:16:02.480> else<00:16:03.080> and<00:16:03.280> see<00:16:03.440> what<00:16:03.600> happens.<00:16:03.960> And" + }, + { + "start": 964.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "somewhere else and see what happens. And" + }, + { + "start": 964.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "somewhere else and see what happens. And if<00:16:04.200> you<00:16:04.280> do<00:16:04.440> that,<00:16:04.960> so<00:16:05.080> here's<00:16:05.320> a<00:16:05.400> tadpole." + }, + { + "start": 965.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you do that, so here's a tadpole." + }, + { + "start": 965.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you do that, so here's a tadpole. Here's<00:16:06.240> the<00:16:06.560> Here's<00:16:06.800> its<00:16:06.960> normal<00:16:07.400> eye." + }, + { + "start": 967.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's the Here's its normal eye." + }, + { + "start": 967.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's the Here's its normal eye. There's<00:16:07.960> the<00:16:08.080> other<00:16:08.200> one's<00:16:08.400> on<00:16:08.480> the<00:16:08.600> other" + }, + { + "start": 968.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's the other one's on the other" + }, + { + "start": 968.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's the other one's on the other side.<00:16:09.360> So,<00:16:09.560> here's<00:16:09.880> the<00:16:09.960> mouth,<00:16:10.360> the<00:16:10.440> brain<00:16:10.760> is" + }, + { + "start": 970.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side. So, here's the mouth, the brain is" + }, + { + "start": 970.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "side. So, here's the mouth, the brain is up<00:16:11.040> here,<00:16:11.200> the<00:16:11.320> gut.<00:16:11.840> So,<00:16:12.160> so<00:16:12.320> if<00:16:12.400> we<00:16:12.560> establish" + }, + { + "start": 973.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "up here, the gut. So, so if we establish" + }, + { + "start": 973.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "up here, the gut. So, so if we establish by<00:16:13.640> using<00:16:14.360> ion<00:16:14.640> channel<00:16:14.960> injections<00:16:15.520> this" + }, + { + "start": 975.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by using ion channel injections this" + }, + { + "start": 975.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by using ion channel injections this bioelectrical<00:16:16.400> state<00:16:16.760> somewhere<00:16:17.040> else,<00:16:17.600> here" + }, + { + "start": 977.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bioelectrical state somewhere else, here" + }, + { + "start": 977.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bioelectrical state somewhere else, here it<00:16:17.880> is<00:16:18.000> on<00:16:18.120> the<00:16:18.200> gut.<00:16:18.720> The<00:16:18.800> cells<00:16:19.120> know<00:16:19.280> exactly" + }, + { + "start": 979.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it is on the gut. The cells know exactly" + }, + { + "start": 979.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it is on the gut. The cells know exactly what<00:16:19.840> this<00:16:20.000> means.<00:16:20.280> They<00:16:20.400> interpret<00:16:20.880> it<00:16:21.080> as" + }, + { + "start": 981.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what this means. They interpret it as" + }, + { + "start": 981.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what this means. They interpret it as build<00:16:21.760> an<00:16:21.880> eye<00:16:22.040> here,<00:16:22.480> and<00:16:22.640> they<00:16:22.720> build<00:16:22.960> an" + }, + { + "start": 983.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "build an eye here, and they build an" + }, + { + "start": 983.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "build an eye here, and they build an eye.<00:16:23.440> So,<00:16:23.560> what<00:16:23.640> I'm<00:16:23.720> telling<00:16:24.000> you<00:16:24.080> here," + }, + { + "start": 984.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eye. So, what I'm telling you here," + }, + { + "start": 984.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eye. So, what I'm telling you here, which<00:16:24.480> it<00:16:24.560> will<00:16:24.680> be<00:16:24.880> important<00:16:25.240> momentarily," + }, + { + "start": 985.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which it will be important momentarily," + }, + { + "start": 985.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which it will be important momentarily, is<00:16:25.920> that<00:16:26.720> we<00:16:26.880> now<00:16:27.040> have<00:16:27.200> the<00:16:27.320> ability<00:16:28.040> to<00:16:28.480> read" + }, + { + "start": 989.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is that we now have the ability to read" + }, + { + "start": 989.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is that we now have the ability to read and<00:16:29.400> and<00:16:29.640> write<00:16:30.080> and<00:16:30.240> rewrite,<00:16:30.680> at<00:16:30.760> least<00:16:31.000> in" + }, + { + "start": 991.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and and write and rewrite, at least in" + }, + { + "start": 991.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and and write and rewrite, at least in some<00:16:31.360> cases,<00:16:32.040> specific<00:16:32.640> patterns<00:16:33.120> that<00:16:33.320> serve" + }, + { + "start": 993.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some cases, specific patterns that serve" + }, + { + "start": 993.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some cases, specific patterns that serve as<00:16:33.839> the<00:16:33.960> goal<00:16:34.680> for<00:16:35.120> a<00:16:35.200> bonafide<00:16:36.160> goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 996.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as the goal for a bonafide goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 996.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as the goal for a bonafide goal-directed system,<00:16:37.640> which<00:16:37.839> basically<00:16:38.440> works<00:16:38.720> to<00:16:38.839> reduce" + }, + { + "start": 999.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system, which basically works to reduce" + }, + { + "start": 999.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system, which basically works to reduce error.<00:16:39.640> It<00:16:39.760> uses<00:16:40.080> an<00:16:40.200> electrical<00:16:40.680> network<00:16:41.360> to" + }, + { + "start": 1001.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "error. It uses an electrical network to" + }, + { + "start": 1001.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "error. It uses an electrical network to gauge<00:16:41.839> the<00:16:41.960> delta<00:16:42.320> between<00:16:42.839> how<00:16:43.040> are<00:16:43.160> we<00:16:43.360> now" + }, + { + "start": 1003.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gauge the delta between how are we now" + }, + { + "start": 1004.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gauge the delta between how are we now versus<00:16:44.320> how<00:16:44.440> are<00:16:44.520> we<00:16:44.640> supposed<00:16:45.040> to<00:16:45.120> be<00:16:45.320> and<00:16:45.440> try" + }, + { + "start": 1005.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus how are we supposed to be and try" + }, + { + "start": 1005.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus how are we supposed to be and try to<00:16:45.680> reduce<00:16:46.280> that<00:16:46.520> delta.<00:16:47.320> Here's<00:16:47.520> another" + }, + { + "start": 1007.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to reduce that delta. Here's another" + }, + { + "start": 1007.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to reduce that delta. Here's another example<00:16:48.320> of<00:16:48.400> this<00:16:48.560> in<00:16:48.680> these<00:16:48.880> planaria." + }, + { + "start": 1009.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example of this in these planaria." + }, + { + "start": 1010.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example of this in these planaria. Normally<00:16:50.480> nice<00:16:51.320> one-headed<00:16:51.839> flatworm,<00:16:52.280> you" + }, + { + "start": 1012.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Normally nice one-headed flatworm, you" + }, + { + "start": 1012.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Normally nice one-headed flatworm, you cut<00:16:52.560> it<00:16:52.640> into<00:16:52.839> pieces<00:16:53.600> many<00:16:53.839> times<00:16:54.120> as<00:16:54.240> you" + }, + { + "start": 1014.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cut it into pieces many times as you" + }, + { + "start": 1014.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cut it into pieces many times as you want,<00:16:54.839> very<00:16:55.120> reliably<00:16:55.680> you<00:16:55.760> get<00:16:55.920> a<00:16:55.960> worm<00:16:56.200> with" + }, + { + "start": 1016.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want, very reliably you get a worm with" + }, + { + "start": 1016.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want, very reliably you get a worm with one<00:16:56.560> head,<00:16:56.760> one<00:16:56.920> tail.<00:16:57.480> How<00:16:57.680> do<00:16:57.800> they<00:16:57.920> know<00:16:58.120> how" + }, + { + "start": 1018.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one head, one tail. How do they know how" + }, + { + "start": 1018.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one head, one tail. How do they know how many<00:16:58.480> heads<00:16:58.960> they're<00:16:59.080> supposed<00:16:59.440> to<00:16:59.520> have?<00:17:00.000> The" + }, + { + "start": 1020.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "many heads they're supposed to have? The" + }, + { + "start": 1020.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "many heads they're supposed to have? The answer<00:17:00.400> is<00:17:00.520> not<00:17:01.040> genetics.<00:17:01.520> This<00:17:01.960> This<00:17:02.440> tissue" + }, + { + "start": 1022.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "answer is not genetics. This This tissue" + }, + { + "start": 1022.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "answer is not genetics. This This tissue is<00:17:02.960> reprogrammable.<00:17:04.199> And<00:17:04.400> so,<00:17:04.600> you<00:17:04.760> can<00:17:04.880> take" + }, + { + "start": 1025.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is reprogrammable. And so, you can take" + }, + { + "start": 1025.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is reprogrammable. And so, you can take the<00:17:05.240> exact<00:17:05.720> same<00:17:05.959> genetics,<00:17:06.839> and<00:17:07.000> you<00:17:07.120> can" + }, + { + "start": 1027.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the exact same genetics, and you can" + }, + { + "start": 1027.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the exact same genetics, and you can take<00:17:07.480> this<00:17:07.680> bioelectrical<00:17:08.319> pattern<00:17:08.680> that" + }, + { + "start": 1028.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take this bioelectrical pattern that" + }, + { + "start": 1028.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take this bioelectrical pattern that tells<00:17:09.199> the<00:17:09.319> animal<00:17:09.800> one<00:17:10.040> head,<00:17:10.520> one<00:17:10.760> tail,<00:17:11.360> and" + }, + { + "start": 1031.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells the animal one head, one tail, and" + }, + { + "start": 1031.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells the animal one head, one tail, and actually<00:17:12.439> enforce" + }, + { + "start": 1033.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually enforce" + }, + { + "start": 1033.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually enforce change<00:17:14.400> it<00:17:14.560> to<00:17:14.680> be<00:17:14.800> two<00:17:15.000> two" + }, + { + "start": 1035.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "change it to be two two" + }, + { + "start": 1035.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "change it to be two two And<00:17:15.720> what<00:17:15.839> that<00:17:16.040> says<00:17:16.240> to<00:17:16.360> the<00:17:16.480> tissue<00:17:16.880> is<00:17:17.319> oh," + }, + { + "start": 1037.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And what that says to the tissue is oh," + }, + { + "start": 1037.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And what that says to the tissue is oh, a<00:17:17.600> correct<00:17:18.079> planarian<00:17:18.520> should<00:17:18.680> have<00:17:19.160> two" + }, + { + "start": 1039.309, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a correct planarian should have two" + }, + { + "start": 1039.319, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a correct planarian should have two heads.<00:17:19.880> And<00:17:20.000> when<00:17:20.120> you<00:17:20.199> do<00:17:20.360> this,<00:17:20.800> guess<00:17:21.000> what" + }, + { + "start": 1041.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "heads. And when you do this, guess what" + }, + { + "start": 1041.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "heads. And when you do this, guess what they<00:17:21.240> build.<00:17:21.520> Here's<00:17:21.800> a<00:17:21.839> nice<00:17:22.160> two-headed" + }, + { + "start": 1042.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they build. Here's a nice two-headed" + }, + { + "start": 1042.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they build. Here's a nice two-headed worm.<00:17:23.199> The<00:17:23.560> The<00:17:23.680> memory<00:17:24.160> is<00:17:24.360> stable.<00:17:24.760> If<00:17:24.880> I" + }, + { + "start": 1044.949, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "worm. The The memory is stable. If I" + }, + { + "start": 1044.959, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "worm. The The memory is stable. If I keep<00:17:25.199> cutting<00:17:25.520> it,<00:17:25.640> the<00:17:25.760> pattern<00:17:26.520> actually" + }, + { + "start": 1046.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keep cutting it, the pattern actually" + }, + { + "start": 1046.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "keep cutting it, the pattern actually remaps<00:17:27.360> itself<00:17:27.720> onto<00:17:28.199> onto<00:17:28.520> new<00:17:28.720> sizes<00:17:29.160> of" + }, + { + "start": 1049.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remaps itself onto onto new sizes of" + }, + { + "start": 1049.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "remaps itself onto onto new sizes of tissue.<00:17:29.880> So,<00:17:30.040> you<00:17:30.160> will<00:17:30.280> continue<00:17:30.760> to<00:17:30.880> get" + }, + { + "start": 1051.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tissue. So, you will continue to get" + }, + { + "start": 1051.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tissue. So, you will continue to get two-headed<00:17:31.520> worms<00:17:31.800> as<00:17:32.080> many<00:17:32.400> times<00:17:32.720> as<00:17:32.840> you" + }, + { + "start": 1052.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two-headed worms as many times as you" + }, + { + "start": 1052.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two-headed worms as many times as you want<00:17:33.160> in<00:17:33.440> in<00:17:33.720> in<00:17:34.080> in<00:17:34.200> the<00:17:34.320> future.<00:17:35.000> Here<00:17:35.160> they" + }, + { + "start": 1055.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want in in in in the future. Here they" + }, + { + "start": 1055.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want in in in in the future. Here they are." + }, + { + "start": 1056.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are." + }, + { + "start": 1056.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are. You<00:17:36.400> can<00:17:36.520> see<00:17:36.680> them<00:17:37.040> hanging<00:17:37.360> out.<00:17:38.000> And" + }, + { + "start": 1059.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can see them hanging out. And" + }, + { + "start": 1059.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can see them hanging out. And again,<00:17:39.560> this<00:17:39.800> is<00:17:39.920> this<00:17:40.040> has<00:17:40.160> nothing<00:17:40.440> to<00:17:40.520> do" + }, + { + "start": 1060.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "again, this is this has nothing to do" + }, + { + "start": 1060.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "again, this is this has nothing to do with<00:17:40.800> the<00:17:40.920> genetics.<00:17:41.680> What<00:17:41.840> the<00:17:41.920> genetics" + }, + { + "start": 1062.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with the genetics. What the genetics" + }, + { + "start": 1062.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with the genetics. What the genetics does<00:17:42.640> for<00:17:42.760> you<00:17:43.240> is<00:17:43.440> to<00:17:43.560> provide<00:17:44.040> hardware<00:17:44.480> that" + }, + { + "start": 1064.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does for you is to provide hardware that" + }, + { + "start": 1064.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does for you is to provide hardware that is<00:17:44.760> re-<00:17:45.080> programmable.<00:17:46.120> But<00:17:46.400> But<00:17:46.600> after<00:17:46.840> that," + }, + { + "start": 1067.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is re- programmable. But But after that," + }, + { + "start": 1067.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is re- programmable. But But after that, as<00:17:47.640> we<00:17:47.760> all<00:17:47.880> know<00:17:48.080> from<00:17:48.280> using<00:17:48.520> computers,<00:17:48.920> the" + }, + { + "start": 1068.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as we all know from using computers, the" + }, + { + "start": 1069.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "as we all know from using computers, the hardware<00:17:49.440> is<00:17:49.520> just<00:17:49.720> the<00:17:49.760> beginning<00:17:50.120> of<00:17:50.160> the" + }, + { + "start": 1070.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hardware is just the beginning of the" + }, + { + "start": 1070.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hardware is just the beginning of the story.<00:17:50.640> Then<00:17:50.800> the<00:17:50.880> question<00:17:51.320> is,<00:17:51.880> what<00:17:52.280> are" + }, + { + "start": 1072.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "story. Then the question is, what are" + }, + { + "start": 1072.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "story. Then the question is, what are the<00:17:53.320> uh<00:17:53.400> the<00:17:53.760> the<00:17:54.120> the<00:17:54.280> informational<00:17:54.960> goal" + }, + { + "start": 1075.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the uh the the the informational goal" + }, + { + "start": 1075.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the uh the the the informational goal states<00:17:55.640> that<00:17:56.200> that<00:17:56.360> can<00:17:56.480> propagate<00:17:56.960> through" + }, + { + "start": 1077.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "states that that can propagate through" + }, + { + "start": 1077.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "states that that can propagate through that<00:17:57.320> excitable<00:17:57.840> medium?<00:17:58.760> Now,<00:17:59.080> one<00:17:59.280> of<00:17:59.360> the" + }, + { + "start": 1079.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that excitable medium? Now, one of the" + }, + { + "start": 1079.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that excitable medium? Now, one of the things<00:17:59.680> this<00:17:59.840> hardware<00:18:00.200> is<00:18:00.320> good<00:18:00.520> at,<00:18:00.680> and" + }, + { + "start": 1080.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things this hardware is good at, and" + }, + { + "start": 1080.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things this hardware is good at, and here's<00:18:01.080> where<00:18:01.240> we're<00:18:01.360> actually<00:18:01.680> going<00:18:01.800> to<00:18:01.880> get" + }, + { + "start": 1082.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's where we're actually going to get" + }, + { + "start": 1082.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's where we're actually going to get into<00:18:02.280> this<00:18:02.440> issue<00:18:02.720> of<00:18:02.840> the" + }, + { + "start": 1083.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into this issue of the" + }, + { + "start": 1083.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into this issue of the uh<00:18:04.080> the<00:18:04.400> kind<00:18:04.560> of<00:18:04.640> the<00:18:04.680> most<00:18:05.000> controversial" + }, + { + "start": 1085.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the kind of the most controversial" + }, + { + "start": 1085.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the kind of the most controversial part.<00:18:05.920> Every<00:18:06.080> Everything<00:18:06.440> that<00:18:06.560> I've<00:18:06.680> said" + }, + { + "start": 1086.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "part. Every Everything that I've said" + }, + { + "start": 1087.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "part. Every Everything that I've said showed<00:18:07.320> you<00:18:07.400> now<00:18:07.640> is" + }, + { + "start": 1088.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "showed you now is" + }, + { + "start": 1088.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "showed you now is pretty<00:18:08.680> much<00:18:08.960> against<00:18:09.480> the<00:18:09.600> standard" + }, + { + "start": 1089.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pretty much against the standard" + }, + { + "start": 1090.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pretty much against the standard paradigm.<00:18:10.400> But<00:18:10.560> I<00:18:10.600> mean,<00:18:10.760> it's<00:18:10.920> already<00:18:11.200> in" + }, + { + "start": 1091.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paradigm. But I mean, it's already in" + }, + { + "start": 1091.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "paradigm. But I mean, it's already in the<00:18:11.400> text<00:18:11.640> It's<00:18:11.840> in<00:18:11.920> the<00:18:12.000> developmental" + }, + { + "start": 1092.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the text It's in the developmental" + }, + { + "start": 1092.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the text It's in the developmental biology<00:18:13.000> textbook.<00:18:13.920> You<00:18:14.040> know,<00:18:14.480> the<00:18:14.600> stuff<00:18:14.880> is" + }, + { + "start": 1095.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology textbook. You know, the stuff is" + }, + { + "start": 1095.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biology textbook. You know, the stuff is is<00:18:15.520> uh<00:18:15.600> is<00:18:15.880> is<00:18:16.560> pretty<00:18:16.880> pretty<00:18:17.160> solid<00:18:17.440> now<00:18:17.560> for" + }, + { + "start": 1097.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is uh is is pretty pretty solid now for" + }, + { + "start": 1097.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is uh is is pretty pretty solid now for decades.<00:18:18.320> I'm<00:18:18.360> going<00:18:18.480> to<00:18:18.560> show<00:18:18.720> you<00:18:18.800> the<00:18:19.000> the" + }, + { + "start": 1099.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decades. I'm going to show you the the" + }, + { + "start": 1099.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "decades. I'm going to show you the the you<00:18:19.720> know,<00:18:19.800> the<00:18:19.920> weirdest<00:18:20.520> things<00:18:20.800> next.<00:18:21.440> But" + }, + { + "start": 1101.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, the weirdest things next. But" + }, + { + "start": 1101.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, the weirdest things next. But one<00:18:21.720> of<00:18:21.760> the<00:18:21.880> things<00:18:22.120> this<00:18:22.520> this<00:18:22.880> hardware<00:18:23.240> is" + }, + { + "start": 1103.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one of the things this this hardware is" + }, + { + "start": 1103.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "one of the things this this hardware is good<00:18:23.560> at<00:18:24.120> is<00:18:24.440> visiting<00:18:25.080> other<00:18:25.680> types<00:18:26.040> of" + }, + { + "start": 1106.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good at is visiting other types of" + }, + { + "start": 1106.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good at is visiting other types of attractors<00:18:26.840> in<00:18:27.280> morphospace.<00:18:28.280> So,<00:18:28.360> if<00:18:28.480> you" + }, + { + "start": 1108.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors in morphospace. So, if you" + }, + { + "start": 1108.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors in morphospace. So, if you visualize<00:18:29.320> anatomical<00:18:29.880> morphospace<00:18:30.520> with" + }, + { + "start": 1110.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "visualize anatomical morphospace with" + }, + { + "start": 1110.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "visualize anatomical morphospace with different<00:18:30.960> shaped<00:18:31.240> heads,<00:18:31.600> flat<00:18:31.880> heads," + }, + { + "start": 1112.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different shaped heads, flat heads," + }, + { + "start": 1112.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different shaped heads, flat heads, round<00:18:32.480> heads,<00:18:32.720> you<00:18:32.920> know,<00:18:33.040> triangular<00:18:33.600> heads," + }, + { + "start": 1113.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "round heads, you know, triangular heads," + }, + { + "start": 1113.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "round heads, you know, triangular heads, different<00:18:34.080> shaped<00:18:34.320> heads,<00:18:35.080> what<00:18:35.360> you<00:18:35.480> can<00:18:35.640> ask" + }, + { + "start": 1115.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different shaped heads, what you can ask" + }, + { + "start": 1115.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different shaped heads, what you can ask is" + }, + { + "start": 1117.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is" + }, + { + "start": 1117.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is uh<00:18:37.880> uh<00:18:38.320> No,<00:18:38.480> no-<00:18:38.640> Normally,<00:18:38.920> there<00:18:39.040> are" + }, + { + "start": 1119.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh uh No, no- Normally, there are" + }, + { + "start": 1119.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh uh No, no- Normally, there are different<00:18:39.360> species<00:18:39.760> that<00:18:39.960> live<00:18:40.160> in<00:18:40.280> this<00:18:40.800> that" + }, + { + "start": 1120.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different species that live in this that" + }, + { + "start": 1120.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "different species that live in this that live<00:18:41.120> in<00:18:41.200> these<00:18:41.360> different<00:18:41.640> attractors.<00:18:42.200> So," + }, + { + "start": 1122.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "live in these different attractors. So," + }, + { + "start": 1122.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "live in these different attractors. So, this<00:18:42.560> is<00:18:42.720> where<00:18:42.920> they<00:18:43.080> go.<00:18:43.760> Um<00:18:44.120> could<00:18:44.320> we<00:18:44.480> ask<00:18:45.400> a" + }, + { + "start": 1125.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is where they go. Um could we ask a" + }, + { + "start": 1125.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is where they go. Um could we ask a a<00:18:45.560> different<00:18:45.920> species<00:18:46.640> to<00:18:46.800> go<00:18:47.000> into<00:18:47.200> these" + }, + { + "start": 1127.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a different species to go into these" + }, + { + "start": 1127.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a different species to go into these attractors?<00:18:47.800> Turns<00:18:48.080> out<00:18:48.240> you<00:18:48.320> can.<00:18:48.840> So,<00:18:48.960> we" + }, + { + "start": 1129.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors? Turns out you can. So, we" + }, + { + "start": 1129.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors? Turns out you can. So, we can<00:18:49.160> take<00:18:49.400> a<00:18:49.440> nice<00:18:49.680> triangular-headed<00:18:51.120> uh<00:18:51.600> a<00:18:51.680> a" + }, + { + "start": 1132.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can take a nice triangular-headed uh a a" + }, + { + "start": 1132.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can take a nice triangular-headed uh a a Dugesia<00:18:52.720> dorotocephala,<00:18:53.640> cut<00:18:53.880> off<00:18:54.040> the<00:18:54.120> head," + }, + { + "start": 1134.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Dugesia dorotocephala, cut off the head," + }, + { + "start": 1134.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Dugesia dorotocephala, cut off the head, perturb<00:18:55.080> the<00:18:55.200> bioelectric<00:18:55.760> network" + }, + { + "start": 1136.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "perturb the bioelectric network" + }, + { + "start": 1136.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "perturb the bioelectric network topology,<00:18:56.760> and<00:18:56.920> it<00:18:57.160> it<00:18:57.320> can<00:18:57.520> grow<00:18:58.400> uh<00:18:58.680> a<00:18:58.720> flat" + }, + { + "start": 1139.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "topology, and it it can grow uh a flat" + }, + { + "start": 1139.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "topology, and it it can grow uh a flat heads<00:18:59.280> like<00:18:59.400> a<00:18:59.480> P.<00:18:59.600> felina,<00:19:00.160> round<00:19:00.440> heads<00:19:00.680> like" + }, + { + "start": 1140.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "heads like a P. felina, round heads like" + }, + { + "start": 1140.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "heads like a P. felina, round heads like an<00:19:00.920> S.<00:19:01.040> mediterranea.<00:19:01.960> About<00:19:02.160> 100<00:19:02.600> to<00:19:02.720> 150" + }, + { + "start": 1143.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an S. mediterranea. About 100 to 150" + }, + { + "start": 1143.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an S. mediterranea. About 100 to 150 million<00:19:03.760> years<00:19:04.080> distance<00:19:04.680> between<00:19:04.960> these" + }, + { + "start": 1145.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "million years distance between these" + }, + { + "start": 1145.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "million years distance between these animals<00:19:05.720> and<00:19:05.840> these.<00:19:06.440> And<00:19:06.560> yet,<00:19:07.120> the<00:19:07.200> hardware" + }, + { + "start": 1147.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals and these. And yet, the hardware" + }, + { + "start": 1147.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals and these. And yet, the hardware has<00:19:07.640> no<00:19:07.880> problem<00:19:08.480> of<00:19:08.600> visiting<00:19:08.960> these<00:19:09.120> other" + }, + { + "start": 1149.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has no problem of visiting these other" + }, + { + "start": 1149.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has no problem of visiting these other attractors,<00:19:10.120> forming<00:19:10.560> shapes<00:19:10.960> of<00:19:11.040> the<00:19:11.160> brain," + }, + { + "start": 1151.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors, forming shapes of the brain," + }, + { + "start": 1151.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "attractors, forming shapes of the brain, distribution<00:19:12.200> of<00:19:12.320> stem<00:19:12.600> cells,<00:19:13.080> exactly<00:19:13.640> like" + }, + { + "start": 1154.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distribution of stem cells, exactly like" + }, + { + "start": 1154.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "distribution of stem cells, exactly like these<00:19:14.440> other<00:19:14.640> species.<00:19:15.240> So,<00:19:15.360> the<00:19:15.480> plasticity" + }, + { + "start": 1156.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these other species. So, the plasticity" + }, + { + "start": 1156.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these other species. So, the plasticity is<00:19:16.720> is<00:19:17.040> is<00:19:17.280> is<00:19:17.600> is<00:19:17.800> remarkable.<00:19:18.680> Now,<00:19:19.040> this<00:19:19.320> is" + }, + { + "start": 1159.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is is is is is remarkable. Now, this is" + }, + { + "start": 1159.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is is is is is remarkable. Now, this is what's<00:19:19.640> going<00:19:19.800> to<00:19:20.040> what's<00:19:20.200> going<00:19:20.320> to<00:19:20.440> lead<00:19:20.640> us" + }, + { + "start": 1160.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what's going to what's going to lead us" + }, + { + "start": 1160.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what's going to what's going to lead us to" + }, + { + "start": 1161.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to" + }, + { + "start": 1161.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to to<00:19:22.000> the<00:19:22.080> model<00:19:22.360> systems<00:19:22.760> that<00:19:22.880> I<00:19:22.920> was<00:19:23.040> talking" + }, + { + "start": 1163.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to the model systems that I was talking" + }, + { + "start": 1163.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to the model systems that I was talking about.<00:19:23.480> So<00:19:23.640> far,<00:19:24.240> what<00:19:24.360> I've<00:19:24.440> shown<00:19:24.720> you<00:19:24.840> is" + }, + { + "start": 1165.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about. So far, what I've shown you is" + }, + { + "start": 1165.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "about. So far, what I've shown you is plasticity<00:19:26.240> of<00:19:26.760> standard<00:19:27.440> forms.<00:19:28.080> So,<00:19:28.200> I've" + }, + { + "start": 1168.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plasticity of standard forms. So, I've" + }, + { + "start": 1168.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "plasticity of standard forms. So, I've showed<00:19:28.560> you<00:19:28.760> the<00:19:28.880> ability<00:19:29.200> to<00:19:29.280> make<00:19:29.480> a" + }, + { + "start": 1169.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "showed you the ability to make a" + }, + { + "start": 1169.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "showed you the ability to make a standard<00:19:30.160> frog<00:19:30.720> eye<00:19:31.160> in<00:19:31.320> the<00:19:31.400> wrong<00:19:31.600> location," + }, + { + "start": 1172.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard frog eye in the wrong location," + }, + { + "start": 1172.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard frog eye in the wrong location, but<00:19:32.160> a<00:19:32.200> standard<00:19:32.640> frog<00:19:32.920> eye,<00:19:33.480> an<00:19:33.640> ectopic" + }, + { + "start": 1174.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but a standard frog eye, an ectopic" + }, + { + "start": 1174.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but a standard frog eye, an ectopic normal<00:19:34.760> planarian<00:19:35.320> head," + }, + { + "start": 1176.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "normal planarian head," + }, + { + "start": 1176.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "normal planarian head, wrong<00:19:36.560> location,<00:19:37.080> wrong<00:19:37.280> number,<00:19:37.600> but<00:19:37.920> normal" + }, + { + "start": 1178.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wrong location, wrong number, but normal" + }, + { + "start": 1178.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wrong location, wrong number, but normal planarian<00:19:38.760> head.<00:19:39.200> And<00:19:39.320> here,<00:19:39.600> the<00:19:39.720> head<00:19:40.040> of" + }, + { + "start": 1180.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "planarian head. And here, the head of" + }, + { + "start": 1180.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "planarian head. And here, the head of other<00:19:40.480> species.<00:19:41.480> So,<00:19:41.600> let's<00:19:41.800> go<00:19:41.920> further." + }, + { + "start": 1182.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other species. So, let's go further." + }, + { + "start": 1182.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other species. So, let's go further. Let's<00:19:42.520> start<00:19:42.800> looking<00:19:43.080> at<00:19:43.280> shapes<00:19:43.640> that<00:19:44.280> and" + }, + { + "start": 1184.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Let's start looking at shapes that and" + }, + { + "start": 1184.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Let's start looking at shapes that and and<00:19:44.720> configurations<00:19:45.400> that<00:19:45.520> have<00:19:45.680> never" + }, + { + "start": 1185.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and configurations that have never" + }, + { + "start": 1186.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and configurations that have never existed<00:19:46.480> before.<00:19:47.120> And<00:19:47.200> the<00:19:47.280> reason<00:19:47.520> we're" + }, + { + "start": 1187.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "existed before. And the reason we're" + }, + { + "start": 1187.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "existed before. And the reason we're going<00:19:47.840> to<00:19:47.960> do<00:19:48.120> this<00:19:48.320> is<00:19:48.480> to<00:19:48.600> really<00:19:49.240> hammer" + }, + { + "start": 1189.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to do this is to really hammer" + }, + { + "start": 1189.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to do this is to really hammer this<00:19:50.280> this<00:19:50.520> issue<00:19:50.840> of<00:19:51.200> how<00:19:51.320> much<00:19:51.480> effort<00:19:51.760> did" + }, + { + "start": 1191.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this this issue of how much effort did" + }, + { + "start": 1191.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this this issue of how much effort did you<00:19:52.080> put<00:19:52.240> in<00:19:52.480> and<00:19:52.680> what<00:19:52.840> did<00:19:53.000> you<00:19:53.080> get<00:19:53.280> out?" + }, + { + "start": 1193.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you put in and what did you get out?" + }, + { + "start": 1193.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you put in and what did you get out? Because<00:19:54.240> up<00:19:54.400> until<00:19:54.680> now,<00:19:55.080> everything<00:19:55.480> that" + }, + { + "start": 1195.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Because up until now, everything that" + }, + { + "start": 1195.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Because up until now, everything that I've<00:19:55.720> told<00:19:56.000> you<00:19:56.600> could<00:19:57.040> all<00:19:57.240> of<00:19:57.280> these<00:19:57.440> stories" + }, + { + "start": 1197.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I've told you could all of these stories" + }, + { + "start": 1197.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I've told you could all of these stories could<00:19:58.040> be<00:19:58.160> told<00:19:58.520> in<00:19:58.720> a<00:19:58.800> fairly<00:19:59.600> standard" + }, + { + "start": 1200.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "could be told in a fairly standard" + }, + { + "start": 1200.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "could be told in a fairly standard evolutionary<00:20:00.840> kind<00:20:01.080> of<00:20:01.200> tale.<00:20:01.720> That<00:20:02.040> that" + }, + { + "start": 1202.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary kind of tale. That that" + }, + { + "start": 1202.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolutionary kind of tale. That that what<00:20:02.440> why<00:20:02.720> this<00:20:03.000> why<00:20:03.240> the<00:20:03.360> material<00:20:03.720> is" + }, + { + "start": 1203.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what why this why the material is" + }, + { + "start": 1203.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what why this why the material is reprogrammable,<00:20:04.680> why<00:20:04.920> these<00:20:05.120> signals<00:20:05.520> work." + }, + { + "start": 1205.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reprogrammable, why these signals work." + }, + { + "start": 1205.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reprogrammable, why these signals work. I<00:20:06.080> can<00:20:06.240> tell<00:20:06.400> a<00:20:06.480> very<00:20:07.040> standard<00:20:07.880> sort<00:20:08.120> of" + }, + { + "start": 1208.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I can tell a very standard sort of" + }, + { + "start": 1208.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I can tell a very standard sort of Darwinian<00:20:08.760> explanation<00:20:09.400> for<00:20:09.520> that.<00:20:09.920> But<00:20:10.160> but" + }, + { + "start": 1210.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Darwinian explanation for that. But but" + }, + { + "start": 1210.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Darwinian explanation for that. But but we're<00:20:10.560> going<00:20:10.680> to<00:20:10.760> reach<00:20:11.080> the<00:20:11.160> limits<00:20:11.480> of<00:20:11.560> that." + }, + { + "start": 1212.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're going to reach the limits of that." + }, + { + "start": 1212.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we're going to reach the limits of that. So," + }, + { + "start": 1213.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So," + }, + { + "start": 1213.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, so<00:20:13.200> here's<00:20:13.400> a<00:20:13.440> few<00:20:13.720> a<00:20:13.800> few<00:20:14.000> examples<00:20:14.440> just<00:20:14.640> for" + }, + { + "start": 1214.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so here's a few a few examples just for" + }, + { + "start": 1214.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so here's a few a few examples just for fun." + }, + { + "start": 1216.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fun." + }, + { + "start": 1216.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fun. If<00:20:16.280> I<00:20:16.360> told<00:20:16.680> you<00:20:16.840> that<00:20:17.160> I<00:20:17.240> want<00:20:17.520> to<00:20:17.600> make<00:20:17.800> it<00:20:18.080> I" + }, + { + "start": 1218.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If I told you that I want to make it I" + }, + { + "start": 1218.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If I told you that I want to make it I wanted<00:20:18.440> to<00:20:18.520> make<00:20:18.680> a<00:20:18.760> tadpole<00:20:19.800> that<00:20:20.080> would<00:20:20.200> not" + }, + { + "start": 1220.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wanted to make a tadpole that would not" + }, + { + "start": 1220.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wanted to make a tadpole that would not have<00:20:20.600> any<00:20:20.880> eyes<00:20:21.160> in<00:20:21.240> the<00:20:21.320> head.<00:20:21.920> I<00:20:22.040> want<00:20:22.240> a" + }, + { + "start": 1222.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have any eyes in the head. I want a" + }, + { + "start": 1222.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have any eyes in the head. I want a tadpole<00:20:22.720> with<00:20:22.880> an<00:20:23.000> eye<00:20:23.120> on<00:20:23.240> its<00:20:23.400> tail." + }, + { + "start": 1224.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tadpole with an eye on its tail." + }, + { + "start": 1224.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tadpole with an eye on its tail. Furthermore,<00:20:24.640> I<00:20:24.720> don't<00:20:24.960> want<00:20:25.160> this<00:20:25.360> eye" + }, + { + "start": 1225.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Furthermore, I don't want this eye" + }, + { + "start": 1225.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Furthermore, I don't want this eye connected<00:20:26.080> to<00:20:26.160> the<00:20:26.240> brain.<00:20:26.600> I<00:20:26.680> want<00:20:26.880> the<00:20:27.000> optic" + }, + { + "start": 1227.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "connected to the brain. I want the optic" + }, + { + "start": 1227.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "connected to the brain. I want the optic nerve<00:20:27.520> to<00:20:27.640> stop<00:20:28.160> somewhere<00:20:28.800> on<00:20:29.000> the<00:20:29.600> on<00:20:29.800> the" + }, + { + "start": 1230.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nerve to stop somewhere on the on the" + }, + { + "start": 1230.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nerve to stop somewhere on the on the spinal<00:20:30.880> cord<00:20:31.120> or<00:20:31.200> in<00:20:31.240> the<00:20:31.360> gut<00:20:31.680> or<00:20:31.800> somewhere" + }, + { + "start": 1232.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spinal cord or in the gut or somewhere" + }, + { + "start": 1232.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "spinal cord or in the gut or somewhere like<00:20:32.240> that." + }, + { + "start": 1233.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like that." + }, + { + "start": 1233.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like that. And<00:20:34.480> and<00:20:34.600> I<00:20:34.640> want<00:20:34.800> this<00:20:34.920> thing<00:20:35.080> to<00:20:35.160> be<00:20:35.240> able<00:20:35.360> to" + }, + { + "start": 1235.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And and I want this thing to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 1235.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And and I want this thing to be able to see<00:20:35.960> out<00:20:36.160> of<00:20:36.240> that<00:20:36.480> eye.<00:20:36.760> Even<00:20:36.960> though<00:20:37.040> the" + }, + { + "start": 1237.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see out of that eye. Even though the" + }, + { + "start": 1237.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see out of that eye. Even though the eye's<00:20:37.440> in<00:20:37.520> a<00:20:37.600> weird<00:20:37.880> location,<00:20:38.480> it's<00:20:38.600> not" + }, + { + "start": 1238.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eye's in a weird location, it's not" + }, + { + "start": 1238.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eye's in a weird location, it's not connected<00:20:39.120> to<00:20:39.200> the<00:20:39.280> brain,<00:20:39.520> I<00:20:39.560> still<00:20:40.080> to<00:20:40.160> be" + }, + { + "start": 1240.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "connected to the brain, I still to be" + }, + { + "start": 1240.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "connected to the brain, I still to be able<00:20:40.400> to<00:20:40.480> see.<00:20:40.680> What<00:20:40.840> would<00:20:41.000> you<00:20:41.080> need<00:20:41.280> to<00:20:41.400> do?" + }, + { + "start": 1241.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "able to see. What would you need to do?" + }, + { + "start": 1241.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "able to see. What would you need to do? You<00:20:42.040> might<00:20:42.280> think<00:20:42.520> that<00:20:43.000> wow,<00:20:43.800> very" + }, + { + "start": 1244.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You might think that wow, very" + }, + { + "start": 1244.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You might think that wow, very difficult," + }, + { + "start": 1245.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "difficult," + }, + { + "start": 1245.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "difficult, lots<00:20:45.760> of<00:20:45.920> rounds<00:20:46.320> of<00:20:46.760> mutation,<00:20:47.400> selection," + }, + { + "start": 1247.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lots of rounds of mutation, selection," + }, + { + "start": 1247.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lots of rounds of mutation, selection, adaptation,<00:20:48.520> maybe<00:20:48.800> some<00:20:48.920> kind<00:20:49.080> of<00:20:49.160> crazy" + }, + { + "start": 1249.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adaptation, maybe some kind of crazy" + }, + { + "start": 1249.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adaptation, maybe some kind of crazy engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1250.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1250.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering of<00:20:50.920> the<00:20:51.000> nervous<00:20:51.280> system<00:20:51.560> that<00:20:51.720> you<00:20:51.760> would" + }, + { + "start": 1251.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the nervous system that you would" + }, + { + "start": 1251.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the nervous system that you would have<00:20:52.040> to<00:20:52.160> do.<00:20:52.680> Turns<00:20:52.920> out<00:20:53.080> you<00:20:53.160> don't<00:20:53.280> have<00:20:53.440> to" + }, + { + "start": 1253.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have to do. Turns out you don't have to" + }, + { + "start": 1253.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have to do. Turns out you don't have to do<00:20:54.000> anything.<00:20:54.760> When<00:20:54.920> we<00:20:55.040> create<00:20:55.480> these" + }, + { + "start": 1255.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do anything. When we create these" + }, + { + "start": 1255.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do anything. When we create these animals," + }, + { + "start": 1256.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals," + }, + { + "start": 1256.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals, and<00:20:56.800> we<00:20:56.880> made<00:20:57.080> a<00:20:57.120> machine,<00:20:57.520> this<00:20:57.680> is<00:20:57.800> an" + }, + { + "start": 1257.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we made a machine, this is an" + }, + { + "start": 1257.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and we made a machine, this is an automated<00:20:58.840> system<00:20:59.200> that<00:20:59.440> trains<00:20:59.840> and<00:21:00.000> tests" + }, + { + "start": 1260.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "automated system that trains and tests" + }, + { + "start": 1260.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "automated system that trains and tests these<00:21:00.760> animals<00:21:01.120> for<00:21:01.240> vision<00:21:01.640> for<00:21:01.920> they<00:21:02.040> learn" + }, + { + "start": 1262.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these animals for vision for they learn" + }, + { + "start": 1262.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these animals for vision for they learn and<00:21:02.680> they<00:21:02.800> learn<00:21:03.040> visual<00:21:03.520> tasks.<00:21:04.480> Turns<00:21:04.800> out" + }, + { + "start": 1264.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they learn visual tasks. Turns out" + }, + { + "start": 1264.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and they learn visual tasks. Turns out that<00:21:05.360> yeah,<00:21:05.600> when<00:21:05.720> you<00:21:05.880> when<00:21:06.040> you<00:21:06.160> when<00:21:06.320> you" + }, + { + "start": 1266.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that yeah, when you when you when you" + }, + { + "start": 1266.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that yeah, when you when you when you force<00:21:06.960> the<00:21:07.120> cells<00:21:07.480> on<00:21:07.560> the<00:21:07.640> back<00:21:07.920> of<00:21:08.040> a<00:21:08.280> of<00:21:08.440> a<00:21:08.640> of" + }, + { + "start": 1268.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "force the cells on the back of a of a of" + }, + { + "start": 1268.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "force the cells on the back of a of a of a<00:21:08.920> tail<00:21:09.240> to<00:21:09.360> make<00:21:09.520> an<00:21:09.680> eye<00:21:10.200> and<00:21:10.440> you<00:21:10.520> track<00:21:10.840> the" + }, + { + "start": 1270.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a tail to make an eye and you track the" + }, + { + "start": 1271.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a tail to make an eye and you track the optic<00:21:11.280> nerve<00:21:11.440> and<00:21:11.560> it<00:21:11.600> doesn't<00:21:11.800> connect<00:21:12.080> to" + }, + { + "start": 1272.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "optic nerve and it doesn't connect to" + }, + { + "start": 1272.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "optic nerve and it doesn't connect to anything,<00:21:12.480> certainly<00:21:12.800> not<00:21:13.040> to<00:21:13.120> the<00:21:13.200> brain,<00:21:13.880> in" + }, + { + "start": 1274.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything, certainly not to the brain, in" + }, + { + "start": 1274.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything, certainly not to the brain, in fact,<00:21:14.280> they<00:21:14.400> can<00:21:14.560> still<00:21:15.080> see.<00:21:15.800> Didn't<00:21:16.040> take" + }, + { + "start": 1276.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fact, they can still see. Didn't take" + }, + { + "start": 1276.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fact, they can still see. Didn't take any<00:21:16.440> new<00:21:16.600> rounds<00:21:16.960> of<00:21:17.280> of<00:21:17.600> of" + }, + { + "start": 1279.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any new rounds of of of" + }, + { + "start": 1279.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any new rounds of of of evolution<00:21:20.200> of<00:21:20.320> selection<00:21:20.840> of<00:21:20.960> adaptation<00:21:22.040> to" + }, + { + "start": 1283.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolution of selection of adaptation to" + }, + { + "start": 1283.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "evolution of selection of adaptation to to<00:21:23.320> take<00:21:23.560> a<00:21:23.760> novel<00:21:24.320> sensory<00:21:24.760> motor" + }, + { + "start": 1285.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to take a novel sensory motor" + }, + { + "start": 1285.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to take a novel sensory motor architecture<00:21:26.360> and<00:21:26.520> make<00:21:26.720> it<00:21:27.000> absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 1287.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "architecture and make it absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 1287.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "architecture and make it absolutely functional.<00:21:28.360> Why<00:21:28.480> does<00:21:28.600> that<00:21:28.760> work?<00:21:29.200> That's" + }, + { + "start": 1289.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functional. Why does that work? That's" + }, + { + "start": 1289.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functional. Why does that work? That's really<00:21:29.600> weird.<00:21:30.080> And<00:21:30.160> just<00:21:30.320> for<00:21:30.480> fun,<00:21:30.760> if<00:21:30.920> you" + }, + { + "start": 1291.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really weird. And just for fun, if you" + }, + { + "start": 1291.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really weird. And just for fun, if you wonder<00:21:31.600> what<00:21:31.760> happens<00:21:32.160> to<00:21:32.280> these<00:21:32.520> as<00:21:32.640> the<00:21:32.760> tail" + }, + { + "start": 1293.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wonder what happens to these as the tail" + }, + { + "start": 1293.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wonder what happens to these as the tail disappears,<00:21:33.960> um<00:21:34.640> uh<00:21:34.720> the<00:21:34.840> tail<00:21:35.040> is<00:21:35.160> killed<00:21:35.440> off" + }, + { + "start": 1295.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "disappears, um uh the tail is killed off" + }, + { + "start": 1295.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "disappears, um uh the tail is killed off by<00:21:35.840> by<00:21:36.040> program<00:21:36.400> signals<00:21:36.840> that<00:21:37.080> that<00:21:37.320> kill<00:21:37.600> off" + }, + { + "start": 1297.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by by program signals that that kill off" + }, + { + "start": 1297.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by by program signals that that kill off the<00:21:38.080> tail<00:21:38.440> in<00:21:38.600> turn<00:21:38.840> for<00:21:39.040> a<00:21:39.080> frog<00:21:39.360> which<00:21:39.640> isn't" + }, + { + "start": 1299.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the tail in turn for a frog which isn't" + }, + { + "start": 1299.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the tail in turn for a frog which isn't supposed<00:21:40.080> to<00:21:40.160> have<00:21:40.280> a<00:21:40.320> tail.<00:21:40.840> The<00:21:41.160> uh<00:21:41.320> the<00:21:41.560> eye" + }, + { + "start": 1301.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "supposed to have a tail. The uh the eye" + }, + { + "start": 1301.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "supposed to have a tail. The uh the eye completely<00:21:42.400> ignores<00:21:43.000> all<00:21:43.120> of<00:21:43.200> those<00:21:43.360> signals." + }, + { + "start": 1303.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "completely ignores all of those signals." + }, + { + "start": 1303.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "completely ignores all of those signals. It<00:21:44.040> it<00:21:44.240> will<00:21:44.360> not<00:21:44.640> kill<00:21:44.840> itself.<00:21:45.200> It<00:21:45.400> rides" + }, + { + "start": 1305.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It it will not kill itself. It rides" + }, + { + "start": 1305.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It it will not kill itself. It rides back<00:21:46.080> as<00:21:46.200> the<00:21:46.320> tail<00:21:46.560> disappears<00:21:47.040> and" + }, + { + "start": 1307.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back as the tail disappears and" + }, + { + "start": 1307.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back as the tail disappears and eventually<00:21:47.560> lands<00:21:47.920> on<00:21:48.040> the<00:21:48.520> on<00:21:48.640> the<00:21:48.720> behind<00:21:49.080> of" + }, + { + "start": 1309.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually lands on the on the behind of" + }, + { + "start": 1309.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually lands on the on the behind of the<00:21:49.480> uh<00:21:49.520> of<00:21:49.600> the<00:21:49.680> frog.<00:21:50.000> If<00:21:50.440> If<00:21:50.560> nothing<00:21:50.880> else" + }, + { + "start": 1311.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the uh of the frog. If If nothing else" + }, + { + "start": 1311.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the uh of the frog. If If nothing else today,<00:21:51.320> you've<00:21:51.480> seen<00:21:51.680> a<00:21:51.800> frog<00:21:52.200> with<00:21:52.320> an<00:21:52.480> eye<00:21:52.600> on" + }, + { + "start": 1312.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "today, you've seen a frog with an eye on" + }, + { + "start": 1312.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "today, you've seen a frog with an eye on his<00:21:52.880> butt,<00:21:53.200> so" + }, + { + "start": 1314.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "his butt, so" + }, + { + "start": 1314.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "his butt, so so<00:21:54.200> there<00:21:54.320> is<00:21:54.440> that.<00:21:55.160> Um<00:21:55.800> so,<00:21:56.160> okay,<00:21:56.440> so<00:21:56.560> that's" + }, + { + "start": 1316.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so there is that. Um so, okay, so that's" + }, + { + "start": 1316.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so there is that. Um so, okay, so that's so<00:21:56.960> that's<00:21:57.320> that<00:21:57.560> already<00:21:57.920> we're<00:21:58.000> starting<00:21:58.280> to" + }, + { + "start": 1318.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so that's that already we're starting to" + }, + { + "start": 1318.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so that's that already we're starting to see<00:21:58.480> there's<00:21:58.640> something<00:21:58.920> there's<00:21:59.040> something" + }, + { + "start": 1319.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see there's something there's something" + }, + { + "start": 1319.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see there's something there's something fishy<00:21:59.600> here.<00:22:00.240> Uh<00:22:00.480> why<00:22:00.720> does<00:22:00.920> this<00:22:01.160> work<00:22:01.440> out<00:22:01.600> of" + }, + { + "start": 1321.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fishy here. Uh why does this work out of" + }, + { + "start": 1321.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "fishy here. Uh why does this work out of the<00:22:01.800> box<00:22:02.160> immediately<00:22:02.680> with<00:22:02.840> no<00:22:03.280> no<00:22:03.720> no" + }, + { + "start": 1323.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the box immediately with no no no" + }, + { + "start": 1323.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the box immediately with no no no accommodations<00:22:04.680> needed?<00:22:05.360> Let<00:22:05.440> me<00:22:05.520> ask<00:22:05.680> you" + }, + { + "start": 1325.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "accommodations needed? Let me ask you" + }, + { + "start": 1325.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "accommodations needed? Let me ask you another<00:22:06.040> question.<00:22:06.840> Uh<00:22:07.000> if<00:22:07.240> I<00:22:07.440> if<00:22:07.680> I<00:22:07.720> had<00:22:07.880> a" + }, + { + "start": 1328.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "another question. Uh if I if I had a" + }, + { + "start": 1328.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "another question. Uh if I if I had a turtle,<00:22:08.680> so<00:22:08.800> this<00:22:08.960> is<00:22:09.120> a<00:22:09.400> a<00:22:09.520> slow,<00:22:10.200> shy<00:22:10.960> reptile" + }, + { + "start": 1332.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "turtle, so this is a a slow, shy reptile" + }, + { + "start": 1332.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "turtle, so this is a a slow, shy reptile and<00:22:12.600> what<00:22:12.800> I<00:22:12.920> want<00:22:13.240> is<00:22:13.360> to<00:22:13.480> have<00:22:13.680> a<00:22:13.800> playful" + }, + { + "start": 1334.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what I want is to have a playful" + }, + { + "start": 1334.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and what I want is to have a playful cat-like<00:22:14.920> speed<00:22:15.280> of<00:22:15.360> its<00:22:15.560> life.<00:22:15.840> I<00:22:15.920> want<00:22:16.080> it<00:22:16.160> to" + }, + { + "start": 1336.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cat-like speed of its life. I want it to" + }, + { + "start": 1336.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cat-like speed of its life. I want it to be<00:22:16.360> like<00:22:16.600> a<00:22:16.680> cat.<00:22:17.200> What<00:22:17.320> would<00:22:17.480> we<00:22:17.560> have<00:22:17.720> to<00:22:17.800> do?" + }, + { + "start": 1338.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be like a cat. What would we have to do?" + }, + { + "start": 1338.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "be like a cat. What would we have to do? Now,<00:22:18.360> you<00:22:18.440> might<00:22:18.640> think,<00:22:18.840> \"Wow,<00:22:19.240> um<00:22:19.600> millions" + }, + { + "start": 1340.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, you might think, \"Wow, um millions" + }, + { + "start": 1340.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, you might think, \"Wow, um millions of<00:22:20.240> years<00:22:20.520> of<00:22:20.600> evolution<00:22:21.080> or<00:22:21.240> maybe<00:22:21.600> some<00:22:21.760> kind" + }, + { + "start": 1341.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of years of evolution or maybe some kind" + }, + { + "start": 1341.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of years of evolution or maybe some kind of<00:22:22.080> crazy<00:22:22.480> neural<00:22:23.240> engineering<00:22:23.800> that<00:22:23.960> nobody" + }, + { + "start": 1344.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of crazy neural engineering that nobody" + }, + { + "start": 1344.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of crazy neural engineering that nobody knows<00:22:24.560> how<00:22:24.680> to<00:22:24.800> do.\"<00:22:25.560> Turns<00:22:25.840> out,<00:22:26.400> you<00:22:26.600> don't" + }, + { + "start": 1346.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "knows how to do.\" Turns out, you don't" + }, + { + "start": 1346.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "knows how to do.\" Turns out, you don't have<00:22:27.120> to<00:22:27.200> do<00:22:27.360> much.<00:22:27.720> So,<00:22:27.880> here's<00:22:28.200> this<00:22:28.360> guy" + }, + { + "start": 1348.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have to do much. So, here's this guy" + }, + { + "start": 1348.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have to do much. So, here's this guy that<00:22:28.960> put<00:22:29.160> a<00:22:29.200> turtle<00:22:29.480> on<00:22:29.600> a<00:22:29.640> little<00:22:29.840> skateboard" + }, + { + "start": 1350.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that put a turtle on a little skateboard" + }, + { + "start": 1350.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that put a turtle on a little skateboard and<00:22:31.520> immediately<00:22:32.640> this<00:22:32.840> this<00:22:33.040> this" + }, + { + "start": 1353.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and immediately this this this" + }, + { + "start": 1353.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and immediately this this this prosthetic,<00:22:33.880> it<00:22:33.960> didn't<00:22:34.240> take<00:22:34.520> a<00:22:34.600> long<00:22:34.840> time" + }, + { + "start": 1355.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "prosthetic, it didn't take a long time" + }, + { + "start": 1355.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "prosthetic, it didn't take a long time for<00:22:35.480> the<00:22:35.600> turtle<00:22:35.960> to<00:22:36.400> first<00:22:36.720> of<00:22:36.840> all<00:22:37.200> uh<00:22:37.360> move" + }, + { + "start": 1357.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for the turtle to first of all uh move" + }, + { + "start": 1358.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for the turtle to first of all uh move at<00:22:38.520> uh<00:22:38.600> at<00:22:38.760> this<00:22:39.240> at<00:22:39.360> a<00:22:39.400> speed<00:22:40.040> sufficient<00:22:40.520> to" + }, + { + "start": 1360.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at uh at this at a speed sufficient to" + }, + { + "start": 1360.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at uh at this at a speed sufficient to play<00:22:40.840> with<00:22:41.000> this<00:22:41.120> cat.<00:22:41.360> He<00:22:41.480> wants<00:22:41.800> to<00:22:41.920> play" + }, + { + "start": 1362.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "play with this cat. He wants to play" + }, + { + "start": 1362.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "play with this cat. He wants to play with<00:22:42.280> the<00:22:42.360> cat.<00:22:42.800> The<00:22:42.880> cat<00:22:43.480> I<00:22:43.560> guess<00:22:43.760> doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1363.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with the cat. The cat I guess doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1364.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with the cat. The cat I guess doesn't know<00:22:44.080> what<00:22:44.200> to<00:22:44.280> make<00:22:44.440> of<00:22:44.520> it,<00:22:44.600> but<00:22:44.720> the<00:22:44.800> turtle" + }, + { + "start": 1365.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know what to make of it, but the turtle" + }, + { + "start": 1365.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know what to make of it, but the turtle is<00:22:45.200> perfectly<00:22:45.920> able<00:22:46.200> to<00:22:46.280> keep<00:22:46.520> up<00:22:46.640> with<00:22:46.760> him." + }, + { + "start": 1367.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is perfectly able to keep up with him." + }, + { + "start": 1367.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is perfectly able to keep up with him. So,<00:22:48.000> so<00:22:48.200> what's<00:22:48.400> going<00:22:48.640> on<00:22:48.760> here?<00:22:49.160> This<00:22:49.560> a<00:22:49.640> very" + }, + { + "start": 1369.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, so what's going on here? This a very" + }, + { + "start": 1369.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, so what's going on here? This a very small<00:22:50.480> adjustment<00:22:51.080> to<00:22:51.200> the<00:22:51.320> physical<00:22:52.240> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1372.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "small adjustment to the physical uh" + }, + { + "start": 1372.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "small adjustment to the physical uh embodiment<00:22:53.400> unlocks<00:22:54.000> a<00:22:54.040> new<00:22:54.240> cognitive" + }, + { + "start": 1374.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embodiment unlocks a new cognitive" + }, + { + "start": 1374.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embodiment unlocks a new cognitive domain.<00:22:55.080> I<00:22:55.120> mean,<00:22:55.280> have<00:22:55.400> turtles<00:22:55.840> for" + }, + { + "start": 1375.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "domain. I mean, have turtles for" + }, + { + "start": 1375.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "domain. I mean, have turtles for millions<00:22:56.360> of<00:22:56.480> years<00:22:56.760> been<00:22:57.000> wanting<00:22:57.280> to<00:22:57.400> do" + }, + { + "start": 1377.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "millions of years been wanting to do" + }, + { + "start": 1377.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "millions of years been wanting to do this<00:22:57.680> and<00:22:57.800> they<00:22:57.880> just<00:22:58.080> couldn't?<00:22:58.360> I<00:22:58.440> have<00:22:58.640> no" + }, + { + "start": 1378.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this and they just couldn't? I have no" + }, + { + "start": 1378.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this and they just couldn't? I have no idea,<00:22:59.400> but<00:22:59.760> it<00:22:59.920> makes<00:23:00.160> you<00:23:00.320> wonder,<00:23:01.000> right?<00:23:01.200> It" + }, + { + "start": 1381.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "idea, but it makes you wonder, right? It" + }, + { + "start": 1381.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "idea, but it makes you wonder, right? It makes<00:23:01.560> you<00:23:01.680> wonder<00:23:02.400> what<00:23:02.680> would<00:23:03.000> we<00:23:03.200> be" + }, + { + "start": 1383.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "makes you wonder what would we be" + }, + { + "start": 1383.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "makes you wonder what would we be capable<00:23:03.840> of<00:23:04.000> with<00:23:04.360> really<00:23:05.200> fairly<00:23:05.640> small" + }, + { + "start": 1386.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capable of with really fairly small" + }, + { + "start": 1386.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "capable of with really fairly small tweaks.<00:23:06.520> But<00:23:06.920> But<00:23:07.000> again,<00:23:07.240> that<00:23:07.560> that<00:23:07.760> delta" + }, + { + "start": 1388.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tweaks. But But again, that that delta" + }, + { + "start": 1388.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tweaks. But But again, that that delta between<00:23:08.560> what<00:23:08.760> you<00:23:08.920> put<00:23:09.240> what<00:23:09.440> you<00:23:09.560> put<00:23:09.800> in<00:23:10.000> and" + }, + { + "start": 1390.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between what you put what you put in and" + }, + { + "start": 1390.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between what you put what you put in and what<00:23:10.600> happened.<00:23:11.240> What<00:23:11.480> is<00:23:11.720> the<00:23:11.800> latent<00:23:12.120> space" + }, + { + "start": 1392.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what happened. What is the latent space" + }, + { + "start": 1392.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what happened. What is the latent space of<00:23:13.400> the<00:23:13.520> possibilities<00:23:14.240> for<00:23:14.360> this<00:23:14.640> for<00:23:14.760> this" + }, + { + "start": 1394.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the possibilities for this for this" + }, + { + "start": 1394.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the possibilities for this for this system?<00:23:15.640> These<00:23:15.880> kind<00:23:16.120> of<00:23:16.240> engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1396.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system? These kind of engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1396.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "system? These kind of engineering changes,<00:23:17.200> doing<00:23:17.400> these<00:23:17.560> weird<00:23:17.840> things,<00:23:18.120> and" + }, + { + "start": 1398.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changes, doing these weird things, and" + }, + { + "start": 1398.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changes, doing these weird things, and I'm<00:23:18.280> going<00:23:18.400> to<00:23:18.440> show<00:23:18.600> you<00:23:18.680> some<00:23:18.920> much<00:23:19.320> weirder" + }, + { + "start": 1399.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm going to show you some much weirder" + }, + { + "start": 1399.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm going to show you some much weirder things,<00:23:19.960> but<00:23:20.360> but<00:23:20.480> putting<00:23:20.720> a<00:23:20.760> turtle<00:23:21.080> on<00:23:21.160> a" + }, + { + "start": 1401.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things, but but putting a turtle on a" + }, + { + "start": 1401.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things, but but putting a turtle on a skateboard<00:23:21.800> is<00:23:22.000> basically<00:23:23.080> like<00:23:23.280> a<00:23:23.360> periscope" + }, + { + "start": 1403.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "skateboard is basically like a periscope" + }, + { + "start": 1404.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "skateboard is basically like a periscope to<00:23:24.120> find<00:23:24.560> these<00:23:24.880> these<00:23:25.080> additional<00:23:25.640> things" + }, + { + "start": 1405.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to find these these additional things" + }, + { + "start": 1405.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to find these these additional things that<00:23:26.080> you<00:23:26.320> did<00:23:26.520> not<00:23:26.760> see<00:23:26.960> coming.<00:23:27.640> So," + }, + { + "start": 1408.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that you did not see coming. So," + }, + { + "start": 1408.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that you did not see coming. So, uh<00:23:28.920> here's<00:23:29.320> here's<00:23:29.600> another<00:23:30.040> interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1410.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh here's here's another interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1410.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh here's here's another interesting example<00:23:31.000> of<00:23:31.120> these<00:23:31.360> of<00:23:31.480> these<00:23:31.680> free<00:23:31.840> gifts." + }, + { + "start": 1412.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example of these of these free gifts." + }, + { + "start": 1412.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "example of these of these free gifts. And<00:23:32.320> so<00:23:32.440> now<00:23:32.640> now<00:23:32.840> we're<00:23:32.960> really<00:23:33.160> going<00:23:33.280> to" + }, + { + "start": 1413.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so now now we're really going to" + }, + { + "start": 1413.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so now now we're really going to ratchet<00:23:33.800> this<00:23:33.960> up." + }, + { + "start": 1414.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ratchet this up." + }, + { + "start": 1414.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ratchet this up. Um<00:23:35.360> we<00:23:35.560> showed<00:23:36.120> a<00:23:36.200> few<00:23:36.640> years<00:23:36.880> ago<00:23:37.120> that<00:23:37.360> if<00:23:37.480> you" + }, + { + "start": 1417.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um we showed a few years ago that if you" + }, + { + "start": 1417.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um we showed a few years ago that if you take<00:23:37.880> small<00:23:38.320> networks,<00:23:38.960> molecular<00:23:39.560> networks." + }, + { + "start": 1420.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take small networks, molecular networks." + }, + { + "start": 1420.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "take small networks, molecular networks. So,<00:23:40.680> not<00:23:40.920> even<00:23:41.160> a<00:23:41.240> cell,<00:23:41.480> never<00:23:41.720> mind<00:23:42.000> a<00:23:42.040> brain" + }, + { + "start": 1422.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, not even a cell, never mind a brain" + }, + { + "start": 1422.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, not even a cell, never mind a brain or<00:23:42.480> a<00:23:42.520> neuron," + }, + { + "start": 1423.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or a neuron," + }, + { + "start": 1423.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or a neuron, not<00:23:43.960> even<00:23:44.120> a<00:23:44.160> whole<00:23:44.400> cell,<00:23:44.800> just<00:23:45.120> molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1425.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not even a whole cell, just molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1425.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not even a whole cell, just molecular networks.<00:23:46.360> And<00:23:46.440> they<00:23:46.520> don't<00:23:46.720> have<00:23:46.880> to<00:23:46.960> be" + }, + { + "start": 1427.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks. And they don't have to be" + }, + { + "start": 1427.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks. And they don't have to be large<00:23:47.400> networks.<00:23:47.800> The<00:23:47.920> smallest<00:23:48.320> one<00:23:48.480> that" + }, + { + "start": 1428.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "large networks. The smallest one that" + }, + { + "start": 1428.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "large networks. The smallest one that can<00:23:48.720> do<00:23:48.880> this<00:23:49.040> has<00:23:49.200> just<00:23:49.440> four<00:23:49.720> nodes.<00:23:50.640> If<00:23:50.800> you" + }, + { + "start": 1430.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can do this has just four nodes. If you" + }, + { + "start": 1431.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can do this has just four nodes. If you if<00:23:51.200> you<00:23:51.280> take<00:23:51.480> molecular<00:23:51.960> networks,<00:23:52.640> you<00:23:52.800> can" + }, + { + "start": 1432.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you take molecular networks, you can" + }, + { + "start": 1432.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you take molecular networks, you can train<00:23:53.360> them.<00:23:53.800> In<00:23:53.920> other<00:23:54.080> words,<00:23:54.520> even<00:23:54.840> even" + }, + { + "start": 1435.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "train them. In other words, even even" + }, + { + "start": 1435.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "train them. In other words, even even even<00:23:55.480> simple<00:23:55.800> molecular<00:23:56.240> networks<00:23:56.600> can<00:23:56.720> do" + }, + { + "start": 1436.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "even simple molecular networks can do" + }, + { + "start": 1436.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "even simple molecular networks can do habituation,<00:23:57.600> sensitization,<00:23:58.640> associative" + }, + { + "start": 1439.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "habituation, sensitization, associative" + }, + { + "start": 1439.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "habituation, sensitization, associative conditioning.<00:24:00.080> It<00:24:00.200> is<00:24:00.400> very<00:24:00.640> clear<00:24:00.960> how<00:24:01.080> it" + }, + { + "start": 1441.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conditioning. It is very clear how it" + }, + { + "start": 1441.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conditioning. It is very clear how it works.<00:24:01.440> It's<00:24:01.600> dynamical<00:24:02.080> system<00:24:02.440> learning." + }, + { + "start": 1442.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "works. It's dynamical system learning." + }, + { + "start": 1442.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "works. It's dynamical system learning. No<00:24:02.840> nobody<00:24:03.240> had<00:24:03.480> seen<00:24:03.680> it<00:24:03.760> before<00:24:04.040> because" + }, + { + "start": 1444.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "No nobody had seen it before because" + }, + { + "start": 1444.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "No nobody had seen it before because nobody<00:24:04.600> had<00:24:05.040> thought<00:24:05.320> to<00:24:05.440> test<00:24:06.280> to<00:24:06.400> test<00:24:06.640> these" + }, + { + "start": 1446.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nobody had thought to test to test these" + }, + { + "start": 1446.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nobody had thought to test to test these such<00:24:07.200> simple<00:24:07.560> models<00:24:08.080> for" + }, + { + "start": 1449.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "such simple models for" + }, + { + "start": 1449.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "such simple models for such<00:24:09.520> a<00:24:09.560> thing<00:24:09.760> as<00:24:09.880> learning,<00:24:10.480> but<00:24:10.800> it<00:24:10.920> turns" + }, + { + "start": 1451.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "such a thing as learning, but it turns" + }, + { + "start": 1451.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "such a thing as learning, but it turns out<00:24:11.360> that<00:24:11.720> they<00:24:11.840> do." + }, + { + "start": 1452.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out that they do." + }, + { + "start": 1452.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out that they do. And<00:24:13.200> And<00:24:13.320> here's<00:24:13.600> here's<00:24:13.840> the<00:24:13.920> amazing<00:24:14.360> thing." + }, + { + "start": 1454.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And And here's here's the amazing thing." + }, + { + "start": 1454.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And And here's here's the amazing thing. Oh,<00:24:15.080> and<00:24:15.240> we're<00:24:15.400> using<00:24:15.800> this<00:24:15.960> in<00:24:16.080> our<00:24:16.280> in<00:24:16.440> our" + }, + { + "start": 1456.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Oh, and we're using this in our in our" + }, + { + "start": 1456.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Oh, and we're using this in our in our lab.<00:24:16.760> We're<00:24:16.880> using<00:24:17.200> this<00:24:17.360> for<00:24:17.640> for<00:24:17.840> medical" + }, + { + "start": 1458.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab. We're using this for for medical" + }, + { + "start": 1458.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "lab. We're using this for for medical purposes<00:24:18.680> like<00:24:18.880> drug<00:24:19.160> conditioning<00:24:19.640> and<00:24:19.760> so" + }, + { + "start": 1459.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes like drug conditioning and so" + }, + { + "start": 1459.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes like drug conditioning and so on.<00:24:20.240> Turns<00:24:20.480> out<00:24:20.640> that<00:24:20.760> if<00:24:20.880> you<00:24:20.960> can<00:24:21.440> do" + }, + { + "start": 1461.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on. Turns out that if you can do" + }, + { + "start": 1461.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on. Turns out that if you can do Pavlovian<00:24:22.240> conditioning<00:24:22.800> in<00:24:22.880> molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1463.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning in molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1463.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning in molecular networks,<00:24:23.720> it's<00:24:23.840> basically<00:24:24.280> a<00:24:24.360> molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1464.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks, it's basically a molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1464.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks, it's basically a molecular placebo,<00:24:25.600> which<00:24:25.800> means<00:24:26.040> that<00:24:26.160> you<00:24:26.240> can" + }, + { + "start": 1466.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "placebo, which means that you can" + }, + { + "start": 1466.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "placebo, which means that you can associate<00:24:27.040> powerful<00:24:27.440> drugs<00:24:27.720> that<00:24:27.880> you<00:24:27.920> don't" + }, + { + "start": 1468.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "associate powerful drugs that you don't" + }, + { + "start": 1468.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "associate powerful drugs that you don't really<00:24:28.320> want<00:24:28.520> to<00:24:28.560> be<00:24:28.640> taking<00:24:29.320> with<00:24:29.760> a<00:24:30.360> uh<00:24:30.440> with" + }, + { + "start": 1470.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really want to be taking with a uh with" + }, + { + "start": 1470.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really want to be taking with a uh with a<00:24:30.760> with<00:24:30.880> a<00:24:30.920> neutral<00:24:31.320> drug.<00:24:31.840> Uh<00:24:32.000> eventually<00:24:32.480> you" + }, + { + "start": 1472.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a with a neutral drug. Uh eventually you" + }, + { + "start": 1472.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a with a neutral drug. Uh eventually you you<00:24:32.640> know,<00:24:32.720> you<00:24:33.200> pair<00:24:33.440> a<00:24:33.480> presentation<00:24:34.080> and<00:24:34.200> so" + }, + { + "start": 1474.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, you pair a presentation and so" + }, + { + "start": 1474.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, you pair a presentation and so on,<00:24:34.400> and<00:24:34.520> eventually<00:24:34.880> you<00:24:34.960> can<00:24:35.120> use<00:24:35.600> neutral" + }, + { + "start": 1475.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on, and eventually you can use neutral" + }, + { + "start": 1475.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on, and eventually you can use neutral drugs<00:24:36.240> to<00:24:36.320> get<00:24:36.440> the<00:24:36.520> same<00:24:36.760> effect.<00:24:37.600> So,<00:24:38.040> so" + }, + { + "start": 1478.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "drugs to get the same effect. So, so" + }, + { + "start": 1478.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "drugs to get the same effect. So, so that's<00:24:38.400> the<00:24:38.480> practical<00:24:38.920> application,<00:24:39.400> but" + }, + { + "start": 1479.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's the practical application, but" + }, + { + "start": 1479.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's the practical application, but there's<00:24:39.640> something<00:24:40.160> deep<00:24:40.520> very<00:24:40.920> very<00:24:41.200> deep" + }, + { + "start": 1481.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's something deep very very deep" + }, + { + "start": 1481.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's something deep very very deep here,<00:24:41.560> which<00:24:41.760> is<00:24:41.840> this." + }, + { + "start": 1482.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here, which is this." + }, + { + "start": 1482.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here, which is this. If<00:24:43.000> you<00:24:43.120> use<00:24:43.760> causal<00:24:44.200> emergence<00:24:44.680> metrics,<00:24:45.480> so" + }, + { + "start": 1485.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If you use causal emergence metrics, so" + }, + { + "start": 1485.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If you use causal emergence metrics, so this<00:24:45.760> is<00:24:45.920> the<00:24:46.040> mathematical<00:24:46.680> tools<00:24:47.560> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1488.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is the mathematical tools uh" + }, + { + "start": 1488.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is the mathematical tools uh pioneered<00:24:48.440> by<00:24:48.640> people<00:24:48.920> like<00:24:49.200> uh<00:24:49.240> Giulio" + }, + { + "start": 1489.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pioneered by people like uh Giulio" + }, + { + "start": 1489.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pioneered by people like uh Giulio Tononi<00:24:50.400> and<00:24:50.600> Eric<00:24:50.800> Hoel<00:24:51.160> and<00:24:51.440> and<00:24:51.640> many<00:24:51.880> others" + }, + { + "start": 1492.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Tononi and Eric Hoel and and many others" + }, + { + "start": 1492.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Tononi and Eric Hoel and and many others to<00:24:52.880> try<00:24:53.080> to<00:24:53.200> quantify<00:24:53.960> the<00:24:54.080> degree<00:24:54.400> to<00:24:54.560> which" + }, + { + "start": 1494.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to try to quantify the degree to which" + }, + { + "start": 1494.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to try to quantify the degree to which wholes<00:24:55.360> are<00:24:55.880> more<00:24:56.200> than<00:24:56.360> the<00:24:56.440> sum<00:24:56.680> of<00:24:56.760> their" + }, + { + "start": 1496.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wholes are more than the sum of their" + }, + { + "start": 1496.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "wholes are more than the sum of their parts,<00:24:57.320> right?<00:24:57.520> So,<00:24:57.680> so<00:24:57.800> the<00:24:58.200> integrated" + }, + { + "start": 1498.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "parts, right? So, so the integrated" + }, + { + "start": 1498.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "parts, right? So, so the integrated causal<00:24:59.840> uh<00:24:59.880> uh<00:25:00.040> identity<00:25:00.640> of<00:25:00.760> a<00:25:00.840> level<00:25:01.120> beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1501.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "causal uh uh identity of a level beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1501.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "causal uh uh identity of a level beyond the<00:25:01.880> low-level<00:25:02.400> parts.<00:25:02.760> So,<00:25:02.920> so<00:25:03.080> there's<00:25:03.320> math" + }, + { + "start": 1503.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the low-level parts. So, so there's math" + }, + { + "start": 1503.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the low-level parts. So, so there's math for<00:25:03.840> this<00:25:04.040> now.<00:25:04.200> It's<00:25:04.320> no<00:25:04.440> longer<00:25:04.680> just<00:25:04.960> a" + }, + { + "start": 1505.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for this now. It's no longer just a" + }, + { + "start": 1505.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for this now. It's no longer just a philosophical<00:25:06.000> debate<00:25:06.720> about<00:25:07.080> the" + }, + { + "start": 1507.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophical debate about the" + }, + { + "start": 1507.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "philosophical debate about the reductionism.<00:25:07.800> There's<00:25:07.960> actually<00:25:08.280> math<00:25:08.560> that" + }, + { + "start": 1508.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductionism. There's actually math that" + }, + { + "start": 1508.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductionism. There's actually math that tells<00:25:08.880> you<00:25:08.960> that<00:25:09.120> some<00:25:09.320> systems<00:25:09.960> are" + }, + { + "start": 1510.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells you that some systems are" + }, + { + "start": 1510.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells you that some systems are absolutely<00:25:10.600> not<00:25:11.080> suitable<00:25:11.520> for<00:25:11.680> the" + }, + { + "start": 1511.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely not suitable for the" + }, + { + "start": 1511.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely not suitable for the reductionist<00:25:12.400> assumption." + }, + { + "start": 1513.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductionist assumption." + }, + { + "start": 1513.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reductionist assumption. There's<00:25:13.600> something<00:25:13.880> cool<00:25:14.120> that<00:25:14.280> happens.<00:25:14.800> Um" + }, + { + "start": 1516.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something cool that happens. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1516.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something cool that happens. Um networks<00:25:17.160> with<00:25:17.400> higher<00:25:17.720> causal<00:25:18.080> emergence" + }, + { + "start": 1519.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks with higher causal emergence" + }, + { + "start": 1519.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "networks with higher causal emergence are<00:25:19.400> are<00:25:19.560> better<00:25:19.840> learners." + }, + { + "start": 1521.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are are better learners." + }, + { + "start": 1521.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are are better learners. But<00:25:21.280> also,<00:25:21.920> when<00:25:22.080> you<00:25:22.160> train<00:25:22.520> them,<00:25:23.080> their" + }, + { + "start": 1523.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But also, when you train them, their" + }, + { + "start": 1523.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But also, when you train them, their causal<00:25:23.560> emergence<00:25:24.040> goes<00:25:24.280> up.<00:25:25.000> So,<00:25:25.520> what's" + }, + { + "start": 1525.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "causal emergence goes up. So, what's" + }, + { + "start": 1525.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "causal emergence goes up. So, what's happening<00:25:26.000> here<00:25:26.120> is<00:25:26.200> that<00:25:26.360> every<00:25:26.520> time<00:25:26.680> you" + }, + { + "start": 1526.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happening here is that every time you" + }, + { + "start": 1526.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happening here is that every time you train<00:25:27.040> them,<00:25:27.160> they<00:25:27.280> become<00:25:27.600> more<00:25:27.880> and<00:25:28.000> more<00:25:28.320> of" + }, + { + "start": 1528.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "train them, they become more and more of" + }, + { + "start": 1528.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "train them, they become more and more of an<00:25:28.600> integrated<00:25:29.200> agent.<00:25:30.120> But<00:25:30.280> that<00:25:30.480> makes<00:25:30.720> them" + }, + { + "start": 1530.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an integrated agent. But that makes them" + }, + { + "start": 1530.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an integrated agent. But that makes them better<00:25:31.120> at<00:25:31.240> learning<00:25:31.600> and<00:25:31.720> so<00:25:31.880> on.<00:25:32.000> So," + }, + { + "start": 1532.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "better at learning and so on. So," + }, + { + "start": 1532.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "better at learning and so on. So, there's<00:25:32.320> this<00:25:32.720> there's<00:25:32.880> this<00:25:33.040> amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1534.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's this there's this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1534.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's this there's this amazing uh<00:25:34.600> there's<00:25:34.840> this<00:25:35.000> amazing<00:25:35.400> positive" + }, + { + "start": 1535.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh there's this amazing positive" + }, + { + "start": 1535.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh there's this amazing positive feedback<00:25:36.240> loop<00:25:36.560> that<00:25:36.720> we<00:25:36.840> call<00:25:37.040> the" + }, + { + "start": 1537.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "feedback loop that we call the" + }, + { + "start": 1537.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "feedback loop that we call the functional<00:25:37.640> agency<00:25:38.080> ratchet.<00:25:39.160> Uh<00:25:39.240> why<00:25:39.440> is<00:25:39.600> it" + }, + { + "start": 1539.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functional agency ratchet. Uh why is it" + }, + { + "start": 1539.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "functional agency ratchet. Uh why is it a<00:25:39.760> ratchet?<00:25:40.440> Because<00:25:40.720> if<00:25:40.840> you<00:25:41.000> force<00:25:41.360> them<00:25:41.520> to" + }, + { + "start": 1541.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a ratchet? Because if you force them to" + }, + { + "start": 1541.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a ratchet? Because if you force them to forget,<00:25:42.600> and<00:25:42.680> that's<00:25:42.880> really<00:25:43.120> important<00:25:43.520> for" + }, + { + "start": 1543.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forget, and that's really important for" + }, + { + "start": 1543.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forget, and that's really important for medical<00:25:43.920> reasons,<00:25:44.240> you<00:25:44.360> want<00:25:44.600> your<00:25:44.720> network" + }, + { + "start": 1545.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "medical reasons, you want your network" + }, + { + "start": 1545.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "medical reasons, you want your network sometimes<00:25:45.480> to<00:25:45.560> forget<00:25:46.040> um<00:25:46.600> physiological" + }, + { + "start": 1547.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes to forget um physiological" + }, + { + "start": 1547.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sometimes to forget um physiological experiences.<00:25:48.440> When<00:25:48.600> you<00:25:48.680> force<00:25:48.960> them<00:25:49.120> to" + }, + { + "start": 1549.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiences. When you force them to" + }, + { + "start": 1549.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiences. When you force them to forget,<00:25:49.560> you<00:25:49.680> do<00:25:49.840> not<00:25:50.240> erase<00:25:50.640> the<00:25:50.760> gains<00:25:51.240> that" + }, + { + "start": 1551.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forget, you do not erase the gains that" + }, + { + "start": 1551.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forget, you do not erase the gains that they've<00:25:51.560> made<00:25:51.840> in<00:25:51.920> becoming<00:25:52.320> a<00:25:52.400> higher-level" + }, + { + "start": 1553.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they've made in becoming a higher-level" + }, + { + "start": 1553.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they've made in becoming a higher-level integrated<00:25:53.760> agent.<00:25:54.600> So,<00:25:54.880> it's<00:25:55.120> an<00:25:55.280> asymmetry" + }, + { + "start": 1556.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "integrated agent. So, it's an asymmetry" + }, + { + "start": 1556.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "integrated agent. So, it's an asymmetry that<00:25:56.440> points" + }, + { + "start": 1557.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that points" + }, + { + "start": 1557.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that points uh<00:25:57.760> upward<00:25:58.240> in<00:25:58.360> terms<00:25:58.680> of<00:25:58.920> agency<00:25:59.560> and" + }, + { + "start": 1559.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh upward in terms of agency and" + }, + { + "start": 1559.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh upward in terms of agency and intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 1561.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 1561.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "intelligence. It's<00:26:01.560> an<00:26:01.760> it's<00:26:01.880> an<00:26:02.120> it's<00:26:02.360> asymmetric.<00:26:02.920> It" + }, + { + "start": 1563.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's an it's an it's asymmetric. It" + }, + { + "start": 1563.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It's an it's an it's asymmetric. It points<00:26:03.440> upwards.<00:26:04.160> But<00:26:04.320> now<00:26:04.480> So,<00:26:04.640> now<00:26:04.760> you<00:26:04.880> say," + }, + { + "start": 1564.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "points upwards. But now So, now you say," + }, + { + "start": 1565.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "points upwards. But now So, now you say, \"Okay,<00:26:05.240> where<00:26:05.480> did<00:26:05.640> this<00:26:05.800> come<00:26:05.960> from?<00:26:06.160> Surely" + }, + { + "start": 1566.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Okay, where did this come from? Surely" + }, + { + "start": 1566.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Okay, where did this come from? Surely this<00:26:06.880> was<00:26:07.360> evolution<00:26:07.840> did<00:26:07.960> this.<00:26:08.120> Evolution" + }, + { + "start": 1568.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this was evolution did this. Evolution" + }, + { + "start": 1568.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this was evolution did this. Evolution because<00:26:09.120> I<00:26:09.160> mean,<00:26:09.440> that<00:26:09.640> kind<00:26:09.800> of<00:26:09.880> a<00:26:09.960> thing<00:26:10.360> is" + }, + { + "start": 1571.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because I mean, that kind of a thing is" + }, + { + "start": 1571.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because I mean, that kind of a thing is um" + }, + { + "start": 1572.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um" + }, + { + "start": 1572.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um uh<00:26:12.520> a<00:26:12.560> very<00:26:13.120> uh<00:26:13.160> sort<00:26:13.360> of<00:26:13.480> you<00:26:13.800> you<00:26:13.880> would<00:26:14.000> have" + }, + { + "start": 1574.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh a very uh sort of you you would have" + }, + { + "start": 1574.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh a very uh sort of you you would have to<00:26:14.240> select,<00:26:14.720> you<00:26:14.800> know,<00:26:14.880> needle<00:26:15.160> in<00:26:15.280> a" + }, + { + "start": 1575.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to select, you know, needle in a" + }, + { + "start": 1575.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to select, you know, needle in a haystack<00:26:15.800> for<00:26:15.880> this<00:26:16.040> kind<00:26:16.240> of<00:26:16.320> thing,<00:26:16.480> right?" + }, + { + "start": 1576.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "haystack for this kind of thing, right?" + }, + { + "start": 1576.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "haystack for this kind of thing, right? You<00:26:16.680> would<00:26:16.800> have<00:26:16.880> to<00:26:16.960> select<00:26:17.320> for<00:26:17.400> networks." + }, + { + "start": 1578.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You would have to select for networks." + }, + { + "start": 1578.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You would have to select for networks. So,<00:26:18.440> it<00:26:18.520> turns<00:26:18.960> out<00:26:19.320> that<00:26:19.480> that<00:26:19.680> ratchet,<00:26:20.400> if" + }, + { + "start": 1580.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, it turns out that that ratchet, if" + }, + { + "start": 1580.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, it turns out that that ratchet, if you<00:26:20.720> look<00:26:21.000> at" + }, + { + "start": 1582.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you look at" + }, + { + "start": 1582.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you look at uh<00:26:22.400> random<00:26:22.960> networks<00:26:23.760> compared<00:26:24.120> to" + }, + { + "start": 1584.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh random networks compared to" + }, + { + "start": 1584.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh random networks compared to biological<00:26:25.000> networks,<00:26:26.080> what<00:26:26.280> you<00:26:26.400> see<00:26:26.680> is" + }, + { + "start": 1586.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biological networks, what you see is" + }, + { + "start": 1586.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biological networks, what you see is that<00:26:27.720> biology<00:26:28.680> can<00:26:28.880> improve<00:26:29.240> it<00:26:29.360> a<00:26:29.400> little" + }, + { + "start": 1589.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that biology can improve it a little" + }, + { + "start": 1589.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that biology can improve it a little bit,<00:26:30.000> but<00:26:30.200> the<00:26:30.360> random<00:26:30.800> networks<00:26:31.400> already<00:26:32.000> do" + }, + { + "start": 1592.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bit, but the random networks already do" + }, + { + "start": 1592.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bit, but the random networks already do this." + }, + { + "start": 1593.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this." + }, + { + "start": 1593.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. They<00:26:33.400> are<00:26:33.800> They<00:26:34.000> are<00:26:34.320> I<00:26:34.360> don't<00:26:34.520> know<00:26:34.600> if<00:26:34.720> this" + }, + { + "start": 1594.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They are They are I don't know if this" + }, + { + "start": 1594.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They are They are I don't know if this is<00:26:35.040> fine-tuning<00:26:35.720> the<00:26:35.800> way<00:26:35.920> that<00:26:36.120> we<00:26:36.240> see<00:26:36.440> in" + }, + { + "start": 1596.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is fine-tuning the way that we see in" + }, + { + "start": 1596.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is fine-tuning the way that we see in some<00:26:36.800> of<00:26:36.880> the<00:26:37.400> parameters<00:26:37.920> of<00:26:38.000> the<00:26:38.120> physical" + }, + { + "start": 1598.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some of the parameters of the physical" + }, + { + "start": 1598.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some of the parameters of the physical universe," + }, + { + "start": 1599.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "universe," + }, + { + "start": 1599.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "universe, but<00:26:40.400> in<00:26:41.200> this<00:26:41.400> is<00:26:41.520> not<00:26:41.800> a<00:26:41.840> needle<00:26:42.120> in<00:26:42.240> a" + }, + { + "start": 1602.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but in this is not a needle in a" + }, + { + "start": 1602.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but in this is not a needle in a haystack<00:26:42.680> situation.<00:26:43.360> Random<00:26:43.760> networks<00:26:44.240> are" + }, + { + "start": 1604.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "haystack situation. Random networks are" + }, + { + "start": 1604.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "haystack situation. Random networks are already<00:26:45.040> optimized<00:26:46.240> for<00:26:46.600> this<00:26:46.920> incredible" + }, + { + "start": 1607.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already optimized for this incredible" + }, + { + "start": 1607.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already optimized for this incredible ratchet.<00:26:48.520> And<00:26:48.680> so,<00:26:48.880> it's<00:26:49.040> not<00:26:49.160> about" + }, + { + "start": 1609.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ratchet. And so, it's not about" + }, + { + "start": 1609.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ratchet. And so, it's not about replicators<00:26:50.000> or<00:26:50.120> selection.<00:26:50.520> There<00:26:50.640> are<00:26:50.720> no" + }, + { + "start": 1610.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicators or selection. There are no" + }, + { + "start": 1610.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicators or selection. There are no replicators<00:26:51.440> in<00:26:51.560> these<00:26:51.720> systems.<00:26:52.120> Nothing<00:26:52.440> is" + }, + { + "start": 1612.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicators in these systems. Nothing is" + }, + { + "start": 1612.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicators in these systems. Nothing is replicating.<00:26:53.120> Nothing<00:26:53.400> is<00:26:53.520> being<00:26:53.720> selected" + }, + { + "start": 1614.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicating. Nothing is being selected" + }, + { + "start": 1614.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replicating. Nothing is being selected for.<00:26:54.720> It<00:26:54.880> is<00:26:55.080> It<00:26:55.240> does<00:26:55.400> not<00:26:55.640> come<00:26:55.800> from" + }, + { + "start": 1615.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for. It is It does not come from" + }, + { + "start": 1616.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for. It is It does not come from physics.<00:26:56.360> It<00:26:56.440> does<00:26:56.560> not<00:26:56.760> come<00:26:56.880> from<00:26:57.000> biology." + }, + { + "start": 1617.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics. It does not come from biology." + }, + { + "start": 1617.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics. It does not come from biology. It<00:26:57.680> is<00:26:57.800> a<00:26:57.840> free<00:26:58.080> gift<00:26:58.360> from<00:26:58.800> mathematics.<00:26:59.760> If" + }, + { + "start": 1619.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It is a free gift from mathematics. If" + }, + { + "start": 1619.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It is a free gift from mathematics. If you<00:27:00.040> want<00:27:00.240> to<00:27:00.320> know<00:27:00.520> where<00:27:00.800> this<00:27:01.000> comes<00:27:01.240> from," + }, + { + "start": 1621.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you want to know where this comes from," + }, + { + "start": 1621.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you want to know where this comes from, it<00:27:01.560> comes<00:27:01.840> from<00:27:02.000> the<00:27:02.080> way<00:27:02.240> that<00:27:02.400> causal" + }, + { + "start": 1622.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it comes from the way that causal" + }, + { + "start": 1622.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it comes from the way that causal emergence<00:27:03.240> and<00:27:03.400> network<00:27:03.760> properties<00:27:04.480> work." + }, + { + "start": 1624.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergence and network properties work." + }, + { + "start": 1625.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergence and network properties work. It<00:27:05.080> doesn't<00:27:05.480> rely<00:27:05.880> on<00:27:06.160> any<00:27:06.440> facts<00:27:06.840> of" + }, + { + "start": 1626.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It doesn't rely on any facts of" + }, + { + "start": 1627.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It doesn't rely on any facts of mathematics.<00:27:07.520> It<00:27:07.600> doesn't<00:27:07.880> rely<00:27:08.160> on<00:27:08.360> a" + }, + { + "start": 1628.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics. It doesn't rely on a" + }, + { + "start": 1628.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics. It doesn't rely on a history<00:27:08.800> of<00:27:08.880> selection<00:27:09.280> and<00:27:09.400> so<00:27:09.480> on.<00:27:09.880> So,<00:27:10.000> this" + }, + { + "start": 1630.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history of selection and so on. So, this" + }, + { + "start": 1630.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history of selection and so on. So, this is<00:27:10.480> So,<00:27:10.600> this<00:27:10.760> is<00:27:10.840> now<00:27:11.000> kind<00:27:11.160> of<00:27:11.240> crazy." + }, + { + "start": 1631.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is So, this is now kind of crazy." + }, + { + "start": 1631.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is So, this is now kind of crazy. Biologists" + }, + { + "start": 1632.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Biologists" + }, + { + "start": 1632.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Biologists uh<00:27:13.120> biologists<00:27:13.720> love<00:27:14.520> uh<00:27:14.720> to<00:27:14.840> be<00:27:14.920> able<00:27:15.080> to" + }, + { + "start": 1635.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh biologists love uh to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 1635.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh biologists love uh to be able to explain<00:27:15.440> things<00:27:15.840> in<00:27:16.000> terms<00:27:16.320> of<00:27:16.880> either<00:27:17.480> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1637.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "explain things in terms of either uh" + }, + { + "start": 1637.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "explain things in terms of either uh genetics<00:27:18.120> or<00:27:18.400> environment.<00:27:18.920> In<00:27:19.000> other<00:27:19.160> words," + }, + { + "start": 1639.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "genetics or environment. In other words," + }, + { + "start": 1639.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "genetics or environment. In other words, a<00:27:19.720> a<00:27:19.800> history,<00:27:20.640> right?<00:27:20.800> Some<00:27:20.960> kind<00:27:21.120> of<00:27:21.200> history" + }, + { + "start": 1641.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a a history, right? Some kind of history" + }, + { + "start": 1641.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a a history, right? Some kind of history of<00:27:21.680> selection<00:27:22.400> or<00:27:22.760> physics.<00:27:23.200> Those<00:27:23.440> are<00:27:23.520> the" + }, + { + "start": 1643.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of selection or physics. Those are the" + }, + { + "start": 1643.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of selection or physics. Those are the that<00:27:23.920> that<00:27:24.080> Those<00:27:24.280> are<00:27:24.360> supposed<00:27:24.640> to<00:27:24.720> be<00:27:24.800> the" + }, + { + "start": 1644.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that that Those are supposed to be the" + }, + { + "start": 1644.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that that Those are supposed to be the sources.<00:27:25.800> So,<00:27:26.520> we<00:27:27.080> I<00:27:27.160> think<00:27:27.440> in<00:27:27.640> in<00:27:28.320> in<00:27:28.520> looking" + }, + { + "start": 1648.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sources. So, we I think in in in looking" + }, + { + "start": 1648.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sources. So, we I think in in in looking at<00:27:28.960> some<00:27:29.120> of<00:27:29.200> these<00:27:29.480> things,<00:27:29.760> I'm<00:27:29.840> going<00:27:29.960> to" + }, + { + "start": 1650.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at some of these things, I'm going to" + }, + { + "start": 1650.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "at some of these things, I'm going to show<00:27:30.240> you<00:27:30.480> some<00:27:30.760> some<00:27:30.920> more<00:27:31.360> examples<00:27:31.880> in<00:27:31.960> a" + }, + { + "start": 1651.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "show you some some more examples in a" + }, + { + "start": 1652.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "show you some some more examples in a minute.<00:27:32.840> We<00:27:33.000> have<00:27:33.120> to<00:27:33.200> start<00:27:33.440> asking,<00:27:33.760> where" + }, + { + "start": 1653.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minute. We have to start asking, where" + }, + { + "start": 1654.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minute. We have to start asking, where else<00:27:34.200> can<00:27:34.360> information<00:27:34.960> come<00:27:35.120> from?<00:27:35.640> Well,<00:27:35.920> I" + }, + { + "start": 1655.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "else can information come from? Well, I" + }, + { + "start": 1656.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "else can information come from? Well, I just<00:27:36.200> want<00:27:36.360> to<00:27:36.440> point<00:27:36.680> out<00:27:36.840> that<00:27:37.440> So,<00:27:37.760> so<00:27:37.880> if" + }, + { + "start": 1657.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just want to point out that So, so if" + }, + { + "start": 1658.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just want to point out that So, so if you<00:27:38.080> look<00:27:38.240> at<00:27:38.320> something<00:27:38.600> like<00:27:38.800> this,<00:27:39.080> this<00:27:39.240> is" + }, + { + "start": 1659.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you look at something like this, this is" + }, + { + "start": 1659.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you look at something like this, this is the<00:27:40.080> Halley<00:27:40.440> plot<00:27:40.920> of<00:27:41.080> a<00:27:41.200> simple<00:27:41.640> function" + }, + { + "start": 1662.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the Halley plot of a simple function" + }, + { + "start": 1662.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the Halley plot of a simple function complex<00:27:42.560> number.<00:27:42.840> So,<00:27:42.960> Z<00:27:43.080> is<00:27:43.160> a<00:27:43.240> complex" + }, + { + "start": 1663.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complex number. So, Z is a complex" + }, + { + "start": 1663.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complex number. So, Z is a complex number<00:27:43.920> here.<00:27:44.520> Z<00:27:44.720> cubed<00:27:44.960> plus<00:27:45.120> seven," + }, + { + "start": 1665.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "number here. Z cubed plus seven," + }, + { + "start": 1665.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "number here. Z cubed plus seven, something<00:27:45.720> like<00:27:45.840> that.<00:27:46.280> If<00:27:46.440> you<00:27:46.560> plot<00:27:46.800> it<00:27:46.920> out," + }, + { + "start": 1667.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something like that. If you plot it out," + }, + { + "start": 1667.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something like that. If you plot it out, gives<00:27:47.280> you<00:27:47.360> this<00:27:47.520> incredible<00:27:48.280> order.<00:27:48.840> And" + }, + { + "start": 1668.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gives you this incredible order. And" + }, + { + "start": 1668.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gives you this incredible order. And actually,<00:27:49.360> I<00:27:49.440> can<00:27:49.600> make<00:27:49.760> a<00:27:49.840> video<00:27:50.240> of<00:27:50.360> it,<00:27:50.480> but" + }, + { + "start": 1670.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually, I can make a video of it, but" + }, + { + "start": 1670.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually, I can make a video of it, but when<00:27:50.760> by<00:27:50.920> changing<00:27:51.320> these<00:27:51.520> parameters<00:27:51.920> just<00:27:52.240> a" + }, + { + "start": 1672.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when by changing these parameters just a" + }, + { + "start": 1672.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when by changing these parameters just a tiny<00:27:52.640> bit<00:27:52.840> for<00:27:52.960> every<00:27:53.160> frame<00:27:53.440> here,<00:27:53.640> you<00:27:53.720> can" + }, + { + "start": 1673.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tiny bit for every frame here, you can" + }, + { + "start": 1673.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tiny bit for every frame here, you can see<00:27:54.400> this<00:27:54.560> is<00:27:54.640> this<00:27:54.840> this<00:27:55.040> amazing<00:27:55.560> world.<00:27:56.360> Um" + }, + { + "start": 1676.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see this is this this amazing world. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1676.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "see this is this this amazing world. Um it's<00:27:56.640> kind<00:27:56.800> of<00:27:56.880> cool.<00:27:57.080> It<00:27:57.160> doesn't<00:27:57.400> hurt<00:27:57.600> that" + }, + { + "start": 1677.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's kind of cool. It doesn't hurt that" + }, + { + "start": 1677.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it's kind of cool. It doesn't hurt that these<00:27:57.880> things<00:27:58.360> look<00:27:58.640> vaguely<00:27:59.040> biological<00:27:59.680> and" + }, + { + "start": 1679.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things look vaguely biological and" + }, + { + "start": 1679.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things look vaguely biological and organic.<00:28:00.280> That<00:28:00.400> that's<00:28:00.640> kind<00:28:00.760> of<00:28:00.840> fun." + }, + { + "start": 1681.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organic. That that's kind of fun." + }, + { + "start": 1681.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "organic. That that's kind of fun. Um<00:28:02.240> But<00:28:02.480> But<00:28:02.600> the<00:28:02.680> one<00:28:02.840> thing<00:28:03.240> you<00:28:03.400> have<00:28:03.600> to" + }, + { + "start": 1683.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um But But the one thing you have to" + }, + { + "start": 1683.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um But But the one thing you have to realize<00:28:04.240> is<00:28:04.440> that<00:28:04.720> if<00:28:04.840> I<00:28:04.920> want<00:28:05.120> to<00:28:05.200> know<00:28:05.360> why" + }, + { + "start": 1685.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realize is that if I want to know why" + }, + { + "start": 1685.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realize is that if I want to know why the<00:28:05.920> pattern<00:28:06.360> of<00:28:06.480> this<00:28:06.680> equation<00:28:07.120> is<00:28:07.240> exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1687.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the pattern of this equation is exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1687.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the pattern of this equation is exactly this,<00:28:08.280> not<00:28:08.480> something<00:28:08.800> else,<00:28:09.360> but<00:28:09.480> exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1689.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, not something else, but exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1690.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, not something else, but exactly this,<00:28:10.720> I<00:28:10.840> can't<00:28:11.200> lean<00:28:11.360> on<00:28:11.520> physics.<00:28:11.920> There<00:28:12.040> is" + }, + { + "start": 1692.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, I can't lean on physics. There is" + }, + { + "start": 1692.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, I can't lean on physics. There is nothing<00:28:12.560> about<00:28:12.800> physics<00:28:13.320> that<00:28:13.720> explains" + }, + { + "start": 1694.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nothing about physics that explains" + }, + { + "start": 1694.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nothing about physics that explains this.<00:28:14.560> I<00:28:14.600> can't<00:28:14.880> lean<00:28:15.040> on<00:28:15.200> selection<00:28:15.680> or" + }, + { + "start": 1695.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. I can't lean on selection or" + }, + { + "start": 1695.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. I can't lean on selection or history.<00:28:16.200> This<00:28:16.360> was<00:28:16.520> not<00:28:16.800> selected<00:28:17.280> to<00:28:17.400> look" + }, + { + "start": 1697.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history. This was not selected to look" + }, + { + "start": 1697.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history. This was not selected to look like<00:28:17.720> this." + }, + { + "start": 1698.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like this." + }, + { + "start": 1698.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like this. There's<00:28:18.800> something<00:28:19.200> else.<00:28:19.480> So,<00:28:19.560> there<00:28:19.760> are" + }, + { + "start": 1700.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something else. So, there are" + }, + { + "start": 1700.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something else. So, there are Apparently,<00:28:20.720> there<00:28:20.920> are<00:28:21.320> facts<00:28:22.240> that<00:28:22.480> are<00:28:22.560> not" + }, + { + "start": 1702.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Apparently, there are facts that are not" + }, + { + "start": 1702.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Apparently, there are facts that are not facts<00:28:23.240> of<00:28:23.360> physics.<00:28:23.840> They're<00:28:24.280> They<00:28:24.400> are<00:28:24.520> facts" + }, + { + "start": 1704.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "facts of physics. They're They are facts" + }, + { + "start": 1704.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "facts of physics. They're They are facts of<00:28:25.560> We<00:28:25.720> call<00:28:26.000> it<00:28:26.240> mathematics." + }, + { + "start": 1707.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of We call it mathematics." + }, + { + "start": 1707.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of We call it mathematics. And<00:28:28.080> so,<00:28:28.840> um<00:28:29.160> now<00:28:29.520> we<00:28:29.680> have<00:28:29.800> to<00:28:29.920> ask,<00:28:30.200> what<00:28:30.400> What" + }, + { + "start": 1710.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, um now we have to ask, what What" + }, + { + "start": 1710.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, um now we have to ask, what What does<00:28:30.560> this<00:28:30.680> have<00:28:30.800> to<00:28:30.920> do<00:28:31.040> with<00:28:31.160> biology?<00:28:31.640> Does" + }, + { + "start": 1711.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does this have to do with biology? Does" + }, + { + "start": 1711.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does this have to do with biology? Does it<00:28:31.760> have<00:28:31.880> to<00:28:31.960> do<00:28:32.040> anything<00:28:32.440> with<00:28:32.560> biology?" + }, + { + "start": 1713.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it have to do anything with biology?" + }, + { + "start": 1713.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it have to do anything with biology? Could<00:28:33.560> we<00:28:33.720> find<00:28:33.960> Could<00:28:34.120> we<00:28:34.240> go<00:28:34.400> further?<00:28:34.960> I" + }, + { + "start": 1714.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Could we find Could we go further? I" + }, + { + "start": 1715.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Could we find Could we go further? I mean,<00:28:35.160> I've<00:28:35.240> shown<00:28:35.520> you<00:28:35.960> um<00:28:36.200> manipulation<00:28:36.800> of" + }, + { + "start": 1716.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mean, I've shown you um manipulation of" + }, + { + "start": 1716.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mean, I've shown you um manipulation of standard<00:28:37.280> forms.<00:28:37.600> I've<00:28:37.720> shown<00:28:37.920> you<00:28:38.000> some" + }, + { + "start": 1718.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard forms. I've shown you some" + }, + { + "start": 1718.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "standard forms. I've shown you some surprising<00:28:39.120> sort<00:28:39.320> of<00:28:39.680> novel<00:28:40.320> things<00:28:40.600> you<00:28:40.680> can" + }, + { + "start": 1720.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprising sort of novel things you can" + }, + { + "start": 1720.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprising sort of novel things you can do.<00:28:41.200> Could<00:28:41.360> we<00:28:41.480> find<00:28:42.200> living<00:28:42.520> forms<00:28:42.920> with<00:28:43.160> no" + }, + { + "start": 1723.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do. Could we find living forms with no" + }, + { + "start": 1723.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do. Could we find living forms with no history<00:28:44.040> of<00:28:44.160> selection<00:28:44.760> for<00:28:45.080> their<00:28:45.240> specific" + }, + { + "start": 1725.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history of selection for their specific" + }, + { + "start": 1725.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "history of selection for their specific properties?<00:28:46.600> So,<00:28:46.680> I'll<00:28:46.760> just<00:28:46.960> show<00:28:47.160> you<00:28:47.480> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1727.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "properties? So, I'll just show you uh" + }, + { + "start": 1727.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "properties? So, I'll just show you uh two." + }, + { + "start": 1728.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two." + }, + { + "start": 1728.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "two. One<00:28:48.920> we<00:28:49.040> call<00:28:49.240> Xenobots.<00:28:49.880> This<00:28:50.280> is<00:28:50.400> what" + }, + { + "start": 1730.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "One we call Xenobots. This is what" + }, + { + "start": 1730.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "One we call Xenobots. This is what happens<00:28:50.880> when<00:28:51.000> you<00:28:51.120> take<00:28:51.360> cells<00:28:51.720> from<00:28:51.920> a<00:28:52.120> from" + }, + { + "start": 1732.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happens when you take cells from a from" + }, + { + "start": 1732.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happens when you take cells from a from the<00:28:52.480> epithelium.<00:28:53.120> So,<00:28:53.520> it's<00:28:53.680> going<00:28:53.800> to<00:28:53.840> be" + }, + { + "start": 1733.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the epithelium. So, it's going to be" + }, + { + "start": 1733.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the epithelium. So, it's going to be skin<00:28:54.360> from<00:28:54.560> the<00:28:54.680> epithelium<00:28:55.240> of<00:28:55.400> an<00:28:55.560> early" + }, + { + "start": 1735.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "skin from the epithelium of an early" + }, + { + "start": 1735.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "skin from the epithelium of an early frog<00:28:56.080> embryo.<00:28:56.880> We<00:28:57.360> we<00:28:57.480> liberate<00:28:57.880> them<00:28:58.120> from" + }, + { + "start": 1738.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frog embryo. We we liberate them from" + }, + { + "start": 1738.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "frog embryo. We we liberate them from the<00:28:58.480> frog<00:28:58.760> embryo.<00:28:59.320> We<00:28:59.640> dissociate<00:29:00.240> them.<00:29:00.360> We" + }, + { + "start": 1740.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the frog embryo. We dissociate them. We" + }, + { + "start": 1740.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the frog embryo. We dissociate them. We put<00:29:00.600> them<00:29:00.720> in<00:29:00.800> a<00:29:01.000> in<00:29:01.120> a<00:29:01.160> container<00:29:01.560> by" + }, + { + "start": 1741.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "put them in a in a container by" + }, + { + "start": 1741.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "put them in a in a container by themselves." + }, + { + "start": 1742.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "themselves." + }, + { + "start": 1742.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "themselves. They<00:29:03.120> could<00:29:03.320> have<00:29:03.480> died.<00:29:03.800> They<00:29:03.920> could<00:29:04.040> have" + }, + { + "start": 1744.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They could have died. They could have" + }, + { + "start": 1744.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They could have died. They could have crawled<00:29:04.440> away<00:29:04.600> from<00:29:04.800> each<00:29:04.960> other.<00:29:05.120> They<00:29:05.240> could" + }, + { + "start": 1745.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "crawled away from each other. They could" + }, + { + "start": 1745.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "crawled away from each other. They could have<00:29:05.840> made<00:29:06.040> a<00:29:06.080> flat<00:29:06.560> monolayer<00:29:07.080> like<00:29:07.280> cell" + }, + { + "start": 1747.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have made a flat monolayer like cell" + }, + { + "start": 1747.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have made a flat monolayer like cell culture.<00:29:08.160> Instead,<00:29:08.560> what<00:29:08.720> they<00:29:08.840> do<00:29:09.000> is<00:29:09.200> this." + }, + { + "start": 1750.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "culture. Instead, what they do is this." + }, + { + "start": 1750.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "culture. Instead, what they do is this. You<00:29:10.200> can<00:29:10.360> see<00:29:10.480> it<00:29:10.560> here.<00:29:10.760> The<00:29:10.880> each<00:29:11.080> one<00:29:11.200> of" + }, + { + "start": 1751.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can see it here. The each one of" + }, + { + "start": 1751.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You can see it here. The each one of these<00:29:11.440> things<00:29:11.640> is<00:29:11.720> a<00:29:11.760> single<00:29:12.120> cell.<00:29:12.320> Here's<00:29:12.520> a" + }, + { + "start": 1752.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things is a single cell. Here's a" + }, + { + "start": 1752.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things is a single cell. Here's a little<00:29:12.800> group.<00:29:13.040> They<00:29:13.160> don't<00:29:13.360> all<00:29:13.480> look<00:29:13.640> like<00:29:13.760> a" + }, + { + "start": 1753.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little group. They don't all look like a" + }, + { + "start": 1753.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little group. They don't all look like a little<00:29:14.040> horse.<00:29:14.280> I<00:29:14.320> just<00:29:14.520> thought<00:29:14.680> this<00:29:14.880> was<00:29:15.080> a" + }, + { + "start": 1755.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little horse. I just thought this was a" + }, + { + "start": 1755.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little horse. I just thought this was a cute<00:29:15.360> example.<00:29:16.200> Um<00:29:16.680> they<00:29:16.840> they<00:29:17.280> they<00:29:17.440> sort<00:29:17.680> of" + }, + { + "start": 1757.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cute example. Um they they they sort of" + }, + { + "start": 1757.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cute example. Um they they they sort of move<00:29:18.040> as<00:29:18.160> a<00:29:18.240> collective.<00:29:18.640> They<00:29:18.880> they<00:29:19.400> they" + }, + { + "start": 1760.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "move as a collective. They they they" + }, + { + "start": 1760.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "move as a collective. They they they they<00:29:20.280> assemble<00:29:21.280> and<00:29:21.960> they<00:29:22.200> assemble<00:29:22.840> into" + }, + { + "start": 1763.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they assemble and they assemble into" + }, + { + "start": 1763.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they assemble and they assemble into something<00:29:23.560> we<00:29:23.680> call<00:29:23.880> a<00:29:23.920> Xenobot.<00:29:24.480> What<00:29:24.600> is<00:29:24.720> it" + }, + { + "start": 1764.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something we call a Xenobot. What is it" + }, + { + "start": 1764.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "something we call a Xenobot. What is it doing?<00:29:25.120> Well," + }, + { + "start": 1766.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing? Well," + }, + { + "start": 1766.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "doing? Well, first<00:29:26.280> of<00:29:26.360> all,<00:29:26.480> it<00:29:26.560> has<00:29:26.680> a<00:29:26.720> little<00:29:26.920> hairs.<00:29:27.640> The" + }, + { + "start": 1767.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "first of all, it has a little hairs. The" + }, + { + "start": 1767.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "first of all, it has a little hairs. The hairs<00:29:28.080> are<00:29:28.200> used<00:29:28.440> by<00:29:28.600> a<00:29:28.680> frog<00:29:29.040> to<00:29:29.160> move<00:29:29.440> mucus" + }, + { + "start": 1770.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hairs are used by a frog to move mucus" + }, + { + "start": 1770.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hairs are used by a frog to move mucus down<00:29:30.360> the<00:29:30.480> body<00:29:30.800> and<00:29:30.920> then<00:29:31.080> get<00:29:31.280> rid<00:29:31.400> of" + }, + { + "start": 1771.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "down the body and then get rid of" + }, + { + "start": 1771.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "down the body and then get rid of pathogens<00:29:32.120> and<00:29:32.240> things<00:29:32.440> like<00:29:32.560> that.<00:29:33.120> But" + }, + { + "start": 1773.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pathogens and things like that. But" + }, + { + "start": 1773.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pathogens and things like that. But these<00:29:33.480> guys<00:29:33.720> are<00:29:33.840> using<00:29:34.120> them<00:29:34.240> to<00:29:34.360> swim." + }, + { + "start": 1774.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these guys are using them to swim." + }, + { + "start": 1774.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these guys are using them to swim. They're<00:29:34.960> using<00:29:35.280> them<00:29:35.400> to<00:29:35.600> row<00:29:36.080> against<00:29:36.520> the" + }, + { + "start": 1776.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They're using them to row against the" + }, + { + "start": 1776.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They're using them to row against the the<00:29:37.000> water.<00:29:37.520> What<00:29:37.640> you're<00:29:37.760> seeing<00:29:38.240> that<00:29:38.440> this" + }, + { + "start": 1778.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the water. What you're seeing that this" + }, + { + "start": 1778.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the water. What you're seeing that this this<00:29:38.920> has<00:29:39.080> never<00:29:39.280> existed<00:29:39.720> before.<00:29:40.080> This<00:29:40.280> is<00:29:40.480> a" + }, + { + "start": 1781.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this has never existed before. This is a" + }, + { + "start": 1781.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this has never existed before. This is a this<00:29:41.680> is<00:29:42.240> a<00:29:42.320> patch<00:29:42.640> of<00:29:43.000> frog<00:29:43.320> skin<00:29:43.920> rebooting" + }, + { + "start": 1784.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a patch of frog skin rebooting" + }, + { + "start": 1784.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is a patch of frog skin rebooting its<00:29:45.160> multicellularity<00:29:46.040> into<00:29:46.240> a<00:29:46.280> new<00:29:46.440> way<00:29:46.640> of" + }, + { + "start": 1786.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "its multicellularity into a new way of" + }, + { + "start": 1786.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "its multicellularity into a new way of life.<00:29:47.440> They<00:29:47.640> can<00:29:47.760> move<00:29:47.960> in<00:29:48.080> circles.<00:29:48.560> They<00:29:48.720> can" + }, + { + "start": 1788.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "life. They can move in circles. They can" + }, + { + "start": 1788.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "life. They can move in circles. They can sort<00:29:49.120> of<00:29:49.400> patrol<00:29:49.840> back<00:29:50.080> and<00:29:50.240> forth.<00:29:50.560> They<00:29:50.680> can" + }, + { + "start": 1790.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sort of patrol back and forth. They can" + }, + { + "start": 1790.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sort of patrol back and forth. They can have<00:29:50.960> collective<00:29:51.480> motion.<00:29:52.320> Um<00:29:53.000> they<00:29:53.240> can" + }, + { + "start": 1794.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have collective motion. Um they can" + }, + { + "start": 1794.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have collective motion. Um they can with<00:29:54.400> given<00:29:54.720> neurons<00:29:55.160> and<00:29:55.280> you<00:29:55.360> can<00:29:55.680> but<00:29:55.840> this" + }, + { + "start": 1796.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with given neurons and you can but this" + }, + { + "start": 1796.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with given neurons and you can but this does<00:29:56.240> not<00:29:56.440> have<00:29:56.600> any<00:29:56.720> neurons<00:29:57.080> but<00:29:57.440> but<00:29:57.880> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1798.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does not have any neurons but but uh" + }, + { + "start": 1798.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "does not have any neurons but but uh I<00:29:58.680> might<00:29:58.800> post<00:29:59.000> that<00:29:59.120> college<00:29:59.640> threw<00:29:59.880> some" + }, + { + "start": 1800.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I might post that college threw some" + }, + { + "start": 1800.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I might post that college threw some neurons<00:30:00.360> in<00:30:00.480> there<00:30:00.600> and<00:30:00.680> they<00:30:00.800> can<00:30:00.920> do<00:30:01.200> all" + }, + { + "start": 1801.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neurons in there and they can do all" + }, + { + "start": 1801.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neurons in there and they can do all kinds<00:30:01.520> of<00:30:01.640> interesting<00:30:02.080> things.<00:30:02.280> Here's<00:30:02.520> one" + }, + { + "start": 1802.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinds of interesting things. Here's one" + }, + { + "start": 1802.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinds of interesting things. Here's one sort<00:30:03.000> of<00:30:03.280> swimming<00:30:03.680> around." + }, + { + "start": 1804.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sort of swimming around." + }, + { + "start": 1804.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sort of swimming around. Um<00:30:05.400> here's<00:30:05.800> one<00:30:06.240> traversing<00:30:07.440> this<00:30:07.920> this<00:30:08.120> this" + }, + { + "start": 1808.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um here's one traversing this this this" + }, + { + "start": 1808.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um here's one traversing this this this maze<00:30:08.520> structure.<00:30:08.960> So,<00:30:09.120> it<00:30:09.200> goes<00:30:09.960> here.<00:30:10.520> It's" + }, + { + "start": 1810.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maze structure. So, it goes here. It's" + }, + { + "start": 1810.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maze structure. So, it goes here. It's going<00:30:10.800> to<00:30:10.880> take<00:30:11.080> this<00:30:11.240> corner<00:30:11.640> without" + }, + { + "start": 1811.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to take this corner without" + }, + { + "start": 1811.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "going to take this corner without bumping<00:30:12.280> into<00:30:12.480> the<00:30:12.600> opposite<00:30:12.960> wall.<00:30:13.200> So,<00:30:13.360> it" + }, + { + "start": 1813.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bumping into the opposite wall. So, it" + }, + { + "start": 1813.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bumping into the opposite wall. So, it can<00:30:13.680> it<00:30:13.800> can<00:30:14.240> it<00:30:14.520> it<00:30:14.640> takes<00:30:14.920> the<00:30:15.000> corner<00:30:15.240> then" + }, + { + "start": 1815.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can it can it it takes the corner then" + }, + { + "start": 1815.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can it can it it takes the corner then for<00:30:15.520> some<00:30:16.080> reason<00:30:16.640> it<00:30:16.920> turns<00:30:17.160> around,<00:30:17.480> goes" + }, + { + "start": 1817.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for some reason it turns around, goes" + }, + { + "start": 1817.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for some reason it turns around, goes back<00:30:18.040> where<00:30:18.320> where<00:30:18.480> it<00:30:18.560> came<00:30:18.720> from.<00:30:19.480> Um<00:30:20.120> one<00:30:20.280> of" + }, + { + "start": 1820.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back where where it came from. Um one of" + }, + { + "start": 1820.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "back where where it came from. Um one of the<00:30:20.440> most<00:30:20.760> amazing<00:30:21.280> things<00:30:21.560> they<00:30:21.680> do,<00:30:22.200> we<00:30:22.320> call" + }, + { + "start": 1822.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the most amazing things they do, we call" + }, + { + "start": 1822.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the most amazing things they do, we call kinematic<00:30:23.200> self-replication.<00:30:24.640> So,<00:30:24.720> look," + }, + { + "start": 1824.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinematic self-replication. So, look," + }, + { + "start": 1824.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kinematic self-replication. So, look, we've<00:30:25.040> made<00:30:25.240> it<00:30:25.320> impossible<00:30:26.000> for<00:30:26.120> these" + }, + { + "start": 1826.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we've made it impossible for these" + }, + { + "start": 1826.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we've made it impossible for these creatures<00:30:26.760> to<00:30:27.000> reproduce<00:30:27.600> in<00:30:27.720> the<00:30:27.840> normal" + }, + { + "start": 1828.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "creatures to reproduce in the normal" + }, + { + "start": 1828.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "creatures to reproduce in the normal froggy<00:30:28.800> fashion.<00:30:29.640> We" + }, + { + "start": 1830.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "froggy fashion. We" + }, + { + "start": 1830.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "froggy fashion. We give<00:30:31.080> them<00:30:31.360> a<00:30:31.440> bunch<00:30:31.720> of<00:30:31.960> loose<00:30:32.360> epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1832.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "give them a bunch of loose epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1832.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "give them a bunch of loose epithelial cells.<00:30:33.280> That's<00:30:33.480> what<00:30:33.600> this<00:30:33.960> white<00:30:34.760> dust<00:30:35.080> is" + }, + { + "start": 1835.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells. That's what this white dust is" + }, + { + "start": 1835.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells. That's what this white dust is here<00:30:35.360> that<00:30:35.480> sprinkle<00:30:35.880> everywhere.<00:30:36.200> These<00:30:36.360> are" + }, + { + "start": 1836.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here that sprinkle everywhere. These are" + }, + { + "start": 1836.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here that sprinkle everywhere. These are loose<00:30:36.640> cells.<00:30:37.280> And<00:30:37.440> what<00:30:37.560> they<00:30:37.680> do<00:30:37.880> is<00:30:38.000> they" + }, + { + "start": 1838.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "loose cells. And what they do is they" + }, + { + "start": 1838.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "loose cells. And what they do is they run<00:30:38.320> around<00:30:38.640> both<00:30:38.880> collectively<00:30:39.520> and" + }, + { + "start": 1839.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "run around both collectively and" + }, + { + "start": 1839.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "run around both collectively and individually<00:30:40.600> and<00:30:40.720> they<00:30:40.840> collect<00:30:41.480> the<00:30:41.600> cells" + }, + { + "start": 1842.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "individually and they collect the cells" + }, + { + "start": 1842.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "individually and they collect the cells into<00:30:42.680> little<00:30:43.080> little<00:30:43.360> piles.<00:30:44.080> The<00:30:44.200> little" + }, + { + "start": 1844.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into little little piles. The little" + }, + { + "start": 1844.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into little little piles. The little piles<00:30:44.720> mature<00:30:45.280> into<00:30:45.520> the<00:30:45.640> next<00:30:45.920> generation<00:30:46.440> of" + }, + { + "start": 1846.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "piles mature into the next generation of" + }, + { + "start": 1846.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "piles mature into the next generation of xenobots,<00:30:47.280> and<00:30:47.400> guess<00:30:47.560> what<00:30:47.720> they<00:30:47.880> do.<00:30:48.480> Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1848.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "xenobots, and guess what they do. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1848.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "xenobots, and guess what they do. Uh they<00:30:48.800> do<00:30:48.960> the<00:30:49.040> exactly<00:30:49.440> the<00:30:49.520> same<00:30:49.680> thing,<00:30:49.880> and" + }, + { + "start": 1849.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they do the exactly the same thing, and" + }, + { + "start": 1850.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they do the exactly the same thing, and they<00:30:50.080> make<00:30:50.280> the<00:30:50.360> next<00:30:50.640> generation,<00:30:51.200> and<00:30:51.320> they" + }, + { + "start": 1851.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make the next generation, and they" + }, + { + "start": 1851.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they make the next generation, and they make<00:30:51.600> the<00:30:51.680> next<00:30:51.920> generation.<00:30:52.720> So,<00:30:52.880> this" + }, + { + "start": 1853.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make the next generation. So, this" + }, + { + "start": 1853.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make the next generation. So, this ability,<00:30:53.440> it's<00:30:53.560> kind<00:30:53.720> of<00:30:53.800> like<00:30:54.120> von<00:30:54.320> Neumann's" + }, + { + "start": 1854.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ability, it's kind of like von Neumann's" + }, + { + "start": 1854.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ability, it's kind of like von Neumann's dream,<00:30:54.960> right,<00:30:55.160> of<00:30:55.280> a<00:30:55.960> robot<00:30:56.360> that<00:30:56.480> goes" + }, + { + "start": 1856.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dream, right, of a robot that goes" + }, + { + "start": 1856.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dream, right, of a robot that goes around<00:30:56.920> making<00:30:57.320> copies<00:30:57.760> of<00:30:57.840> itself<00:30:58.160> from<00:30:58.960> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1859.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around making copies of itself from uh" + }, + { + "start": 1859.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "around making copies of itself from uh materials<00:30:59.920> it<00:31:00.040> finds<00:31:00.320> in<00:31:00.400> the<00:31:00.480> environment." + }, + { + "start": 1861.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "materials it finds in the environment." + }, + { + "start": 1861.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "materials it finds in the environment. Uh<00:31:02.280> is<00:31:03.120> uh<00:31:03.200> is<00:31:03.480> is<00:31:03.880> is<00:31:04.240> something<00:31:04.840> we<00:31:05.280> you<00:31:05.400> know," + }, + { + "start": 1865.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh is uh is is is something we you know," + }, + { + "start": 1865.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh is uh is is is something we you know, there<00:31:06.000> is<00:31:06.160> no<00:31:06.760> let's<00:31:07.080> let's<00:31:07.280> remember<00:31:07.600> in" + }, + { + "start": 1867.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there is no let's let's remember in" + }, + { + "start": 1867.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there is no let's let's remember in these<00:31:07.840> xenobots,<00:31:08.520> there<00:31:08.640> is<00:31:08.760> no<00:31:08.960> genetic" + }, + { + "start": 1869.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these xenobots, there is no genetic" + }, + { + "start": 1869.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these xenobots, there is no genetic editing.<00:31:09.920> We<00:31:09.960> didn't<00:31:10.120> touch<00:31:10.360> the<00:31:10.480> genome." + }, + { + "start": 1871.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "editing. We didn't touch the genome." + }, + { + "start": 1871.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "editing. We didn't touch the genome. There<00:31:11.240> are<00:31:11.400> no<00:31:11.560> new<00:31:11.720> synthetic<00:31:12.200> circuits.<00:31:12.600> We" + }, + { + "start": 1872.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There are no new synthetic circuits. We" + }, + { + "start": 1872.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There are no new synthetic circuits. We didn't<00:31:12.920> do<00:31:13.080> any<00:31:13.240> synthetic<00:31:13.680> biology.<00:31:14.160> We" + }, + { + "start": 1874.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't do any synthetic biology. We" + }, + { + "start": 1874.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't do any synthetic biology. We didn't<00:31:14.560> add<00:31:14.760> any<00:31:14.920> scaffolds.<00:31:15.520> There<00:31:15.640> are<00:31:15.720> no" + }, + { + "start": 1875.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't add any scaffolds. There are no" + }, + { + "start": 1875.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "didn't add any scaffolds. There are no nanomaterials.<00:31:16.960> There<00:31:17.040> was<00:31:17.160> no<00:31:17.360> learning." + }, + { + "start": 1878.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nanomaterials. There was no learning." + }, + { + "start": 1878.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "nanomaterials. There was no learning. There<00:31:18.360> you<00:31:18.440> know,<00:31:18.520> there<00:31:18.640> was<00:31:18.720> no<00:31:18.840> training." + }, + { + "start": 1879.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There you know, there was no training." + }, + { + "start": 1879.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There you know, there was no training. There<00:31:19.520> was<00:31:19.640> no<00:31:19.760> selection,<00:31:20.480> and<00:31:20.880> uh<00:31:20.960> there<00:31:21.080> was" + }, + { + "start": 1881.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There was no selection, and uh there was" + }, + { + "start": 1881.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There was no selection, and uh there was no<00:31:21.760> uh<00:31:21.960> engineering<00:31:22.600> of<00:31:22.680> these<00:31:22.880> things<00:31:23.440> beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1884.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "no uh engineering of these things beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1884.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "no uh engineering of these things beyond taking<00:31:24.440> the<00:31:24.520> cells,<00:31:25.120> liberating<00:31:25.680> them<00:31:25.880> from" + }, + { + "start": 1886.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "taking the cells, liberating them from" + }, + { + "start": 1886.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "taking the cells, liberating them from the<00:31:26.160> other<00:31:26.360> cells,<00:31:26.680> which<00:31:26.880> typically<00:31:27.280> bully" + }, + { + "start": 1887.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the other cells, which typically bully" + }, + { + "start": 1887.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the other cells, which typically bully them<00:31:27.760> into<00:31:28.000> having<00:31:28.240> a<00:31:28.320> boring<00:31:28.960> life<00:31:29.280> as<00:31:29.440> a<00:31:29.640> as<00:31:29.800> a" + }, + { + "start": 1890.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "them into having a boring life as a as a" + }, + { + "start": 1890.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "them into having a boring life as a as a you<00:31:30.200> know,<00:31:30.400> outer<00:31:30.680> skin,<00:31:31.280> and<00:31:31.440> letting<00:31:31.680> them" + }, + { + "start": 1891.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, outer skin, and letting them" + }, + { + "start": 1891.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, outer skin, and letting them reboot<00:31:32.600> into<00:31:32.920> a<00:31:32.960> new<00:31:33.600> uh<00:31:33.800> a<00:31:33.880> lifestyle.<00:31:34.600> And" + }, + { + "start": 1894.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reboot into a new uh a lifestyle. And" + }, + { + "start": 1894.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "reboot into a new uh a lifestyle. And here<00:31:34.880> they<00:31:35.000> are<00:31:35.120> doing<00:31:35.360> kinematic" + }, + { + "start": 1895.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here they are doing kinematic" + }, + { + "start": 1895.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here they are doing kinematic replication." + }, + { + "start": 1897.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replication." + }, + { + "start": 1897.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "replication. Now,<00:31:37.320> you<00:31:37.440> might<00:31:37.640> say,<00:31:37.800> \"Okay,<00:31:38.600> well,<00:31:39.400> maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1899.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, you might say, \"Okay, well, maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1899.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, you might say, \"Okay, well, maybe maybe<00:31:40.000> the<00:31:40.080> amphibians<00:31:40.520> are<00:31:40.600> weird.<00:31:40.840> Maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1901.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maybe the amphibians are weird. Maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1901.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "maybe the amphibians are weird. Maybe this<00:31:41.160> is<00:31:41.280> some<00:31:41.400> kind<00:31:41.600> of<00:31:41.800> amphibian<00:31:42.480> like" + }, + { + "start": 1902.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is some kind of amphibian like" + }, + { + "start": 1902.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this is some kind of amphibian like weird<00:31:42.960> amphibian<00:31:43.440> thing.\"<00:31:43.960> And<00:31:44.080> I<00:31:44.160> would<00:31:44.320> ask" + }, + { + "start": 1904.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "weird amphibian thing.\" And I would ask" + }, + { + "start": 1904.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "weird amphibian thing.\" And I would ask you,<00:31:45.000> \"Well,<00:31:45.160> what<00:31:45.400> what<00:31:45.480> do<00:31:45.520> you<00:31:45.600> think<00:31:45.800> your" + }, + { + "start": 1906.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you, \"Well, what what do you think your" + }, + { + "start": 1906.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you, \"Well, what what do you think your cells<00:31:46.360> would<00:31:46.480> do<00:31:46.840> if<00:31:46.960> we<00:31:47.080> liberated<00:31:47.600> them?" + }, + { + "start": 1907.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells would do if we liberated them?" + }, + { + "start": 1907.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cells would do if we liberated them? What<00:31:47.960> would<00:31:48.080> your<00:31:48.240> cells<00:31:48.480> do?\"<00:31:49.080> Well," + }, + { + "start": 1909.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "What would your cells do?\" Well," + }, + { + "start": 1909.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "What would your cells do?\" Well, here's<00:31:50.120> a<00:31:50.160> little<00:31:50.360> creature.<00:31:51.280> Uh<00:31:51.440> we<00:31:51.560> call" + }, + { + "start": 1911.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's a little creature. Uh we call" + }, + { + "start": 1911.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here's a little creature. Uh we call this<00:31:51.960> an<00:31:52.160> anthrobot.<00:31:53.120> If<00:31:53.360> you<00:31:53.520> were<00:31:53.680> to" + }, + { + "start": 1913.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this an anthrobot. If you were to" + }, + { + "start": 1913.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this an anthrobot. If you were to sequence<00:31:54.240> it,<00:31:54.400> you<00:31:54.480> would<00:31:54.600> find<00:31:54.960> 100%<00:31:55.720> homo" + }, + { + "start": 1915.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sequence it, you would find 100% homo" + }, + { + "start": 1915.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sequence it, you would find 100% homo sapiens.<00:31:56.800> You<00:31:56.880> would<00:31:57.000> have<00:31:57.160> zero<00:31:57.640> clue<00:31:57.920> from" + }, + { + "start": 1918.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sapiens. You would have zero clue from" + }, + { + "start": 1918.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sapiens. You would have zero clue from the<00:31:58.400> genome<00:31:58.760> that<00:31:58.920> this<00:31:59.080> is<00:31:59.200> anything<00:31:59.600> but<00:31:59.880> a" + }, + { + "start": 1919.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the genome that this is anything but a" + }, + { + "start": 1919.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the genome that this is anything but a human<00:32:00.320> being.<00:32:01.200> Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1922.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "human being. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1922.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "human being. Uh they<00:32:02.680> also<00:32:03.600> run<00:32:03.840> around.<00:32:04.200> They<00:32:04.320> have<00:32:04.480> they" + }, + { + "start": 1924.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they also run around. They have they" + }, + { + "start": 1924.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they also run around. They have they have<00:32:04.840> spontaneous<00:32:05.840> spontaneous<00:32:06.440> motion.<00:32:06.800> You" + }, + { + "start": 1926.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have spontaneous spontaneous motion. You" + }, + { + "start": 1926.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have spontaneous spontaneous motion. You could<00:32:07.040> not<00:32:07.360> guess<00:32:07.720> what<00:32:07.960> genome<00:32:08.280> it<00:32:08.360> had<00:32:08.520> by" + }, + { + "start": 1928.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "could not guess what genome it had by" + }, + { + "start": 1928.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "could not guess what genome it had by what<00:32:08.880> by<00:32:09.120> by<00:32:09.440> analyzing<00:32:10.040> the<00:32:10.240> their<00:32:10.520> their" + }, + { + "start": 1930.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what by by analyzing the their their" + }, + { + "start": 1930.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what by by analyzing the their their shape<00:32:11.240> or<00:32:11.320> behavior.<00:32:12.240> Um" + }, + { + "start": 1933.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shape or behavior. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1933.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "shape or behavior. Um uh" + }, + { + "start": 1934.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh" + }, + { + "start": 1934.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh We<00:32:15.440> will<00:32:15.520> one<00:32:15.720> thing<00:32:15.920> that<00:32:16.040> we<00:32:16.160> discovered" + }, + { + "start": 1936.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "We will one thing that we discovered" + }, + { + "start": 1936.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "We will one thing that we discovered they<00:32:16.760> do<00:32:17.040> is<00:32:17.240> they<00:32:17.360> have<00:32:17.480> this<00:32:17.640> amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1938.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they do is they have this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1938.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they do is they have this amazing healing<00:32:18.560> function.<00:32:19.240> If<00:32:19.400> I<00:32:19.480> played<00:32:19.840> a<00:32:20.200> dish<00:32:20.440> of" + }, + { + "start": 1940.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "healing function. If I played a dish of" + }, + { + "start": 1940.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "healing function. If I played a dish of human<00:32:20.880> neurons<00:32:21.280> and<00:32:21.400> put<00:32:21.480> a<00:32:21.520> big<00:32:21.680> scratch<00:32:22.160> down" + }, + { + "start": 1942.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "human neurons and put a big scratch down" + }, + { + "start": 1942.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "human neurons and put a big scratch down the<00:32:22.440> middle,<00:32:23.000> the<00:32:23.160> anthrobots<00:32:23.720> will<00:32:23.880> find<00:32:24.240> the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the middle, the anthrobots will find the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the middle, the anthrobots will find the scratch.<00:32:24.720> They<00:32:24.840> drive<00:32:25.240> down<00:32:25.560> the<00:32:25.800> the<00:32:25.920> scratch" + }, + { + "start": 1946.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scratch. They drive down the the scratch" + }, + { + "start": 1946.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "scratch. They drive down the the scratch here.<00:32:26.400> They<00:32:26.520> settle<00:32:27.240> somewhere<00:32:27.920> into<00:32:28.200> in<00:32:28.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 1948.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here. They settle somewhere into in a" + }, + { + "start": 1948.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here. They settle somewhere into in a group<00:32:28.800> like<00:32:29.000> this,<00:32:29.480> and<00:32:29.640> what<00:32:29.720> they" + }, + { + "start": 1949.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "group like this, and what they" + }, + { + "start": 1949.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "group like this, and what they immediately<00:32:30.280> start<00:32:30.520> to<00:32:30.600> do<00:32:30.720> is<00:32:30.880> knit<00:32:31.120> the" + }, + { + "start": 1951.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "immediately start to do is knit the" + }, + { + "start": 1951.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "immediately start to do is knit the neurons<00:32:31.600> across<00:32:31.960> the<00:32:32.040> gap.<00:32:33.000> Okay,<00:32:33.360> here<00:32:33.480> they" + }, + { + "start": 1953.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neurons across the gap. Okay, here they" + }, + { + "start": 1953.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neurons across the gap. Okay, here they are.<00:32:33.960> These<00:32:34.160> cells<00:32:34.520> come<00:32:34.760> from<00:32:35.560> uh" + }, + { + "start": 1956.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are. These cells come from uh" + }, + { + "start": 1956.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are. These cells come from uh adult,<00:32:36.640> not<00:32:36.800> embryonic.<00:32:37.320> There's<00:32:37.800> no" + }, + { + "start": 1958.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adult, not embryonic. There's no" + }, + { + "start": 1958.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "adult, not embryonic. There's no embryonic<00:32:38.520> material<00:32:38.920> here.<00:32:39.040> These<00:32:39.200> cells" + }, + { + "start": 1959.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embryonic material here. These cells" + }, + { + "start": 1959.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embryonic material here. These cells come<00:32:39.600> from<00:32:39.800> adult<00:32:40.520> tracheal<00:32:41.000> epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1961.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "come from adult tracheal epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1961.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "come from adult tracheal epithelial samples<00:32:42.320> donated<00:32:42.760> by<00:32:43.160> by<00:32:43.320> patients<00:32:43.760> during" + }, + { + "start": 1963.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "samples donated by by patients during" + }, + { + "start": 1963.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "samples donated by by patients during biopsies.<00:32:44.480> So,<00:32:44.560> we<00:32:44.680> we<00:32:44.800> buy<00:32:45.040> the<00:32:45.160> cells.<00:32:46.040> They" + }, + { + "start": 1966.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biopsies. So, we we buy the cells. They" + }, + { + "start": 1966.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biopsies. So, we we buy the cells. They make<00:32:46.280> these<00:32:46.480> anthrobots.<00:32:47.040> Who<00:32:47.320> knew<00:32:47.840> that" + }, + { + "start": 1967.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make these anthrobots. Who knew that" + }, + { + "start": 1967.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make these anthrobots. Who knew that your<00:32:48.120> tracheal<00:32:48.560> cells,<00:32:48.880> which<00:32:49.080> sit<00:32:49.280> in<00:32:49.360> your" + }, + { + "start": 1969.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "your tracheal cells, which sit in your" + }, + { + "start": 1969.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "your tracheal cells, which sit in your airway<00:32:49.840> for<00:32:50.000> very<00:32:50.240> long<00:32:50.480> periods<00:32:50.800> of<00:32:50.880> time" + }, + { + "start": 1971.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "airway for very long periods of time" + }, + { + "start": 1971.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "airway for very long periods of time dealing<00:32:51.440> with<00:32:51.680> dust<00:32:52.000> particles<00:32:52.560> and<00:32:52.800> and<00:32:53.040> and" + }, + { + "start": 1973.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dealing with dust particles and and and" + }, + { + "start": 1973.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "dealing with dust particles and and and so<00:32:53.320> on,<00:32:53.800> have<00:32:53.960> the<00:32:54.080> ability<00:32:54.440> to<00:32:54.560> assemble<00:32:55.040> into" + }, + { + "start": 1975.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so on, have the ability to assemble into" + }, + { + "start": 1975.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so on, have the ability to assemble into a<00:32:55.320> little<00:32:55.560> creature.<00:32:56.280> It<00:32:56.440> has<00:32:56.600> 9,000" + }, + { + "start": 1977.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a little creature. It has 9,000" + }, + { + "start": 1977.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a little creature. It has 9,000 differentially<00:32:58.200> expressed<00:32:58.680> genes.<00:32:59.560> Uh,<00:32:59.680> so" + }, + { + "start": 1979.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "differentially expressed genes. Uh, so" + }, + { + "start": 1979.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "differentially expressed genes. Uh, so half<00:33:00.160> the<00:33:00.280> genome<00:33:00.680> is<00:33:00.800> differently" + }, + { + "start": 1981.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "half the genome is differently" + }, + { + "start": 1981.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "half the genome is differently expressed.<00:33:02.160> It<00:33:02.280> is<00:33:02.400> actually<00:33:02.800> younger<00:33:03.520> than" + }, + { + "start": 1983.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expressed. It is actually younger than" + }, + { + "start": 1983.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expressed. It is actually younger than the<00:33:03.760> cells<00:33:04.000> they<00:33:04.120> come<00:33:04.320> from,<00:33:04.520> so<00:33:04.640> it<00:33:04.760> actually" + }, + { + "start": 1985.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the cells they come from, so it actually" + }, + { + "start": 1985.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the cells they come from, so it actually rolls<00:33:05.440> back<00:33:05.680> its<00:33:05.880> age<00:33:06.240> by<00:33:06.800> based<00:33:07.080> on" + }, + { + "start": 1987.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rolls back its age by based on" + }, + { + "start": 1987.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rolls back its age by based on epigenetic<00:33:07.640> clock<00:33:07.920> data." + }, + { + "start": 1988.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "epigenetic clock data." + }, + { + "start": 1988.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "epigenetic clock data. And<00:33:09.120> they<00:33:09.240> have<00:33:09.400> this<00:33:09.560> ability<00:33:09.920> to<00:33:10.040> heal" + }, + { + "start": 1990.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And they have this ability to heal" + }, + { + "start": 1990.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And they have this ability to heal neural<00:33:10.640> wounds.<00:33:11.160> Obvious<00:33:11.560> applications" + }, + { + "start": 1992.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neural wounds. Obvious applications" + }, + { + "start": 1992.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "neural wounds. Obvious applications here,<00:33:12.320> right?<00:33:12.480> This<00:33:12.600> can,<00:33:13.080> in<00:33:13.240> theory,<00:33:13.560> go" + }, + { + "start": 1993.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here, right? This can, in theory, go" + }, + { + "start": 1993.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here, right? This can, in theory, go into<00:33:13.960> your<00:33:14.120> body,<00:33:14.720> do<00:33:14.920> repair.<00:33:15.320> You<00:33:15.440> wouldn't" + }, + { + "start": 1995.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into your body, do repair. You wouldn't" + }, + { + "start": 1995.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "into your body, do repair. You wouldn't need<00:33:15.960> immunosuppression.<00:33:16.720> These<00:33:16.920> are<00:33:17.040> your" + }, + { + "start": 1997.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "need immunosuppression. These are your" + }, + { + "start": 1997.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "need immunosuppression. These are your own<00:33:17.320> cells,<00:33:18.040> right?<00:33:18.640> This<00:33:18.800> is<00:33:19.000> you<00:33:19.080> know," + }, + { + "start": 1999.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "own cells, right? This is you know," + }, + { + "start": 1999.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "own cells, right? This is you know, they're<00:33:19.320> not<00:33:19.520> genetically<00:33:19.960> engineered.<00:33:20.640> They" + }, + { + "start": 2000.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're not genetically engineered. They" + }, + { + "start": 2000.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're not genetically engineered. They can<00:33:20.920> go<00:33:21.040> right<00:33:21.320> into<00:33:21.520> your<00:33:21.760> right<00:33:21.960> into<00:33:22.120> your" + }, + { + "start": 2002.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can go right into your right into your" + }, + { + "start": 2002.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can go right into your right into your body.<00:33:23.040> So,<00:33:23.880> and<00:33:24.160> they<00:33:24.240> have<00:33:24.360> this<00:33:24.520> amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2005.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "body. So, and they have this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2005.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "body. So, and they have this amazing amazing<00:33:25.480> healing<00:33:25.760> function,<00:33:26.080> which<00:33:26.280> we<00:33:26.360> did" + }, + { + "start": 2006.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amazing healing function, which we did" + }, + { + "start": 2006.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amazing healing function, which we did not<00:33:26.680> select<00:33:27.000> for,<00:33:27.240> we<00:33:27.360> did<00:33:27.480> not<00:33:27.640> train<00:33:27.880> them" + }, + { + "start": 2007.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not select for, we did not train them" + }, + { + "start": 2008.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not select for, we did not train them for,<00:33:28.360> and<00:33:28.520> we<00:33:28.600> did<00:33:28.760> not<00:33:29.040> engineer.<00:33:30.040> So,<00:33:30.520> so<00:33:31.000> so" + }, + { + "start": 2011.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for, and we did not engineer. So, so so" + }, + { + "start": 2011.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for, and we did not engineer. So, so so here<00:33:31.360> here<00:33:31.520> we<00:33:31.600> go.<00:33:31.720> This<00:33:31.920> is<00:33:32.000> the<00:33:32.120> final<00:33:32.560> the" + }, + { + "start": 2012.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here here we go. This is the final the" + }, + { + "start": 2012.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here here we go. This is the final the final<00:33:32.960> piece<00:33:33.200> of<00:33:33.320> all<00:33:33.440> of<00:33:33.480> this." + }, + { + "start": 2014.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "final piece of all of this." + }, + { + "start": 2014.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "final piece of all of this. Uh,<00:33:35.080> the<00:33:35.160> whole<00:33:35.360> point<00:33:35.760> of<00:33:35.920> of<00:33:36.080> evolution<00:33:36.640> is" + }, + { + "start": 2016.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, the whole point of of evolution is" + }, + { + "start": 2016.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh, the whole point of of evolution is that<00:33:37.000> it<00:33:37.080> was<00:33:37.200> supposed<00:33:37.600> to<00:33:37.680> explain" + }, + { + "start": 2018.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it was supposed to explain" + }, + { + "start": 2018.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that it was supposed to explain complexity<00:33:39.280> with<00:33:39.480> a<00:33:39.520> high<00:33:39.760> specificity<00:33:40.720> for" + }, + { + "start": 2021.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complexity with a high specificity for" + }, + { + "start": 2021.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complexity with a high specificity for selection<00:33:41.640> history.<00:33:42.080> In<00:33:42.160> other<00:33:42.320> words,<00:33:42.840> if" + }, + { + "start": 2022.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "selection history. In other words, if" + }, + { + "start": 2022.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "selection history. In other words, if you<00:33:43.120> ask<00:33:43.480> why<00:33:43.680> a<00:33:43.760> specific<00:33:44.360> animal<00:33:44.680> or<00:33:44.760> plant" + }, + { + "start": 2025.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you ask why a specific animal or plant" + }, + { + "start": 2025.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you ask why a specific animal or plant looks<00:33:45.440> the<00:33:45.520> way<00:33:45.680> it<00:33:45.800> looks,<00:33:46.080> acts<00:33:46.360> the<00:33:46.440> way<00:33:46.560> it" + }, + { + "start": 2026.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks the way it looks, acts the way it" + }, + { + "start": 2026.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "looks the way it looks, acts the way it acts,<00:33:47.280> you<00:33:47.480> should<00:33:47.680> be<00:33:47.760> able<00:33:47.880> to<00:33:48.000> tell<00:33:48.200> a" + }, + { + "start": 2028.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "acts, you should be able to tell a" + }, + { + "start": 2028.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "acts, you should be able to tell a story.<00:33:48.640> You<00:33:48.680> should<00:33:48.800> be<00:33:48.840> able<00:33:48.960> to<00:33:49.040> guess<00:33:49.280> the" + }, + { + "start": 2029.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "story. You should be able to guess the" + }, + { + "start": 2029.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "story. You should be able to guess the environment<00:33:49.840> and<00:33:49.960> tell<00:33:50.120> a<00:33:50.200> story<00:33:50.720> of<00:33:51.160> the" + }, + { + "start": 2031.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment and tell a story of the" + }, + { + "start": 2031.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "environment and tell a story of the selection<00:33:51.720> pressures<00:33:52.160> that<00:33:52.320> killed<00:33:52.600> off" + }, + { + "start": 2032.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "selection pressures that killed off" + }, + { + "start": 2032.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "selection pressures that killed off everything<00:33:53.120> else<00:33:53.760> and<00:33:54.120> and<00:33:54.440> and<00:33:54.600> left<00:33:54.920> this." + }, + { + "start": 2035.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything else and and and left this." + }, + { + "start": 2035.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "everything else and and and left this. Okay,<00:33:55.880> that's<00:33:56.120> a<00:33:56.200> story<00:33:56.920> maybe<00:33:57.600> you<00:33:57.720> can<00:33:57.920> tell" + }, + { + "start": 2038.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Okay, that's a story maybe you can tell" + }, + { + "start": 2038.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Okay, that's a story maybe you can tell for<00:33:59.240> tadpole<00:33:59.680> for<00:33:59.880> the<00:33:59.960> developmental<00:34:00.440> stages" + }, + { + "start": 2040.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for tadpole for the developmental stages" + }, + { + "start": 2040.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "for tadpole for the developmental stages of<00:34:00.920> the<00:34:01.040> frog<00:34:01.320> and<00:34:01.400> eventually<00:34:01.840> the<00:34:01.920> behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2042.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the frog and eventually the behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2042.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the frog and eventually the behavior of<00:34:02.400> tadpoles." + }, + { + "start": 2043.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of tadpoles." + }, + { + "start": 2043.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of tadpoles. But<00:34:04.280> what<00:34:04.480> about<00:34:05.000> the<00:34:05.120> xenobots?<00:34:05.600> There's" + }, + { + "start": 2045.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But what about the xenobots? There's" + }, + { + "start": 2045.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But what about the xenobots? There's never<00:34:06.000> been<00:34:06.240> any<00:34:06.400> xenobots.<00:34:07.200> There's<00:34:07.400> never" + }, + { + "start": 2047.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "never been any xenobots. There's never" + }, + { + "start": 2047.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "never been any xenobots. There's never been<00:34:07.880> selection<00:34:08.399> to<00:34:08.520> be<00:34:08.639> a<00:34:08.720> good<00:34:08.919> xenobot<00:34:09.399> or<00:34:09.520> a" + }, + { + "start": 2049.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "been selection to be a good xenobot or a" + }, + { + "start": 2049.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "been selection to be a good xenobot or a good<00:34:09.760> anthrobot.<00:34:10.600> None<00:34:10.840> of<00:34:10.919> these<00:34:11.080> things" + }, + { + "start": 2051.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good anthrobot. None of these things" + }, + { + "start": 2051.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good anthrobot. None of these things have<00:34:11.440> been<00:34:11.600> here<00:34:11.760> before.<00:34:12.120> No<00:34:12.360> other<00:34:12.560> creature" + }, + { + "start": 2052.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have been here before. No other creature" + }, + { + "start": 2052.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have been here before. No other creature on<00:34:12.919> Earth<00:34:13.120> does<00:34:13.280> kinematic<00:34:13.840> replication." + }, + { + "start": 2055.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on Earth does kinematic replication." + }, + { + "start": 2055.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on Earth does kinematic replication. And<00:34:15.399> you<00:34:15.520> can't<00:34:15.760> really<00:34:16.000> say<00:34:16.200> that,<00:34:16.440> well,<00:34:17.120> at" + }, + { + "start": 2057.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And you can't really say that, well, at" + }, + { + "start": 2057.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And you can't really say that, well, at the<00:34:17.360> same<00:34:17.600> time<00:34:17.919> that,<00:34:18.280> um," + }, + { + "start": 2059.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the same time that, um," + }, + { + "start": 2059.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the same time that, um, uh,<00:34:19.560> uh,<00:34:20.159> the<00:34:20.520> frog<00:34:20.840> genome<00:34:21.159> was<00:34:21.280> learning<00:34:21.600> to" + }, + { + "start": 2061.669, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, uh, the frog genome was learning to" + }, + { + "start": 2061.679, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh, uh, the frog genome was learning to make<00:34:21.879> a<00:34:21.919> good<00:34:22.120> frog,<00:34:22.679> uh,<00:34:22.720> it<00:34:22.879> also<00:34:23.120> learned<00:34:23.399> to" + }, + { + "start": 2063.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make a good frog, uh, it also learned to" + }, + { + "start": 2063.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make a good frog, uh, it also learned to make<00:34:23.879> xenobots.<00:34:24.639> That<00:34:24.760> isn't<00:34:24.960> how<00:34:25.080> this<00:34:25.240> is" + }, + { + "start": 2065.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make xenobots. That isn't how this is" + }, + { + "start": 2065.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "make xenobots. That isn't how this is supposed<00:34:25.679> to<00:34:25.760> work.<00:34:25.960> There's<00:34:26.080> supposed<00:34:26.399> to<00:34:26.440> be" + }, + { + "start": 2066.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "supposed to work. There's supposed to be" + }, + { + "start": 2066.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "supposed to work. There's supposed to be some<00:34:26.760> degree<00:34:27.080> of<00:34:27.200> specificity.<00:34:27.879> And<00:34:28.000> in" + }, + { + "start": 2068.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some degree of specificity. And in" + }, + { + "start": 2068.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some degree of specificity. And in particular,<00:34:29.080> computer<00:34:29.520> science<00:34:30.080> forces<00:34:30.480> us" + }, + { + "start": 2070.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "particular, computer science forces us" + }, + { + "start": 2070.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "particular, computer science forces us to<00:34:30.760> ask,<00:34:31.080> when<00:34:31.280> did<00:34:31.480> you<00:34:31.600> pay<00:34:31.879> the<00:34:32.000> cost" + }, + { + "start": 2072.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to ask, when did you pay the cost" + }, + { + "start": 2072.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to ask, when did you pay the cost because<00:34:33.040> computation<00:34:33.720> and<00:34:33.879> design<00:34:34.360> always" + }, + { + "start": 2074.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because computation and design always" + }, + { + "start": 2074.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because computation and design always have<00:34:34.840> a<00:34:34.919> cost.<00:34:35.560> When<00:34:35.760> did<00:34:35.919> you<00:34:36.000> pay<00:34:36.159> the<00:34:36.280> cost" + }, + { + "start": 2076.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have a cost. When did you pay the cost" + }, + { + "start": 2076.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have a cost. When did you pay the cost of<00:34:36.840> designing<00:34:37.360> good<00:34:37.639> xenobots?<00:34:38.480> We<00:34:38.600> know<00:34:38.800> when" + }, + { + "start": 2078.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of designing good xenobots? We know when" + }, + { + "start": 2078.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of designing good xenobots? We know when you<00:34:39.040> paid<00:34:39.240> the<00:34:39.320> cost<00:34:39.639> to<00:34:39.720> be<00:34:39.879> a<00:34:39.919> good<00:34:40.159> frog<00:34:40.639> or<00:34:40.800> a" + }, + { + "start": 2080.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you paid the cost to be a good frog or a" + }, + { + "start": 2080.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you paid the cost to be a good frog or a good<00:34:41.040> human<00:34:41.520> eons<00:34:42.000> of<00:34:42.200> selection." + }, + { + "start": 2083.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good human eons of selection." + }, + { + "start": 2083.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "good human eons of selection. Where<00:34:43.879> does<00:34:44.159> all<00:34:44.320> this<00:34:44.520> come<00:34:44.720> from?<00:34:44.919> When<00:34:45.120> did" + }, + { + "start": 2085.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Where does all this come from? When did" + }, + { + "start": 2085.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Where does all this come from? When did you<00:34:45.399> pay<00:34:45.600> this<00:34:45.800> cost?<00:34:46.399> Right?<00:34:46.520> So<00:34:46.639> we<00:34:46.800> have<00:34:47.000> to" + }, + { + "start": 2087.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you pay this cost? Right? So we have to" + }, + { + "start": 2087.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you pay this cost? Right? So we have to So<00:34:47.480> So<00:34:47.639> we<00:34:47.760> already<00:34:48.040> know<00:34:48.280> that<00:34:48.480> our<00:34:48.600> standard" + }, + { + "start": 2089.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So we already know that our standard" + }, + { + "start": 2089.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So we already know that our standard way<00:34:49.159> of<00:34:49.280> accounting<00:34:49.879> for<00:34:50.159> outcomes,<00:34:51.000> right?" + }, + { + "start": 2091.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "way of accounting for outcomes, right?" + }, + { + "start": 2091.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "way of accounting for outcomes, right? So<00:34:51.480> So<00:34:51.679> the<00:34:52.040> the<00:34:52.760> the<00:34:53.200> the<00:34:53.480> the<00:34:53.560> math<00:34:53.840> that<00:34:54.000> says" + }, + { + "start": 2094.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So the the the the the math that says" + }, + { + "start": 2094.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So the the the the the math that says you're<00:34:54.320> supposed<00:34:54.600> to<00:34:54.679> put<00:34:54.919> in<00:34:55.040> some<00:34:55.240> amount<00:34:55.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 2095.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're supposed to put in some amount of" + }, + { + "start": 2095.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you're supposed to put in some amount of effort.<00:34:56.200> Effort<00:34:56.480> comes<00:34:56.720> in<00:34:56.800> three<00:34:57.000> forms.<00:34:57.320> You" + }, + { + "start": 2097.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "effort. Effort comes in three forms. You" + }, + { + "start": 2097.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "effort. Effort comes in three forms. You either<00:34:57.600> design<00:34:58.040> it<00:34:58.200> with<00:34:58.360> an<00:34:58.440> algorithm,<00:34:59.160> you" + }, + { + "start": 2099.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either design it with an algorithm, you" + }, + { + "start": 2099.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "either design it with an algorithm, you select<00:34:59.720> it<00:35:00.080> with<00:35:00.160> the<00:35:00.280> evolutionary" + }, + { + "start": 2100.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "select it with the evolutionary" + }, + { + "start": 2100.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "select it with the evolutionary algorithms,<00:35:01.400> or<00:35:01.520> you<00:35:01.600> train<00:35:01.920> it<00:35:02.040> by<00:35:02.160> learning." + }, + { + "start": 2102.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "algorithms, or you train it by learning." + }, + { + "start": 2102.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "algorithms, or you train it by learning. Those<00:35:03.040> are<00:35:03.120> the<00:35:03.200> three<00:35:03.400> ways<00:35:03.640> we<00:35:03.720> know<00:35:03.880> how<00:35:03.960> to" + }, + { + "start": 2104.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Those are the three ways we know how to" + }, + { + "start": 2104.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Those are the three ways we know how to put<00:35:04.240> in<00:35:04.320> effort.<00:35:04.800> When<00:35:04.920> you<00:35:04.960> get<00:35:05.120> something" + }, + { + "start": 2105.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "put in effort. When you get something" + }, + { + "start": 2105.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "put in effort. When you get something like<00:35:05.560> this,<00:35:05.800> none<00:35:06.000> of<00:35:06.080> those<00:35:06.320> three<00:35:06.520> things" + }, + { + "start": 2106.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like this, none of those three things" + }, + { + "start": 2107.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like this, none of those three things happened.<00:35:07.760> And<00:35:07.880> so<00:35:08.240> something<00:35:08.600> is<00:35:08.760> broken." + }, + { + "start": 2109.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happened. And so something is broken." + }, + { + "start": 2109.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "happened. And so something is broken. There's<00:35:09.280> some<00:35:09.480> There's<00:35:09.680> something<00:35:10.400> There's" + }, + { + "start": 2110.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's some There's something There's" + }, + { + "start": 2110.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's some There's something There's There's<00:35:10.800> something<00:35:11.200> we're<00:35:11.440> we're<00:35:11.600> missing" + }, + { + "start": 2111.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something we're we're missing" + }, + { + "start": 2111.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "There's something we're we're missing here." + }, + { + "start": 2112.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here." + }, + { + "start": 2112.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here. Um<00:35:13.040> and<00:35:13.240> I<00:35:13.320> would<00:35:13.480> argue<00:35:13.720> that<00:35:14.200> that<00:35:14.400> here<00:35:14.960> and" + }, + { + "start": 2115.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and I would argue that that here and" + }, + { + "start": 2115.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and I would argue that that here and and<00:35:15.520> and<00:35:15.800> I'm<00:35:15.920> about<00:35:16.160> to<00:35:16.440> talk<00:35:16.640> about<00:35:16.840> this" + }, + { + "start": 2117.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and and I'm about to talk about this" + }, + { + "start": 2117.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and and I'm about to talk about this platonic<00:35:17.640> space.<00:35:17.920> And<00:35:18.000> my<00:35:18.120> point<00:35:18.480> isn't<00:35:18.800> that" + }, + { + "start": 2118.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "platonic space. And my point isn't that" + }, + { + "start": 2118.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "platonic space. And my point isn't that I<00:35:19.040> saw<00:35:19.240> xenobots<00:35:19.720> and<00:35:19.840> anthrobots<00:35:20.280> and" + }, + { + "start": 2120.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I saw xenobots and anthrobots and" + }, + { + "start": 2120.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I saw xenobots and anthrobots and immediately<00:35:20.800> went<00:35:21.040> went<00:35:21.240> platonic.<00:35:21.640> That" + }, + { + "start": 2121.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "immediately went went platonic. That" + }, + { + "start": 2121.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "immediately went went platonic. That That<00:35:22.000> isn't<00:35:22.240> it.<00:35:22.720> I've<00:35:22.840> been<00:35:22.960> thinking<00:35:23.240> about" + }, + { + "start": 2123.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "That isn't it. I've been thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 2123.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "That isn't it. I've been thinking about these<00:35:23.560> things<00:35:23.800> in<00:35:23.880> biology<00:35:24.320> for<00:35:24.480> decades,<00:35:24.840> but" + }, + { + "start": 2124.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things in biology for decades, but" + }, + { + "start": 2125.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things in biology for decades, but now<00:35:25.200> we<00:35:25.320> have<00:35:25.440> a<00:35:25.480> model<00:35:25.840> system,<00:35:26.400> in<00:35:26.480> fact,<00:35:26.880> two" + }, + { + "start": 2127.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now we have a model system, in fact, two" + }, + { + "start": 2127.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "now we have a model system, in fact, two classes<00:35:27.560> of<00:35:27.680> model<00:35:27.960> systems,<00:35:28.440> the<00:35:28.560> biological" + }, + { + "start": 2129.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "classes of model systems, the biological" + }, + { + "start": 2129.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "classes of model systems, the biological and<00:35:29.240> the<00:35:29.280> computational,<00:35:30.400> where<00:35:30.640> we<00:35:30.800> actually" + }, + { + "start": 2131.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and the computational, where we actually" + }, + { + "start": 2131.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and the computational, where we actually where<00:35:31.400> this<00:35:31.600> is<00:35:31.720> now<00:35:32.080> actionable,<00:35:32.600> where<00:35:32.720> we" + }, + { + "start": 2132.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where this is now actionable, where we" + }, + { + "start": 2132.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "where this is now actionable, where we can<00:35:32.960> actually<00:35:33.280> do<00:35:33.440> experiments." + }, + { + "start": 2134.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can actually do experiments." + }, + { + "start": 2134.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "can actually do experiments. But<00:35:35.040> But<00:35:35.160> the<00:35:35.280> fact<00:35:35.680> I<00:35:35.800> think<00:35:36.040> we<00:35:36.200> already<00:35:36.480> knew" + }, + { + "start": 2136.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But But the fact I think we already knew" + }, + { + "start": 2136.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But But the fact I think we already knew long<00:35:36.840> before<00:35:37.200> this<00:35:37.480> is<00:35:37.760> that<00:35:38.280> uh<00:35:38.400> physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 2139.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "long before this is that uh physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 2139.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "long before this is that uh physicalism is<00:35:39.560> not<00:35:40.000> viable.<00:35:40.960> Um" + }, + { + "start": 2142.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is not viable. Um" + }, + { + "start": 2142.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is not viable. Um you<00:35:42.240> know,<00:35:43.000> pretty<00:35:43.240> much<00:35:43.480> anywhere<00:35:43.800> you<00:35:43.920> start" + }, + { + "start": 2144.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, pretty much anywhere you start" + }, + { + "start": 2144.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, pretty much anywhere you start in<00:35:44.320> biology<00:35:44.800> or<00:35:44.920> physics,<00:35:45.800> if<00:35:45.960> you<00:35:46.040> keep" + }, + { + "start": 2146.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in biology or physics, if you keep" + }, + { + "start": 2146.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in biology or physics, if you keep asking<00:35:46.720> why,<00:35:47.320> like<00:35:47.480> a<00:35:47.520> like<00:35:47.680> a<00:35:47.760> five-year-old," + }, + { + "start": 2148.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "asking why, like a like a five-year-old," + }, + { + "start": 2148.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "asking why, like a like a five-year-old, right?<00:35:48.560> You<00:35:48.640> take<00:35:48.800> a<00:35:48.840> fact<00:35:49.120> and<00:35:49.200> you<00:35:49.240> just<00:35:49.360> go," + }, + { + "start": 2149.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right? You take a fact and you just go," + }, + { + "start": 2149.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right? You take a fact and you just go, \"But<00:35:49.680> why?<00:35:50.000> Why?<00:35:50.320> Why?\"<00:35:50.520> And<00:35:50.680> you<00:35:50.760> keep<00:35:50.960> asking" + }, + { + "start": 2151.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"But why? Why? Why?\" And you keep asking" + }, + { + "start": 2151.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"But why? Why? Why?\" And you keep asking why.<00:35:51.640> Eventually,<00:35:52.280> you<00:35:52.400> end<00:35:52.520> up<00:35:52.640> in<00:35:52.720> the<00:35:52.760> math" + }, + { + "start": 2152.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "why. Eventually, you end up in the math" + }, + { + "start": 2153.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "why. Eventually, you end up in the math department.<00:35:53.640> If<00:35:53.760> you<00:35:53.840> want<00:35:54.000> to<00:35:54.080> know<00:35:54.280> why" + }, + { + "start": 2154.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "department. If you want to know why" + }, + { + "start": 2154.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "department. If you want to know why that's<00:35:54.760> the<00:35:54.840> case,<00:35:55.120> it's<00:35:55.480> come<00:35:55.680> out<00:35:55.880> at<00:35:56.000> 13<00:35:56.440> and" + }, + { + "start": 2156.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's the case, it's come out at 13 and" + }, + { + "start": 2156.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's the case, it's come out at 13 and 17<00:35:57.040> years,<00:35:57.640> the<00:35:57.720> biologist<00:35:58.280> says,<00:35:58.480> \"Oh,<00:35:58.600> it's" + }, + { + "start": 2158.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "17 years, the biologist says, \"Oh, it's" + }, + { + "start": 2158.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "17 years, the biologist says, \"Oh, it's so<00:35:58.880> that<00:35:59.080> the<00:35:59.200> predators<00:35:59.720> don't<00:36:00.080> time<00:36:00.360> their" + }, + { + "start": 2160.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so that the predators don't time their" + }, + { + "start": 2160.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so that the predators don't time their arrival<00:36:01.040> and<00:36:01.120> eat<00:36:01.200> them.\"<00:36:01.640> Ah,<00:36:01.800> so<00:36:02.000> why<00:36:02.200> 13<00:36:02.640> and" + }, + { + "start": 2162.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arrival and eat them.\" Ah, so why 13 and" + }, + { + "start": 2162.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arrival and eat them.\" Ah, so why 13 and 17?<00:36:03.200> Oh,<00:36:03.400> it's<00:36:03.600> because<00:36:03.840> those<00:36:04.040> are<00:36:04.120> prime." + }, + { + "start": 2164.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "17? Oh, it's because those are prime." + }, + { + "start": 2164.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "17? Oh, it's because those are prime. But<00:36:04.800> why<00:36:04.960> are<00:36:05.080> those<00:36:05.360> prime?<00:36:06.280> Go<00:36:06.400> talk<00:36:06.640> to<00:36:06.720> the" + }, + { + "start": 2166.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But why are those prime? Go talk to the" + }, + { + "start": 2166.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But why are those prime? Go talk to the mathematicians.<00:36:07.720> Everything<00:36:08.200> ends<00:36:08.400> like" + }, + { + "start": 2168.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematicians. Everything ends like" + }, + { + "start": 2168.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematicians. Everything ends like this.<00:36:09.000> And<00:36:09.120> in<00:36:09.200> fact,<00:36:09.560> um" + }, + { + "start": 2170.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. And in fact, um" + }, + { + "start": 2170.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. And in fact, um if<00:36:10.400> you<00:36:10.480> want<00:36:10.600> to<00:36:10.640> hear<00:36:10.760> more<00:36:10.960> talks<00:36:11.200> about" + }, + { + "start": 2171.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you want to hear more talks about" + }, + { + "start": 2171.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if you want to hear more talks about this,<00:36:11.600> we<00:36:11.680> have<00:36:11.800> a<00:36:11.880> we<00:36:12.000> have<00:36:12.080> a<00:36:12.160> symposium<00:36:12.920> uh" + }, + { + "start": 2173.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, we have a we have a symposium uh" + }, + { + "start": 2173.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, we have a we have a symposium uh here<00:36:13.360> with<00:36:13.480> about<00:36:13.920> 30<00:36:14.320> talks<00:36:14.680> of<00:36:14.800> some<00:36:15.320> amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2175.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here with about 30 talks of some amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2175.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here with about 30 talks of some amazing people<00:36:16.040> giving<00:36:16.320> giving<00:36:16.560> lectures<00:36:16.880> about" + }, + { + "start": 2177.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people giving giving lectures about" + }, + { + "start": 2177.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people giving giving lectures about this." + }, + { + "start": 2177.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this." + }, + { + "start": 2177.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this. So<00:36:18.480> So<00:36:19.240> here's<00:36:19.600> here's<00:36:19.840> what<00:36:20.000> I<00:36:20.040> think<00:36:20.280> we" + }, + { + "start": 2180.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So here's here's what I think we" + }, + { + "start": 2180.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So So here's here's what I think we have.<00:36:20.640> What<00:36:20.840> What<00:36:21.000> we<00:36:21.120> already<00:36:21.480> know<00:36:21.960> and<00:36:22.120> and" + }, + { + "start": 2182.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have. What What we already know and and" + }, + { + "start": 2182.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have. What What we already know and and I<00:36:22.360> could<00:36:22.600> I<00:36:22.680> could<00:36:23.080> talk<00:36:23.360> for<00:36:23.480> an<00:36:23.560> hour<00:36:23.800> just" + }, + { + "start": 2184.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I could I could talk for an hour just" + }, + { + "start": 2184.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I could I could talk for an hour just just<00:36:24.280> examples,<00:36:24.840> just<00:36:25.040> just<00:36:25.400> facts<00:36:25.760> of" + }, + { + "start": 2185.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just examples, just just facts of" + }, + { + "start": 2185.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just examples, just just facts of mathematics<00:36:26.680> that<00:36:26.920> are<00:36:27.000> not<00:36:27.320> underwritten<00:36:27.840> by" + }, + { + "start": 2188.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics that are not underwritten by" + }, + { + "start": 2188.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics that are not underwritten by any<00:36:28.360> facts<00:36:28.640> of<00:36:28.720> physics<00:36:29.080> that<00:36:29.240> cannot<00:36:29.600> be" + }, + { + "start": 2189.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any facts of physics that cannot be" + }, + { + "start": 2189.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any facts of physics that cannot be changed<00:36:30.080> by<00:36:30.280> anything<00:36:30.640> you<00:36:30.760> do<00:36:30.920> in<00:36:31.000> the" + }, + { + "start": 2191.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changed by anything you do in the" + }, + { + "start": 2191.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "changed by anything you do in the physical<00:36:31.480> world<00:36:31.960> that<00:36:32.080> cannot<00:36:32.360> be<00:36:32.480> discovered" + }, + { + "start": 2192.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical world that cannot be discovered" + }, + { + "start": 2193.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical world that cannot be discovered through<00:36:33.200> physics<00:36:33.600> alone,<00:36:33.920> you<00:36:34.000> know,<00:36:34.120> truths" + }, + { + "start": 2194.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through physics alone, you know, truths" + }, + { + "start": 2194.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "through physics alone, you know, truths of<00:36:34.560> number<00:36:34.840> theory<00:36:35.240> and<00:36:35.680> the<00:36:35.760> specific<00:36:36.280> value" + }, + { + "start": 2196.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of number theory and the specific value" + }, + { + "start": 2196.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of number theory and the specific value of<00:36:37.120> Feigenbaum's<00:36:37.800> constant<00:36:38.240> and<00:36:38.320> all<00:36:38.400> this" + }, + { + "start": 2198.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of Feigenbaum's constant and all this" + }, + { + "start": 2198.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of Feigenbaum's constant and all this kind<00:36:38.720> of<00:36:38.760> stuff.<00:36:39.480> Um," + }, + { + "start": 2200.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of stuff. Um," + }, + { + "start": 2200.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of stuff. Um, we<00:36:40.480> already<00:36:40.720> know<00:36:40.960> there<00:36:41.160> are<00:36:41.480> facts<00:36:41.760> that<00:36:41.880> are" + }, + { + "start": 2201.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we already know there are facts that are" + }, + { + "start": 2201.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we already know there are facts that are not<00:36:42.200> physical<00:36:42.560> facts.<00:36:43.040> That's<00:36:43.200> been<00:36:43.320> known" + }, + { + "start": 2203.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not physical facts. That's been known" + }, + { + "start": 2203.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not physical facts. That's been known forever.<00:36:44.400> We<00:36:44.600> know<00:36:44.760> that<00:36:44.920> these<00:36:45.120> things" + }, + { + "start": 2205.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forever. We know that these things" + }, + { + "start": 2205.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "forever. We know that these things impact<00:36:46.200> what<00:36:46.320> happens<00:36:46.800> in<00:36:47.040> biology<00:36:47.680> and<00:36:47.800> they" + }, + { + "start": 2207.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impact what happens in biology and they" + }, + { + "start": 2207.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impact what happens in biology and they impact<00:36:48.360> what<00:36:48.480> happens<00:36:48.800> in<00:36:48.920> physics.<00:36:49.320> If<00:36:49.440> you" + }, + { + "start": 2209.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impact what happens in physics. If you" + }, + { + "start": 2209.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impact what happens in physics. If you want<00:36:49.640> to<00:36:49.720> know<00:36:49.960> what<00:36:50.160> particle<00:36:50.560> properties" + }, + { + "start": 2211.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want to know what particle properties" + }, + { + "start": 2211.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want to know what particle properties eventually<00:36:51.480> it<00:36:51.560> all<00:36:52.000> boils<00:36:52.280> down<00:36:52.480> to<00:36:52.600> the" + }, + { + "start": 2212.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually it all boils down to the" + }, + { + "start": 2212.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "eventually it all boils down to the symmetries<00:36:53.200> of<00:36:53.280> certain<00:36:53.520> mathematical" + }, + { + "start": 2214.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries of certain mathematical" + }, + { + "start": 2214.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "symmetries of certain mathematical objects." + }, + { + "start": 2215.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "objects." + }, + { + "start": 2215.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "objects. And<00:36:55.360> so<00:36:55.440> now<00:36:55.600> you<00:36:55.680> have<00:36:55.760> a<00:36:55.800> choice.<00:36:56.560> What<00:36:56.880> what" + }, + { + "start": 2217.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so now you have a choice. What what" + }, + { + "start": 2217.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so now you have a choice. What what most<00:36:57.320> people<00:36:57.600> do<00:36:57.760> with<00:36:57.920> this<00:36:58.200> currently<00:36:59.160> is<00:36:59.680> uh" + }, + { + "start": 2220.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "most people do with this currently is uh" + }, + { + "start": 2220.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "most people do with this currently is uh they<00:37:00.720> say<00:37:00.920> look,<00:37:01.200> these<00:37:01.360> things<00:37:01.560> are" + }, + { + "start": 2221.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they say look, these things are" + }, + { + "start": 2221.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they say look, these things are emergent.<00:37:02.280> You<00:37:02.360> know,<00:37:02.480> the<00:37:02.560> reason<00:37:02.800> you<00:37:02.880> got" + }, + { + "start": 2223.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergent. You know, the reason you got" + }, + { + "start": 2223.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "emergent. You know, the reason you got xenobots<00:37:03.520> is<00:37:03.640> because<00:37:04.200> emergence.<00:37:05.000> And<00:37:05.080> they" + }, + { + "start": 2225.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "xenobots is because emergence. And they" + }, + { + "start": 2225.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "xenobots is because emergence. And they say<00:37:05.200> well<00:37:05.400> what<00:37:05.560> does<00:37:05.720> that<00:37:05.920> mean?<00:37:06.120> And<00:37:06.240> they" + }, + { + "start": 2226.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say well what does that mean? And they" + }, + { + "start": 2226.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say well what does that mean? And they say<00:37:06.480> well,<00:37:06.800> they're<00:37:06.960> just<00:37:07.400> specific<00:37:08.000> facts" + }, + { + "start": 2228.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say well, they're just specific facts" + }, + { + "start": 2228.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say well, they're just specific facts that<00:37:08.600> hold<00:37:08.840> in<00:37:08.960> our<00:37:09.120> world.<00:37:09.520> Let's<00:37:09.960> let's<00:37:10.120> have" + }, + { + "start": 2230.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that hold in our world. Let's let's have" + }, + { + "start": 2230.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that hold in our world. Let's let's have let's<00:37:10.600> have<00:37:10.880> monism.<00:37:11.480> We're<00:37:11.600> not<00:37:11.720> going<00:37:11.840> to" + }, + { + "start": 2231.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "let's have monism. We're not going to" + }, + { + "start": 2231.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "let's have monism. We're not going to have<00:37:12.000> any<00:37:12.320> any<00:37:12.640> extra" + }, + { + "start": 2233.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have any any extra" + }, + { + "start": 2233.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have any any extra uh" + }, + { + "start": 2234.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh" + }, + { + "start": 2234.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh realms<00:37:15.280> with<00:37:15.560> with<00:37:15.880> with<00:37:16.280> the<00:37:16.320> structure<00:37:16.760> in" + }, + { + "start": 2236.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realms with with with the structure in" + }, + { + "start": 2236.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realms with with with the structure in it.<00:37:16.960> We're<00:37:17.200> just<00:37:17.440> going<00:37:17.560> to<00:37:17.640> we're<00:37:17.760> just<00:37:17.920> going" + }, + { + "start": 2238.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it. We're just going to we're just going" + }, + { + "start": 2238.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it. We're just going to we're just going to<00:37:18.120> say<00:37:18.560> there's<00:37:18.720> physics<00:37:19.160> and<00:37:19.280> occasionally" + }, + { + "start": 2239.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to say there's physics and occasionally" + }, + { + "start": 2239.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to say there's physics and occasionally interesting<00:37:20.440> things<00:37:20.680> emerge." + }, + { + "start": 2241.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting things emerge." + }, + { + "start": 2241.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interesting things emerge. And<00:37:22.120> to<00:37:22.200> me<00:37:22.720> this<00:37:22.960> is<00:37:23.240> this<00:37:23.440> is<00:37:23.640> incredibly" + }, + { + "start": 2244.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And to me this is this is incredibly" + }, + { + "start": 2244.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And to me this is this is incredibly pessimistic.<00:37:24.800> This<00:37:25.000> is<00:37:25.160> a<00:37:25.200> very<00:37:25.440> mysterious" + }, + { + "start": 2246.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pessimistic. This is a very mysterious" + }, + { + "start": 2246.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pessimistic. This is a very mysterious view.<00:37:26.720> I<00:37:26.840> don't<00:37:27.040> want<00:37:27.280> to<00:37:27.640> occasionally<00:37:28.200> be" + }, + { + "start": 2248.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "view. I don't want to occasionally be" + }, + { + "start": 2248.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "view. I don't want to occasionally be surprised<00:37:29.160> and<00:37:29.320> write<00:37:29.520> things<00:37:29.720> down<00:37:29.960> in<00:37:30.200> in<00:37:30.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 2250.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprised and write things down in in a" + }, + { + "start": 2250.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "surprised and write things down in in a big<00:37:30.640> book<00:37:30.840> of<00:37:30.920> emergent<00:37:31.520> surprises.<00:37:32.520> I<00:37:32.680> would" + }, + { + "start": 2252.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "big book of emergent surprises. I would" + }, + { + "start": 2252.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "big book of emergent surprises. I would rather" + }, + { + "start": 2254.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rather" + }, + { + "start": 2254.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rather assume<00:37:35.160> that<00:37:35.440> and<00:37:35.560> this<00:37:35.680> is<00:37:35.800> a<00:37:35.840> metaphysical" + }, + { + "start": 2256.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "assume that and this is a metaphysical" + }, + { + "start": 2256.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "assume that and this is a metaphysical stance<00:37:36.720> of<00:37:36.800> course<00:37:37.000> that<00:37:37.080> you<00:37:37.160> can't<00:37:37.360> prove" + }, + { + "start": 2257.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stance of course that you can't prove" + }, + { + "start": 2257.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stance of course that you can't prove this,<00:37:38.040> but<00:37:38.160> I<00:37:38.200> would<00:37:38.680> like<00:37:38.960> to<00:37:39.240> assume<00:37:39.640> for<00:37:39.720> the" + }, + { + "start": 2259.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, but I would like to assume for the" + }, + { + "start": 2259.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this, but I would like to assume for the purposes<00:37:40.240> of<00:37:40.360> experiment<00:37:41.080> that<00:37:41.200> there<00:37:41.320> is<00:37:41.440> an" + }, + { + "start": 2261.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes of experiment that there is an" + }, + { + "start": 2261.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes of experiment that there is an ordered<00:37:42.440> structured<00:37:43.200> space<00:37:43.600> of<00:37:43.720> patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2264.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ordered structured space of patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2264.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ordered structured space of patterns that<00:37:44.440> underwrites<00:37:45.080> some<00:37:45.280> of<00:37:45.360> the<00:37:45.440> things<00:37:45.720> that" + }, + { + "start": 2265.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that underwrites some of the things that" + }, + { + "start": 2265.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that underwrites some of the things that we<00:37:45.960> see.<00:37:46.720> Okay?<00:37:46.960> So<00:37:47.360> so<00:37:47.600> the<00:37:47.880> the<00:37:48.000> Platonist" + }, + { + "start": 2268.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we see. Okay? So so the the Platonist" + }, + { + "start": 2268.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we see. Okay? So so the the Platonist mathematicians<00:37:49.080> and<00:37:49.160> I<00:37:49.200> realize<00:37:49.560> this<00:37:49.720> isn't" + }, + { + "start": 2269.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematicians and I realize this isn't" + }, + { + "start": 2270.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematicians and I realize this isn't all<00:37:50.280> mathematicians,<00:37:51.240> but<00:37:51.720> a<00:37:51.800> good<00:37:52.080> chunk<00:37:52.360> of" + }, + { + "start": 2272.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all mathematicians, but a good chunk of" + }, + { + "start": 2272.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all mathematicians, but a good chunk of the<00:37:52.520> mathematicians<00:37:53.160> agree<00:37:53.400> with<00:37:53.520> this.<00:37:53.680> It's" + }, + { + "start": 2273.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the mathematicians agree with this. It's" + }, + { + "start": 2273.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the mathematicians agree with this. It's not<00:37:54.120> random.<00:37:54.480> These<00:37:54.600> things<00:37:54.800> are<00:37:54.960> random." + }, + { + "start": 2275.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not random. These things are random." + }, + { + "start": 2275.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not random. These things are random. They've<00:37:55.440> been<00:37:55.600> studying<00:37:56.000> this<00:37:56.680> for" + }, + { + "start": 2276.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They've been studying this for" + }, + { + "start": 2276.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They've been studying this for millennia.<00:37:57.200> They've<00:37:57.360> been<00:37:57.600> building<00:37:58.000> a<00:37:58.040> map" + }, + { + "start": 2278.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "millennia. They've been building a map" + }, + { + "start": 2278.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "millennia. They've been building a map of<00:37:58.400> mathematics.<00:37:59.000> They<00:37:59.120> already<00:37:59.360> know" + }, + { + "start": 2279.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of mathematics. They already know" + }, + { + "start": 2279.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of mathematics. They already know there's<00:37:59.840> a<00:38:00.240> there's<00:38:00.480> a<00:38:00.600> set<00:38:00.840> of<00:38:01.240> truths<00:38:01.640> that" + }, + { + "start": 2281.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's a there's a set of truths that" + }, + { + "start": 2281.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "there's a there's a set of truths that you<00:38:01.960> cannot<00:38:02.560> change<00:38:03.080> or<00:38:03.560> or" + }, + { + "start": 2284.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you cannot change or or" + }, + { + "start": 2284.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you cannot change or or uh<00:38:05.320> or<00:38:05.560> or<00:38:05.800> or<00:38:05.960> derive<00:38:06.360> from<00:38:06.480> the<00:38:06.560> physical" + }, + { + "start": 2286.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh or or or derive from the physical" + }, + { + "start": 2286.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh or or or derive from the physical world<00:38:07.480> and<00:38:07.760> they<00:38:07.880> are<00:38:08.320> systematically" + }, + { + "start": 2289.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "world and they are systematically" + }, + { + "start": 2289.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "world and they are systematically studying<00:38:09.520> these<00:38:09.640> things.<00:38:10.240> So<00:38:10.360> what<00:38:10.480> I<00:38:10.520> think" + }, + { + "start": 2290.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "studying these things. So what I think" + }, + { + "start": 2290.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "studying these things. So what I think is<00:38:10.840> happening<00:38:11.240> when<00:38:11.400> we<00:38:11.520> build<00:38:11.840> these<00:38:12.560> weird" + }, + { + "start": 2293.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is happening when we build these weird" + }, + { + "start": 2293.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is happening when we build these weird synthetic<00:38:13.840> morphology<00:38:14.440> creatures,<00:38:15.280> but<00:38:15.400> also" + }, + { + "start": 2295.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "synthetic morphology creatures, but also" + }, + { + "start": 2295.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "synthetic morphology creatures, but also when<00:38:15.800> you<00:38:15.880> do<00:38:16.080> anything,<00:38:16.520> when<00:38:16.640> you<00:38:16.720> make<00:38:16.920> an" + }, + { + "start": 2297.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when you do anything, when you make an" + }, + { + "start": 2297.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "when you do anything, when you make an embryo,<00:38:17.480> when<00:38:17.640> you<00:38:17.720> build<00:38:18.040> a<00:38:18.600> quote<00:38:18.840> unquote" + }, + { + "start": 2299.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embryo, when you build a quote unquote" + }, + { + "start": 2299.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "embryo, when you build a quote unquote machine,<00:38:19.520> we'll<00:38:19.640> get<00:38:19.800> to<00:38:19.880> that<00:38:20.200> in<00:38:20.320> a<00:38:20.360> minute," + }, + { + "start": 2301.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machine, we'll get to that in a minute," + }, + { + "start": 2301.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machine, we'll get to that in a minute, Um,<00:38:21.480> of<00:38:21.560> these<00:38:21.840> things<00:38:22.160> are<00:38:22.800> uh<00:38:22.960> kind<00:38:23.240> of<00:38:23.360> a" + }, + { + "start": 2303.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, of these things are uh kind of a" + }, + { + "start": 2303.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, of these things are uh kind of a window<00:38:23.920> on<00:38:24.160> this<00:38:24.360> latent<00:38:24.680> space<00:38:25.000> of" + }, + { + "start": 2305.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "window on this latent space of" + }, + { + "start": 2305.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "window on this latent space of possibilities." + }, + { + "start": 2306.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "possibilities." + }, + { + "start": 2306.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "possibilities. Um," + }, + { + "start": 2307.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um," + }, + { + "start": 2307.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, this<00:38:27.320> latent<00:38:27.640> space<00:38:27.920> of<00:38:28.040> patterns.<00:38:28.960> And,<00:38:29.560> you" + }, + { + "start": 2309.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this latent space of patterns. And, you" + }, + { + "start": 2309.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this latent space of patterns. And, you know,<00:38:30.040> at<00:38:30.160> this<00:38:30.320> point<00:38:30.760> people<00:38:31.360> often<00:38:31.680> say," + }, + { + "start": 2311.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know, at this point people often say," + }, + { + "start": 2311.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know, at this point people often say, I'm<00:38:32.000> not<00:38:32.120> I'm<00:38:32.200> not<00:38:32.360> sure<00:38:32.480> about<00:38:32.680> this" + }, + { + "start": 2312.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm not I'm not sure about this" + }, + { + "start": 2312.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm not I'm not sure about this audience,<00:38:33.160> but<00:38:33.320> but<00:38:33.480> typical<00:38:33.880> audiences<00:38:34.400> I" + }, + { + "start": 2314.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "audience, but but typical audiences I" + }, + { + "start": 2314.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "audience, but but typical audiences I talk<00:38:34.720> to<00:38:34.840> are<00:38:35.040> extremely<00:38:36.160> uh<00:38:36.320> resistant<00:38:37.240> to" + }, + { + "start": 2317.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk to are extremely uh resistant to" + }, + { + "start": 2317.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "talk to are extremely uh resistant to that<00:38:37.800> that<00:38:38.000> idea.<00:38:38.240> They<00:38:38.320> say,<00:38:38.440> \"We<00:38:38.600> do<00:38:38.720> not" + }, + { + "start": 2319.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that that idea. They say, \"We do not" + }, + { + "start": 2319.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that that idea. They say, \"We do not want<00:38:39.280> another<00:38:39.600> realm.<00:38:39.880> We<00:38:39.960> don't<00:38:40.160> We<00:38:40.240> don't" + }, + { + "start": 2320.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want another realm. We don't We don't" + }, + { + "start": 2320.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want another realm. We don't We don't want<00:38:40.600> a<00:38:40.640> realm.\"<00:38:41.160> Even<00:38:41.480> though<00:38:42.160> I'm<00:38:42.280> not" + }, + { + "start": 2322.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want a realm.\" Even though I'm not" + }, + { + "start": 2322.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "want a realm.\" Even though I'm not arguing<00:38:42.840> for<00:38:42.960> a<00:38:43.000> mysterious<00:38:43.760> realm,<00:38:44.040> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2324.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arguing for a mysterious realm, I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2324.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arguing for a mysterious realm, I'm saying<00:38:44.400> the<00:38:44.480> exact<00:38:44.840> opposite.<00:38:45.240> I<00:38:45.320> think<00:38:45.520> I" + }, + { + "start": 2325.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "saying the exact opposite. I think I" + }, + { + "start": 2325.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "saying the exact opposite. I think I think<00:38:45.720> emergence<00:38:46.600> is<00:38:46.840> is<00:38:47.040> mysterious.<00:38:47.560> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2327.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think emergence is is mysterious. I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2327.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think emergence is is mysterious. I'm arguing<00:38:48.480> for<00:38:49.000> a<00:38:49.120> latent<00:38:49.520> space<00:38:50.000> of<00:38:50.320> that<00:38:50.480> is" + }, + { + "start": 2330.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arguing for a latent space of that is" + }, + { + "start": 2330.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "arguing for a latent space of that is structured<00:38:51.240> that<00:38:51.440> we<00:38:51.520> are<00:38:51.600> going<00:38:51.800> to" + }, + { + "start": 2331.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "structured that we are going to" + }, + { + "start": 2331.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "structured that we are going to systematically<00:38:52.600> investigate,<00:38:53.320> but<00:38:53.480> but" + }, + { + "start": 2333.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systematically investigate, but but" + }, + { + "start": 2333.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systematically investigate, but but people<00:38:53.840> still<00:38:54.040> don't<00:38:54.240> want<00:38:54.400> another<00:38:54.680> realm." + }, + { + "start": 2335.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people still don't want another realm." + }, + { + "start": 2335.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people still don't want another realm. And<00:38:55.720> so,<00:38:55.840> what<00:38:55.960> they<00:38:56.040> typically<00:38:56.440> say<00:38:56.640> are<00:38:56.760> one" + }, + { + "start": 2336.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, what they typically say are one" + }, + { + "start": 2336.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And so, what they typically say are one of<00:38:57.000> two<00:38:57.120> things.<00:38:57.400> They<00:38:57.480> say,<00:38:57.720> \"Well,<00:38:58.160> there" + }, + { + "start": 2338.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of two things. They say, \"Well, there" + }, + { + "start": 2338.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of two things. They say, \"Well, there are<00:38:58.440> no<00:38:58.800> separate<00:38:59.200> math<00:38:59.440> facts.<00:38:59.760> Math<00:39:00.080> facts" + }, + { + "start": 2340.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are no separate math facts. Math facts" + }, + { + "start": 2340.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are no separate math facts. Math facts are<00:39:00.440> just<00:39:00.760> facts<00:39:01.000> of<00:39:01.080> physics.<00:39:01.400> Eventually," + }, + { + "start": 2341.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are just facts of physics. Eventually," + }, + { + "start": 2341.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are just facts of physics. Eventually, we'll<00:39:01.960> get<00:39:02.120> to<00:39:02.200> that.<00:39:02.360> We'll<00:39:02.480> We'll<00:39:02.720> We'll" + }, + { + "start": 2342.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we'll get to that. We'll We'll We'll" + }, + { + "start": 2342.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we'll get to that. We'll We'll We'll know<00:39:03.000> that.\"<00:39:03.680> And<00:39:04.040> or<00:39:04.240> or<00:39:04.600> and<00:39:04.800> or<00:39:05.040> sometimes" + }, + { + "start": 2345.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know that.\" And or or and or sometimes" + }, + { + "start": 2345.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know that.\" And or or and or sometimes people<00:39:05.640> say,<00:39:05.760> \"Math<00:39:06.000> is<00:39:06.120> an<00:39:06.320> arbitrary<00:39:06.760> human" + }, + { + "start": 2347.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people say, \"Math is an arbitrary human" + }, + { + "start": 2347.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "people say, \"Math is an arbitrary human construction.<00:39:07.920> You<00:39:08.080> know,<00:39:08.440> math<00:39:08.680> doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 2348.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "construction. You know, math doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 2348.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "construction. You know, math doesn't exist<00:39:09.280> outside<00:39:09.640> of<00:39:09.760> our<00:39:10.000> our<00:39:10.160> thinking<00:39:10.440> about" + }, + { + "start": 2350.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exist outside of our our thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 2350.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "exist outside of our our thinking about it.\"<00:39:11.240> So,<00:39:11.680> so,<00:39:12.280> you<00:39:12.360> know,<00:39:12.480> my<00:39:12.640> my<00:39:12.800> latest<00:39:13.200> way" + }, + { + "start": 2353.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it.\" So, so, you know, my my latest way" + }, + { + "start": 2353.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it.\" So, so, you know, my my latest way of<00:39:13.680> of<00:39:13.880> addressing<00:39:14.280> this<00:39:14.440> kind<00:39:14.640> of<00:39:14.720> thing<00:39:14.920> is<00:39:15.080> I" + }, + { + "start": 2355.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of addressing this kind of thing is I" + }, + { + "start": 2355.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of addressing this kind of thing is I I<00:39:15.760> I<00:39:15.880> ask<00:39:16.320> how<00:39:16.760> you<00:39:17.000> feel<00:39:17.240> about<00:39:17.520> two<00:39:17.680> claims." + }, + { + "start": 2358.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I I ask how you feel about two claims." + }, + { + "start": 2358.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I I ask how you feel about two claims. If<00:39:19.000> I<00:39:19.160> claim<00:39:19.520> that,<00:39:19.800> well,<00:39:20.200> the<00:39:20.320> constants<00:39:20.880> of" + }, + { + "start": 2360.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If I claim that, well, the constants of" + }, + { + "start": 2361.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "If I claim that, well, the constants of physics<00:39:21.440> change<00:39:21.800> over<00:39:22.000> time,<00:39:22.720> most<00:39:22.960> people" + }, + { + "start": 2363.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics change over time, most people" + }, + { + "start": 2363.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physics change over time, most people kind<00:39:23.400> of<00:39:23.480> shrug<00:39:23.720> their<00:39:23.840> shoulders<00:39:24.120> and<00:39:24.200> say," + }, + { + "start": 2364.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of shrug their shoulders and say," + }, + { + "start": 2364.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of shrug their shoulders and say, \"Ah,<00:39:24.720> so<00:39:25.000> the<00:39:25.160> speed<00:39:25.440> of<00:39:25.520> light<00:39:25.800> changes<00:39:26.160> a" + }, + { + "start": 2366.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Ah, so the speed of light changes a" + }, + { + "start": 2366.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Ah, so the speed of light changes a little<00:39:26.400> bit<00:39:26.680> over<00:39:27.360> you<00:39:27.480> know,<00:39:27.880> um," + }, + { + "start": 2368.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little bit over you know, um," + }, + { + "start": 2368.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "little bit over you know, um, cosmological<00:39:29.280> time<00:39:29.560> scales.<00:39:30.000> So,<00:39:30.240> the" + }, + { + "start": 2370.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cosmological time scales. So, the" + }, + { + "start": 2370.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "cosmological time scales. So, the gravitational<00:39:31.160> constant<00:39:31.600> changes.<00:39:32.200> Who<00:39:32.680> No" + }, + { + "start": 2372.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gravitational constant changes. Who No" + }, + { + "start": 2372.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gravitational constant changes. Who No big<00:39:33.000> deal.<00:39:33.200> Who<00:39:33.320> cares?<00:39:33.600> Paul<00:39:33.760> Dirac<00:39:34.080> already" + }, + { + "start": 2374.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "big deal. Who cares? Paul Dirac already" + }, + { + "start": 2374.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "big deal. Who cares? Paul Dirac already said<00:39:34.560> this<00:39:34.680> in<00:39:34.800> '37<00:39:35.600> that<00:39:35.720> some<00:39:35.880> of<00:39:35.960> these" + }, + { + "start": 2376.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "said this in '37 that some of these" + }, + { + "start": 2376.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "said this in '37 that some of these things<00:39:36.600> might<00:39:37.000> float<00:39:37.280> a<00:39:37.320> little<00:39:37.520> bit.\"" + }, + { + "start": 2378.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things might float a little bit.\"" + }, + { + "start": 2378.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things might float a little bit.\" Now,<00:39:38.560> I<00:39:38.600> tell<00:39:38.800> Now<00:39:39.040> Now<00:39:39.280> Now<00:39:39.560> let's<00:39:39.760> try<00:39:39.880> this." + }, + { + "start": 2380.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, I tell Now Now Now let's try this." + }, + { + "start": 2380.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Now, I tell Now Now Now let's try this. I<00:39:40.160> tell<00:39:40.360> you,<00:39:40.760> \"Hey,<00:39:40.960> yeah,<00:39:41.040> the<00:39:41.160> math<00:39:41.400> The<00:39:42.000> The" + }, + { + "start": 2382.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I tell you, \"Hey, yeah, the math The The" + }, + { + "start": 2382.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I tell you, \"Hey, yeah, the math The The mathematical<00:39:42.760> constants<00:39:43.520> change<00:39:43.880> over" + }, + { + "start": 2384.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical constants change over" + }, + { + "start": 2384.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical constants change over time.\"<00:39:44.600> Right?<00:39:44.760> So,<00:39:44.880> here's<00:39:45.280> the<00:39:45.440> first<00:39:45.800> part" + }, + { + "start": 2385.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time.\" Right? So, here's the first part" + }, + { + "start": 2386.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time.\" Right? So, here's the first part of<00:39:46.040> the<00:39:46.120> expansion<00:39:46.680> of<00:39:46.800> the<00:39:46.880> natural" + }, + { + "start": 2387.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the expansion of the natural" + }, + { + "start": 2387.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of the expansion of the natural logarithm<00:39:47.760> E.<00:39:48.160> Suppose<00:39:48.480> I<00:39:48.520> tell<00:39:48.760> you<00:39:48.840> that," + }, + { + "start": 2389.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "logarithm E. Suppose I tell you that," + }, + { + "start": 2389.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "logarithm E. Suppose I tell you that, \"Yeah,<00:39:49.400> I<00:39:49.480> think<00:39:49.840> like<00:39:50.080> somewhere<00:39:50.440> out<00:39:50.600> here" + }, + { + "start": 2391.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Yeah, I think like somewhere out here" + }, + { + "start": 2391.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "\"Yeah, I think like somewhere out here in<00:39:51.240> the<00:39:51.440> you<00:39:51.560> know,<00:39:51.760> somewhere<00:39:52.080> out<00:39:52.160> in<00:39:52.240> the" + }, + { + "start": 2392.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in the you know, somewhere out in the" + }, + { + "start": 2392.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "in the you know, somewhere out in the 10,000th<00:39:53.000> space<00:39:53.320> where<00:39:53.480> people<00:39:53.760> don't<00:39:54.040> really" + }, + { + "start": 2394.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "10,000th space where people don't really" + }, + { + "start": 2394.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "10,000th space where people don't really pay<00:39:54.440> any<00:39:54.600> attention<00:39:55.040> to<00:39:55.200> it,<00:39:55.560> so<00:39:55.680> we<00:39:55.760> don't" + }, + { + "start": 2395.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pay any attention to it, so we don't" + }, + { + "start": 2395.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "pay any attention to it, so we don't really<00:39:56.160> collapse<00:39:56.600> it,<00:39:57.120> you<00:39:57.240> know,<00:39:57.400> in<00:39:57.480> that<00:39:57.720> in" + }, + { + "start": 2397.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really collapse it, you know, in that in" + }, + { + "start": 2397.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "really collapse it, you know, in that in that<00:39:58.000> sense,<00:39:58.400> maybe<00:39:58.600> those<00:39:58.840> things<00:39:59.080> change" + }, + { + "start": 2399.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that sense, maybe those things change" + }, + { + "start": 2399.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that sense, maybe those things change over<00:39:59.520> time.\"<00:40:00.000> At<00:40:00.120> this<00:40:00.280> point,<00:40:00.640> everybody" + }, + { + "start": 2401.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "over time.\" At this point, everybody" + }, + { + "start": 2401.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "over time.\" At this point, everybody I've<00:40:01.280> never<00:40:01.560> met<00:40:01.920> anybody<00:40:02.360> yet<00:40:02.560> who<00:40:02.720> said" + }, + { + "start": 2402.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I've never met anybody yet who said" + }, + { + "start": 2402.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I've never met anybody yet who said anything<00:40:03.280> other<00:40:03.560> than<00:40:04.280> uh<00:40:04.440> somewhere<00:40:04.760> between" + }, + { + "start": 2405.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything other than uh somewhere between" + }, + { + "start": 2405.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "anything other than uh somewhere between incoherent<00:40:05.880> and<00:40:05.960> impossible.<00:40:06.760> Definitely" + }, + { + "start": 2407.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "incoherent and impossible. Definitely" + }, + { + "start": 2407.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "incoherent and impossible. Definitely not,<00:40:07.680> right?<00:40:08.120> So,<00:40:08.880> what<00:40:09.320> If<00:40:09.480> If<00:40:09.640> that's<00:40:09.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 2409.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not, right? So, what If If that's the" + }, + { + "start": 2409.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not, right? So, what If If that's the case,<00:40:10.240> if<00:40:10.360> you<00:40:10.480> agree<00:40:10.800> that<00:40:11.000> this<00:40:11.200> is<00:40:11.480> possible" + }, + { + "start": 2411.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "case, if you agree that this is possible" + }, + { + "start": 2412.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "case, if you agree that this is possible and<00:40:12.160> this<00:40:12.360> is<00:40:12.680> this<00:40:12.840> is<00:40:12.960> not<00:40:13.280> possible,<00:40:14.000> what" + }, + { + "start": 2414.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this is this is not possible, what" + }, + { + "start": 2414.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and this is this is not possible, what you've<00:40:14.280> already<00:40:14.600> told<00:40:14.880> me<00:40:15.040> is<00:40:15.400> three<00:40:15.600> things." + }, + { + "start": 2415.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you've already told me is three things." + }, + { + "start": 2415.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you've already told me is three things. First<00:40:16.200> of<00:40:16.280> all,<00:40:16.400> that<00:40:16.680> mathematical<00:40:17.320> facts" + }, + { + "start": 2417.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "First of all, that mathematical facts" + }, + { + "start": 2417.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "First of all, that mathematical facts and<00:40:18.120> physical<00:40:18.480> facts<00:40:18.840> are<00:40:19.160> are<00:40:19.640> absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2420.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and physical facts are are absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2420.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and physical facts are are absolutely not<00:40:20.440> the<00:40:20.520> same<00:40:20.800> kind<00:40:21.040> of<00:40:21.120> beast.<00:40:21.760> In<00:40:21.840> fact,<00:40:22.080> you" + }, + { + "start": 2422.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not the same kind of beast. In fact, you" + }, + { + "start": 2422.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not the same kind of beast. In fact, you expect<00:40:22.520> the<00:40:22.600> mathematical<00:40:23.240> facts<00:40:23.520> to<00:40:23.640> be<00:40:23.720> more" + }, + { + "start": 2423.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expect the mathematical facts to be more" + }, + { + "start": 2423.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "expect the mathematical facts to be more stable.<00:40:24.600> You're<00:40:24.800> far<00:40:25.000> more<00:40:25.200> freaked<00:40:25.520> out<00:40:26.000> if" + }, + { + "start": 2426.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stable. You're far more freaked out if" + }, + { + "start": 2426.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stable. You're far more freaked out if they<00:40:26.360> if<00:40:26.560> I<00:40:26.640> suggest<00:40:27.000> that<00:40:27.120> they<00:40:27.240> change" + }, + { + "start": 2427.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they if I suggest that they change" + }, + { + "start": 2427.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they if I suggest that they change versus<00:40:28.240> versus<00:40:28.560> facts<00:40:28.800> of<00:40:28.880> physics." + }, + { + "start": 2429.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus versus facts of physics." + }, + { + "start": 2429.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "versus versus facts of physics. And<00:40:30.160> that<00:40:30.320> math<00:40:30.560> is<00:40:30.680> actually<00:40:31.080> not<00:40:31.560> arbitrary" + }, + { + "start": 2432.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that math is actually not arbitrary" + }, + { + "start": 2432.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And that math is actually not arbitrary or<00:40:32.240> changeable<00:40:33.160> because" + }, + { + "start": 2434.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or changeable because" + }, + { + "start": 2435.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or changeable because you<00:40:35.240> can't<00:40:35.880> make<00:40:36.120> it<00:40:36.240> be<00:40:36.400> whatever<00:40:36.680> you<00:40:36.800> want." + }, + { + "start": 2436.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you can't make it be whatever you want." + }, + { + "start": 2437.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you can't make it be whatever you want. You<00:40:37.120> are<00:40:37.360> forced<00:40:38.200> once<00:40:38.440> you<00:40:38.640> start<00:40:39.040> with<00:40:39.400> like" + }, + { + "start": 2439.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You are forced once you start with like" + }, + { + "start": 2439.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You are forced once you start with like empty<00:40:40.240> set<00:40:40.560> and<00:40:40.720> successor<00:40:41.200> of<00:40:41.320> empty<00:40:41.600> set," + }, + { + "start": 2441.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "empty set and successor of empty set," + }, + { + "start": 2441.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "empty set and successor of empty set, right?<00:40:42.000> So<00:40:42.120> you<00:40:42.240> start<00:40:42.480> with<00:40:42.600> basic<00:40:43.040> logic<00:40:43.440> or" + }, + { + "start": 2444.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right? So you start with basic logic or" + }, + { + "start": 2444.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "right? So you start with basic logic or uh<00:40:44.640> something<00:40:44.960> like<00:40:45.080> that.<00:40:45.760> Then<00:40:46.000> eventually" + }, + { + "start": 2446.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh something like that. Then eventually" + }, + { + "start": 2446.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh something like that. Then eventually you<00:40:46.640> get<00:40:46.800> you<00:40:46.920> get<00:40:47.040> to<00:40:47.160> find<00:40:47.520> out<00:40:47.720> that<00:40:47.960> E<00:40:48.080> is" + }, + { + "start": 2448.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you get you get to find out that E is" + }, + { + "start": 2448.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you get you get to find out that E is 2.78,<00:40:49.280> you<00:40:49.400> know,<00:40:49.520> 718,<00:40:50.080> whatever.<00:40:50.720> You<00:40:50.800> don't" + }, + { + "start": 2450.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "2.78, you know, 718, whatever. You don't" + }, + { + "start": 2451.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "2.78, you know, 718, whatever. You don't get<00:40:51.240> to<00:40:51.760> to<00:40:51.920> choose<00:40:52.280> it.<00:40:52.400> You<00:40:52.480> can't<00:40:52.760> change" + }, + { + "start": 2453.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "get to to choose it. You can't change" + }, + { + "start": 2453.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "get to to choose it. You can't change it.<00:40:53.520> You<00:40:53.800> you<00:40:53.880> are<00:40:54.000> given<00:40:54.320> these<00:40:54.600> these" + }, + { + "start": 2454.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it. You you are given these these" + }, + { + "start": 2454.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "it. You you are given these these things.<00:40:55.440> So" + }, + { + "start": 2456.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things. So" + }, + { + "start": 2456.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things. So uh<00:40:57.040> you<00:40:57.160> know,<00:40:57.800> the<00:40:57.880> characters<00:40:58.400> in<00:40:58.480> our" + }, + { + "start": 2458.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh you know, the characters in our" + }, + { + "start": 2458.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh you know, the characters in our novels<00:40:58.960> can<00:40:59.080> do<00:40:59.200> whatever<00:40:59.440> you<00:40:59.560> want<00:40:59.720> them<00:40:59.880> to" + }, + { + "start": 2459.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "novels can do whatever you want them to" + }, + { + "start": 2460.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "novels can do whatever you want them to do.<00:41:00.240> E<00:41:00.400> does<00:41:00.560> whatever<00:41:00.840> you<00:41:01.000> wants<00:41:01.240> to<00:41:01.320> do.<00:41:01.440> You" + }, + { + "start": 2461.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do. E does whatever you wants to do. You" + }, + { + "start": 2461.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do. E does whatever you wants to do. You don't<00:41:01.680> you<00:41:01.760> don't<00:41:01.880> get<00:41:02.040> a<00:41:02.120> you<00:41:02.240> don't<00:41:02.400> get<00:41:02.520> a" + }, + { + "start": 2462.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't you don't get a you don't get a" + }, + { + "start": 2462.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "don't you don't get a you don't get a choice<00:41:03.000> about<00:41:03.160> that.<00:41:03.960> So,<00:41:04.280> here's<00:41:04.800> here's<00:41:05.080> how" + }, + { + "start": 2465.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "choice about that. So, here's here's how" + }, + { + "start": 2465.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "choice about that. So, here's here's how I<00:41:05.320> extend<00:41:05.800> uh<00:41:05.840> so<00:41:06.040> so<00:41:06.280> so<00:41:06.480> far<00:41:06.760> all<00:41:06.920> of<00:41:07.000> this<00:41:07.160> is" + }, + { + "start": 2467.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I extend uh so so so far all of this is" + }, + { + "start": 2467.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I extend uh so so so far all of this is is<00:41:07.560> straight-up<00:41:08.080> mathematical<00:41:08.680> platonism." + }, + { + "start": 2469.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is straight-up mathematical platonism." + }, + { + "start": 2469.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is straight-up mathematical platonism. Here's<00:41:09.480> here's<00:41:10.000> how<00:41:10.240> I<00:41:10.480> extend<00:41:10.880> this<00:41:11.040> for<00:41:11.120> the" + }, + { + "start": 2471.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's here's how I extend this for the" + }, + { + "start": 2471.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Here's here's how I extend this for the purposes<00:41:11.720> of<00:41:12.000> this<00:41:12.200> discussion.<00:41:13.000> And<00:41:13.160> um<00:41:13.880> I" + }, + { + "start": 2473.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes of this discussion. And um I" + }, + { + "start": 2473.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "purposes of this discussion. And um I just<00:41:14.040> have<00:41:14.120> a<00:41:14.160> couple<00:41:14.400> more<00:41:14.560> things<00:41:14.800> and<00:41:14.880> then" + }, + { + "start": 2475.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just have a couple more things and then" + }, + { + "start": 2475.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just have a couple more things and then and<00:41:15.280> then<00:41:15.400> I'm<00:41:15.480> done.<00:41:16.200> Uh<00:41:16.480> first<00:41:16.760> of<00:41:16.840> all,<00:41:17.200> I" + }, + { + "start": 2477.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and then I'm done. Uh first of all, I" + }, + { + "start": 2477.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and then I'm done. Uh first of all, I think<00:41:17.600> that<00:41:17.920> the<00:41:18.000> standard<00:41:18.400> assumption<00:41:18.920> that" + }, + { + "start": 2479.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think that the standard assumption that" + }, + { + "start": 2479.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "think that the standard assumption that the<00:41:19.480> that<00:41:19.600> this<00:41:19.880> latent<00:41:20.240> space<00:41:20.520> contains<00:41:21.120> only" + }, + { + "start": 2481.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the that this latent space contains only" + }, + { + "start": 2481.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the that this latent space contains only the<00:41:21.640> low<00:41:21.880> agency<00:41:22.400> static<00:41:22.960> facts<00:41:23.320> of" + }, + { + "start": 2483.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the low agency static facts of" + }, + { + "start": 2483.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the low agency static facts of mathematics<00:41:24.280> and<00:41:24.400> everything<00:41:24.720> else<00:41:24.880> is<00:41:25.000> a" + }, + { + "start": 2485.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics and everything else is a" + }, + { + "start": 2485.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics and everything else is a product<00:41:25.400> of<00:41:25.480> emergence<00:41:25.960> and<00:41:26.040> can<00:41:26.160> be<00:41:26.280> handled" + }, + { + "start": 2486.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "product of emergence and can be handled" + }, + { + "start": 2486.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "product of emergence and can be handled by<00:41:26.680> physicists.<00:41:27.400> I<00:41:27.480> think<00:41:27.680> that's<00:41:28.240> we<00:41:28.480> should" + }, + { + "start": 2488.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by physicists. I think that's we should" + }, + { + "start": 2488.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "by physicists. I think that's we should we<00:41:28.880> should<00:41:29.040> loosen<00:41:29.320> that<00:41:29.480> assumption.<00:41:30.320> And<00:41:30.520> we" + }, + { + "start": 2490.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we should loosen that assumption. And we" + }, + { + "start": 2490.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we should loosen that assumption. And we should<00:41:30.880> perhaps<00:41:31.200> say<00:41:31.400> that<00:41:31.600> maybe<00:41:31.840> the<00:41:31.960> space" + }, + { + "start": 2492.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "should perhaps say that maybe the space" + }, + { + "start": 2492.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "should perhaps say that maybe the space contains<00:41:32.760> other<00:41:33.040> patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2494.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "contains other patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2494.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "contains other patterns that<00:41:34.680> are<00:41:34.760> of<00:41:34.880> interest<00:41:35.320> to<00:41:36.160> developmental" + }, + { + "start": 2496.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that are of interest to developmental" + }, + { + "start": 2496.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that are of interest to developmental biologists,<00:41:37.360> cognitive<00:41:37.800> scientists<00:41:38.280> in" + }, + { + "start": 2498.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologists, cognitive scientists in" + }, + { + "start": 2498.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologists, cognitive scientists in particular.<00:41:39.200> Maybe<00:41:39.480> some<00:41:39.720> of<00:41:39.760> these<00:41:39.960> patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2500.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "particular. Maybe some of these patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2500.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "particular. Maybe some of these patterns are<00:41:40.640> high<00:41:40.800> agency<00:41:41.320> things<00:41:41.600> that<00:41:41.720> we<00:41:41.840> would" + }, + { + "start": 2502.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are high agency things that we would" + }, + { + "start": 2502.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are high agency things that we would recognize<00:41:42.560> as<00:41:42.720> kinds<00:41:43.080> of<00:41:43.200> minds.<00:41:43.880> Maybe<00:41:44.080> math" + }, + { + "start": 2504.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "recognize as kinds of minds. Maybe math" + }, + { + "start": 2504.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "recognize as kinds of minds. Maybe math is<00:41:44.480> just<00:41:44.680> the<00:41:44.760> behavioral<00:41:45.320> science<00:41:45.680> of<00:41:45.840> one" + }, + { + "start": 2506.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is just the behavioral science of one" + }, + { + "start": 2506.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is just the behavioral science of one layer<00:41:46.440> of<00:41:46.560> that<00:41:46.800> space.<00:41:47.640> I<00:41:47.720> don't<00:41:48.120> you<00:41:48.160> know,<00:41:48.320> I" + }, + { + "start": 2508.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "layer of that space. I don't you know, I" + }, + { + "start": 2508.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "layer of that space. I don't you know, I I<00:41:48.520> don't<00:41:48.720> know<00:41:48.920> if<00:41:49.200> if<00:41:49.560> E<00:41:49.720> and<00:41:49.840> things<00:41:50.040> like" + }, + { + "start": 2510.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't know if if E and things like" + }, + { + "start": 2510.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't know if if E and things like this<00:41:50.320> actually<00:41:50.760> change.<00:41:51.120> I<00:41:51.160> don't<00:41:51.280> have<00:41:51.400> any" + }, + { + "start": 2511.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this actually change. I don't have any" + }, + { + "start": 2511.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this actually change. I don't have any claims<00:41:51.840> on<00:41:51.920> that.<00:41:52.480> But<00:41:52.800> but<00:41:53.520> in<00:41:53.680> my<00:41:53.840> in<00:41:53.920> my" + }, + { + "start": 2514.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "claims on that. But but in my in my" + }, + { + "start": 2514.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "claims on that. But but in my in my current<00:41:54.440> model,<00:41:54.800> all<00:41:55.000> of<00:41:55.080> these<00:41:55.280> things<00:41:55.560> are" + }, + { + "start": 2515.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "current model, all of these things are" + }, + { + "start": 2515.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "current model, all of these things are not<00:41:56.200> eternal<00:41:56.680> and<00:41:56.760> are<00:41:56.880> changing<00:41:57.280> and" + }, + { + "start": 2517.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not eternal and are changing and" + }, + { + "start": 2517.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not eternal and are changing and unchanging.<00:41:58.440> These<00:41:58.640> are<00:41:58.800> high<00:41:59.240> high-level" + }, + { + "start": 2520.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "unchanging. These are high high-level" + }, + { + "start": 2520.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "unchanging. These are high high-level uh<00:42:00.800> the<00:42:00.920> ones<00:42:01.080> that<00:42:01.160> we<00:42:01.280> associate<00:42:01.840> with<00:42:02.160> with" + }, + { + "start": 2522.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the ones that we associate with with" + }, + { + "start": 2522.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh the ones that we associate with with both<00:42:02.640> morphology<00:42:03.240> and<00:42:03.360> behavior<00:42:03.800> and" + }, + { + "start": 2524.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "both morphology and behavior and" + }, + { + "start": 2524.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "both morphology and behavior and physiology<00:42:04.960> and<00:42:05.040> so<00:42:05.160> on.<00:42:05.600> These<00:42:05.840> are" + }, + { + "start": 2526.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physiology and so on. These are" + }, + { + "start": 2526.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physiology and so on. These are absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2527.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2528.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely uh<00:42:08.080> dynamic<00:42:08.640> things<00:42:08.840> that<00:42:08.960> can<00:42:09.160> change,<00:42:10.040> but" + }, + { + "start": 2530.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh dynamic things that can change, but" + }, + { + "start": 2530.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "uh dynamic things that can change, but not<00:42:10.480> only<00:42:10.720> by<00:42:10.920> sensitization,<00:42:12.240> which<00:42:12.440> you<00:42:12.640> you" + }, + { + "start": 2532.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not only by sensitization, which you you" + }, + { + "start": 2532.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not only by sensitization, which you you you<00:42:13.000> just<00:42:13.200> heard<00:42:13.360> about,<00:42:13.880> I<00:42:14.000> suspect<00:42:14.520> that<00:42:14.920> um" + }, + { + "start": 2535.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you just heard about, I suspect that um" + }, + { + "start": 2535.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you just heard about, I suspect that um they<00:42:16.320> use<00:42:16.520> all<00:42:16.760> of<00:42:16.880> the<00:42:17.120> toolbox<00:42:17.720> and<00:42:17.800> probably" + }, + { + "start": 2538.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they use all of the toolbox and probably" + }, + { + "start": 2538.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they use all of the toolbox and probably more<00:42:18.400> that<00:42:18.560> we<00:42:18.680> haven't<00:42:18.920> even<00:42:19.080> thought<00:42:19.320> of<00:42:19.560> of" + }, + { + "start": 2539.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "more that we haven't even thought of of" + }, + { + "start": 2539.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "more that we haven't even thought of of the<00:42:19.800> behavioral<00:42:20.280> sciences.<00:42:21.040> So<00:42:21.360> so" + }, + { + "start": 2541.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavioral sciences. So so" + }, + { + "start": 2541.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the behavioral sciences. So so sensitization<00:42:22.760> uh<00:42:22.800> you<00:42:22.880> know" + }, + { + "start": 2543.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sensitization uh you know" + }, + { + "start": 2543.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sensitization uh you know Pavlovian<00:42:24.360> conditioning,<00:42:24.840> delayed" + }, + { + "start": 2545.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning, delayed" + }, + { + "start": 2545.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning, delayed gratification,<00:42:25.920> path<00:42:26.200> planning,<00:42:26.520> language," + }, + { + "start": 2546.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gratification, path planning, language," + }, + { + "start": 2546.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "gratification, path planning, language, like<00:42:27.080> all<00:42:27.280> of<00:42:27.400> these<00:42:27.600> things<00:42:28.320> are<00:42:28.560> right<00:42:28.840> there" + }, + { + "start": 2549.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like all of these things are right there" + }, + { + "start": 2549.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "like all of these things are right there along<00:42:29.560> with<00:42:29.720> sensitization<00:42:31.040> once<00:42:31.360> you've" + }, + { + "start": 2551.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "along with sensitization once you've" + }, + { + "start": 2551.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "along with sensitization once you've once<00:42:31.920> you've<00:42:32.040> gone<00:42:32.240> down<00:42:32.440> this<00:42:32.640> road<00:42:32.880> and" + }, + { + "start": 2552.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "once you've gone down this road and" + }, + { + "start": 2553.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "once you've gone down this road and realize<00:42:33.360> that<00:42:33.720> what<00:42:33.960> why<00:42:34.160> should<00:42:34.440> this<00:42:34.600> space" + }, + { + "start": 2554.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realize that what why should this space" + }, + { + "start": 2554.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "realize that what why should this space have<00:42:35.320> only<00:42:35.680> patterns<00:42:36.080> that<00:42:36.200> are<00:42:36.520> that<00:42:36.680> are" + }, + { + "start": 2557.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have only patterns that are that are" + }, + { + "start": 2557.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have only patterns that are that are amenable<00:42:37.680> to<00:42:37.760> the<00:42:37.880> formal<00:42:38.280> tools<00:42:38.560> of" + }, + { + "start": 2558.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amenable to the formal tools of" + }, + { + "start": 2558.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "amenable to the formal tools of mathematics?<00:42:39.120> What<00:42:39.200> about<00:42:39.360> the<00:42:39.440> rest<00:42:39.680> of<00:42:39.760> it?" + }, + { + "start": 2560.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics? What about the rest of it?" + }, + { + "start": 2560.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematics? What about the rest of it? So" + }, + { + "start": 2560.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So" + }, + { + "start": 2561.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So we<00:42:41.120> can<00:42:41.240> talk<00:42:41.400> about<00:42:41.560> this<00:42:41.720> idea<00:42:42.080> again<00:42:42.400> in" + }, + { + "start": 2562.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can talk about this idea again in" + }, + { + "start": 2562.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we can talk about this idea again in most<00:42:42.840> audiences<00:42:43.400> at<00:42:43.560> this<00:42:43.720> point<00:42:43.920> people" + }, + { + "start": 2564.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "most audiences at this point people" + }, + { + "start": 2564.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "most audiences at this point people freak<00:42:44.400> out<00:42:44.560> and<00:42:44.640> they<00:42:44.720> say<00:42:45.120> look<00:42:45.640> you're" + }, + { + "start": 2565.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "freak out and they say look you're" + }, + { + "start": 2565.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "freak out and they say look you're basically<00:42:46.280> saying<00:42:46.520> that<00:42:46.680> minds<00:42:47.080> exist<00:42:47.480> in<00:42:47.560> a" + }, + { + "start": 2567.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically saying that minds exist in a" + }, + { + "start": 2567.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "basically saying that minds exist in a non-physical<00:42:48.320> space,<00:42:48.680> but<00:42:48.800> they<00:42:48.920> affect<00:42:49.320> the" + }, + { + "start": 2569.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-physical space, but they affect the" + }, + { + "start": 2569.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "non-physical space, but they affect the physical<00:42:49.840> world<00:42:50.520> in<00:42:50.640> the<00:42:50.760> same<00:42:50.960> way<00:42:51.120> that<00:42:51.320> the" + }, + { + "start": 2571.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical world in the same way that the" + }, + { + "start": 2571.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physical world in the same way that the truths<00:42:51.800> of<00:42:52.280> about<00:42:52.960> prime<00:42:53.240> numbers<00:42:53.600> affect" + }, + { + "start": 2574.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "truths of about prime numbers affect" + }, + { + "start": 2574.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "truths of about prime numbers affect what<00:42:54.360> the<00:42:54.480> cicadas<00:42:54.920> are<00:42:55.080> and<00:42:55.200> aren't<00:42:55.360> going<00:42:55.480> to" + }, + { + "start": 2575.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the cicadas are and aren't going to" + }, + { + "start": 2575.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what the cicadas are and aren't going to do<00:42:55.840> when<00:42:56.000> they're<00:42:56.280> when<00:42:56.400> they<00:42:56.520> evolve.<00:42:57.280> Um" + }, + { + "start": 2577.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do when they're when they evolve. Um" + }, + { + "start": 2577.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "do when they're when they evolve. Um interactionism<00:42:58.440> should<00:42:58.600> be<00:42:58.720> dead,<00:42:59.200> you<00:42:59.320> know," + }, + { + "start": 2579.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interactionism should be dead, you know," + }, + { + "start": 2579.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interactionism should be dead, you know, Descartes" + }, + { + "start": 2580.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Descartes" + }, + { + "start": 2580.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Descartes you<00:43:00.840> know,<00:43:01.280> had<00:43:01.440> this<00:43:01.600> problem<00:43:01.960> with<00:43:02.160> with" + }, + { + "start": 2582.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, had this problem with with" + }, + { + "start": 2582.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, had this problem with with interactionism<00:43:03.000> but<00:43:03.120> whatever.<00:43:03.880> And<00:43:04.240> my" + }, + { + "start": 2584.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interactionism but whatever. And my" + }, + { + "start": 2584.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interactionism but whatever. And my point<00:43:04.760> is<00:43:04.880> simply<00:43:05.200> this,<00:43:05.640> whatever<00:43:06.080> whatever" + }, + { + "start": 2586.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "point is simply this, whatever whatever" + }, + { + "start": 2586.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "point is simply this, whatever whatever the<00:43:06.480> actual<00:43:07.160> resolution<00:43:07.760> to<00:43:07.880> this<00:43:08.080> it's<00:43:08.240> been" + }, + { + "start": 2588.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the actual resolution to this it's been" + }, + { + "start": 2588.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the actual resolution to this it's been here<00:43:09.000> for<00:43:09.280> a<00:43:09.320> really<00:43:09.680> long<00:43:09.960> time<00:43:10.600> because<00:43:11.320> we" + }, + { + "start": 2591.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here for a really long time because we" + }, + { + "start": 2591.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "here for a really long time because we already<00:43:11.880> know<00:43:12.200> that<00:43:12.400> there's<00:43:12.640> a<00:43:12.720> degree<00:43:13.080> of" + }, + { + "start": 2593.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already know that there's a degree of" + }, + { + "start": 2593.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "already know that there's a degree of interaction<00:43:13.760> between<00:43:14.040> non-physical<00:43:15.080> truths" + }, + { + "start": 2595.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction between non-physical truths" + }, + { + "start": 2595.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interaction between non-physical truths and<00:43:15.680> physical<00:43:16.080> objects.<00:43:16.760> The<00:43:16.880> relationship" + }, + { + "start": 2597.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and physical objects. The relationship" + }, + { + "start": 2597.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and physical objects. The relationship between<00:43:17.800> math<00:43:18.040> and<00:43:18.160> physics<00:43:18.480> already<00:43:18.800> tells" + }, + { + "start": 2599.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between math and physics already tells" + }, + { + "start": 2599.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between math and physics already tells us<00:43:19.320> this<00:43:19.880> and<00:43:20.040> maybe<00:43:20.440> the<00:43:20.560> relationship<00:43:21.160> mind" + }, + { + "start": 2601.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "us this and maybe the relationship mind" + }, + { + "start": 2601.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "us this and maybe the relationship mind of<00:43:21.720> minds<00:43:22.120> and<00:43:22.240> bodies<00:43:22.600> and<00:43:22.720> when<00:43:22.840> I<00:43:22.880> say<00:43:23.040> minds" + }, + { + "start": 2603.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of minds and bodies and when I say minds" + }, + { + "start": 2603.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of minds and bodies and when I say minds I<00:43:23.480> don't<00:43:23.680> just<00:43:23.880> mean<00:43:24.040> our<00:43:24.160> human<00:43:24.440> minds,<00:43:25.040> I" + }, + { + "start": 2605.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't just mean our human minds, I" + }, + { + "start": 2605.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't just mean our human minds, I mean<00:43:25.320> the<00:43:25.400> minds<00:43:25.720> that<00:43:25.920> power<00:43:26.240> the<00:43:26.360> problem" + }, + { + "start": 2606.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mean the minds that power the problem" + }, + { + "start": 2606.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mean the minds that power the problem solving<00:43:27.280> of<00:43:27.760> morphogenesis,<00:43:28.680> of" + }, + { + "start": 2608.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "solving of morphogenesis, of" + }, + { + "start": 2608.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "solving of morphogenesis, of physiological<00:43:29.600> space<00:43:29.920> navigation,<00:43:30.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 2610.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physiological space navigation, of" + }, + { + "start": 2610.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "physiological space navigation, of transcriptional<00:43:31.240> space<00:43:31.520> navigation,<00:43:32.240> all<00:43:32.480> of" + }, + { + "start": 2612.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transcriptional space navigation, all of" + }, + { + "start": 2612.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "transcriptional space navigation, all of these<00:43:32.760> things<00:43:33.000> are<00:43:33.160> diverse<00:43:33.920> intelligences" + }, + { + "start": 2614.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things are diverse intelligences" + }, + { + "start": 2614.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "these things are diverse intelligences of<00:43:34.680> different<00:43:34.960> grade<00:43:35.240> and<00:43:35.320> different<00:43:35.600> type." + }, + { + "start": 2616.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of different grade and different type." + }, + { + "start": 2616.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of different grade and different type. Maybe<00:43:36.520> the<00:43:36.640> relationship<00:43:37.240> between<00:43:37.560> those" + }, + { + "start": 2617.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Maybe the relationship between those" + }, + { + "start": 2617.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Maybe the relationship between those minds<00:43:38.160> and<00:43:38.240> bodies<00:43:38.560> is<00:43:38.680> exactly<00:43:39.200> the<00:43:39.320> same<00:43:39.560> as" + }, + { + "start": 2619.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minds and bodies is exactly the same as" + }, + { + "start": 2619.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minds and bodies is exactly the same as between<00:43:40.320> math<00:43:40.600> and<00:43:40.720> physics.<00:43:41.520> So" + }, + { + "start": 2622.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between math and physics. So" + }, + { + "start": 2622.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "between math and physics. So um<00:43:42.760> so<00:43:43.000> I'll<00:43:43.200> I'll<00:43:43.480> I'll<00:43:43.800> I'll<00:43:44.360> wrap<00:43:44.480> up<00:43:44.600> here" + }, + { + "start": 2624.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um so I'll I'll I'll I'll wrap up here" + }, + { + "start": 2624.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "um so I'll I'll I'll I'll wrap up here just<00:43:45.080> to<00:43:45.160> say<00:43:45.400> that<00:43:45.880> the<00:43:46.080> the<00:43:46.200> one<00:43:46.360> thing<00:43:46.560> is" + }, + { + "start": 2626.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just to say that the the one thing is" + }, + { + "start": 2626.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just to say that the the one thing is some<00:43:47.160> people<00:43:47.480> like<00:43:47.680> this<00:43:47.880> and<00:43:48.000> they<00:43:48.120> say<00:43:48.400> ah<00:43:48.840> so" + }, + { + "start": 2629.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some people like this and they say ah so" + }, + { + "start": 2629.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some people like this and they say ah so so<00:43:49.320> here's<00:43:49.560> what<00:43:49.680> it<00:43:49.800> is.<00:43:49.920> Biology<00:43:51.120> is<00:43:51.640> and<00:43:51.800> its" + }, + { + "start": 2631.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so here's what it is. Biology is and its" + }, + { + "start": 2631.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "so here's what it is. Biology is and its complexity<00:43:53.080> are<00:43:53.400> really<00:43:53.880> primed<00:43:54.560> for<00:43:55.040> these" + }, + { + "start": 2635.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complexity are really primed for these" + }, + { + "start": 2635.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "complexity are really primed for these kind<00:43:55.480> of<00:43:55.560> ingression<00:43:56.120> of<00:43:56.280> minds<00:43:56.680> from<00:43:56.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 2637.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of ingression of minds from the" + }, + { + "start": 2637.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "kind of ingression of minds from the from<00:43:57.320> this<00:43:57.640> from<00:43:57.800> this<00:43:57.960> space<00:43:58.680> and<00:43:58.840> that's" + }, + { + "start": 2639.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from this from this space and that's" + }, + { + "start": 2639.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from this from this space and that's what<00:43:59.280> distinguishes<00:43:59.920> us<00:44:00.080> from<00:44:00.560> dead<00:44:00.840> matter," + }, + { + "start": 2641.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what distinguishes us from dead matter," + }, + { + "start": 2641.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what distinguishes us from dead matter, from<00:44:01.360> mere<00:44:01.560> machines,<00:44:02.080> all<00:44:02.280> of<00:44:02.320> that.<00:44:02.920> And" + }, + { + "start": 2643.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from mere machines, all of that. And" + }, + { + "start": 2643.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "from mere machines, all of that. And I'll<00:44:03.200> just<00:44:03.880> um<00:44:03.920> I'll<00:44:04.040> just<00:44:04.200> point<00:44:04.480> out<00:44:04.640> that" + }, + { + "start": 2645.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'll just um I'll just point out that" + }, + { + "start": 2645.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'll just um I'll just point out that that<00:44:05.280> we<00:44:05.600> we<00:44:05.800> did<00:44:06.120> work<00:44:06.480> on<00:44:07.000> I<00:44:07.040> don't<00:44:07.200> have<00:44:07.440> time" + }, + { + "start": 2647.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we we did work on I don't have time" + }, + { + "start": 2647.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we we did work on I don't have time to<00:44:07.880> go<00:44:08.040> into<00:44:08.200> all<00:44:08.320> the<00:44:08.440> details,<00:44:08.800> but<00:44:08.920> anybody" + }, + { + "start": 2649.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to go into all the details, but anybody" + }, + { + "start": 2649.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to go into all the details, but anybody who's<00:44:09.360> interested<00:44:09.800> I<00:44:09.840> have<00:44:10.000> long<00:44:10.400> discussions" + }, + { + "start": 2650.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who's interested I have long discussions" + }, + { + "start": 2650.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "who's interested I have long discussions of<00:44:11.040> this<00:44:11.520> on<00:44:11.680> online." + }, + { + "start": 2652.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of this on online." + }, + { + "start": 2652.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of this on online. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 2653.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh" + }, + { + "start": 2654.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Uh a<00:44:14.080> lot<00:44:14.240> of<00:44:14.320> humility<00:44:14.680> is<00:44:14.840> warranted<00:44:15.240> here" + }, + { + "start": 2655.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a lot of humility is warranted here" + }, + { + "start": 2655.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "a lot of humility is warranted here because<00:44:15.640> what<00:44:15.800> we<00:44:15.920> found<00:44:16.200> is<00:44:16.280> that<00:44:16.520> even" + }, + { + "start": 2656.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because what we found is that even" + }, + { + "start": 2656.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "because what we found is that even extremely<00:44:17.280> simple<00:44:17.960> deterministic<00:44:19.000> systems" + }, + { + "start": 2660.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "extremely simple deterministic systems" + }, + { + "start": 2660.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "extremely simple deterministic systems are<00:44:20.440> susceptible<00:44:21.240> to<00:44:21.600> ingressions<00:44:22.720> of" + }, + { + "start": 2663.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are susceptible to ingressions of" + }, + { + "start": 2663.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "are susceptible to ingressions of not<00:44:23.880> just<00:44:23.915> [clears throat]<00:44:24.040> complexity,<00:44:24.640> not" + }, + { + "start": 2664.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not just [clears throat] complexity, not" + }, + { + "start": 2664.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not just [clears throat] complexity, not just<00:44:25.080> unpredictability," + }, + { + "start": 2666.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just unpredictability," + }, + { + "start": 2666.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just unpredictability, but<00:44:26.920> competencies<00:44:27.720> that<00:44:27.880> are<00:44:27.960> familiar<00:44:28.480> to" + }, + { + "start": 2668.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but competencies that are familiar to" + }, + { + "start": 2668.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but competencies that are familiar to any<00:44:29.000> behavioral<00:44:29.560> scientist<00:44:30.400> and<00:44:30.520> they<00:44:30.640> are" + }, + { + "start": 2670.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any behavioral scientist and they are" + }, + { + "start": 2670.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any behavioral scientist and they are not<00:44:31.240> in<00:44:31.400> the<00:44:31.560> algorithm.<00:44:32.440> The<00:44:32.560> algorithm<00:44:33.000> and" + }, + { + "start": 2673.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not in the algorithm. The algorithm and" + }, + { + "start": 2673.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not in the algorithm. The algorithm and the<00:44:33.160> materials<00:44:33.720> of<00:44:33.800> even<00:44:34.040> a<00:44:34.080> simple<00:44:34.760> machine" + }, + { + "start": 2675.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the materials of even a simple machine" + }, + { + "start": 2675.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the materials of even a simple machine tell<00:44:35.800> you<00:44:35.920> what<00:44:36.120> the<00:44:36.200> machine<00:44:36.640> must<00:44:37.000> do<00:44:37.320> and<00:44:37.440> it" + }, + { + "start": 2677.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tell you what the machine must do and it" + }, + { + "start": 2677.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tell you what the machine must do and it tells<00:44:37.720> you<00:44:37.800> what<00:44:37.920> it<00:44:38.040> cannot<00:44:38.440> do.<00:44:38.840> But<00:44:39.000> between" + }, + { + "start": 2679.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells you what it cannot do. But between" + }, + { + "start": 2679.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tells you what it cannot do. But between those<00:44:39.600> two<00:44:39.760> things<00:44:40.280> is<00:44:40.440> a<00:44:40.520> massive<00:44:41.080> amount<00:44:41.400> of" + }, + { + "start": 2681.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "those two things is a massive amount of" + }, + { + "start": 2681.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "those two things is a massive amount of degrees<00:44:41.840> of<00:44:41.960> freedom<00:44:42.360> even<00:44:42.560> in<00:44:42.680> small" + }, + { + "start": 2682.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "degrees of freedom even in small" + }, + { + "start": 2683.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "degrees of freedom even in small deterministic<00:44:43.680> things<00:44:43.920> apparently.<00:44:44.360> This" + }, + { + "start": 2684.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "deterministic things apparently. This" + }, + { + "start": 2684.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "deterministic things apparently. This this<00:44:44.800> was<00:44:45.000> a<00:44:45.160> was<00:44:45.280> a<00:44:45.360> shocker<00:44:45.720> to<00:44:45.800> me.<00:44:46.360> And<00:44:47.000> and" + }, + { + "start": 2687.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this was a was a shocker to me. And and" + }, + { + "start": 2687.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this was a was a shocker to me. And and those<00:44:47.560> and<00:44:47.800> and<00:44:47.920> they<00:44:48.040> can<00:44:48.240> hold<00:44:48.680> they<00:44:48.800> can" + }, + { + "start": 2688.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "those and and they can hold they can" + }, + { + "start": 2688.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "those and and they can hold they can host<00:44:49.520> interesting<00:44:50.080> patterns<00:44:50.440> from<00:44:50.600> that<00:44:50.880> from" + }, + { + "start": 2691.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "host interesting patterns from that from" + }, + { + "start": 2691.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "host interesting patterns from that from that<00:44:51.200> space.<00:44:52.080> So,<00:44:52.720> um" + }, + { + "start": 2693.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that space. So, um" + }, + { + "start": 2693.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that space. So, um I<00:44:53.760> don't<00:44:53.960> think<00:44:54.080> it<00:44:54.200> takes<00:44:54.440> life<00:44:54.920> or<00:44:55.040> cells<00:44:55.600> or" + }, + { + "start": 2695.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't think it takes life or cells or" + }, + { + "start": 2695.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I don't think it takes life or cells or or<00:44:56.120> or<00:44:56.240> large<00:44:56.520> complexity<00:44:57.440> to<00:44:58.480> to<00:44:58.640> start<00:44:59.000> to" + }, + { + "start": 2699.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or or large complexity to to start to" + }, + { + "start": 2699.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or or large complexity to to start to become<00:44:59.720> an<00:44:59.920> interface<00:45:00.560> and<00:45:00.680> I<00:45:00.760> think<00:45:00.960> that's" + }, + { + "start": 2701.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "become an interface and I think that's" + }, + { + "start": 2701.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "become an interface and I think that's what<00:45:01.280> all<00:45:01.480> physical<00:45:01.920> systems<00:45:02.320> are.<00:45:02.440> They're" + }, + { + "start": 2702.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what all physical systems are. They're" + }, + { + "start": 2702.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "what all physical systems are. They're interfaces<00:45:03.640> for<00:45:03.800> specific<00:45:04.280> patterns<00:45:04.680> from" + }, + { + "start": 2704.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interfaces for specific patterns from" + }, + { + "start": 2704.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "interfaces for specific patterns from that<00:45:05.080> from<00:45:05.240> that<00:45:05.360> space.<00:45:06.000> And<00:45:06.120> therefore," + }, + { + "start": 2707.19, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that from that space. And therefore," + }, + { + "start": 2707.2, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that from that space. And therefore, we<00:45:07.360> have<00:45:07.520> to<00:45:07.600> remember<00:45:08.280> that<00:45:08.800> as<00:45:08.960> much<00:45:09.200> as<00:45:09.360> we" + }, + { + "start": 2709.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we have to remember that as much as we" + }, + { + "start": 2709.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we have to remember that as much as we all" + }, + { + "start": 2710.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all" + }, + { + "start": 2710.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "all you<00:45:10.600> know<00:45:10.720> would<00:45:10.920> like<00:45:11.120> to<00:45:11.240> think<00:45:11.520> that<00:45:11.680> the" + }, + { + "start": 2711.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know would like to think that the" + }, + { + "start": 2711.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know would like to think that the rules<00:45:12.120> of<00:45:12.600> chemistry<00:45:13.560> do<00:45:13.720> not<00:45:14.040> tell<00:45:14.240> the" + }, + { + "start": 2714.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules of chemistry do not tell the" + }, + { + "start": 2714.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "rules of chemistry do not tell the entire<00:45:14.720> story<00:45:15.160> of<00:45:15.280> the<00:45:15.360> human<00:45:15.640> mind,<00:45:16.400> I<00:45:16.520> would" + }, + { + "start": 2716.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entire story of the human mind, I would" + }, + { + "start": 2716.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "entire story of the human mind, I would say<00:45:16.880> that<00:45:17.120> those<00:45:17.320> kind<00:45:17.520> of<00:45:17.600> things<00:45:18.040> don't<00:45:18.480> tell" + }, + { + "start": 2718.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say that those kind of things don't tell" + }, + { + "start": 2718.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "say that those kind of things don't tell the<00:45:18.760> proper<00:45:19.080> story<00:45:19.440> of<00:45:19.760> machines<00:45:20.480> either.<00:45:21.040> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2721.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the proper story of machines either. I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2721.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the proper story of machines either. I'm not<00:45:21.320> sure<00:45:21.560> at<00:45:21.680> this<00:45:21.800> point<00:45:22.040> there<00:45:22.160> is<00:45:22.360> any<00:45:22.560> dead" + }, + { + "start": 2722.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not sure at this point there is any dead" + }, + { + "start": 2722.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not sure at this point there is any dead matter<00:45:23.200> or<00:45:23.400> dumb<00:45:23.640> machines<00:45:24.360> and<00:45:24.480> we<00:45:24.520> should" + }, + { + "start": 2724.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "matter or dumb machines and we should" + }, + { + "start": 2724.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "matter or dumb machines and we should just<00:45:24.880> remember<00:45:25.240> that<00:45:25.360> when<00:45:25.480> we<00:45:25.600> say<00:45:25.760> something" + }, + { + "start": 2726.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just remember that when we say something" + }, + { + "start": 2726.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just remember that when we say something that<00:45:26.240> nothing<00:45:26.680> is<00:45:26.920> a<00:45:27.000> computer,<00:45:27.440> nothing<00:45:27.800> is<00:45:28.000> a" + }, + { + "start": 2728.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that nothing is a computer, nothing is a" + }, + { + "start": 2728.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that nothing is a computer, nothing is a Turing<00:45:28.360> machine,<00:45:29.040> there<00:45:29.200> are<00:45:29.320> just<00:45:29.840> times<00:45:30.200> at" + }, + { + "start": 2730.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Turing machine, there are just times at" + }, + { + "start": 2730.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Turing machine, there are just times at which<00:45:30.520> you<00:45:30.600> would<00:45:30.760> like<00:45:30.920> to<00:45:31.040> take<00:45:31.480> a<00:45:31.600> formal" + }, + { + "start": 2732.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which you would like to take a formal" + }, + { + "start": 2732.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "which you would like to take a formal model<00:45:32.400> of<00:45:32.520> computation<00:45:33.200> or<00:45:33.400> of<00:45:33.480> Turing" + }, + { + "start": 2733.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "model of computation or of Turing" + }, + { + "start": 2733.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "model of computation or of Turing machines<00:45:33.960> or<00:45:34.040> whatever<00:45:34.560> and<00:45:34.680> apply<00:45:35.080> it<00:45:35.200> to" + }, + { + "start": 2735.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines or whatever and apply it to" + }, + { + "start": 2735.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines or whatever and apply it to some<00:45:35.440> system<00:45:36.200> and<00:45:36.320> we<00:45:36.440> all<00:45:36.600> need<00:45:36.760> to<00:45:36.880> remember" + }, + { + "start": 2737.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some system and we all need to remember" + }, + { + "start": 2737.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some system and we all need to remember that<00:45:37.400> when<00:45:37.520> you<00:45:37.600> do<00:45:37.760> that<00:45:37.960> you<00:45:38.040> do<00:45:38.120> not<00:45:38.360> capture" + }, + { + "start": 2738.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that when you do that you do not capture" + }, + { + "start": 2738.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that when you do that you do not capture the" + }, + { + "start": 2739.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the" + }, + { + "start": 2739.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "the our<00:45:39.640> formal<00:45:39.960> models<00:45:40.320> never<00:45:40.640> capture<00:45:41.000> the" + }, + { + "start": 2741.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "our formal models never capture the" + }, + { + "start": 2741.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "our formal models never capture the whole<00:45:41.400> thing.<00:45:41.960> And<00:45:42.080> we<00:45:42.160> thought<00:45:42.440> that<00:45:42.600> was" + }, + { + "start": 2742.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "whole thing. And we thought that was" + }, + { + "start": 2742.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "whole thing. And we thought that was negligible<00:45:43.360> for<00:45:43.560> quote<00:45:43.760> unquote<00:45:44.040> machines." + }, + { + "start": 2744.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "negligible for quote unquote machines." + }, + { + "start": 2744.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "negligible for quote unquote machines. It<00:45:44.760> is<00:45:44.880> absolutely<00:45:45.360> not<00:45:45.640> negligible<00:45:46.120> and<00:45:46.200> it" + }, + { + "start": 2746.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It is absolutely not negligible and it" + }, + { + "start": 2746.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "It is absolutely not negligible and it has<00:45:46.480> massive<00:45:46.960> implications<00:45:47.800> for<00:45:47.920> how<00:45:48.040> we<00:45:48.160> do" + }, + { + "start": 2748.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has massive implications for how we do" + }, + { + "start": 2748.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "has massive implications for how we do engineering,<00:45:48.840> how<00:45:48.960> we<00:45:49.080> do<00:45:49.280> AI<00:45:49.760> and<00:45:50.080> and<00:45:50.200> so<00:45:50.360> on." + }, + { + "start": 2750.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering, how we do AI and and so on." + }, + { + "start": 2750.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineering, how we do AI and and so on. We<00:45:50.520> could<00:45:50.760> talk<00:45:50.960> about<00:45:51.120> that<00:45:51.280> for<00:45:51.360> a<00:45:51.400> long" + }, + { + "start": 2751.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "We could talk about that for a long" + }, + { + "start": 2751.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "We could talk about that for a long time.<00:45:52.000> And<00:45:52.080> so<00:45:52.200> we<00:45:52.320> now<00:45:52.520> have<00:45:52.840> an<00:45:52.920> actual" + }, + { + "start": 2753.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time. And so we now have an actual" + }, + { + "start": 2753.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "time. And so we now have an actual research<00:45:53.600> program" + }, + { + "start": 2754.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research program" + }, + { + "start": 2754.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "research program on<00:45:54.840> what<00:45:55.000> you<00:45:55.080> might<00:45:55.280> consider<00:45:55.760> inspiration." + }, + { + "start": 2756.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on what you might consider inspiration." + }, + { + "start": 2756.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "on what you might consider inspiration. Inspiration<00:45:57.360> is<00:45:57.560> when<00:45:57.760> you<00:45:57.880> get<00:45:58.560> patterns," + }, + { + "start": 2759.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Inspiration is when you get patterns," + }, + { + "start": 2759.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Inspiration is when you get patterns, useful<00:45:59.880> ideas,<00:46:00.440> patterns,<00:46:01.280> symphonies," + }, + { + "start": 2762.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "useful ideas, patterns, symphonies," + }, + { + "start": 2762.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "useful ideas, patterns, symphonies, whatever<00:46:03.080> you<00:46:03.200> know," + }, + { + "start": 2763.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "whatever you know," + }, + { + "start": 2763.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "whatever you know, theorems<00:46:04.640> like<00:46:04.880> Ramanujan<00:46:05.360> got<00:46:05.920> all<00:46:06.080> these" + }, + { + "start": 2766.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theorems like Ramanujan got all these" + }, + { + "start": 2766.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "theorems like Ramanujan got all these things<00:46:06.640> from<00:46:06.880> this<00:46:07.200> from<00:46:07.600> some<00:46:07.920> space<00:46:08.320> that" + }, + { + "start": 2768.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things from this from some space that" + }, + { + "start": 2768.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "things from this from some space that you<00:46:08.720> did<00:46:08.880> not<00:46:09.200> put<00:46:09.360> in<00:46:09.440> the<00:46:09.560> effort<00:46:09.840> to" + }, + { + "start": 2770.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you did not put in the effort to" + }, + { + "start": 2770.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you did not put in the effort to meticulously<00:46:11.320> create<00:46:11.880> step-by-step." + }, + { + "start": 2772.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "meticulously create step-by-step." + }, + { + "start": 2772.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "meticulously create step-by-step. Neither<00:46:12.960> created,<00:46:13.440> you<00:46:13.640> know,<00:46:13.720> neither" + }, + { + "start": 2774.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Neither created, you know, neither" + }, + { + "start": 2774.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Neither created, you know, neither engineered,<00:46:14.800> evolved,<00:46:15.360> or" + }, + { + "start": 2776.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineered, evolved, or" + }, + { + "start": 2776.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineered, evolved, or or<00:46:16.720> or<00:46:16.840> learned.<00:46:17.600> And<00:46:17.760> so,<00:46:18.640> so<00:46:18.800> we<00:46:18.920> can<00:46:19.040> now<00:46:19.160> do" + }, + { + "start": 2779.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or or learned. And so, so we can now do" + }, + { + "start": 2779.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "or or learned. And so, so we can now do this<00:46:19.520> with<00:46:19.720> very<00:46:20.000> simple<00:46:20.720> very<00:46:20.960> simple" + }, + { + "start": 2781.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this with very simple very simple" + }, + { + "start": 2781.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "this with very simple very simple systems<00:46:22.200> by<00:46:22.400> creating<00:46:23.080> robots<00:46:23.560> that<00:46:23.680> are" + }, + { + "start": 2783.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems by creating robots that are" + }, + { + "start": 2783.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "systems by creating robots that are powered<00:46:24.320> by" + }, + { + "start": 2785.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "powered by" + }, + { + "start": 2785.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "powered by mathematical<00:46:26.120> objects,<00:46:26.640> but<00:46:26.800> also<00:46:27.040> by<00:46:27.160> some" + }, + { + "start": 2787.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical objects, but also by some" + }, + { + "start": 2787.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical objects, but also by some other<00:46:27.600> things<00:46:27.960> and<00:46:28.440> you<00:46:28.480> know,<00:46:28.560> so" + }, + { + "start": 2788.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other things and you know, so" + }, + { + "start": 2788.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "other things and you know, so mathematical<00:46:29.280> objects<00:46:29.720> are<00:46:30.320> signals<00:46:30.800> from" + }, + { + "start": 2791.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical objects are signals from" + }, + { + "start": 2791.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "mathematical objects are signals from bacteria,<00:46:31.800> cosmic<00:46:32.160> microwave<00:46:32.560> background," + }, + { + "start": 2793.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bacteria, cosmic microwave background," + }, + { + "start": 2793.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "bacteria, cosmic microwave background, believe<00:46:33.240> it<00:46:33.320> or<00:46:33.400> else." + }, + { + "start": 2794.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "believe it or else." + }, + { + "start": 2794.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "believe it or else. They<00:46:34.800> can<00:46:35.000> do<00:46:35.280> interesting<00:46:35.920> things<00:46:36.200> when<00:46:36.360> you" + }, + { + "start": 2796.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They can do interesting things when you" + }, + { + "start": 2796.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "They can do interesting things when you give<00:46:36.640> them<00:46:36.800> bodies,<00:46:37.240> when<00:46:37.400> you<00:46:37.480> give<00:46:37.640> them" + }, + { + "start": 2797.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "give them bodies, when you give them" + }, + { + "start": 2797.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "give them bodies, when you give them robotic<00:46:38.320> bodies.<00:46:39.080> So,<00:46:39.840> yes,<00:46:40.320> we're<00:46:40.520> the" + }, + { + "start": 2800.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "robotic bodies. So, yes, we're the" + }, + { + "start": 2800.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "robotic bodies. So, yes, we're the beneficiaries<00:46:41.480> of<00:46:41.560> ingressing<00:46:42.000> patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2802.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "beneficiaries of ingressing patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2802.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "beneficiaries of ingressing patterns that<00:46:42.600> we<00:46:42.680> don't<00:46:42.920> pay<00:46:43.120> for<00:46:43.440> in<00:46:43.560> the" + }, + { + "start": 2803.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we don't pay for in the" + }, + { + "start": 2803.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that we don't pay for in the conventional<00:46:44.880> model<00:46:45.200> of<00:46:45.360> of<00:46:46.040> physics<00:46:46.440> and" + }, + { + "start": 2806.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conventional model of of physics and" + }, + { + "start": 2806.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "conventional model of of physics and computation,<00:46:47.520> but<00:46:48.280> actually<00:46:48.920> even<00:46:49.240> dumb" + }, + { + "start": 2809.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation, but actually even dumb" + }, + { + "start": 2809.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computation, but actually even dumb machines<00:46:49.880> get<00:46:50.120> this<00:46:50.440> too<00:46:50.800> in<00:46:50.920> this<00:46:51.160> in<00:46:51.320> a" + }, + { + "start": 2811.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines get this too in this in a" + }, + { + "start": 2811.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "machines get this too in this in a course<00:46:51.960> in<00:46:52.040> a<00:46:52.120> small<00:46:52.440> way.<00:46:53.080> And<00:46:53.240> also,<00:46:53.640> I<00:46:53.720> think" + }, + { + "start": 2813.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "course in a small way. And also, I think" + }, + { + "start": 2813.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "course in a small way. And also, I think we<00:46:54.240> actually<00:46:54.680> are<00:46:54.880> patterns.<00:46:55.320> We're<00:46:55.400> not<00:46:55.520> just" + }, + { + "start": 2815.71, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we actually are patterns. We're not just" + }, + { + "start": 2815.72, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we actually are patterns. We're not just impinged<00:46:56.200> upon<00:46:56.480> by<00:46:56.640> patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2817.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impinged upon by patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2817.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "impinged upon by patterns. So,<00:46:57.960> I'm<00:46:58.280> just<00:46:58.480> going<00:46:58.600> to<00:46:58.680> I'm<00:46:58.800> just<00:46:58.920> going<00:46:59.040> to" + }, + { + "start": 2819.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, I'm just going to I'm just going to" + }, + { + "start": 2819.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "So, I'm just going to I'm just going to summarize<00:46:59.520> here<00:46:59.680> and<00:46:59.760> then<00:47:00.000> and<00:47:00.080> then<00:47:00.160> I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2820.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "summarize here and then and then I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2820.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "summarize here and then and then I'm done." + }, + { + "start": 2821.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "done." + }, + { + "start": 2821.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "done. Um,<00:47:01.480> basically,<00:47:01.960> I<00:47:02.000> think<00:47:02.240> these<00:47:02.440> patterns<00:47:03.080> of" + }, + { + "start": 2823.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, basically, I think these patterns of" + }, + { + "start": 2823.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um, basically, I think these patterns of of<00:47:03.840> of<00:47:04.040> form<00:47:04.400> of<00:47:04.520> behavior<00:47:05.200> and<00:47:05.320> so<00:47:05.440> on<00:47:05.560> are" + }, + { + "start": 2825.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of form of behavior and so on are" + }, + { + "start": 2825.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of form of behavior and so on are ubiquitous.<00:47:06.600> Genetics<00:47:07.040> and<00:47:07.120> emergence<00:47:07.600> is" + }, + { + "start": 2827.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ubiquitous. Genetics and emergence is" + }, + { + "start": 2827.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ubiquitous. Genetics and emergence is absolutely<00:47:08.360> insufficient<00:47:08.960> for<00:47:09.120> the<00:47:09.320> life" + }, + { + "start": 2829.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely insufficient for the life" + }, + { + "start": 2829.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "absolutely insufficient for the life sciences<00:47:10.040> of<00:47:10.120> the<00:47:10.240> future,<00:47:10.560> but<00:47:10.680> also<00:47:10.960> for<00:47:11.080> the" + }, + { + "start": 2831.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sciences of the future, but also for the" + }, + { + "start": 2831.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "sciences of the future, but also for the ethics<00:47:11.680> and<00:47:11.840> engineering<00:47:12.360> of<00:47:12.480> the<00:47:12.600> future." + }, + { + "start": 2833.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ethics and engineering of the future." + }, + { + "start": 2833.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "ethics and engineering of the future. Emergence<00:47:14.080> is<00:47:14.200> not<00:47:14.400> going<00:47:14.640> to<00:47:14.720> do<00:47:14.920> the<00:47:15.320> do<00:47:15.480> the" + }, + { + "start": 2835.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Emergence is not going to do the do the" + }, + { + "start": 2835.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Emergence is not going to do the do the trick." + }, + { + "start": 2836.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "trick." + }, + { + "start": 2836.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "trick. And<00:47:17.080> the<00:47:17.160> free<00:47:17.360> lunches<00:47:18.040> are" + }, + { + "start": 2839.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the free lunches are" + }, + { + "start": 2839.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And the free lunches are they're<00:47:19.560> they're<00:47:19.720> most<00:47:20.160> obvious<00:47:20.680> in" + }, + { + "start": 2840.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're they're most obvious in" + }, + { + "start": 2840.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "they're they're most obvious in biologicals,<00:47:21.520> they're<00:47:21.640> the<00:47:21.720> most<00:47:22.000> amazing<00:47:22.400> in" + }, + { + "start": 2842.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals, they're the most amazing in" + }, + { + "start": 2842.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals, they're the most amazing in biologicals,<00:47:23.480> but<00:47:23.760> you<00:47:23.880> can't<00:47:24.080> really" + }, + { + "start": 2844.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals, but you can't really" + }, + { + "start": 2844.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals, but you can't really quantify<00:47:24.760> or<00:47:24.880> prove<00:47:25.120> anything<00:47:25.640> in" + }, + { + "start": 2845.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantify or prove anything in" + }, + { + "start": 2845.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "quantify or prove anything in biologicals.<00:47:26.520> They're<00:47:26.640> too<00:47:26.760> complex.<00:47:27.200> So," + }, + { + "start": 2847.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals. They're too complex. So," + }, + { + "start": 2847.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "biologicals. They're too complex. So, but<00:47:27.600> they<00:47:27.680> can<00:47:27.920> be<00:47:28.040> quantified<00:47:28.640> in<00:47:28.800> minimal" + }, + { + "start": 2849.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but they can be quantified in minimal" + }, + { + "start": 2849.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "but they can be quantified in minimal computational<00:47:29.920> systems.<00:47:30.720> And<00:47:31.040> and<00:47:31.280> so," + }, + { + "start": 2851.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computational systems. And and so," + }, + { + "start": 2851.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "computational systems. And and so, that's<00:47:32.040> why<00:47:32.680> um" + }, + { + "start": 2853.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's why um" + }, + { + "start": 2853.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that's why um I'm<00:47:33.760> not<00:47:33.840> going<00:47:33.960> to<00:47:34.000> take<00:47:34.120> the<00:47:34.240> time<00:47:34.440> to<00:47:34.680> to<00:47:34.920> to" + }, + { + "start": 2855.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm not going to take the time to to to" + }, + { + "start": 2855.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "I'm not going to take the time to to to to<00:47:35.400> go<00:47:35.600> through<00:47:35.920> all<00:47:36.200> all<00:47:36.360> of<00:47:36.440> this<00:47:36.600> stuff." + }, + { + "start": 2857.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to go through all all of this stuff." + }, + { + "start": 2857.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to go through all all of this stuff. But<00:47:37.680> that's<00:47:37.880> why<00:47:38.000> we<00:47:38.120> have<00:47:38.280> research<00:47:38.680> program." + }, + { + "start": 2859.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But that's why we have research program." + }, + { + "start": 2859.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "But that's why we have research program. You<00:47:39.240> know,<00:47:39.360> this<00:47:39.560> is<00:47:39.680> not<00:47:39.960> just<00:47:40.280> philosophy.<00:47:40.760> I" + }, + { + "start": 2860.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You know, this is not just philosophy. I" + }, + { + "start": 2860.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "You know, this is not just philosophy. I have<00:47:40.920> six<00:47:41.120> people<00:47:41.600> working<00:47:41.920> on<00:47:42.040> all<00:47:42.160> this" + }, + { + "start": 2862.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have six people working on all this" + }, + { + "start": 2862.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "have six people working on all this stuff<00:47:42.800> in<00:47:43.240> figuring<00:47:43.720> out<00:47:44.200> what<00:47:44.440> does<00:47:44.600> that" + }, + { + "start": 2864.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stuff in figuring out what does that" + }, + { + "start": 2864.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stuff in figuring out what does that space<00:47:45.200> offer<00:47:45.520> you?<00:47:45.960> Does<00:47:46.120> it<00:47:46.240> offer<00:47:46.480> you" + }, + { + "start": 2866.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space offer you? Does it offer you" + }, + { + "start": 2866.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space offer you? Does it offer you static<00:47:47.000> patterns<00:47:47.440> like<00:47:47.760> like<00:47:48.000> the<00:47:48.080> digits<00:47:48.400> of" + }, + { + "start": 2868.55, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "static patterns like like the digits of" + }, + { + "start": 2868.56, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "static patterns like like the digits of E?<00:47:48.920> Yes,<00:47:49.280> but<00:47:49.440> also<00:47:49.720> dynamic<00:47:50.280> behavioral" + }, + { + "start": 2871.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "E? Yes, but also dynamic behavioral" + }, + { + "start": 2872.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "E? Yes, but also dynamic behavioral policies,<00:47:52.640> which<00:47:52.800> is<00:47:52.920> what<00:47:53.040> allow<00:47:53.560> our<00:47:53.760> robots" + }, + { + "start": 2874.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "policies, which is what allow our robots" + }, + { + "start": 2874.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "policies, which is what allow our robots with<00:47:54.600> no<00:47:54.880> controller<00:47:55.400> or" + }, + { + "start": 2876.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with no controller or" + }, + { + "start": 2876.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with no controller or just<00:47:56.480> the<00:47:56.600> patterns<00:47:57.120> to<00:47:57.440> to<00:47:57.680> do<00:47:57.880> tasks." + }, + { + "start": 2879.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just the patterns to to do tasks." + }, + { + "start": 2879.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "just the patterns to to do tasks. Um<00:47:59.560> and<00:47:59.880> um<00:48:00.160> it<00:48:00.240> was<00:48:00.360> so<00:48:00.480> what's<00:48:00.680> in<00:48:00.800> this" + }, + { + "start": 2880.95, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and um it was so what's in this" + }, + { + "start": 2880.96, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Um and um it was so what's in this space?<00:48:01.320> Why<00:48:01.560> does<00:48:01.800> it<00:48:01.880> do<00:48:02.040> these<00:48:02.200> patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2883.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space? Why does it do these patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2883.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "space? Why does it do these patterns inhibit<00:48:04.200> certain<00:48:04.600> interfaces<00:48:05.200> and<00:48:05.280> not" + }, + { + "start": 2885.39, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inhibit certain interfaces and not" + }, + { + "start": 2885.4, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "inhibit certain interfaces and not others<00:48:05.920> and<00:48:06.040> so<00:48:06.200> on.<00:48:06.440> All<00:48:06.640> of<00:48:06.680> these<00:48:06.880> are<00:48:06.960> now" + }, + { + "start": 2887.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "others and so on. All of these are now" + }, + { + "start": 2887.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "others and so on. All of these are now tractable.<00:48:07.720> We're<00:48:07.880> actually<00:48:08.200> doing" + }, + { + "start": 2888.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tractable. We're actually doing" + }, + { + "start": 2888.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "tractable. We're actually doing experiments.<00:48:09.040> There<00:48:09.200> are<00:48:09.640> couple<00:48:09.880> of<00:48:09.920> papers" + }, + { + "start": 2890.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments. There are couple of papers" + }, + { + "start": 2890.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "experiments. There are couple of papers out,<00:48:10.520> many<00:48:10.760> more<00:48:11.080> coming<00:48:11.360> this<00:48:11.560> summer<00:48:11.840> and" + }, + { + "start": 2892.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out, many more coming this summer and" + }, + { + "start": 2892.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "out, many more coming this summer and and<00:48:12.240> fall." + }, + { + "start": 2893.23, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and fall." + }, + { + "start": 2893.24, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "and fall. And<00:48:13.320> this<00:48:13.440> is<00:48:13.560> critical<00:48:14.360> because<00:48:15.120> right<00:48:15.360> now" + }, + { + "start": 2895.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this is critical because right now" + }, + { + "start": 2895.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And this is critical because right now we<00:48:15.840> live<00:48:16.200> mostly<00:48:16.680> with<00:48:16.840> biologicals,<00:48:17.880> but<00:48:18.160> all" + }, + { + "start": 2898.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we live mostly with biologicals, but all" + }, + { + "start": 2898.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "we live mostly with biologicals, but all of<00:48:18.600> these<00:48:18.840> kinds<00:48:19.080> of<00:48:19.160> things,<00:48:19.400> pretty<00:48:19.560> much" + }, + { + "start": 2899.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of these kinds of things, pretty much" + }, + { + "start": 2899.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of these kinds of things, pretty much any<00:48:20.080> combination<00:48:20.720> of<00:48:21.200> evolved<00:48:21.680> material," + }, + { + "start": 2902.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any combination of evolved material," + }, + { + "start": 2902.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "any combination of evolved material, engineered<00:48:23.000> material,<00:48:23.640> and<00:48:23.800> software<00:48:24.720> is" + }, + { + "start": 2904.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineered material, and software is" + }, + { + "start": 2905.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "engineered material, and software is some<00:48:25.280> kind<00:48:25.640> of<00:48:25.720> a<00:48:25.800> possible<00:48:26.280> embodied<00:48:26.760> agent" + }, + { + "start": 2907.03, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some kind of a possible embodied agent" + }, + { + "start": 2907.04, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "some kind of a possible embodied agent that<00:48:27.160> is<00:48:27.280> going<00:48:27.520> to<00:48:27.640> host<00:48:28.360> these<00:48:28.600> patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2909.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is going to host these patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2909.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "that is going to host these patterns. And<00:48:29.560> there<00:48:29.680> are<00:48:29.800> so<00:48:30.040> many<00:48:30.280> different<00:48:30.680> kinds<00:48:31.000> of" + }, + { + "start": 2911.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And there are so many different kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 2911.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "And there are so many different kinds of minds,<00:48:31.720> you<00:48:31.800> know,<00:48:31.920> cyborgs<00:48:32.480> and<00:48:32.600> hybrids<00:48:33.120> and" + }, + { + "start": 2913.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minds, you know, cyborgs and hybrids and" + }, + { + "start": 2913.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "minds, you know, cyborgs and hybrids and humans<00:48:33.840> with<00:48:34.160> altered<00:48:34.960> Every<00:48:35.200> every" + }, + { + "start": 2915.43, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans with altered Every every" + }, + { + "start": 2915.44, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "humans with altered Every every imaginable<00:48:36.440> being<00:48:36.840> is<00:48:36.960> going<00:48:37.200> to<00:48:37.280> be<00:48:37.520> here" + }, + { + "start": 2917.79, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "imaginable being is going to be here" + }, + { + "start": 2917.8, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "imaginable being is going to be here with<00:48:37.960> us.<00:48:38.480> We<00:48:38.600> need<00:48:38.800> to<00:48:38.920> figure<00:48:39.200> out<00:48:39.320> how<00:48:39.400> to<00:48:39.520> do" + }, + { + "start": 2919.63, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with us. We need to figure out how to do" + }, + { + "start": 2919.64, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "with us. We need to figure out how to do an<00:48:39.760> ethical<00:48:40.120> symbiosis<00:48:40.880> with<00:48:41.040> them.<00:48:41.200> We<00:48:41.320> need" + }, + { + "start": 2921.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an ethical symbiosis with them. We need" + }, + { + "start": 2921.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "an ethical symbiosis with them. We need to<00:48:42.120> learn<00:48:42.480> to<00:48:42.640> live<00:48:42.920> with<00:48:43.160> creatures<00:48:43.560> that<00:48:43.680> are" + }, + { + "start": 2923.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to learn to live with creatures that are" + }, + { + "start": 2923.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to learn to live with creatures that are not<00:48:44.040> like<00:48:44.240> us.<00:48:44.800> And<00:48:44.920> this<00:48:45.160> this<00:48:45.360> machine<00:48:46.160> life" + }, + { + "start": 2926.59, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not like us. And this this machine life" + }, + { + "start": 2926.6, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "not like us. And this this machine life thing<00:48:46.920> is<00:48:47.040> not<00:48:47.520> I'm<00:48:47.640> not<00:48:47.840> going<00:48:47.960> to<00:48:48.040> do<00:48:48.160> it.<00:48:48.280> It" + }, + { + "start": 2928.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing is not I'm not going to do it. It" + }, + { + "start": 2928.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "thing is not I'm not going to do it. It is<00:48:48.560> I<00:48:48.720> I<00:48:48.840> think<00:48:49.120> factually<00:48:49.680> wrong<00:48:49.960> as<00:48:50.040> a<00:48:50.080> matter" + }, + { + "start": 2930.31, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is I I think factually wrong as a matter" + }, + { + "start": 2930.32, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "is I I think factually wrong as a matter of<00:48:50.440> empirical<00:48:50.880> data.<00:48:51.680> And<00:48:52.080> I<00:48:52.160> think<00:48:52.480> this,<00:48:52.880> you" + }, + { + "start": 2932.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of empirical data. And I think this, you" + }, + { + "start": 2933.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of empirical data. And I think this, you know,<00:48:53.160> classic<00:48:53.720> picture<00:48:54.000> of<00:48:54.160> Adam<00:48:54.440> naming<00:48:54.760> the" + }, + { + "start": 2934.87, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know, classic picture of Adam naming the" + }, + { + "start": 2934.88, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "know, classic picture of Adam naming the animals<00:48:55.280> in<00:48:55.360> the<00:48:55.440> Garden<00:48:55.720> of<00:48:55.800> Eden<00:48:56.320> is<00:48:57.240> going" + }, + { + "start": 2937.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals in the Garden of Eden is going" + }, + { + "start": 2937.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "animals in the Garden of Eden is going to<00:48:57.640> look<00:48:57.880> much<00:48:58.160> more<00:48:58.360> like<00:48:58.560> this.<00:48:58.760> And<00:48:58.880> the" + }, + { + "start": 2938.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to look much more like this. And the" + }, + { + "start": 2939.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to look much more like this. And the idea<00:48:59.280> is<00:48:59.400> that<00:49:00.000> it's<00:49:00.160> going<00:49:00.320> to<00:49:00.360> be<00:49:00.480> very" + }, + { + "start": 2941.67, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "idea is that it's going to be very" + }, + { + "start": 2941.68, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "idea is that it's going to be very weird<00:49:02.040> and<00:49:02.160> very,<00:49:02.600> you<00:49:02.720> know,<00:49:02.800> and<00:49:02.920> very" + }, + { + "start": 2943.15, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "weird and very, you know, and very" + }, + { + "start": 2943.16, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "weird and very, you know, and very diverse.<00:49:03.680> And<00:49:04.120> we're<00:49:04.280> going<00:49:04.440> to<00:49:04.520> be<00:49:04.600> able<00:49:04.760> to" + }, + { + "start": 2944.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse. And we're going to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 2944.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "diverse. And we're going to be able to understand<00:49:05.320> ourselves<00:49:05.800> a<00:49:05.840> lot<00:49:06.040> better<00:49:06.600> if<00:49:06.840> we" + }, + { + "start": 2947.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand ourselves a lot better if we" + }, + { + "start": 2947.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "understand ourselves a lot better if we if<00:49:07.320> we<00:49:08.040> embrace<00:49:08.720> the<00:49:09.120> the<00:49:09.200> research<00:49:09.520> program" + }, + { + "start": 2949.83, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if we embrace the the research program" + }, + { + "start": 2949.84, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "if we embrace the the research program of<00:49:10.040> of<00:49:10.200> diverse<00:49:10.560> intelligence.<00:49:11.440> So<00:49:12.160> I<00:49:12.360> will" + }, + { + "start": 2952.51, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of diverse intelligence. So I will" + }, + { + "start": 2952.52, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of of diverse intelligence. So I will stop<00:49:12.760> here<00:49:12.920> just<00:49:13.120> to<00:49:13.240> thank<00:49:13.480> the<00:49:13.600> people<00:49:13.880> who" + }, + { + "start": 2953.99, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stop here just to thank the people who" + }, + { + "start": 2954.0, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "stop here just to thank the people who did<00:49:14.240> all<00:49:14.440> of<00:49:14.520> the<00:49:14.640> hard<00:49:14.840> work<00:49:15.000> that<00:49:15.160> I<00:49:15.200> showed" + }, + { + "start": 2955.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "did all of the hard work that I showed" + }, + { + "start": 2955.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "did all of the hard work that I showed you<00:49:15.560> today." + }, + { + "start": 2956.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you today." + }, + { + "start": 2956.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you today. Lots<00:49:16.720> of<00:49:16.800> amazing<00:49:17.160> collaborations.<00:49:17.800> I<00:49:17.840> have" + }, + { + "start": 2957.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Lots of amazing collaborations. I have" + }, + { + "start": 2957.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "Lots of amazing collaborations. I have to<00:49:18.000> do<00:49:18.080> three<00:49:18.360> disclosures,<00:49:19.320> no<00:49:19.520> four" + }, + { + "start": 2960.07, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to do three disclosures, no four" + }, + { + "start": 2960.08, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "to do three disclosures, no four actually,<00:49:20.480> of<00:49:20.680> companies<00:49:21.120> that<00:49:21.240> have" + }, + { + "start": 2961.35, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually, of companies that have" + }, + { + "start": 2961.36, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "actually, of companies that have licensed<00:49:22.120> some<00:49:22.320> of<00:49:22.440> the<00:49:22.640> intellectual" + }, + { + "start": 2963.11, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "licensed some of the intellectual" + }, + { + "start": 2963.12, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "licensed some of the intellectual property<00:49:23.520> that<00:49:23.800> comes<00:49:24.040> out<00:49:24.160> of<00:49:24.280> these<00:49:24.600> kinds" + }, + { + "start": 2964.91, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "property that comes out of these kinds" + }, + { + "start": 2964.92, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "property that comes out of these kinds of<00:49:25.000> things.<00:49:25.600> And" + }, + { + "start": 2966.47, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of things. And" + }, + { + "start": 2966.48, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "of things. And you<00:49:26.600> know,<00:49:26.840> I<00:49:27.040> always<00:49:27.240> like<00:49:27.400> to<00:49:27.480> thank<00:49:27.680> the" + }, + { + "start": 2967.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, I always like to thank the" + }, + { + "start": 2967.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "you know, I always like to thank the model<00:49:28.040> systems<00:49:28.440> because<00:49:28.760> they<00:49:28.880> do<00:49:29.040> all<00:49:29.160> the" + }, + { + "start": 2969.27, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "model systems because they do all the" + }, + { + "start": 2969.28, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "model systems because they do all the hard<00:49:29.480> work<00:49:29.680> in<00:49:29.840> in<00:49:30.000> teaching<00:49:30.320> us<00:49:30.440> about<00:49:30.600> these" + }, + { + "start": 2970.75, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hard work in in teaching us about these" + }, + { + "start": 2970.76, + "duration": 0.0, + "text": "hard work in in teaching us about these things.<00:49:31.280> So<00:49:31.600> I<00:49:31.680> will<00:49:31.840> stop<00:49:32.080> here." + } + ], + "plain": "And uh much of what I'm going to tell\nyou today, although not everything\nbecause this needs to be significantly\nupdated. I wrote this almost a year ago,\nso um you can take a look in this paper,\nbut I'm going to upload a new version\nprobably next week. So, the first thing\nI want to say is that uh I run a a wet\nlab. Um\nwe do experiments at the intersection of\nuh biophysics, computer science, and\ncognitive science. And uh what I what I\nthink we do, you know, on our best day,\noccasionally, what what works out, is\nthat we can take some deep ideas from\nphilosophy and actually push them all\nthe way through practical applications.\nSo, the outputs of our lab are things\nlike um\ndiscoveries for regenerative medicine,\nbirth defects, uh organ regeneration,\ncancer, uh AI, bioengineering. These are\nThese are things that that come out. And\nso, everything that I'm going to tell\nyou is aimed at uh experiment and\napplication. The idea is that we have to\nhave new research programs. That is\neverything. And so, so um someone asked\num a moment ago around\nyou know, whether these things have to\nmake make contact with with predictive\nexperiments. Absolutely not. Not only to\nexplain things that people have already\nseen, but actually to give rise to new\nresearch programs. That I think is\nabsolutely critical. Not just looking\nbackwards, because looking backwards you\ncan epicycle almost anything into a\nconventional paradigm. The question is,\ndoes it does it lead you to do new\nexperiments and find new things with new\napplications? So, that that is kind of\nuh the the good news is that I'm going\nto show you lots of lots of experiments\nand um lots of model systems for\nstudying these questions. The bad news\nthat it prevents me from saying some\nvery sort of\nyou know, cosmic kinds of things that\npeople often ask me about, and I\ntypically don't talk about those things\nbecause unless we have either data or a\nway a way to address them\nexperimentally, I I you know, I I don't\ntalk about it in public. So,\nuh one of the things that that people\nsometimes say we do is bioinspired\nengineering. Now, the way typically\npeople think of bioinspired is that they\ntake things the biology is doing and\nthen they try to make technology, for\nexample, AI that's going to use those\nprinciples. I actually think that it\nlooks something like this. Actually,\nbioinspired doesn't mean you take\ninspiration from biology. Bioinspired to\nme is figuring out what is the biology\ninspired by and thus what is the\nengineering going to be inspired by. So\nthese things are lateral and so now\nhere's the question, what what is it\ninspired by? So I'm going to try to tell\nyou what I think at this moment. So so a\nsummary of the whole thing goes like\nthis. Um\nI'm going to first\nargue that patterns, in particular\npatterns of form, patterns of behavior,\npatterns of physiology, patterns of\nphysiology, patterns of\ncomputation, all kinds of things are\nactually part of the same they're\nthey're kind they're the same thing. So\nso so morphogenesis and behavior in\nthree-dimensional space are not\ndifferent. They are they are just just\ndifferent aspects of of of different\naspects of of of different\nkinds of patterns and I think it's a\ncritical invariant that goes across\nbiology, cognitive science, and many\nother disciplines.\nNow, we're interested in knowing what\ndetermines these patterns. Where do they\nquote-unquote come from? I'm going to\naddress this, but I will tell you right\nnow that I think select selection and\nenvironment or history, you know,\nbiology and physics are not sufficient\nto answer this question.\nI'm also going to say that physicalism\nhas been dead for a long time.\nMostly we knew this because of\nmathematics and I think you know,\nPythagoras and probably long before was\nalready aware of this, but it's not just\nabout that. My hypothesis is that this\nlatent space that we're going to talk\nabout contains a very wide range of\npatterns that include the kinds of\nthings mathematicians study, but also\nhighly active, complex, high agency\npatterns that the behavior scientists\nwould recognize as kinds of minds.\nNow, the reason I didn't talk about this\nprior to 2025 is that we didn't have a\nresearch program for it. You know, lots\nof um\nas was just said, you know, lots of\nkind of deep thinkers over the the have\nsaid\nvaguely things like this, but but that's\ndifferent from having a research program\nto actually do do experiments. And now\nwe do. We now have model systems, which\nI'll describe to you, where we can\nactually quantify identify and quantify\nways in which our current frameworks are\nbroken. In particular, what's broken is\nour accounting of the effort we put in\nand what we get out. What we get out is\noften much more than what we've put in.\nThe delta, the difference there,\nis what you can call free lunches in the\nphysicist sense, tells us about the\nspace the structure latent space from\nwhich these things come, and and we can\nnow do experiments to find out why it\ncomes into certain physical interfaces\nand not others. Well, actually all of\nthem, but but in different ways.\nSo,\nI'm also going to argue at the end that\nthat we we we do receive so-called\ninspirations from that scale from that\nspace across scales. So, so your\nmolecular networks get them, your cells\nget them, tissues, organs. They we all\ngot them. But but but don't get to don't\ndon't don't don't feel too proud of\nyourselves because the quote-unquote\nmachines get them, too. This is this is\nwhat whatever this is\nbasically soaks into absolutely\neverything as far as I can tell. And\nfinally, and I won't have time to talk\nabout too much, but but but we can talk\nin the Q&A. I don't think we are\nphysical beings that occasionally get\naffected by patterns from the space. I I\nI think we are patterns. We we are the\npatterns looking out into a into a\nphysical interface.\nSo, so one thing that's that's\ninteresting about all of these kinds of\nquestions that we're asking is that we\ncan start to\ndelete\ncertain sharp categories that have been\nwith us for a long time, you know, from\npre-scientific times. And I think these\ncategories are now doing way more harm\nthan good. And so I'm going to just\npoint out a couple. One is this\nso-called difference\nor distinction between magical living\nbeings on one end and dumb machines on\nthe other end. And so we we know from a\ndevelopmental scale and also an\nevolutionary scale that we were all\nsingle cells once, you know, little\nblobs of chemistry and physics,\nunfertilized oocytes. Eventually, slowly\nand gradually, we became the subjects of\nbehavior science, psychoanalysis, love,\nall of those kinds of things.\nUh, but not but not only that, there's\nanother continuum, another gradual\ncontinuum, in which both biological\nchanges and technological changes, many\nof which are already happening, uh, are\ntelling us that it's really very\nnon-trivial to to write down a\ndescription of what you think a machine\nactually is. And and the implications of\nthis are going to be clear in a moment\nthat it's actually a a bad category that\nthat we leads us astray. And so, the the\nwe leads us astray. And so, the the\nthing is that the problem we are all\ngoing to face in society is this kind of\nthing. It's not the language models and\nit's not the you know, the AIs that\neverybody likes to say are not like\nhumans. Uh, that's fine. This is what\nwe're dealing with. You know, your\nneighbor is going to have some\npercentage of their brain and body\nreplaced, whether for medical reasons or\njust because of freedom of embodiment.\nThey're going to look very different in\nthe future.\nAnd basically, across the spectrum,\nokay, the spectrum of intelligence all\nthe way from very simple kinds of things\nuh, that\nthat can only be\nuh, interacted with by physical rewiring\nversus the tools of cybernetics and\ncontrol theory versus behavior science\nversus language and friendship and and\nand so on. This is a this is a spectrum\nand we really need to start to\nunderstand uh, our own origins and our\nown possibilities in light of the\nspectrum of possibilities of what's\ngoing on. I think our language really\ndoes us a disservice here. We have we\nhave two two words to describe things,\nwho and what. Yeah, if you want to\ndescribe a\nyou know, a noun, a system, you can\neither say you can either call it a who\nor you can call it a what. And I think\nthis is a fundamental problem that is\nuh, forces us to think in binary terms.\nI don't know what the answer is, but\nmaybe we can have something like this,\nlike a who with a little exponent and\nthe exponent tells you to what degree,\nwhere you are or where that system is on\nthe on the you know on the edge where\nyou know uh, uh\nuh some some way of letting our language\ncatch up to actually the the discoveries\nof a diverse intelligence research and\naway from ancient categories where we\nreally did only have two you know two\ntwo two categories. So so um so one\nthing one thing to keep in mind\nuh is is that uh even even when you're\ntalking about traditional brainy\norganisms and I'm going to talk about\ncell intelligence and things like this\nin a minute. But even in traditional\nbrainy organisms already you can see\nthat things are not simple. The standard\nmapping of the hardware that's required\nto maintain a certain amount of um uh uh\nif if if if efficacious uh a\nfunctionality let's say a normal human\nIQ and a normal human personality\nthere's already some some weird\nmismatches and Karina Coffman and I\nreviewed them in this paper where there\nare certain individuals with massive\nreductions of brain volume but normal or\nabove normal intelligent functional\nintelligence. Some of these people don't\neven know they're missing most of their\nbrain. So what's going on here? Why why\nis there I mean this is not common by\nany means but it doesn't take too many\nof these clinical cases to understand\nthat something is wrong in our\naccounting of what the mapping should be\nbetween the hardware uh and the and the\num the performance that you get out of\nit.\nThe other thing that uh I will point out\nis that life has embodiments and and uh\nuh traverses many different kinds of\nspaces besides the familiar\nthree-dimensional space. So we should\nremember as as humans with our own\nevolutionary history our own uh kind of\nobsession with vision and\nthree-dimensional space that uh\nwhile we are okay at recognizing\nintelligence when it moves in the same\n3D space that we do roughly same time\nscale roughly same um\nuh uh uh\nspatial scales\nbiology has been solving problems aka\nintelligent behavior in many many spaces\nbefore nerve and muscle appear long\nbefore. So high-dimensional\n. So high-dimensional\ntranscriptional spaces or gene\nexpression spaces, physiological state\nspaces, and anatomical morphospace,\nwhich is mostly what we work on in the\nlab.\nUh biology navigates all these spaces\nmaking decisions, taking\nuh sensory readings, uh\ndoing goal-directed functionalities. And\nAnd this has this has lots of lots of\nimplications for what we're going to\ntalk about.\nSo, um another thing to keep in mind is\nthat we are all collective\nintelligences, not just the beehives and\nthe ant colonies, but all of us. We're\nall made of things like this. Okay, so\nthis is a single cell, no brain, no\nnervous system, but you can see it's\nvery competent in its own local\ncognitive light cone here. It's doing\neverything it needs to do.\nThis is the kind of thing that that we\nare made of. And so, our bodies are kind\nof an ecosystem of diverse intelligence\nall the way from molecular networks up\nthrough all the different components and\nlayers. All of these things have\nagendas, they also have problems. Most\nof them can learn and have learning\ncapacity. So, so this becomes this\nbecomes also important that that this\nnotion that\nwe, the verbal intelligence that you can\nhave a conversation with, is the is the\none inhabitant of a body is absolutely\nwrong. And that's before you even get\ninto microbiome and things like this.\nJust just the layers of your actual body\nis are already\nan ecosystem of minds that live that\nlive with you. Now,\nnow let's let's let's lay down some some\nsome fundamentals here. First of all,\nso as was just mentioned,\nwe know this amazing process. You start\nwith a with an egg, you eventually very\nreliably end with something like this.\nBut I want to be clear for a number of\nreason for a number of reasons that I'll\nmention,\nthe the the standard concept of emergent\nemergence, so lots of simple local dumb\nrules,\nrules that are well described by\nthat are well described by\nchemistry in which systems have no\ngoals, they don't know anything, they\njust sort of roll on\nroll forward, and eventually emergence,\nyou know, something complex happens. You\ncan get complexity that way. It's very\nclear that that by following simple\nrules, you can get very complex outcomes\nand in fact reliable outcomes, but that\nisn't what's going on here. And um\nthe thing is that uh this this idea that\nwe can only use models of chemistry\nwhere the components have no goals and\ndon't know anything is an axiom. It is\nnot a result. It is not something that\nwas was shown or derived or proven to be\nsuccessful. And in fact, it's a terrible\naxiom. I I understand it might have been\nuseful when the only options were dumb\nlike rocks versus smart like like\nhumans, but that's no longer the case.\nSince the 1940s, we've had cybernetics\nand we've had uh lots of\nuh rigorous theory around how systems,\num whether natural or engineered, can\nhave goals. And it doesn't mean human\nmetacognitive uh\nuh size goals. It means\nuh there's a there's a spectrum of of\ntechniques that you can use to\nunderstand how systems have goals. And\nso, I you know, teleology shouldn't have\nbeen taboo past the 1940s. And I think\nactually nothing in biology uh can be\nproperly handled without understanding\nthat sticking to this low lowest uh uh\nrung of the cybernetic ladder is simply\nuh leaving too many useful tools on the\ntable. It's And evolution certainly\ndidn't do that. Didn't didn't stay at\nthis at this low level. So, so it is not\nabout emergence. Why? Because one of the\nthings that we see in these complex\nsystems is that they pursue\na goal. They they they don't merely have\ncomplex outcomes. They go toward a\nspecific pattern. Now, how do you know?\nYou can't just assume this. You can't uh\njust say this because you see them\nreliably doing it. You have to do\nperturbative experiments. So, for\nexample, if we scramble the face of this\ntadpole, it doesn't make a scrambled\nfrog, which it would if all of the\norgans were just following their\nstandard rules of of how far to go in\nwhat direction. So, these kind of uh\nPicasso-like scrambled tadpoles, nope,\nthey make pretty normal frogs because\nall the different organs will move in\ndifferent novel paths. Then they will uh\nsometimes go too far and to come back\nand they all rearrange themselves and uh\nthey make pretty pretty uh normal frog\nfaces.\nAnd then they stop and then they stop\nmoving. Same thing here, if you have an\naxolotl, you amputate the limb, these\ncells will grow really quickly, but then\nthey stop. The most amazing part of\nregeneration is that it stops. When does\nit stop? It stops when the correct\npattern has been completed. So, all of\nthis, again, uh doesn't you know, ever\nsince ever since we've understood about\nhomeostats, doesn't need to be magical.\nIt basically is a system that represents\nthe the journey that it's taking in\nmorphospace and anatomical space. It\nnavigates to that position using now\nwell-known uh mechanisms. And uh when it\ngets there, uh then then it stops, like\nany other kind of uh goal-seeking\nbehavior.\nUh and in fact, now so so so how does it\nknow what the what the patterns are? I I\nasked that question absolutely literally\nbecause the way that these systems know\nwhere they are going is exactly the same\nmechanisms by which you know where\nyou're going when you execute goals. Uh\nthe same way that your collective\nintelligence\nuses electrical processes in your brain,\nion channels, neurotransmitters,\nelectrical synapses, in electrical\nnetworks of the brain to to remember\ngoals and to guide goal-directed\nbehavior toward those goals, that\nexactly same system is evolutionarily\nancient. It was used long before you\nanybody had neurons to uh to remember\nwhat our shape was supposed to look\nlike. Uh back in 2000 or so, we\ndeveloped the first uh uh molecular\ntools to read and write these these\npatterns. So, we can literally see this\nis this is not AI or simulations or\nanything. These are these are actual\nuh data from an early frog embryo and\nfrom the cells in culture looking at\nthat now we can read in the vivo, in the\nliving state, we can now read the of the\nelectrical uh um\nmemory patterns that non-neural tissue\ndrives. And so, this is a particular\npattern here. This is we call this the\nelectric face. This is a pattern that\nshows up before any of the genes turn on\nto regionalize the tadpole face. So, it\nalready tells you everything you need to\nknow. Here's where the the animal's\nright eye is going to be. Here's where\nthe mouth is going to be. Here are the\nplacodes. What you're seeing here, by\nthe way, is not, you know, some some\nmystical energy. What you're seeing here\nare just voltage gradients between the\ninside and the outside of the cell\nplasma membrane. Just like in your\nbrain, that's what the neurons are\ndoing. But, this network is much slower.\nIt doesn't operate at milliseconds. It\noperates in minutes and and hours. And\nwhat it likes to think about is shape.\nAnd so, having done having seen this,\none of the things you might do is try to\nestablish the same bioelectrical pattern\nsomewhere else and see what happens. And\nif you do that, so here's a tadpole.\nHere's the Here's its normal eye.\nThere's the other one's on the other\nside. So, here's the mouth, the brain is\nup here, the gut. So, so if we establish\nby using ion channel injections this\nbioelectrical state somewhere else, here\nit is on the gut. The cells know exactly\nwhat this means. They interpret it as\nbuild an eye here, and they build an\neye. So, what I'm telling you here,\nwhich it will be important momentarily,\nis that we now have the ability to read\nand and write and rewrite, at least in\nsome cases, specific patterns that serve\nas the goal for a bonafide goal-directed\nsystem, which basically works to reduce\nerror. It uses an electrical network to\ngauge the delta between how are we now\nversus how are we supposed to be and try\nto reduce that delta. Here's another\nexample of this in these planaria.\nNormally nice one-headed flatworm, you\ncut it into pieces many times as you\nwant, very reliably you get a worm with\none head, one tail. How do they know how\nmany heads they're supposed to have? The\nanswer is not genetics. This This tissue\nis reprogrammable. And so, you can take\nthe exact same genetics, and you can\ntake this bioelectrical pattern that\ntells the animal one head, one tail, and\nactually enforce\nchange it to be two two\nAnd what that says to the tissue is oh,\na correct planarian should have two\nheads. And when you do this, guess what\nthey build. Here's a nice two-headed\nworm. The The memory is stable. If I\nkeep cutting it, the pattern actually\nremaps itself onto onto new sizes of\ntissue. So, you will continue to get\ntwo-headed worms as many times as you\nwant in in in in the future. Here they\nare.\nYou can see them hanging out. And\nagain, this is this has nothing to do\nwith the genetics. What the genetics\ndoes for you is to provide hardware that\nis re- programmable. But But after that,\nas we all know from using computers, the\nhardware is just the beginning of the\nstory. Then the question is, what are\nthe uh the the the informational goal\nstates that that can propagate through\nthat excitable medium? Now, one of the\nthings this hardware is good at, and\nhere's where we're actually going to get\ninto this issue of the\nuh the kind of the most controversial\npart. Every Everything that I've said\nshowed you now is\npretty much against the standard\nparadigm. But I mean, it's already in\nthe text It's in the developmental\nbiology textbook. You know, the stuff is\nis uh is is pretty pretty solid now for\ndecades. I'm going to show you the the\nyou know, the weirdest things next. But\none of the things this this hardware is\ngood at is visiting other types of\nattractors in morphospace. So, if you\nvisualize anatomical morphospace with\ndifferent shaped heads, flat heads,\nround heads, you know, triangular heads,\ndifferent shaped heads, what you can ask\nis\nuh uh No, no- Normally, there are\ndifferent species that live in this that\nlive in these different attractors. So,\nthis is where they go. Um could we ask a\na different species to go into these\nattractors? Turns out you can. So, we\ncan take a nice triangular-headed uh a a\nDugesia dorotocephala, cut off the head,\nperturb the bioelectric network\ntopology, and it it can grow uh a flat\nheads like a P. felina, round heads like\nan S. mediterranea. About 100 to 150\nmillion years distance between these\nanimals and these. And yet, the hardware\nhas no problem of visiting these other\nattractors, forming shapes of the brain,\ndistribution of stem cells, exactly like\nthese other species. So, the plasticity\nis is is is is remarkable. Now, this is\nwhat's going to what's going to lead us\nto\nto the model systems that I was talking\nabout. So far, what I've shown you is\nplasticity of standard forms. So, I've\nshowed you the ability to make a\nstandard frog eye in the wrong location,\nbut a standard frog eye, an ectopic\nnormal planarian head,\nwrong location, wrong number, but normal\nplanarian head. And here, the head of\nother species. So, let's go further.\nLet's start looking at shapes that and\nand configurations that have never\nexisted before. And the reason we're\ngoing to do this is to really hammer\nthis this issue of how much effort did\nyou put in and what did you get out?\nBecause up until now, everything that\nI've told you could all of these stories\ncould be told in a fairly standard\nevolutionary kind of tale. That that\nwhat why this why the material is\nreprogrammable, why these signals work.\nI can tell a very standard sort of\nDarwinian explanation for that. But but\nwe're going to reach the limits of that.\nso here's a few a few examples just for\nfun.\nIf I told you that I want to make it I\nwanted to make a tadpole that would not\nhave any eyes in the head. I want a\ntadpole with an eye on its tail.\nFurthermore, I don't want this eye\nconnected to the brain. I want the optic\nnerve to stop somewhere on the on the\nspinal cord or in the gut or somewhere\nlike that.\nAnd and I want this thing to be able to\nsee out of that eye. Even though the\neye's in a weird location, it's not\nconnected to the brain, I still to be\nable to see. What would you need to do?\nYou might think that wow, very\ndifficult,\nlots of rounds of mutation, selection,\nadaptation, maybe some kind of crazy\nengineering\nof the nervous system that you would\nhave to do. Turns out you don't have to\ndo anything. When we create these\nanimals,\nand we made a machine, this is an\nautomated system that trains and tests\nthese animals for vision for they learn\nand they learn visual tasks. Turns out\nthat yeah, when you when you when you\nforce the cells on the back of a of a of\na tail to make an eye and you track the\noptic nerve and it doesn't connect to\nanything, certainly not to the brain, in\nfact, they can still see. Didn't take\nany new rounds of of of\nevolution of selection of adaptation to\nto take a novel sensory motor\narchitecture and make it absolutely\nfunctional. Why does that work? That's\nreally weird. And just for fun, if you\nwonder what happens to these as the tail\ndisappears, um uh the tail is killed off\nby by program signals that that kill off\nthe tail in turn for a frog which isn't\nsupposed to have a tail. The uh the eye\ncompletely ignores all of those signals.\nIt it will not kill itself. It rides\nback as the tail disappears and\neventually lands on the on the behind of\nthe uh of the frog. If If nothing else\ntoday, you've seen a frog with an eye on\nhis butt, so\nso there is that. Um so, okay, so that's\nso that's that already we're starting to\nat's that already we're starting to\nsee there's something there's something\nfishy here. Uh why does this work out of\nthe box immediately with no no no\naccommodations needed? Let me ask you\nanother question. Uh if I if I had a\nturtle, so this is a a slow, shy reptile\nand what I want is to have a playful\ncat-like speed of its life. I want it to\nbe like a cat. What would we have to do?\nNow, you might think, \"Wow, um millions\nof years of evolution or maybe some kind\nof crazy neural engineering that nobody\nknows how to do.\" Turns out, you don't\nhave to do much. So, here's this guy\nthat put a turtle on a little skateboard\nand immediately this this this\nprosthetic, it didn't take a long time\nfor the turtle to first of all uh move\nat uh at this at a speed sufficient to\nplay with this cat. He wants to play\nwith the cat. The cat I guess doesn't\nknow what to make of it, but the turtle\nis perfectly able to keep up with him.\nSo, so what's going on here? This a very\nsmall adjustment to the physical uh\nembodiment unlocks a new cognitive\ndomain. I mean, have turtles for\nmillions of years been wanting to do\nthis and they just couldn't? I have no\nidea, but it makes you wonder, right? It\nmakes you wonder what would we be\ncapable of with really fairly small\ntweaks. But But again, that that delta\nbetween what you put what you put in and\nwhat happened. What is the latent space\nof the possibilities for this for this\nsystem? These kind of engineering\nchanges, doing these weird things, and\nI'm going to show you some much weirder\nthings, but but putting a turtle on a\nskateboard is basically like a periscope\nto find these these additional things\nthat you did not see coming. So,\nuh here's here's another interesting\nexample of these of these free gifts.\nAnd so now now we're really going to\nratchet this up.\nUm we showed a few years ago that if you\ntake small networks, molecular networks.\nSo, not even a cell, never mind a brain\nor a neuron,\nnot even a whole cell, just molecular\nnetworks. And they don't have to be\nlarge networks. The smallest one that\ncan do this has just four nodes. If you\nif you take molecular networks, you can\ntrain them. In other words, even even\neven simple molecular networks can do\nhabituation, sensitization, associative\nconditioning. It is very clear how it\nworks. It's dynamical system learning.\nNo nobody had seen it before because\nnobody had thought to test to test these\nsuch simple models for\nsuch a thing as learning, but it turns\na thing as learning, but it turns\nout that they do.\nAnd And here's here's the amazing thing.\nOh, and we're using this in our in our\nlab. We're using this for for medical\npurposes like drug conditioning and so\non. Turns out that if you can do\nPavlovian conditioning in molecular\nnetworks, it's basically a molecular\nplacebo, which means that you can\nassociate powerful drugs that you don't\nreally want to be taking with a uh with\na with a neutral drug. Uh eventually you\nyou know, you pair a presentation and so\non, and eventually you can use neutral\ndrugs to get the same effect. So, so\nthat's the practical application, but\nthere's something deep very very deep\nhere, which is this.\nIf you use causal emergence metrics, so\nthis is the mathematical tools uh\npioneered by people like uh Giulio\nTononi and Eric Hoel and and many others\nto try to quantify the degree to which\nwholes are more than the sum of their\nparts, right? So, so the integrated\ncausal uh uh identity of a level beyond\nthe low-level parts. So, so there's math\nfor this now. It's no longer just a\nphilosophical debate about the\nreductionism. There's actually math that\ntells you that some systems are\nabsolutely not suitable for the\nreductionist assumption.\nThere's something cool that happens. Um\nnetworks with higher causal emergence\nare are better learners.\nBut also, when you train them, their\ncausal emergence goes up. So, what's\nhappening here is that every time you\ntrain them, they become more and more of\nan integrated agent. But that makes them\nbetter at learning and so on. So,\nthere's this there's this amazing\nuh there's this amazing positive\nfeedback loop that we call the\nfunctional agency ratchet. Uh why is it\na ratchet? Because if you force them to\nforget, and that's really important for\nmedical reasons, you want your network\nsometimes to forget um physiological\nexperiences. When you force them to\nforget, you do not erase the gains that\nthey've made in becoming a higher-level\nintegrated agent. So, it's an asymmetry\nthat points\nuh upward in terms of agency and\nintelligence.\nIt's an it's an it's asymmetric. It\npoints upwards. But now So, now you say,\n\"Okay, where did this come from? Surely\nthis was evolution did this. Evolution\nbecause I mean, that kind of a thing is\num\nuh a very uh sort of you you would have\nto select, you know, needle in a\nhaystack for this kind of thing, right?\nYou would have to select for networks.\nSo, it turns out that that ratchet, if\nyou look at\nuh random networks compared to\nbiological networks, what you see is\nthat biology can improve it a little\nbit, but the random networks already do\nthis.\nThey are They are I don't know if this\nis fine-tuning the way that we see in\nsome of the parameters of the physical\nuniverse,\nbut in this is not a needle in a\nhaystack situation. Random networks are\nalready optimized for this incredible\nratchet. And so, it's not about\nreplicators or selection. There are no\nreplicators in these systems. Nothing is\nin these systems. Nothing is\nreplicating. Nothing is being selected\ning. Nothing is being selected\nfor. It is It does not come from\nphysics. It does not come from biology.\nIt is a free gift from mathematics. If\nyou want to know where this comes from,\nit comes from the way that causal\nemergence and network properties work.\nIt doesn't rely on any facts of\nmathematics. It doesn't rely on a\nhistory of selection and so on. So, this\nis So, this is now kind of crazy.\nBiologists\nuh biologists love uh to be able to\nexplain things in terms of either uh\ngenetics or environment. In other words,\na a history, right? Some kind of history\nof selection or physics. Those are the\nthat that Those are supposed to be the\nsources. So, we I think in in in looking\nat some of these things, I'm going to\nshow you some some more examples in a\nminute. We have to start asking, where\nelse can information come from? Well, I\njust want to point out that So, so if\nyou look at something like this, this is\nthe Halley plot of a simple function\ncomplex number. So, Z is a complex\nnumber here. Z cubed plus seven,\nsomething like that. If you plot it out,\ngives you this incredible order. And\nactually, I can make a video of it, but\nwhen by changing these parameters just a\ntiny bit for every frame here, you can\nsee this is this this amazing world. Um\nit's kind of cool. It doesn't hurt that\nthese things look vaguely biological and\norganic. That that's kind of fun.\nUm But But the one thing you have to\nrealize is that if I want to know why\nthe pattern of this equation is exactly\nthis, not something else, but exactly\nthis, I can't lean on physics. There is\nI can't lean on physics. There is\nnothing about physics that explains\nthis. I can't lean on selection or\nhistory. This was not selected to look\nlike this.\nThere's something else. So, there are\nApparently, there are facts that are not\nfacts of physics. They're They are facts\nof We call it mathematics.\nAnd so, um now we have to ask, what What\ndoes this have to do with biology? Does\nit have to do anything with biology?\nCould we find Could we go further? I\nmean, I've shown you um manipulation of\nstandard forms. I've shown you some\nsurprising sort of novel things you can\ndo. Could we find living forms with no\nhistory of selection for their specific\nproperties? So, I'll just show you uh\ntwo.\nOne we call Xenobots. This is what\nhappens when you take cells from a from\nthe epithelium. So, it's going to be\nskin from the epithelium of an early\nfrog embryo. We we liberate them from\nthe frog embryo. We dissociate them. We\nput them in a in a container by\nthemselves.\nThey could have died. They could have\ncrawled away from each other. They could\nhave made a flat monolayer like cell\nculture. Instead, what they do is this.\nYou can see it here. The each one of\nthese things is a single cell. Here's a\nlittle group. They don't all look like a\nlittle horse. I just thought this was a\nhorse. I just thought this was a\ncute example. Um they they they sort of\nmove as a collective. They they they\nthey assemble and they assemble into\nsomething we call a Xenobot. What is it\ndoing? Well,\nfirst of all, it has a little hairs. The\nhairs are used by a frog to move mucus\ndown the body and then get rid of\npathogens and things like that. But\nthese guys are using them to swim.\nThey're using them to row against the\nthe water. What you're seeing that this\nthis has never existed before. This is a\nthis is a patch of frog skin rebooting\nis a patch of frog skin rebooting\nits multicellularity into a new way of\nlife. They can move in circles. They can\nsort of patrol back and forth. They can\nhave collective motion. Um they can\nwith given neurons and you can but this\ndoes not have any neurons but but uh\nI might post that college threw some\nneurons in there and they can do all\nkinds of interesting things. Here's one\nsort of swimming around.\nUm here's one traversing this this this\nmaze structure. So, it goes here. It's\ngoing to take this corner without\nbumping into the opposite wall. So, it\ncan it can it it takes the corner then\nfor some reason it turns around, goes\nback where where it came from. Um one of\nthe most amazing things they do, we call\nkinematic self-replication. So, look,\nwe've made it impossible for these\ncreatures to reproduce in the normal\nfroggy fashion. We\ngive them a bunch of loose epithelial\ncells. That's what this white dust is\nhere that sprinkle everywhere. These are\nloose cells. And what they do is they\nrun around both collectively and\nindividually and they collect the cells\ninto little little piles. The little\npiles mature into the next generation of\nxenobots, and guess what they do. Uh\nthey do the exactly the same thing, and\nthey make the next generation, and they\nmake the next generation, and they\nmake the next generation. So, this\nability, it's kind of like von Neumann's\ndream, right, of a robot that goes\naround making copies of itself from uh\nmaterials it finds in the environment.\nUh is uh is is is something we you know,\nthere is no let's let's remember in\nthese xenobots, there is no genetic\nediting. We didn't touch the genome.\nThere are no new synthetic circuits. We\ndidn't do any synthetic biology. We\ndidn't add any scaffolds. There are no\nadd any scaffolds. There are no\nnanomaterials. There was no learning.\nThere you know, there was no training.\nThere was no selection, and uh there was\nwas no selection, and uh there was\nno uh engineering of these things beyond\ntaking the cells, liberating them from\nthe other cells, which typically bully\nthem into having a boring life as a as a\nyou know, outer skin, and letting them\nreboot into a new uh a lifestyle. And\nhere they are doing kinematic\nreplication.\nNow, you might say, \"Okay, well, maybe\nmaybe the amphibians are weird. Maybe\nthis is some kind of amphibian like\nweird amphibian thing.\" And I would ask\nyou, \"Well, what what do you think your\ncells would do if we liberated them?\nWhat would your cells do?\" Well,\nhere's a little creature. Uh we call\nthis an anthrobot. If you were to\nsequence it, you would find 100% homo\nsapiens. You would have zero clue from\nthe genome that this is anything but a\nhuman being. Uh\nthey also run around. They have they\nhave spontaneous spontaneous motion. You\ncould not guess what genome it had by\nwhat by by analyzing the their their\nshape or behavior. Um\nuh\nWe will one thing that we discovered\nthey do is they have this amazing\nhealing function. If I played a dish of\nhuman neurons and put a big scratch down\nthe middle, the anthrobots will find the\nscratch. They drive down the the scratch\nhere. They settle somewhere into in a\ngroup like this, and what they\nimmediately start to do is knit the\nneurons across the gap. Okay, here they\nare. These cells come from uh\nadult, not embryonic. There's no\nembryonic material here. These cells\ncome from adult tracheal epithelial\nsamples donated by by patients during\nbiopsies. So, we we buy the cells. They\nmake these anthrobots. Who knew that\nyour tracheal cells, which sit in your\nairway for very long periods of time\ndealing with dust particles and and and\nso on, have the ability to assemble into\na little creature. It has 9,000\ndifferentially expressed genes. Uh, so\nhalf the genome is differently\nexpressed. It is actually younger than\nthe cells they come from, so it actually\nrolls back its age by based on\nepigenetic clock data.\nAnd they have this ability to heal\nneural wounds. Obvious applications\nhere, right? This can, in theory, go\ninto your body, do repair. You wouldn't\nneed immunosuppression. These are your\nown cells, right? This is you know,\nthey're not genetically engineered. They\ncan go right into your right into your\nbody. So, and they have this amazing\namazing healing function, which we did\nnot select for, we did not train them\nfor, and we did not engineer. So, so so\nhere here we go. This is the final the\nfinal piece of all of this.\nUh, the whole point of of evolution is\nthat it was supposed to explain\ncomplexity with a high specificity for\nselection history. In other words, if\nyou ask why a specific animal or plant\nlooks the way it looks, acts the way it\nacts, you should be able to tell a\nstory. You should be able to guess the\nenvironment and tell a story of the\nselection pressures that killed off\neverything else and and and left this.\nOkay, that's a story maybe you can tell\nfor tadpole for the developmental stages\nof the frog and eventually the behavior\nof tadpoles.\nBut what about the xenobots? There's\nnever been any xenobots. There's never\nbeen selection to be a good xenobot or a\ngood anthrobot. None of these things\nhave been here before. No other creature\non Earth does kinematic replication.\nAnd you can't really say that, well, at\nthe same time that, um,\nuh, uh, the frog genome was learning to\nmake a good frog, uh, it also learned to\nmake xenobots. That isn't how this is\nxenobots. That isn't how this is\nsupposed to work. There's supposed to be\nsome degree of specificity. And in\nparticular, computer science forces us\nto ask, when did you pay the cost\nbecause computation and design always\nhave a cost. When did you pay the cost\nof designing good xenobots? We know when\nyou paid the cost to be a good frog or a\ngood human eons of selection.\nWhere does all this come from? When did\nyou pay this cost? Right? So we have to\nSo So we already know that our standard\nway of accounting for outcomes, right?\nSo So the the the the the math that says\nyou're supposed to put in some amount of\neffort. Effort comes in three forms. You\neither design it with an algorithm, you\nselect it with the evolutionary\nalgorithms, or you train it by learning.\nThose are the three ways we know how to\nput in effort. When you get something\nlike this, none of those three things\nhappened. And so something is broken.\nThere's some There's something There's\nThere's something we're we're missing\nthing we're we're missing\nhere.\nUm and I would argue that that here and\nand and I'm about to talk about this\nplatonic space. And my point isn't that\nI saw xenobots and anthrobots and\nimmediately went went platonic. That\nThat isn't it. I've been thinking about\nthese things in biology for decades, but\nnow we have a model system, in fact, two\nclasses of model systems, the biological\nand the computational, where we actually\nwhere this is now actionable, where we\ncan actually do experiments.\nBut But the fact I think we already knew\nlong before this is that uh physicalism\nis not viable. Um\nyou know, pretty much anywhere you start\nin biology or physics, if you keep\nasking why, like a like a five-year-old,\nright? You take a fact and you just go,\n\"But why? Why? Why?\" And you keep asking\nwhy. Eventually, you end up in the math\ndepartment. If you want to know why\nthat's the case, it's come out at 13 and\n17 years, the biologist says, \"Oh, it's\nso that the predators don't time their\narrival and eat them.\" Ah, so why 13 and\n17? Oh, it's because those are prime.\nBut why are those prime? Go talk to the\nmathematicians. Everything ends like\nthis. And in fact, um\nif you want to hear more talks about\nthis, we have a we have a symposium uh\nhere with about 30 talks of some amazing\npeople giving giving lectures about\nSo So here's here's what I think we\nhave. What What we already know and and\nI could I could talk for an hour just\njust examples, just just facts of\nmathematics that are not underwritten by\nany facts of physics that cannot be\nchanged by anything you do in the\nphysical world that cannot be discovered\nthrough physics alone, you know, truths\nof number theory and the specific value\nof Feigenbaum's constant and all this\nkind of stuff. Um,\nwe already know there are facts that are\nnot physical facts. That's been known\nforever. We know that these things\nimpact what happens in biology and they\nimpact what happens in physics. If you\nphysics. If you\nwant to know what particle properties\neventually it all boils down to the\nsymmetries of certain mathematical\nobjects.\nAnd so now you have a choice. What what\nmost people do with this currently is uh\nthey say look, these things are\nemergent. You know, the reason you got\nxenobots is because emergence. And they\nsay well what does that mean? And they\nsay well, they're just specific facts\n, they're just specific facts\nthat hold in our world. Let's let's have\nlet's have monism. We're not going to\nhave any any extra\nrealms with with with the structure in\nit. We're just going to we're just going\nto say there's physics and occasionally\ninteresting things emerge.\nAnd to me this is this is incredibly\npessimistic. This is a very mysterious\nview. I don't want to occasionally be\nsurprised and write things down in in a\nbig book of emergent surprises. I would\nrather\nassume that and this is a metaphysical\nstance of course that you can't prove\nthis, but I would like to assume for the\npurposes of experiment that there is an\nordered structured space of patterns\nthat underwrites some of the things that\nwe see. Okay? So so the the Platonist\nmathematicians and I realize this isn't\nall mathematicians, but a good chunk of\nthe mathematicians agree with this. It's\nnot random. These things are random.\nThey've been studying this for\nmillennia. They've been building a map\nof mathematics. They already know\nthere's a there's a set of truths that\nyou cannot change or or\nuh or or or derive from the physical\nworld and they are systematically\nstudying these things. So what I think\nis happening when we build these weird\nsynthetic morphology creatures, but also\nwhen you do anything, when you make an\nembryo, when you build a quote unquote\nmachine, we'll get to that in a minute,\nUm, of these things are uh kind of a\nwindow on this latent space of\npossibilities.\nUm,\nthis latent space of patterns. And, you\nknow, at this point people often say,\nI'm not I'm not sure about this\naudience, but but typical audiences I\ntalk to are extremely uh resistant to\nthat that idea. They say, \"We do not\nwant another realm. We don't We don't\nwant a realm.\" Even though I'm not\nrealm.\" Even though I'm not\narguing for a mysterious realm, I'm\nsaying the exact opposite. I think I\nthink emergence is is mysterious. I'm\narguing for a latent space of that is\nstructured that we are going to\nsystematically investigate, but but\npeople still don't want another realm.\nAnd so, what they typically say are one\nof two things. They say, \"Well, there\nare no separate math facts. Math facts\nare just facts of physics. Eventually,\nwe'll get to that. We'll We'll We'll\nknow that.\" And or or and or sometimes\npeople say, \"Math is an arbitrary human\nconstruction. You know, math doesn't\nexist outside of our our thinking about\nit.\" So, so, you know, my my latest way\nof of addressing this kind of thing is I\nI I ask how you feel about two claims.\nIf I claim that, well, the constants of\nphysics change over time, most people\nkind of shrug their shoulders and say,\n\"Ah, so the speed of light changes a\nlittle bit over you know, um,\ncosmological time scales. So, the\ngravitational constant changes. Who No\nbig deal. Who cares? Paul Dirac already\nsaid this in '37 that some of these\nthings might float a little bit.\"\nNow, I tell Now Now Now let's try this.\nI tell you, \"Hey, yeah, the math The The\nmathematical constants change over\ntime.\" Right? So, here's the first part\nof the expansion of the natural\nlogarithm E. Suppose I tell you that,\n\"Yeah, I think like somewhere out here\nin the you know, somewhere out in the\n10,000th space where people don't really\npay any attention to it, so we don't\nreally collapse it, you know, in that in\nthat sense, maybe those things change\nover time.\" At this point, everybody\nI've never met anybody yet who said\nanything other than uh somewhere between\nincoherent and impossible. Definitely\nnot, right? So, what If If that's the\ncase, if you agree that this is possible\nand this is this is not possible, what\nyou've already told me is three things.\nFirst of all, that mathematical facts\nand physical facts are are absolutely\nnot the same kind of beast. In fact, you\nexpect the mathematical facts to be more\nstable. You're far more freaked out if\nthey if I suggest that they change\nversus versus facts of physics.\nAnd that math is actually not arbitrary\nor changeable because\nyou can't make it be whatever you want.\nYou are forced once you start with like\nempty set and successor of empty set,\nright? So you start with basic logic or\nuh something like that. Then eventually\nyou get you get to find out that E is\n2.78, you know, 718, whatever. You don't\nget to to choose it. You can't change\nit. You you are given these these\nthings. So\nuh you know, the characters in our\nnovels can do whatever you want them to\ndo. E does whatever you wants to do. You\ndon't you don't get a you don't get a\nchoice about that. So, here's here's how\nI extend uh so so so far all of this is\nis straight-up mathematical platonism.\nHere's here's how I extend this for the\npurposes of this discussion. And um I\njust have a couple more things and then\nand then I'm done. Uh first of all, I\nthink that the standard assumption that\nthe that this latent space contains only\nthe low agency static facts of\nmathematics and everything else is a\nproduct of emergence and can be handled\nby physicists. I think that's we should\nwe should loosen that assumption. And we\nshould perhaps say that maybe the space\ncontains other patterns\nthat are of interest to developmental\nbiologists, cognitive scientists in\nparticular. Maybe some of these patterns\nare high agency things that we would\nrecognize as kinds of minds. Maybe math\nis just the behavioral science of one\nlayer of that space. I don't you know, I\nI don't know if if E and things like\nthis actually change. I don't have any\nclaims on that. But but in my in my\ncurrent model, all of these things are\nnot eternal and are changing and\nunchanging. These are high high-level\nuh the ones that we associate with with\nboth morphology and behavior and\nphysiology and so on. These are\nabsolutely\nuh dynamic things that can change, but\nnot only by sensitization, which you you\nyou just heard about, I suspect that um\nthey use all of the toolbox and probably\nmore that we haven't even thought of of\nthe behavioral sciences. So so\nsensitization uh you know\nPavlovian conditioning, delayed\ngratification, path planning, language,\nlike all of these things are right there\nalong with sensitization once you've\nonce you've gone down this road and\nrealize that what why should this space\nhave only patterns that are that are\namenable to the formal tools of\nmathematics? What about the rest of it?\nSo\nwe can talk about this idea again in\nmost audiences at this point people\nfreak out and they say look you're\nbasically saying that minds exist in a\nnon-physical space, but they affect the\nphysical world in the same way that the\ntruths of about prime numbers affect\nwhat the cicadas are and aren't going to\ndo when they're when they evolve. Um\ninteractionism should be dead, you know,\nDescartes\nyou know, had this problem with with\ninteractionism but whatever. And my\npoint is simply this, whatever whatever\nthe actual resolution to this it's been\nhere for a really long time because we\nalready know that there's a degree of\ninteraction between non-physical truths\nand physical objects. The relationship\nbetween math and physics already tells\nus this and maybe the relationship mind\nof minds and bodies and when I say minds\nI don't just mean our human minds, I\nmean the minds that power the problem\nsolving of morphogenesis, of\nphysiological space navigation, of\ntranscriptional space navigation, all of\nthese things are diverse intelligences\nof different grade and different type.\nMaybe the relationship between those\nminds and bodies is exactly the same as\nbetween math and physics. So\num so I'll I'll I'll I'll wrap up here\njust to say that the the one thing is\nsome people like this and they say ah so\nso here's what it is. Biology is and its\ncomplexity are really primed for these\nkind of ingression of minds from the\nfrom this from this space and that's\nwhat distinguishes us from dead matter,\nfrom mere machines, all of that. And\nI'll just um I'll just point out that\nthat we we did work on I don't have time\nto go into all the details, but anybody\nwho's interested I have long discussions\nof this on online.\nUh\na lot of humility is warranted here\nbecause what we found is that even\nextremely simple deterministic systems\nare susceptible to ingressions of\nnot just [clears throat] complexity, not\njust unpredictability,\nbut competencies that are familiar to\nany behavioral scientist and they are\nnot in the algorithm. The algorithm and\nthe materials of even a simple machine\ntell you what the machine must do and it\ntells you what it cannot do. But between\nthose two things is a massive amount of\ndegrees of freedom even in small\ndeterministic things apparently. This\nthis was a was a shocker to me. And and\nthose and and they can hold they can\nhost interesting patterns from that from\nthat space. So, um\nI don't think it takes life or cells or\nor or large complexity to to start to\nbecome an interface and I think that's\nwhat all physical systems are. They're\ninterfaces for specific patterns from\nthat from that space. And therefore,\nwe have to remember that as much as we\nall\nyou know would like to think that the\nrules of chemistry do not tell the\nentire story of the human mind, I would\nsay that those kind of things don't tell\nthe proper story of machines either. I'm\nnot sure at this point there is any dead\nmatter or dumb machines and we should\njust remember that when we say something\nthat nothing is a computer, nothing is a\nTuring machine, there are just times at\nwhich you would like to take a formal\nmodel of computation or of Turing\nmachines or whatever and apply it to\nsome system and we all need to remember\nthat when you do that you do not capture\nthe\nour formal models never capture the\nwhole thing. And we thought that was\nnegligible for quote unquote machines.\nIt is absolutely not negligible and it\nhas massive implications for how we do\nengineering, how we do AI and and so on.\nWe could talk about that for a long\ntime. And so we now have an actual\nresearch program\non what you might consider inspiration.\nInspiration is when you get patterns,\nuseful ideas, patterns, symphonies,\nwhatever you know,\ntheorems like Ramanujan got all these\nthings from this from some space that\nyou did not put in the effort to\nmeticulously create step-by-step.\nNeither created, you know, neither\nengineered, evolved, or\nor or learned. And so, so we can now do\nthis with very simple very simple\nsystems by creating robots that are\npowered by\nmathematical objects, but also by some\nother things and you know, so\nmathematical objects are signals from\nbacteria, cosmic microwave background,\nbelieve it or else.\nThey can do interesting things when you\ngive them bodies, when you give them\nrobotic bodies. So, yes, we're the\nbeneficiaries of ingressing patterns\nthat we don't pay for in the\nconventional model of of physics and\ncomputation, but actually even dumb\nmachines get this too in this in a\ncourse in a small way. And also, I think\nwe actually are patterns. We're not just\nimpinged upon by patterns.\nSo, I'm just going to I'm just going to\nsummarize here and then and then I'm\ndone.\nUm, basically, I think these patterns of\nof of form of behavior and so on are\nubiquitous. Genetics and emergence is\nabsolutely insufficient for the life\nsciences of the future, but also for the\nethics and engineering of the future.\nEmergence is not going to do the do the\ntrick.\nAnd the free lunches are\nthey're they're most obvious in\nbiologicals, they're the most amazing in\nbiologicals, but you can't really\nbut you can't really\nquantify or prove anything in\nbiologicals. They're too complex. So,\nbut they can be quantified in minimal\ncomputational systems. And and so,\nthat's why um\nI'm not going to take the time to to to\nto go through all all of this stuff.\nBut that's why we have research program.\nYou know, this is not just philosophy. I\nhave six people working on all this\nstuff in figuring out what does that\nspace offer you? Does it offer you\nstatic patterns like like the digits of\nE? Yes, but also dynamic behavioral\npolicies, which is what allow our robots\nwith no controller or\njust the patterns to to do tasks.\nUm and um it was so what's in this\nspace? Why does it do these patterns\ninhibit certain interfaces and not\nothers and so on. All of these are now\ntractable. We're actually doing\nexperiments. There are couple of papers\nout, many more coming this summer and\nand fall.\nAnd this is critical because right now\nwe live mostly with biologicals, but all\nof these kinds of things, pretty much\nany combination of evolved material,\nengineered material, and software is\nsome kind of a possible embodied agent\nthat is going to host these patterns.\nAnd there are so many different kinds of\nminds, you know, cyborgs and hybrids and\nhumans with altered Every every\nimaginable being is going to be here\nwith us. We need to figure out how to do\nan ethical symbiosis with them. We need\nto learn to live with creatures that are\nnot like us. And this this machine life\nthing is not I'm not going to do it. It\nis I I think factually wrong as a matter\nof empirical data. And I think this, you\nknow, classic picture of Adam naming the\nanimals in the Garden of Eden is going\nto look much more like this. And the\nidea is that it's going to be very\nweird and very, you know, and very\ndiverse. And we're going to be able to\nunderstand ourselves a lot better if we\nif we embrace the the research program\nof of diverse intelligence. So I will\nstop here just to thank the people who\ndid all of the hard work that I showed\nyou today.\nLots of amazing collaborations. I have\nto do three disclosures, no four\nactually, of companies that have\nlicensed some of the intellectual\nproperty that comes out of these kinds\nof things. And\nyou know, I always like to thank the\nmodel systems because they do all the\nhard work in in teaching us about these\nthings. So I will stop here.", + "fetched_at": "2026-06-22T02:53:13Z", + "source": "yt-dlp-vtt", + "clean_segments": [ + { + "start": 2.0, + "text": "And uh much of what I'm going to tell" + }, + { + "start": 3.8, + "text": "you today, although not everything" + }, + { + "start": 4.96, + "text": "because this needs to be significantly" + }, + { + "start": 6.76, + "text": "updated. I wrote this almost a year ago," + }, + { + "start": 8.48, + "text": "so um you can take a look in this paper," + }, + { + "start": 10.64, + "text": "but I'm going to upload a new version" + }, + { + "start": 12.2, + "text": "probably next week. So, the first thing" + }, + { + "start": 14.76, + "text": "I want to say is that uh I run a a wet" + }, + { + "start": 17.64, + "text": "lab. Um" + }, + { + "start": 19.04, + "text": "we do experiments at the intersection of" + }, + { + "start": 21.28, + "text": "uh biophysics, computer science, and" + }, + { + "start": 22.96, + "text": "cognitive science. And uh what I what I" + }, + { + "start": 26.0, + "text": "think we do, you know, on our best day," + }, + { + "start": 28.08, + "text": "occasionally, what what works out, is" + }, + { + "start": 30.32, + "text": "that we can take some deep ideas from" + }, + { + "start": 32.4, + "text": "philosophy and actually push them all" + }, + { + "start": 34.2, + "text": "the way through practical applications." + }, + { + "start": 36.16, + "text": "So, the outputs of our lab are things" + }, + { + "start": 37.88, + "text": "like um" + }, + { + "start": 39.32, + "text": "discoveries for regenerative medicine," + }, + { + "start": 41.16, + "text": "birth defects, uh organ regeneration," + }, + { + "start": 43.4, + "text": "cancer, uh AI, bioengineering. These are" + }, + { + "start": 46.08, + "text": "These are things that that come out. And" + }, + { + "start": 47.92, + "text": "so, everything that I'm going to tell" + }, + { + "start": 49.32, + "text": "you is aimed at uh experiment and" + }, + { + "start": 52.12, + "text": "application. The idea is that we have to" + }, + { + "start": 54.44, + "text": "have new research programs. That is" + }, + { + "start": 56.16, + "text": "everything. And so, so um someone asked" + }, + { + "start": 58.56, + "text": "um a moment ago around" + }, + { + "start": 60.24, + "text": "you know, whether these things have to" + }, + { + "start": 61.36, + "text": "make make contact with with predictive" + }, + { + "start": 63.12, + "text": "experiments. Absolutely not. Not only to" + }, + { + "start": 65.6, + "text": "explain things that people have already" + }, + { + "start": 67.68, + "text": "seen, but actually to give rise to new" + }, + { + "start": 69.88, + "text": "research programs. That I think is" + }, + { + "start": 71.4, + "text": "absolutely critical. Not just looking" + }, + { + "start": 72.88, + "text": "backwards, because looking backwards you" + }, + { + "start": 75.16, + "text": "can epicycle almost anything into a" + }, + { + "start": 77.12, + "text": "conventional paradigm. The question is," + }, + { + "start": 78.88, + "text": "does it does it lead you to do new" + }, + { + "start": 80.84, + "text": "experiments and find new things with new" + }, + { + "start": 82.84, + "text": "applications? So, that that is kind of" + }, + { + "start": 85.8, + "text": "uh the the good news is that I'm going" + }, + { + "start": 87.16, + "text": "to show you lots of lots of experiments" + }, + { + "start": 89.0, + "text": "and um lots of model systems for" + }, + { + "start": 91.04, + "text": "studying these questions. The bad news" + }, + { + "start": 93.08, + "text": "that it prevents me from saying some" + }, + { + "start": 94.6, + "text": "very sort of" + }, + { + "start": 95.96, + "text": "you know, cosmic kinds of things that" + }, + { + "start": 97.84, + "text": "people often ask me about, and I" + }, + { + "start": 99.44, + "text": "typically don't talk about those things" + }, + { + "start": 101.04, + "text": "because unless we have either data or a" + }, + { + "start": 103.4, + "text": "way a way to address them" + }, + { + "start": 104.52, + "text": "experimentally, I I you know, I I don't" + }, + { + "start": 106.52, + "text": "talk about it in public. So," + }, + { + "start": 108.8, + "text": "uh one of the things that that people" + }, + { + "start": 110.6, + "text": "sometimes say we do is bioinspired" + }, + { + "start": 112.92, + "text": "engineering. Now, the way typically" + }, + { + "start": 115.28, + "text": "people think of bioinspired is that they" + }, + { + "start": 117.04, + "text": "take things the biology is doing and" + }, + { + "start": 118.56, + "text": "then they try to make technology, for" + }, + { + "start": 120.2, + "text": "example, AI that's going to use those" + }, + { + "start": 122.28, + "text": "principles. I actually think that it" + }, + { + "start": 124.36, + "text": "looks something like this. Actually," + }, + { + "start": 125.76, + "text": "bioinspired doesn't mean you take" + }, + { + "start": 127.36, + "text": "inspiration from biology. Bioinspired to" + }, + { + "start": 129.88, + "text": "me is figuring out what is the biology" + }, + { + "start": 132.12, + "text": "inspired by and thus what is the" + }, + { + "start": 134.2, + "text": "engineering going to be inspired by. So" + }, + { + "start": 135.959, + "text": "these things are lateral and so now" + }, + { + "start": 137.56, + "text": "here's the question, what what is it" + }, + { + "start": 139.0, + "text": "inspired by? So I'm going to try to tell" + }, + { + "start": 140.88, + "text": "you what I think at this moment. So so a" + }, + { + "start": 143.24, + "text": "summary of the whole thing goes like" + }, + { + "start": 144.56, + "text": "this. Um" + }, + { + "start": 145.68, + "text": "I'm going to first" + }, + { + "start": 147.32, + "text": "argue that patterns, in particular" + }, + { + "start": 149.56, + "text": "patterns of form, patterns of behavior," + }, + { + "start": 152.52, + "text": "patterns of physiology, patterns of" + }, + { + "start": 154.31, + "text": "physiology, patterns of" + }, + { + "start": 154.32, + "text": "computation, all kinds of things are" + }, + { + "start": 157.04, + "text": "actually part of the same they're" + }, + { + "start": 158.68, + "text": "they're kind they're the same thing. So" + }, + { + "start": 160.12, + "text": "so so morphogenesis and behavior in" + }, + { + "start": 162.44, + "text": "three-dimensional space are not" + }, + { + "start": 163.6, + "text": "different. They are they are just just" + }, + { + "start": 166.2, + "text": "different aspects of of of different" + }, + { + "start": 168.39, + "text": "aspects of of of different" + }, + { + "start": 168.4, + "text": "kinds of patterns and I think it's a" + }, + { + "start": 170.36, + "text": "critical invariant that goes across" + }, + { + "start": 172.64, + "text": "biology, cognitive science, and many" + }, + { + "start": 174.24, + "text": "other disciplines." + }, + { + "start": 175.68, + "text": "Now, we're interested in knowing what" + }, + { + "start": 177.28, + "text": "determines these patterns. Where do they" + }, + { + "start": 179.08, + "text": "quote-unquote come from? I'm going to" + }, + { + "start": 180.68, + "text": "address this, but I will tell you right" + }, + { + "start": 182.72, + "text": "now that I think select selection and" + }, + { + "start": 184.64, + "text": "environment or history, you know," + }, + { + "start": 187.0, + "text": "biology and physics are not sufficient" + }, + { + "start": 189.6, + "text": "to answer this question." + }, + { + "start": 191.239, + "text": "I'm also going to say that physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 193.16, + "text": "has been dead for a long time." + }, + { + "start": 195.0, + "text": "Mostly we knew this because of" + }, + { + "start": 196.76, + "text": "mathematics and I think you know," + }, + { + "start": 198.44, + "text": "Pythagoras and probably long before was" + }, + { + "start": 200.56, + "text": "already aware of this, but it's not just" + }, + { + "start": 202.08, + "text": "about that. My hypothesis is that this" + }, + { + "start": 204.04, + "text": "latent space that we're going to talk" + }, + { + "start": 205.4, + "text": "about contains a very wide range of" + }, + { + "start": 207.519, + "text": "patterns that include the kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 209.64, + "text": "things mathematicians study, but also" + }, + { + "start": 212.12, + "text": "highly active, complex, high agency" + }, + { + "start": 214.44, + "text": "patterns that the behavior scientists" + }, + { + "start": 216.16, + "text": "would recognize as kinds of minds." + }, + { + "start": 218.72, + "text": "Now, the reason I didn't talk about this" + }, + { + "start": 221.28, + "text": "prior to 2025 is that we didn't have a" + }, + { + "start": 223.56, + "text": "research program for it. You know, lots" + }, + { + "start": 225.28, + "text": "of um" + }, + { + "start": 226.28, + "text": "as was just said, you know, lots of" + }, + { + "start": 228.519, + "text": "kind of deep thinkers over the the have" + }, + { + "start": 230.56, + "text": "said" + }, + { + "start": 231.519, + "text": "vaguely things like this, but but that's" + }, + { + "start": 233.88, + "text": "different from having a research program" + }, + { + "start": 235.32, + "text": "to actually do do experiments. And now" + }, + { + "start": 237.12, + "text": "we do. We now have model systems, which" + }, + { + "start": 239.08, + "text": "I'll describe to you, where we can" + }, + { + "start": 241.12, + "text": "actually quantify identify and quantify" + }, + { + "start": 243.84, + "text": "ways in which our current frameworks are" + }, + { + "start": 246.68, + "text": "broken. In particular, what's broken is" + }, + { + "start": 248.92, + "text": "our accounting of the effort we put in" + }, + { + "start": 251.48, + "text": "and what we get out. What we get out is" + }, + { + "start": 253.72, + "text": "often much more than what we've put in." + }, + { + "start": 255.6, + "text": "The delta, the difference there," + }, + { + "start": 257.48, + "text": "is what you can call free lunches in the" + }, + { + "start": 259.4, + "text": "physicist sense, tells us about the" + }, + { + "start": 262.04, + "text": "space the structure latent space from" + }, + { + "start": 264.52, + "text": "which these things come, and and we can" + }, + { + "start": 266.84, + "text": "now do experiments to find out why it" + }, + { + "start": 268.88, + "text": "comes into certain physical interfaces" + }, + { + "start": 271.04, + "text": "and not others. Well, actually all of" + }, + { + "start": 272.36, + "text": "them, but but in different ways." + }, + { + "start": 274.36, + "text": "So," + }, + { + "start": 275.2, + "text": "I'm also going to argue at the end that" + }, + { + "start": 277.0, + "text": "that we we we do receive so-called" + }, + { + "start": 279.52, + "text": "inspirations from that scale from that" + }, + { + "start": 281.56, + "text": "space across scales. So, so your" + }, + { + "start": 283.919, + "text": "molecular networks get them, your cells" + }, + { + "start": 285.76, + "text": "get them, tissues, organs. They we all" + }, + { + "start": 287.4, + "text": "got them. But but but don't get to don't" + }, + { + "start": 289.68, + "text": "don't don't don't feel too proud of" + }, + { + "start": 290.919, + "text": "yourselves because the quote-unquote" + }, + { + "start": 292.12, + "text": "machines get them, too. This is this is" + }, + { + "start": 295.28, + "text": "what whatever this is" + }, + { + "start": 296.919, + "text": "basically soaks into absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 298.28, + "text": "everything as far as I can tell. And" + }, + { + "start": 300.48, + "text": "finally, and I won't have time to talk" + }, + { + "start": 302.28, + "text": "about too much, but but but we can talk" + }, + { + "start": 304.32, + "text": "in the Q&A. I don't think we are" + }, + { + "start": 305.88, + "text": "physical beings that occasionally get" + }, + { + "start": 307.52, + "text": "affected by patterns from the space. I I" + }, + { + "start": 310.08, + "text": "I think we are patterns. We we are the" + }, + { + "start": 311.72, + "text": "patterns looking out into a into a" + }, + { + "start": 314.0, + "text": "physical interface." + }, + { + "start": 315.52, + "text": "So, so one thing that's that's" + }, + { + "start": 317.84, + "text": "interesting about all of these kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 319.6, + "text": "questions that we're asking is that we" + }, + { + "start": 321.4, + "text": "can start to" + }, + { + "start": 324.4, + "text": "delete" + }, + { + "start": 325.72, + "text": "certain sharp categories that have been" + }, + { + "start": 327.88, + "text": "with us for a long time, you know, from" + }, + { + "start": 329.16, + "text": "pre-scientific times. And I think these" + }, + { + "start": 330.96, + "text": "categories are now doing way more harm" + }, + { + "start": 332.96, + "text": "than good. And so I'm going to just" + }, + { + "start": 334.12, + "text": "point out a couple. One is this" + }, + { + "start": 335.72, + "text": "so-called difference" + }, + { + "start": 337.56, + "text": "or distinction between magical living" + }, + { + "start": 340.08, + "text": "beings on one end and dumb machines on" + }, + { + "start": 342.0, + "text": "the other end. And so we we know from a" + }, + { + "start": 344.16, + "text": "developmental scale and also an" + }, + { + "start": 346.04, + "text": "evolutionary scale that we were all" + }, + { + "start": 347.4, + "text": "single cells once, you know, little" + }, + { + "start": 349.32, + "text": "blobs of chemistry and physics," + }, + { + "start": 350.84, + "text": "unfertilized oocytes. Eventually, slowly" + }, + { + "start": 353.44, + "text": "and gradually, we became the subjects of" + }, + { + "start": 356.16, + "text": "behavior science, psychoanalysis, love," + }, + { + "start": 358.12, + "text": "all of those kinds of things." + }, + { + "start": 359.96, + "text": "Uh, but not but not only that, there's" + }, + { + "start": 361.4, + "text": "another continuum, another gradual" + }, + { + "start": 363.16, + "text": "continuum, in which both biological" + }, + { + "start": 365.24, + "text": "changes and technological changes, many" + }, + { + "start": 367.48, + "text": "of which are already happening, uh, are" + }, + { + "start": 369.48, + "text": "telling us that it's really very" + }, + { + "start": 371.16, + "text": "non-trivial to to write down a" + }, + { + "start": 372.92, + "text": "description of what you think a machine" + }, + { + "start": 374.88, + "text": "actually is. And and the implications of" + }, + { + "start": 377.4, + "text": "this are going to be clear in a moment" + }, + { + "start": 378.919, + "text": "that it's actually a a bad category that" + }, + { + "start": 381.4, + "text": "that we leads us astray. And so, the the" + }, + { + "start": 384.19, + "text": "we leads us astray. And so, the the" + }, + { + "start": 384.2, + "text": "thing is that the problem we are all" + }, + { + "start": 386.04, + "text": "going to face in society is this kind of" + }, + { + "start": 387.84, + "text": "thing. It's not the language models and" + }, + { + "start": 389.32, + "text": "it's not the you know, the AIs that" + }, + { + "start": 391.68, + "text": "everybody likes to say are not like" + }, + { + "start": 393.12, + "text": "humans. Uh, that's fine. This is what" + }, + { + "start": 395.72, + "text": "we're dealing with. You know, your" + }, + { + "start": 396.68, + "text": "neighbor is going to have some" + }, + { + "start": 397.919, + "text": "percentage of their brain and body" + }, + { + "start": 399.48, + "text": "replaced, whether for medical reasons or" + }, + { + "start": 401.84, + "text": "just because of freedom of embodiment." + }, + { + "start": 403.48, + "text": "They're going to look very different in" + }, + { + "start": 405.52, + "text": "the future." + }, + { + "start": 406.6, + "text": "And basically, across the spectrum," + }, + { + "start": 409.8, + "text": "okay, the spectrum of intelligence all" + }, + { + "start": 411.36, + "text": "the way from very simple kinds of things" + }, + { + "start": 413.84, + "text": "uh, that" + }, + { + "start": 415.0, + "text": "that can only be" + }, + { + "start": 416.48, + "text": "uh, interacted with by physical rewiring" + }, + { + "start": 418.84, + "text": "versus the tools of cybernetics and" + }, + { + "start": 420.76, + "text": "control theory versus behavior science" + }, + { + "start": 423.08, + "text": "versus language and friendship and and" + }, + { + "start": 425.24, + "text": "and so on. This is a this is a spectrum" + }, + { + "start": 427.6, + "text": "and we really need to start to" + }, + { + "start": 428.96, + "text": "understand uh, our own origins and our" + }, + { + "start": 431.64, + "text": "own possibilities in light of the" + }, + { + "start": 433.48, + "text": "spectrum of possibilities of what's" + }, + { + "start": 435.04, + "text": "going on. I think our language really" + }, + { + "start": 436.8, + "text": "does us a disservice here. We have we" + }, + { + "start": 438.84, + "text": "have two two words to describe things," + }, + { + "start": 441.84, + "text": "who and what. Yeah, if you want to" + }, + { + "start": 443.56, + "text": "describe a" + }, + { + "start": 444.76, + "text": "you know, a noun, a system, you can" + }, + { + "start": 446.32, + "text": "either say you can either call it a who" + }, + { + "start": 448.0, + "text": "or you can call it a what. And I think" + }, + { + "start": 449.32, + "text": "this is a fundamental problem that is" + }, + { + "start": 452.2, + "text": "uh, forces us to think in binary terms." + }, + { + "start": 454.72, + "text": "I don't know what the answer is, but" + }, + { + "start": 455.68, + "text": "maybe we can have something like this," + }, + { + "start": 457.04, + "text": "like a who with a little exponent and" + }, + { + "start": 458.88, + "text": "the exponent tells you to what degree," + }, + { + "start": 460.44, + "text": "where you are or where that system is on" + }, + { + "start": 462.48, + "text": "the on the you know on the edge where" + }, + { + "start": 464.28, + "text": "you know uh, uh" + }, + { + "start": 465.52, + "text": "uh some some way of letting our language" + }, + { + "start": 466.96, + "text": "catch up to actually the the discoveries" + }, + { + "start": 469.16, + "text": "of a diverse intelligence research and" + }, + { + "start": 471.32, + "text": "away from ancient categories where we" + }, + { + "start": 474.52, + "text": "really did only have two you know two" + }, + { + "start": 476.52, + "text": "two two categories. So so um so one" + }, + { + "start": 479.64, + "text": "thing one thing to keep in mind" + }, + { + "start": 481.56, + "text": "uh is is that uh even even when you're" + }, + { + "start": 484.32, + "text": "talking about traditional brainy" + }, + { + "start": 485.64, + "text": "organisms and I'm going to talk about" + }, + { + "start": 487.88, + "text": "cell intelligence and things like this" + }, + { + "start": 489.28, + "text": "in a minute. But even in traditional" + }, + { + "start": 491.16, + "text": "brainy organisms already you can see" + }, + { + "start": 493.08, + "text": "that things are not simple. The standard" + }, + { + "start": 495.28, + "text": "mapping of the hardware that's required" + }, + { + "start": 498.0, + "text": "to maintain a certain amount of um uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 501.84, + "text": "if if if if efficacious uh a" + }, + { + "start": 504.52, + "text": "functionality let's say a normal human" + }, + { + "start": 506.44, + "text": "IQ and a normal human personality" + }, + { + "start": 508.28, + "text": "there's already some some weird" + }, + { + "start": 509.48, + "text": "mismatches and Karina Coffman and I" + }, + { + "start": 511.32, + "text": "reviewed them in this paper where there" + }, + { + "start": 513.32, + "text": "are certain individuals with massive" + }, + { + "start": 515.56, + "text": "reductions of brain volume but normal or" + }, + { + "start": 517.96, + "text": "above normal intelligent functional" + }, + { + "start": 519.8, + "text": "intelligence. Some of these people don't" + }, + { + "start": 520.919, + "text": "even know they're missing most of their" + }, + { + "start": 522.12, + "text": "brain. So what's going on here? Why why" + }, + { + "start": 524.08, + "text": "is there I mean this is not common by" + }, + { + "start": 525.64, + "text": "any means but it doesn't take too many" + }, + { + "start": 527.4, + "text": "of these clinical cases to understand" + }, + { + "start": 528.92, + "text": "that something is wrong in our" + }, + { + "start": 530.44, + "text": "accounting of what the mapping should be" + }, + { + "start": 532.28, + "text": "between the hardware uh and the and the" + }, + { + "start": 534.76, + "text": "um the performance that you get out of" + }, + { + "start": 536.36, + "text": "it." + }, + { + "start": 537.56, + "text": "The other thing that uh I will point out" + }, + { + "start": 539.12, + "text": "is that life has embodiments and and uh" + }, + { + "start": 542.8, + "text": "uh traverses many different kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 544.56, + "text": "spaces besides the familiar" + }, + { + "start": 546.08, + "text": "three-dimensional space. So we should" + }, + { + "start": 547.839, + "text": "remember as as humans with our own" + }, + { + "start": 550.0, + "text": "evolutionary history our own uh kind of" + }, + { + "start": 551.839, + "text": "obsession with vision and" + }, + { + "start": 553.2, + "text": "three-dimensional space that uh" + }, + { + "start": 556.04, + "text": "while we are okay at recognizing" + }, + { + "start": 558.36, + "text": "intelligence when it moves in the same" + }, + { + "start": 560.64, + "text": "3D space that we do roughly same time" + }, + { + "start": 562.839, + "text": "scale roughly same um" + }, + { + "start": 564.8, + "text": "uh uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 565.96, + "text": "spatial scales" + }, + { + "start": 567.52, + "text": "biology has been solving problems aka" + }, + { + "start": 570.76, + "text": "intelligent behavior in many many spaces" + }, + { + "start": 572.88, + "text": "before nerve and muscle appear long" + }, + { + "start": 574.6, + "text": "before. So high-dimensional" + }, + { + "start": 576.47, + "text": ". So high-dimensional" + }, + { + "start": 576.48, + "text": "transcriptional spaces or gene" + }, + { + "start": 578.16, + "text": "expression spaces, physiological state" + }, + { + "start": 580.6, + "text": "spaces, and anatomical morphospace," + }, + { + "start": 582.72, + "text": "which is mostly what we work on in the" + }, + { + "start": 584.36, + "text": "lab." + }, + { + "start": 585.36, + "text": "Uh biology navigates all these spaces" + }, + { + "start": 587.56, + "text": "making decisions, taking" + }, + { + "start": 589.92, + "text": "uh sensory readings, uh" + }, + { + "start": 592.12, + "text": "doing goal-directed functionalities. And" + }, + { + "start": 594.24, + "text": "And this has this has lots of lots of" + }, + { + "start": 596.24, + "text": "implications for what we're going to" + }, + { + "start": 597.44, + "text": "talk about." + }, + { + "start": 598.6, + "text": "So, um another thing to keep in mind is" + }, + { + "start": 601.52, + "text": "that we are all collective" + }, + { + "start": 603.08, + "text": "intelligences, not just the beehives and" + }, + { + "start": 605.16, + "text": "the ant colonies, but all of us. We're" + }, + { + "start": 606.48, + "text": "all made of things like this. Okay, so" + }, + { + "start": 608.52, + "text": "this is a single cell, no brain, no" + }, + { + "start": 610.64, + "text": "nervous system, but you can see it's" + }, + { + "start": 611.88, + "text": "very competent in its own local" + }, + { + "start": 614.2, + "text": "cognitive light cone here. It's doing" + }, + { + "start": 615.52, + "text": "everything it needs to do." + }, + { + "start": 617.16, + "text": "This is the kind of thing that that we" + }, + { + "start": 618.8, + "text": "are made of. And so, our bodies are kind" + }, + { + "start": 621.0, + "text": "of an ecosystem of diverse intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 622.88, + "text": "all the way from molecular networks up" + }, + { + "start": 625.16, + "text": "through all the different components and" + }, + { + "start": 627.12, + "text": "layers. All of these things have" + }, + { + "start": 628.28, + "text": "agendas, they also have problems. Most" + }, + { + "start": 630.4, + "text": "of them can learn and have learning" + }, + { + "start": 631.64, + "text": "capacity. So, so this becomes this" + }, + { + "start": 634.04, + "text": "becomes also important that that this" + }, + { + "start": 635.56, + "text": "notion that" + }, + { + "start": 636.72, + "text": "we, the verbal intelligence that you can" + }, + { + "start": 639.08, + "text": "have a conversation with, is the is the" + }, + { + "start": 641.0, + "text": "one inhabitant of a body is absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 643.24, + "text": "wrong. And that's before you even get" + }, + { + "start": 645.44, + "text": "into microbiome and things like this." + }, + { + "start": 646.88, + "text": "Just just the layers of your actual body" + }, + { + "start": 648.72, + "text": "is are already" + }, + { + "start": 650.88, + "text": "an ecosystem of minds that live that" + }, + { + "start": 652.839, + "text": "live with you. Now," + }, + { + "start": 654.76, + "text": "now let's let's let's lay down some some" + }, + { + "start": 657.24, + "text": "some fundamentals here. First of all," + }, + { + "start": 659.36, + "text": "so as was just mentioned," + }, + { + "start": 661.64, + "text": "we know this amazing process. You start" + }, + { + "start": 663.4, + "text": "with a with an egg, you eventually very" + }, + { + "start": 665.52, + "text": "reliably end with something like this." + }, + { + "start": 668.12, + "text": "But I want to be clear for a number of" + }, + { + "start": 670.12, + "text": "reason for a number of reasons that I'll" + }, + { + "start": 671.68, + "text": "mention," + }, + { + "start": 672.76, + "text": "the the the standard concept of emergent" + }, + { + "start": 675.68, + "text": "emergence, so lots of simple local dumb" + }, + { + "start": 678.8, + "text": "rules," + }, + { + "start": 679.92, + "text": "rules that are well described by" + }, + { + "start": 681.39, + "text": "that are well described by" + }, + { + "start": 681.4, + "text": "chemistry in which systems have no" + }, + { + "start": 683.0, + "text": "goals, they don't know anything, they" + }, + { + "start": 684.64, + "text": "just sort of roll on" + }, + { + "start": 686.64, + "text": "roll forward, and eventually emergence," + }, + { + "start": 688.72, + "text": "you know, something complex happens. You" + }, + { + "start": 690.4, + "text": "can get complexity that way. It's very" + }, + { + "start": 692.04, + "text": "clear that that by following simple" + }, + { + "start": 693.76, + "text": "rules, you can get very complex outcomes" + }, + { + "start": 695.96, + "text": "and in fact reliable outcomes, but that" + }, + { + "start": 697.96, + "text": "isn't what's going on here. And um" + }, + { + "start": 701.08, + "text": "the thing is that uh this this idea that" + }, + { + "start": 703.6, + "text": "we can only use models of chemistry" + }, + { + "start": 705.32, + "text": "where the components have no goals and" + }, + { + "start": 707.0, + "text": "don't know anything is an axiom. It is" + }, + { + "start": 709.16, + "text": "not a result. It is not something that" + }, + { + "start": 710.72, + "text": "was was shown or derived or proven to be" + }, + { + "start": 713.12, + "text": "successful. And in fact, it's a terrible" + }, + { + "start": 715.16, + "text": "axiom. I I understand it might have been" + }, + { + "start": 717.16, + "text": "useful when the only options were dumb" + }, + { + "start": 719.68, + "text": "like rocks versus smart like like" + }, + { + "start": 721.32, + "text": "humans, but that's no longer the case." + }, + { + "start": 723.32, + "text": "Since the 1940s, we've had cybernetics" + }, + { + "start": 725.96, + "text": "and we've had uh lots of" + }, + { + "start": 728.24, + "text": "uh rigorous theory around how systems," + }, + { + "start": 731.2, + "text": "um whether natural or engineered, can" + }, + { + "start": 733.2, + "text": "have goals. And it doesn't mean human" + }, + { + "start": 735.32, + "text": "metacognitive uh" + }, + { + "start": 737.16, + "text": "uh size goals. It means" + }, + { + "start": 739.68, + "text": "uh there's a there's a spectrum of of" + }, + { + "start": 741.4, + "text": "techniques that you can use to" + }, + { + "start": 742.6, + "text": "understand how systems have goals. And" + }, + { + "start": 744.6, + "text": "so, I you know, teleology shouldn't have" + }, + { + "start": 746.68, + "text": "been taboo past the 1940s. And I think" + }, + { + "start": 749.16, + "text": "actually nothing in biology uh can be" + }, + { + "start": 751.52, + "text": "properly handled without understanding" + }, + { + "start": 753.24, + "text": "that sticking to this low lowest uh uh" + }, + { + "start": 756.36, + "text": "rung of the cybernetic ladder is simply" + }, + { + "start": 758.92, + "text": "uh leaving too many useful tools on the" + }, + { + "start": 761.16, + "text": "table. It's And evolution certainly" + }, + { + "start": 763.0, + "text": "didn't do that. Didn't didn't stay at" + }, + { + "start": 764.88, + "text": "this at this low level. So, so it is not" + }, + { + "start": 766.96, + "text": "about emergence. Why? Because one of the" + }, + { + "start": 769.36, + "text": "things that we see in these complex" + }, + { + "start": 770.76, + "text": "systems is that they pursue" + }, + { + "start": 773.64, + "text": "a goal. They they they don't merely have" + }, + { + "start": 776.2, + "text": "complex outcomes. They go toward a" + }, + { + "start": 777.72, + "text": "specific pattern. Now, how do you know?" + }, + { + "start": 779.52, + "text": "You can't just assume this. You can't uh" + }, + { + "start": 781.56, + "text": "just say this because you see them" + }, + { + "start": 783.36, + "text": "reliably doing it. You have to do" + }, + { + "start": 784.96, + "text": "perturbative experiments. So, for" + }, + { + "start": 786.72, + "text": "example, if we scramble the face of this" + }, + { + "start": 788.68, + "text": "tadpole, it doesn't make a scrambled" + }, + { + "start": 790.68, + "text": "frog, which it would if all of the" + }, + { + "start": 792.4, + "text": "organs were just following their" + }, + { + "start": 793.92, + "text": "standard rules of of how far to go in" + }, + { + "start": 796.04, + "text": "what direction. So, these kind of uh" + }, + { + "start": 797.76, + "text": "Picasso-like scrambled tadpoles, nope," + }, + { + "start": 800.28, + "text": "they make pretty normal frogs because" + }, + { + "start": 801.96, + "text": "all the different organs will move in" + }, + { + "start": 803.36, + "text": "different novel paths. Then they will uh" + }, + { + "start": 806.48, + "text": "sometimes go too far and to come back" + }, + { + "start": 808.0, + "text": "and they all rearrange themselves and uh" + }, + { + "start": 810.28, + "text": "they make pretty pretty uh normal frog" + }, + { + "start": 812.56, + "text": "faces." + }, + { + "start": 813.6, + "text": "And then they stop and then they stop" + }, + { + "start": 814.8, + "text": "moving. Same thing here, if you have an" + }, + { + "start": 816.68, + "text": "axolotl, you amputate the limb, these" + }, + { + "start": 818.64, + "text": "cells will grow really quickly, but then" + }, + { + "start": 820.28, + "text": "they stop. The most amazing part of" + }, + { + "start": 821.92, + "text": "regeneration is that it stops. When does" + }, + { + "start": 823.72, + "text": "it stop? It stops when the correct" + }, + { + "start": 826.12, + "text": "pattern has been completed. So, all of" + }, + { + "start": 827.96, + "text": "this, again, uh doesn't you know, ever" + }, + { + "start": 830.24, + "text": "since ever since we've understood about" + }, + { + "start": 831.68, + "text": "homeostats, doesn't need to be magical." + }, + { + "start": 833.84, + "text": "It basically is a system that represents" + }, + { + "start": 836.52, + "text": "the the journey that it's taking in" + }, + { + "start": 838.68, + "text": "morphospace and anatomical space. It" + }, + { + "start": 841.08, + "text": "navigates to that position using now" + }, + { + "start": 843.16, + "text": "well-known uh mechanisms. And uh when it" + }, + { + "start": 846.08, + "text": "gets there, uh then then it stops, like" + }, + { + "start": 848.16, + "text": "any other kind of uh goal-seeking" + }, + { + "start": 849.72, + "text": "behavior." + }, + { + "start": 850.88, + "text": "Uh and in fact, now so so so how does it" + }, + { + "start": 853.96, + "text": "know what the what the patterns are? I I" + }, + { + "start": 856.24, + "text": "asked that question absolutely literally" + }, + { + "start": 858.4, + "text": "because the way that these systems know" + }, + { + "start": 861.24, + "text": "where they are going is exactly the same" + }, + { + "start": 863.96, + "text": "mechanisms by which you know where" + }, + { + "start": 865.76, + "text": "you're going when you execute goals. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 867.92, + "text": "the same way that your collective" + }, + { + "start": 869.64, + "text": "intelligence" + }, + { + "start": 871.12, + "text": "uses electrical processes in your brain," + }, + { + "start": 873.64, + "text": "ion channels, neurotransmitters," + }, + { + "start": 875.64, + "text": "electrical synapses, in electrical" + }, + { + "start": 877.52, + "text": "networks of the brain to to remember" + }, + { + "start": 879.839, + "text": "goals and to guide goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 881.48, + "text": "behavior toward those goals, that" + }, + { + "start": 883.24, + "text": "exactly same system is evolutionarily" + }, + { + "start": 886.12, + "text": "ancient. It was used long before you" + }, + { + "start": 888.56, + "text": "anybody had neurons to uh to remember" + }, + { + "start": 891.72, + "text": "what our shape was supposed to look" + }, + { + "start": 893.24, + "text": "like. Uh back in 2000 or so, we" + }, + { + "start": 895.88, + "text": "developed the first uh uh molecular" + }, + { + "start": 898.08, + "text": "tools to read and write these these" + }, + { + "start": 900.12, + "text": "patterns. So, we can literally see this" + }, + { + "start": 902.16, + "text": "is this is not AI or simulations or" + }, + { + "start": 904.28, + "text": "anything. These are these are actual" + }, + { + "start": 906.64, + "text": "uh data from an early frog embryo and" + }, + { + "start": 908.44, + "text": "from the cells in culture looking at" + }, + { + "start": 910.92, + "text": "that now we can read in the vivo, in the" + }, + { + "start": 912.96, + "text": "living state, we can now read the of the" + }, + { + "start": 915.0, + "text": "electrical uh um" + }, + { + "start": 916.72, + "text": "memory patterns that non-neural tissue" + }, + { + "start": 919.32, + "text": "drives. And so, this is a particular" + }, + { + "start": 921.32, + "text": "pattern here. This is we call this the" + }, + { + "start": 922.96, + "text": "electric face. This is a pattern that" + }, + { + "start": 924.96, + "text": "shows up before any of the genes turn on" + }, + { + "start": 927.72, + "text": "to regionalize the tadpole face. So, it" + }, + { + "start": 930.4, + "text": "already tells you everything you need to" + }, + { + "start": 931.84, + "text": "know. Here's where the the animal's" + }, + { + "start": 933.36, + "text": "right eye is going to be. Here's where" + }, + { + "start": 934.72, + "text": "the mouth is going to be. Here are the" + }, + { + "start": 935.92, + "text": "placodes. What you're seeing here, by" + }, + { + "start": 937.52, + "text": "the way, is not, you know, some some" + }, + { + "start": 939.12, + "text": "mystical energy. What you're seeing here" + }, + { + "start": 940.76, + "text": "are just voltage gradients between the" + }, + { + "start": 943.16, + "text": "inside and the outside of the cell" + }, + { + "start": 945.08, + "text": "plasma membrane. Just like in your" + }, + { + "start": 946.68, + "text": "brain, that's what the neurons are" + }, + { + "start": 947.84, + "text": "doing. But, this network is much slower." + }, + { + "start": 950.16, + "text": "It doesn't operate at milliseconds. It" + }, + { + "start": 951.64, + "text": "operates in minutes and and hours. And" + }, + { + "start": 954.12, + "text": "what it likes to think about is shape." + }, + { + "start": 956.56, + "text": "And so, having done having seen this," + }, + { + "start": 958.76, + "text": "one of the things you might do is try to" + }, + { + "start": 960.16, + "text": "establish the same bioelectrical pattern" + }, + { + "start": 962.12, + "text": "somewhere else and see what happens. And" + }, + { + "start": 964.08, + "text": "if you do that, so here's a tadpole." + }, + { + "start": 965.96, + "text": "Here's the Here's its normal eye." + }, + { + "start": 967.8, + "text": "There's the other one's on the other" + }, + { + "start": 968.76, + "text": "side. So, here's the mouth, the brain is" + }, + { + "start": 970.88, + "text": "up here, the gut. So, so if we establish" + }, + { + "start": 973.36, + "text": "by using ion channel injections this" + }, + { + "start": 975.76, + "text": "bioelectrical state somewhere else, here" + }, + { + "start": 977.76, + "text": "it is on the gut. The cells know exactly" + }, + { + "start": 979.72, + "text": "what this means. They interpret it as" + }, + { + "start": 981.44, + "text": "build an eye here, and they build an" + }, + { + "start": 983.08, + "text": "eye. So, what I'm telling you here," + }, + { + "start": 984.32, + "text": "which it will be important momentarily," + }, + { + "start": 985.8, + "text": "is that we now have the ability to read" + }, + { + "start": 989.08, + "text": "and and write and rewrite, at least in" + }, + { + "start": 991.12, + "text": "some cases, specific patterns that serve" + }, + { + "start": 993.68, + "text": "as the goal for a bonafide goal-directed" + }, + { + "start": 996.92, + "text": "system, which basically works to reduce" + }, + { + "start": 999.32, + "text": "error. It uses an electrical network to" + }, + { + "start": 1001.48, + "text": "gauge the delta between how are we now" + }, + { + "start": 1004.0, + "text": "versus how are we supposed to be and try" + }, + { + "start": 1005.56, + "text": "to reduce that delta. Here's another" + }, + { + "start": 1007.88, + "text": "example of this in these planaria." + }, + { + "start": 1010.0, + "text": "Normally nice one-headed flatworm, you" + }, + { + "start": 1012.36, + "text": "cut it into pieces many times as you" + }, + { + "start": 1014.36, + "text": "want, very reliably you get a worm with" + }, + { + "start": 1016.4, + "text": "one head, one tail. How do they know how" + }, + { + "start": 1018.24, + "text": "many heads they're supposed to have? The" + }, + { + "start": 1020.12, + "text": "answer is not genetics. This This tissue" + }, + { + "start": 1022.76, + "text": "is reprogrammable. And so, you can take" + }, + { + "start": 1025.12, + "text": "the exact same genetics, and you can" + }, + { + "start": 1027.24, + "text": "take this bioelectrical pattern that" + }, + { + "start": 1028.88, + "text": "tells the animal one head, one tail, and" + }, + { + "start": 1031.52, + "text": "actually enforce" + }, + { + "start": 1033.959, + "text": "change it to be two two" + }, + { + "start": 1035.6, + "text": "And what that says to the tissue is oh," + }, + { + "start": 1037.48, + "text": "a correct planarian should have two" + }, + { + "start": 1039.319, + "text": "heads. And when you do this, guess what" + }, + { + "start": 1041.12, + "text": "they build. Here's a nice two-headed" + }, + { + "start": 1042.6, + "text": "worm. The The memory is stable. If I" + }, + { + "start": 1044.959, + "text": "keep cutting it, the pattern actually" + }, + { + "start": 1046.92, + "text": "remaps itself onto onto new sizes of" + }, + { + "start": 1049.28, + "text": "tissue. So, you will continue to get" + }, + { + "start": 1051.04, + "text": "two-headed worms as many times as you" + }, + { + "start": 1052.92, + "text": "want in in in in the future. Here they" + }, + { + "start": 1055.36, + "text": "are." + }, + { + "start": 1056.28, + "text": "You can see them hanging out. And" + }, + { + "start": 1059.08, + "text": "again, this is this has nothing to do" + }, + { + "start": 1060.64, + "text": "with the genetics. What the genetics" + }, + { + "start": 1062.4, + "text": "does for you is to provide hardware that" + }, + { + "start": 1064.6, + "text": "is re- programmable. But But after that," + }, + { + "start": 1067.44, + "text": "as we all know from using computers, the" + }, + { + "start": 1069.0, + "text": "hardware is just the beginning of the" + }, + { + "start": 1070.28, + "text": "story. Then the question is, what are" + }, + { + "start": 1072.56, + "text": "the uh the the the informational goal" + }, + { + "start": 1075.16, + "text": "states that that can propagate through" + }, + { + "start": 1077.16, + "text": "that excitable medium? Now, one of the" + }, + { + "start": 1079.44, + "text": "things this hardware is good at, and" + }, + { + "start": 1080.76, + "text": "here's where we're actually going to get" + }, + { + "start": 1082.04, + "text": "into this issue of the" + }, + { + "start": 1083.72, + "text": "uh the kind of the most controversial" + }, + { + "start": 1085.56, + "text": "part. Every Everything that I've said" + }, + { + "start": 1087.0, + "text": "showed you now is" + }, + { + "start": 1088.52, + "text": "pretty much against the standard" + }, + { + "start": 1090.0, + "text": "paradigm. But I mean, it's already in" + }, + { + "start": 1091.28, + "text": "the text It's in the developmental" + }, + { + "start": 1092.52, + "text": "biology textbook. You know, the stuff is" + }, + { + "start": 1095.08, + "text": "is uh is is pretty pretty solid now for" + }, + { + "start": 1097.68, + "text": "decades. I'm going to show you the the" + }, + { + "start": 1099.64, + "text": "you know, the weirdest things next. But" + }, + { + "start": 1101.56, + "text": "one of the things this this hardware is" + }, + { + "start": 1103.36, + "text": "good at is visiting other types of" + }, + { + "start": 1106.12, + "text": "attractors in morphospace. So, if you" + }, + { + "start": 1108.6, + "text": "visualize anatomical morphospace with" + }, + { + "start": 1110.64, + "text": "different shaped heads, flat heads," + }, + { + "start": 1112.16, + "text": "round heads, you know, triangular heads," + }, + { + "start": 1113.8, + "text": "different shaped heads, what you can ask" + }, + { + "start": 1115.96, + "text": "is" + }, + { + "start": 1117.08, + "text": "uh uh No, no- Normally, there are" + }, + { + "start": 1119.12, + "text": "different species that live in this that" + }, + { + "start": 1120.96, + "text": "live in these different attractors. So," + }, + { + "start": 1122.32, + "text": "this is where they go. Um could we ask a" + }, + { + "start": 1125.52, + "text": "a different species to go into these" + }, + { + "start": 1127.36, + "text": "attractors? Turns out you can. So, we" + }, + { + "start": 1129.04, + "text": "can take a nice triangular-headed uh a a" + }, + { + "start": 1132.32, + "text": "Dugesia dorotocephala, cut off the head," + }, + { + "start": 1134.6, + "text": "perturb the bioelectric network" + }, + { + "start": 1136.08, + "text": "topology, and it it can grow uh a flat" + }, + { + "start": 1139.04, + "text": "heads like a P. felina, round heads like" + }, + { + "start": 1140.84, + "text": "an S. mediterranea. About 100 to 150" + }, + { + "start": 1143.32, + "text": "million years distance between these" + }, + { + "start": 1145.2, + "text": "animals and these. And yet, the hardware" + }, + { + "start": 1147.48, + "text": "has no problem of visiting these other" + }, + { + "start": 1149.32, + "text": "attractors, forming shapes of the brain," + }, + { + "start": 1151.52, + "text": "distribution of stem cells, exactly like" + }, + { + "start": 1154.2, + "text": "these other species. So, the plasticity" + }, + { + "start": 1156.28, + "text": "is is is is is remarkable. Now, this is" + }, + { + "start": 1159.48, + "text": "what's going to what's going to lead us" + }, + { + "start": 1160.8, + "text": "to" + }, + { + "start": 1161.84, + "text": "to the model systems that I was talking" + }, + { + "start": 1163.32, + "text": "about. So far, what I've shown you is" + }, + { + "start": 1165.28, + "text": "plasticity of standard forms. So, I've" + }, + { + "start": 1168.28, + "text": "showed you the ability to make a" + }, + { + "start": 1169.56, + "text": "standard frog eye in the wrong location," + }, + { + "start": 1172.04, + "text": "but a standard frog eye, an ectopic" + }, + { + "start": 1174.28, + "text": "normal planarian head," + }, + { + "start": 1176.32, + "text": "wrong location, wrong number, but normal" + }, + { + "start": 1178.28, + "text": "planarian head. And here, the head of" + }, + { + "start": 1180.2, + "text": "other species. So, let's go further." + }, + { + "start": 1182.32, + "text": "Let's start looking at shapes that and" + }, + { + "start": 1184.56, + "text": "and configurations that have never" + }, + { + "start": 1186.0, + "text": "existed before. And the reason we're" + }, + { + "start": 1187.64, + "text": "going to do this is to really hammer" + }, + { + "start": 1189.68, + "text": "this this issue of how much effort did" + }, + { + "start": 1191.96, + "text": "you put in and what did you get out?" + }, + { + "start": 1193.72, + "text": "Because up until now, everything that" + }, + { + "start": 1195.6, + "text": "I've told you could all of these stories" + }, + { + "start": 1197.88, + "text": "could be told in a fairly standard" + }, + { + "start": 1200.2, + "text": "evolutionary kind of tale. That that" + }, + { + "start": 1202.28, + "text": "what why this why the material is" + }, + { + "start": 1203.88, + "text": "reprogrammable, why these signals work." + }, + { + "start": 1205.92, + "text": "I can tell a very standard sort of" + }, + { + "start": 1208.24, + "text": "Darwinian explanation for that. But but" + }, + { + "start": 1210.4, + "text": "we're going to reach the limits of that." + }, + { + "start": 1213.12, + "text": "so here's a few a few examples just for" + }, + { + "start": 1214.76, + "text": "fun." + }, + { + "start": 1216.2, + "text": "If I told you that I want to make it I" + }, + { + "start": 1218.2, + "text": "wanted to make a tadpole that would not" + }, + { + "start": 1220.44, + "text": "have any eyes in the head. I want a" + }, + { + "start": 1222.28, + "text": "tadpole with an eye on its tail." + }, + { + "start": 1224.12, + "text": "Furthermore, I don't want this eye" + }, + { + "start": 1225.48, + "text": "connected to the brain. I want the optic" + }, + { + "start": 1227.32, + "text": "nerve to stop somewhere on the on the" + }, + { + "start": 1230.36, + "text": "spinal cord or in the gut or somewhere" + }, + { + "start": 1232.08, + "text": "like that." + }, + { + "start": 1233.8, + "text": "And and I want this thing to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 1235.48, + "text": "see out of that eye. Even though the" + }, + { + "start": 1237.24, + "text": "eye's in a weird location, it's not" + }, + { + "start": 1238.72, + "text": "connected to the brain, I still to be" + }, + { + "start": 1240.24, + "text": "able to see. What would you need to do?" + }, + { + "start": 1241.92, + "text": "You might think that wow, very" + }, + { + "start": 1244.12, + "text": "difficult," + }, + { + "start": 1245.32, + "text": "lots of rounds of mutation, selection," + }, + { + "start": 1247.92, + "text": "adaptation, maybe some kind of crazy" + }, + { + "start": 1249.52, + "text": "engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1250.76, + "text": "of the nervous system that you would" + }, + { + "start": 1251.88, + "text": "have to do. Turns out you don't have to" + }, + { + "start": 1253.52, + "text": "do anything. When we create these" + }, + { + "start": 1255.68, + "text": "animals," + }, + { + "start": 1256.68, + "text": "and we made a machine, this is an" + }, + { + "start": 1257.92, + "text": "automated system that trains and tests" + }, + { + "start": 1260.48, + "text": "these animals for vision for they learn" + }, + { + "start": 1262.36, + "text": "and they learn visual tasks. Turns out" + }, + { + "start": 1264.96, + "text": "that yeah, when you when you when you" + }, + { + "start": 1266.4, + "text": "force the cells on the back of a of a of" + }, + { + "start": 1268.8, + "text": "a tail to make an eye and you track the" + }, + { + "start": 1271.0, + "text": "optic nerve and it doesn't connect to" + }, + { + "start": 1272.12, + "text": "anything, certainly not to the brain, in" + }, + { + "start": 1274.04, + "text": "fact, they can still see. Didn't take" + }, + { + "start": 1276.28, + "text": "any new rounds of of of" + }, + { + "start": 1279.64, + "text": "evolution of selection of adaptation to" + }, + { + "start": 1283.2, + "text": "to take a novel sensory motor" + }, + { + "start": 1285.08, + "text": "architecture and make it absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 1287.6, + "text": "functional. Why does that work? That's" + }, + { + "start": 1289.4, + "text": "really weird. And just for fun, if you" + }, + { + "start": 1291.04, + "text": "wonder what happens to these as the tail" + }, + { + "start": 1293.04, + "text": "disappears, um uh the tail is killed off" + }, + { + "start": 1295.68, + "text": "by by program signals that that kill off" + }, + { + "start": 1297.92, + "text": "the tail in turn for a frog which isn't" + }, + { + "start": 1299.88, + "text": "supposed to have a tail. The uh the eye" + }, + { + "start": 1301.96, + "text": "completely ignores all of those signals." + }, + { + "start": 1303.76, + "text": "It it will not kill itself. It rides" + }, + { + "start": 1305.8, + "text": "back as the tail disappears and" + }, + { + "start": 1307.16, + "text": "eventually lands on the on the behind of" + }, + { + "start": 1309.2, + "text": "the uh of the frog. If If nothing else" + }, + { + "start": 1311.08, + "text": "today, you've seen a frog with an eye on" + }, + { + "start": 1312.72, + "text": "his butt, so" + }, + { + "start": 1314.04, + "text": "so there is that. Um so, okay, so that's" + }, + { + "start": 1316.84, + "text": "so that's that already we're starting to" + }, + { + "start": 1318.35, + "text": "at's that already we're starting to" + }, + { + "start": 1318.36, + "text": "see there's something there's something" + }, + { + "start": 1319.32, + "text": "fishy here. Uh why does this work out of" + }, + { + "start": 1321.68, + "text": "the box immediately with no no no" + }, + { + "start": 1323.96, + "text": "accommodations needed? Let me ask you" + }, + { + "start": 1325.8, + "text": "another question. Uh if I if I had a" + }, + { + "start": 1328.04, + "text": "turtle, so this is a a slow, shy reptile" + }, + { + "start": 1332.04, + "text": "and what I want is to have a playful" + }, + { + "start": 1334.32, + "text": "cat-like speed of its life. I want it to" + }, + { + "start": 1336.24, + "text": "be like a cat. What would we have to do?" + }, + { + "start": 1338.24, + "text": "Now, you might think, \"Wow, um millions" + }, + { + "start": 1340.08, + "text": "of years of evolution or maybe some kind" + }, + { + "start": 1341.96, + "text": "of crazy neural engineering that nobody" + }, + { + "start": 1344.32, + "text": "knows how to do.\" Turns out, you don't" + }, + { + "start": 1346.92, + "text": "have to do much. So, here's this guy" + }, + { + "start": 1348.6, + "text": "that put a turtle on a little skateboard" + }, + { + "start": 1350.96, + "text": "and immediately this this this" + }, + { + "start": 1353.28, + "text": "prosthetic, it didn't take a long time" + }, + { + "start": 1355.36, + "text": "for the turtle to first of all uh move" + }, + { + "start": 1358.0, + "text": "at uh at this at a speed sufficient to" + }, + { + "start": 1360.6, + "text": "play with this cat. He wants to play" + }, + { + "start": 1362.12, + "text": "with the cat. The cat I guess doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 1364.0, + "text": "know what to make of it, but the turtle" + }, + { + "start": 1365.08, + "text": "is perfectly able to keep up with him." + }, + { + "start": 1367.68, + "text": "So, so what's going on here? This a very" + }, + { + "start": 1369.96, + "text": "small adjustment to the physical uh" + }, + { + "start": 1372.4, + "text": "embodiment unlocks a new cognitive" + }, + { + "start": 1374.68, + "text": "domain. I mean, have turtles for" + }, + { + "start": 1375.96, + "text": "millions of years been wanting to do" + }, + { + "start": 1377.56, + "text": "this and they just couldn't? I have no" + }, + { + "start": 1378.8, + "text": "idea, but it makes you wonder, right? It" + }, + { + "start": 1381.32, + "text": "makes you wonder what would we be" + }, + { + "start": 1383.36, + "text": "capable of with really fairly small" + }, + { + "start": 1386.12, + "text": "tweaks. But But again, that that delta" + }, + { + "start": 1388.08, + "text": "between what you put what you put in and" + }, + { + "start": 1390.36, + "text": "what happened. What is the latent space" + }, + { + "start": 1392.6, + "text": "of the possibilities for this for this" + }, + { + "start": 1394.92, + "text": "system? These kind of engineering" + }, + { + "start": 1396.8, + "text": "changes, doing these weird things, and" + }, + { + "start": 1398.2, + "text": "I'm going to show you some much weirder" + }, + { + "start": 1399.72, + "text": "things, but but putting a turtle on a" + }, + { + "start": 1401.2, + "text": "skateboard is basically like a periscope" + }, + { + "start": 1404.0, + "text": "to find these these additional things" + }, + { + "start": 1405.92, + "text": "that you did not see coming. So," + }, + { + "start": 1408.56, + "text": "uh here's here's another interesting" + }, + { + "start": 1410.6, + "text": "example of these of these free gifts." + }, + { + "start": 1412.2, + "text": "And so now now we're really going to" + }, + { + "start": 1413.44, + "text": "ratchet this up." + }, + { + "start": 1414.8, + "text": "Um we showed a few years ago that if you" + }, + { + "start": 1417.6, + "text": "take small networks, molecular networks." + }, + { + "start": 1420.32, + "text": "So, not even a cell, never mind a brain" + }, + { + "start": 1422.36, + "text": "or a neuron," + }, + { + "start": 1423.72, + "text": "not even a whole cell, just molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1425.64, + "text": "networks. And they don't have to be" + }, + { + "start": 1427.04, + "text": "large networks. The smallest one that" + }, + { + "start": 1428.56, + "text": "can do this has just four nodes. If you" + }, + { + "start": 1431.0, + "text": "if you take molecular networks, you can" + }, + { + "start": 1432.96, + "text": "train them. In other words, even even" + }, + { + "start": 1435.2, + "text": "even simple molecular networks can do" + }, + { + "start": 1436.84, + "text": "habituation, sensitization, associative" + }, + { + "start": 1439.16, + "text": "conditioning. It is very clear how it" + }, + { + "start": 1441.2, + "text": "works. It's dynamical system learning." + }, + { + "start": 1442.68, + "text": "No nobody had seen it before because" + }, + { + "start": 1444.32, + "text": "nobody had thought to test to test these" + }, + { + "start": 1446.92, + "text": "such simple models for" + }, + { + "start": 1449.28, + "text": "such a thing as learning, but it turns" + }, + { + "start": 1451.19, + "text": "a thing as learning, but it turns" + }, + { + "start": 1451.2, + "text": "out that they do." + }, + { + "start": 1452.84, + "text": "And And here's here's the amazing thing." + }, + { + "start": 1454.56, + "text": "Oh, and we're using this in our in our" + }, + { + "start": 1456.52, + "text": "lab. We're using this for for medical" + }, + { + "start": 1458.24, + "text": "purposes like drug conditioning and so" + }, + { + "start": 1459.88, + "text": "on. Turns out that if you can do" + }, + { + "start": 1461.64, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning in molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1463.28, + "text": "networks, it's basically a molecular" + }, + { + "start": 1464.84, + "text": "placebo, which means that you can" + }, + { + "start": 1466.4, + "text": "associate powerful drugs that you don't" + }, + { + "start": 1468.12, + "text": "really want to be taking with a uh with" + }, + { + "start": 1470.6, + "text": "a with a neutral drug. Uh eventually you" + }, + { + "start": 1472.56, + "text": "you know, you pair a presentation and so" + }, + { + "start": 1474.32, + "text": "on, and eventually you can use neutral" + }, + { + "start": 1475.96, + "text": "drugs to get the same effect. So, so" + }, + { + "start": 1478.2, + "text": "that's the practical application, but" + }, + { + "start": 1479.52, + "text": "there's something deep very very deep" + }, + { + "start": 1481.44, + "text": "here, which is this." + }, + { + "start": 1482.8, + "text": "If you use causal emergence metrics, so" + }, + { + "start": 1485.6, + "text": "this is the mathematical tools uh" + }, + { + "start": 1488.04, + "text": "pioneered by people like uh Giulio" + }, + { + "start": 1489.56, + "text": "Tononi and Eric Hoel and and many others" + }, + { + "start": 1492.72, + "text": "to try to quantify the degree to which" + }, + { + "start": 1494.8, + "text": "wholes are more than the sum of their" + }, + { + "start": 1496.92, + "text": "parts, right? So, so the integrated" + }, + { + "start": 1498.84, + "text": "causal uh uh identity of a level beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1501.76, + "text": "the low-level parts. So, so there's math" + }, + { + "start": 1503.72, + "text": "for this now. It's no longer just a" + }, + { + "start": 1505.4, + "text": "philosophical debate about the" + }, + { + "start": 1507.16, + "text": "reductionism. There's actually math that" + }, + { + "start": 1508.68, + "text": "tells you that some systems are" + }, + { + "start": 1510.08, + "text": "absolutely not suitable for the" + }, + { + "start": 1511.76, + "text": "reductionist assumption." + }, + { + "start": 1513.48, + "text": "There's something cool that happens. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1516.6, + "text": "networks with higher causal emergence" + }, + { + "start": 1519.12, + "text": "are are better learners." + }, + { + "start": 1521.08, + "text": "But also, when you train them, their" + }, + { + "start": 1523.24, + "text": "causal emergence goes up. So, what's" + }, + { + "start": 1525.72, + "text": "happening here is that every time you" + }, + { + "start": 1526.8, + "text": "train them, they become more and more of" + }, + { + "start": 1528.44, + "text": "an integrated agent. But that makes them" + }, + { + "start": 1530.88, + "text": "better at learning and so on. So," + }, + { + "start": 1532.12, + "text": "there's this there's this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1534.4, + "text": "uh there's this amazing positive" + }, + { + "start": 1535.8, + "text": "feedback loop that we call the" + }, + { + "start": 1537.12, + "text": "functional agency ratchet. Uh why is it" + }, + { + "start": 1539.72, + "text": "a ratchet? Because if you force them to" + }, + { + "start": 1541.64, + "text": "forget, and that's really important for" + }, + { + "start": 1543.6, + "text": "medical reasons, you want your network" + }, + { + "start": 1545.08, + "text": "sometimes to forget um physiological" + }, + { + "start": 1547.4, + "text": "experiences. When you force them to" + }, + { + "start": 1549.2, + "text": "forget, you do not erase the gains that" + }, + { + "start": 1551.36, + "text": "they've made in becoming a higher-level" + }, + { + "start": 1553.24, + "text": "integrated agent. So, it's an asymmetry" + }, + { + "start": 1556.28, + "text": "that points" + }, + { + "start": 1557.68, + "text": "uh upward in terms of agency and" + }, + { + "start": 1559.96, + "text": "intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 1561.4, + "text": "It's an it's an it's asymmetric. It" + }, + { + "start": 1563.04, + "text": "points upwards. But now So, now you say," + }, + { + "start": 1565.0, + "text": "\"Okay, where did this come from? Surely" + }, + { + "start": 1566.64, + "text": "this was evolution did this. Evolution" + }, + { + "start": 1568.84, + "text": "because I mean, that kind of a thing is" + }, + { + "start": 1571.08, + "text": "um" + }, + { + "start": 1572.08, + "text": "uh a very uh sort of you you would have" + }, + { + "start": 1574.12, + "text": "to select, you know, needle in a" + }, + { + "start": 1575.32, + "text": "haystack for this kind of thing, right?" + }, + { + "start": 1576.64, + "text": "You would have to select for networks." + }, + { + "start": 1578.36, + "text": "So, it turns out that that ratchet, if" + }, + { + "start": 1580.6, + "text": "you look at" + }, + { + "start": 1582.24, + "text": "uh random networks compared to" + }, + { + "start": 1584.24, + "text": "biological networks, what you see is" + }, + { + "start": 1586.84, + "text": "that biology can improve it a little" + }, + { + "start": 1589.68, + "text": "bit, but the random networks already do" + }, + { + "start": 1592.28, + "text": "this." + }, + { + "start": 1593.24, + "text": "They are They are I don't know if this" + }, + { + "start": 1594.88, + "text": "is fine-tuning the way that we see in" + }, + { + "start": 1596.6, + "text": "some of the parameters of the physical" + }, + { + "start": 1598.52, + "text": "universe," + }, + { + "start": 1599.64, + "text": "but in this is not a needle in a" + }, + { + "start": 1602.28, + "text": "haystack situation. Random networks are" + }, + { + "start": 1604.44, + "text": "already optimized for this incredible" + }, + { + "start": 1607.64, + "text": "ratchet. And so, it's not about" + }, + { + "start": 1609.4, + "text": "replicators or selection. There are no" + }, + { + "start": 1610.88, + "text": "replicators in these systems. Nothing is" + }, + { + "start": 1612.59, + "text": "in these systems. Nothing is" + }, + { + "start": 1612.6, + "text": "replicating. Nothing is being selected" + }, + { + "start": 1614.15, + "text": "ing. Nothing is being selected" + }, + { + "start": 1614.16, + "text": "for. It is It does not come from" + }, + { + "start": 1616.0, + "text": "physics. It does not come from biology." + }, + { + "start": 1617.56, + "text": "It is a free gift from mathematics. If" + }, + { + "start": 1619.92, + "text": "you want to know where this comes from," + }, + { + "start": 1621.44, + "text": "it comes from the way that causal" + }, + { + "start": 1622.72, + "text": "emergence and network properties work." + }, + { + "start": 1625.0, + "text": "It doesn't rely on any facts of" + }, + { + "start": 1627.0, + "text": "mathematics. It doesn't rely on a" + }, + { + "start": 1628.44, + "text": "history of selection and so on. So, this" + }, + { + "start": 1630.2, + "text": "is So, this is now kind of crazy." + }, + { + "start": 1631.52, + "text": "Biologists" + }, + { + "start": 1632.88, + "text": "uh biologists love uh to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 1635.12, + "text": "explain things in terms of either uh" + }, + { + "start": 1637.64, + "text": "genetics or environment. In other words," + }, + { + "start": 1639.4, + "text": "a a history, right? Some kind of history" + }, + { + "start": 1641.6, + "text": "of selection or physics. Those are the" + }, + { + "start": 1643.72, + "text": "that that Those are supposed to be the" + }, + { + "start": 1644.92, + "text": "sources. So, we I think in in in looking" + }, + { + "start": 1648.84, + "text": "at some of these things, I'm going to" + }, + { + "start": 1650.04, + "text": "show you some some more examples in a" + }, + { + "start": 1652.0, + "text": "minute. We have to start asking, where" + }, + { + "start": 1654.0, + "text": "else can information come from? Well, I" + }, + { + "start": 1656.0, + "text": "just want to point out that So, so if" + }, + { + "start": 1658.0, + "text": "you look at something like this, this is" + }, + { + "start": 1659.48, + "text": "the Halley plot of a simple function" + }, + { + "start": 1662.08, + "text": "complex number. So, Z is a complex" + }, + { + "start": 1663.68, + "text": "number here. Z cubed plus seven," + }, + { + "start": 1665.4, + "text": "something like that. If you plot it out," + }, + { + "start": 1667.08, + "text": "gives you this incredible order. And" + }, + { + "start": 1668.96, + "text": "actually, I can make a video of it, but" + }, + { + "start": 1670.6, + "text": "when by changing these parameters just a" + }, + { + "start": 1672.32, + "text": "tiny bit for every frame here, you can" + }, + { + "start": 1673.88, + "text": "see this is this this amazing world. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1676.56, + "text": "it's kind of cool. It doesn't hurt that" + }, + { + "start": 1677.72, + "text": "these things look vaguely biological and" + }, + { + "start": 1679.8, + "text": "organic. That that's kind of fun." + }, + { + "start": 1681.76, + "text": "Um But But the one thing you have to" + }, + { + "start": 1683.72, + "text": "realize is that if I want to know why" + }, + { + "start": 1685.76, + "text": "the pattern of this equation is exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1687.76, + "text": "this, not something else, but exactly" + }, + { + "start": 1690.0, + "text": "this, I can't lean on physics. There is" + }, + { + "start": 1692.15, + "text": "I can't lean on physics. There is" + }, + { + "start": 1692.16, + "text": "nothing about physics that explains" + }, + { + "start": 1694.16, + "text": "this. I can't lean on selection or" + }, + { + "start": 1695.8, + "text": "history. This was not selected to look" + }, + { + "start": 1697.56, + "text": "like this." + }, + { + "start": 1698.56, + "text": "There's something else. So, there are" + }, + { + "start": 1700.16, + "text": "Apparently, there are facts that are not" + }, + { + "start": 1702.88, + "text": "facts of physics. They're They are facts" + }, + { + "start": 1704.96, + "text": "of We call it mathematics." + }, + { + "start": 1707.8, + "text": "And so, um now we have to ask, what What" + }, + { + "start": 1710.48, + "text": "does this have to do with biology? Does" + }, + { + "start": 1711.72, + "text": "it have to do anything with biology?" + }, + { + "start": 1713.4, + "text": "Could we find Could we go further? I" + }, + { + "start": 1715.0, + "text": "mean, I've shown you um manipulation of" + }, + { + "start": 1716.88, + "text": "standard forms. I've shown you some" + }, + { + "start": 1718.2, + "text": "surprising sort of novel things you can" + }, + { + "start": 1720.8, + "text": "do. Could we find living forms with no" + }, + { + "start": 1723.56, + "text": "history of selection for their specific" + }, + { + "start": 1725.76, + "text": "properties? So, I'll just show you uh" + }, + { + "start": 1727.6, + "text": "two." + }, + { + "start": 1728.72, + "text": "One we call Xenobots. This is what" + }, + { + "start": 1730.52, + "text": "happens when you take cells from a from" + }, + { + "start": 1732.32, + "text": "the epithelium. So, it's going to be" + }, + { + "start": 1733.96, + "text": "skin from the epithelium of an early" + }, + { + "start": 1735.84, + "text": "frog embryo. We we liberate them from" + }, + { + "start": 1738.36, + "text": "the frog embryo. We dissociate them. We" + }, + { + "start": 1740.48, + "text": "put them in a in a container by" + }, + { + "start": 1741.72, + "text": "themselves." + }, + { + "start": 1742.96, + "text": "They could have died. They could have" + }, + { + "start": 1744.16, + "text": "crawled away from each other. They could" + }, + { + "start": 1745.44, + "text": "have made a flat monolayer like cell" + }, + { + "start": 1747.44, + "text": "culture. Instead, what they do is this." + }, + { + "start": 1750.08, + "text": "You can see it here. The each one of" + }, + { + "start": 1751.28, + "text": "these things is a single cell. Here's a" + }, + { + "start": 1752.6, + "text": "little group. They don't all look like a" + }, + { + "start": 1753.8, + "text": "little horse. I just thought this was a" + }, + { + "start": 1755.11, + "text": "horse. I just thought this was a" + }, + { + "start": 1755.12, + "text": "cute example. Um they they they sort of" + }, + { + "start": 1757.8, + "text": "move as a collective. They they they" + }, + { + "start": 1760.16, + "text": "they assemble and they assemble into" + }, + { + "start": 1763.2, + "text": "something we call a Xenobot. What is it" + }, + { + "start": 1764.84, + "text": "doing? Well," + }, + { + "start": 1766.08, + "text": "first of all, it has a little hairs. The" + }, + { + "start": 1767.76, + "text": "hairs are used by a frog to move mucus" + }, + { + "start": 1770.04, + "text": "down the body and then get rid of" + }, + { + "start": 1771.52, + "text": "pathogens and things like that. But" + }, + { + "start": 1773.28, + "text": "these guys are using them to swim." + }, + { + "start": 1774.84, + "text": "They're using them to row against the" + }, + { + "start": 1776.88, + "text": "the water. What you're seeing that this" + }, + { + "start": 1778.72, + "text": "this has never existed before. This is a" + }, + { + "start": 1781.44, + "text": "this is a patch of frog skin rebooting" + }, + { + "start": 1784.95, + "text": "is a patch of frog skin rebooting" + }, + { + "start": 1784.96, + "text": "its multicellularity into a new way of" + }, + { + "start": 1786.76, + "text": "life. They can move in circles. They can" + }, + { + "start": 1788.88, + "text": "sort of patrol back and forth. They can" + }, + { + "start": 1790.84, + "text": "have collective motion. Um they can" + }, + { + "start": 1794.08, + "text": "with given neurons and you can but this" + }, + { + "start": 1796.04, + "text": "does not have any neurons but but uh" + }, + { + "start": 1798.6, + "text": "I might post that college threw some" + }, + { + "start": 1800.04, + "text": "neurons in there and they can do all" + }, + { + "start": 1801.32, + "text": "kinds of interesting things. Here's one" + }, + { + "start": 1802.84, + "text": "sort of swimming around." + }, + { + "start": 1804.64, + "text": "Um here's one traversing this this this" + }, + { + "start": 1808.32, + "text": "maze structure. So, it goes here. It's" + }, + { + "start": 1810.68, + "text": "going to take this corner without" + }, + { + "start": 1811.96, + "text": "bumping into the opposite wall. So, it" + }, + { + "start": 1813.44, + "text": "can it can it it takes the corner then" + }, + { + "start": 1815.4, + "text": "for some reason it turns around, goes" + }, + { + "start": 1817.68, + "text": "back where where it came from. Um one of" + }, + { + "start": 1820.36, + "text": "the most amazing things they do, we call" + }, + { + "start": 1822.56, + "text": "kinematic self-replication. So, look," + }, + { + "start": 1824.88, + "text": "we've made it impossible for these" + }, + { + "start": 1826.32, + "text": "creatures to reproduce in the normal" + }, + { + "start": 1828.36, + "text": "froggy fashion. We" + }, + { + "start": 1830.84, + "text": "give them a bunch of loose epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1832.96, + "text": "cells. That's what this white dust is" + }, + { + "start": 1835.2, + "text": "here that sprinkle everywhere. These are" + }, + { + "start": 1836.48, + "text": "loose cells. And what they do is they" + }, + { + "start": 1838.16, + "text": "run around both collectively and" + }, + { + "start": 1839.68, + "text": "individually and they collect the cells" + }, + { + "start": 1842.04, + "text": "into little little piles. The little" + }, + { + "start": 1844.44, + "text": "piles mature into the next generation of" + }, + { + "start": 1846.56, + "text": "xenobots, and guess what they do. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1848.56, + "text": "they do the exactly the same thing, and" + }, + { + "start": 1850.0, + "text": "they make the next generation, and they" + }, + { + "start": 1851.39, + "text": "make the next generation, and they" + }, + { + "start": 1851.4, + "text": "make the next generation. So, this" + }, + { + "start": 1853.04, + "text": "ability, it's kind of like von Neumann's" + }, + { + "start": 1854.68, + "text": "dream, right, of a robot that goes" + }, + { + "start": 1856.64, + "text": "around making copies of itself from uh" + }, + { + "start": 1859.44, + "text": "materials it finds in the environment." + }, + { + "start": 1861.44, + "text": "Uh is uh is is is something we you know," + }, + { + "start": 1865.8, + "text": "there is no let's let's remember in" + }, + { + "start": 1867.68, + "text": "these xenobots, there is no genetic" + }, + { + "start": 1869.4, + "text": "editing. We didn't touch the genome." + }, + { + "start": 1871.04, + "text": "There are no new synthetic circuits. We" + }, + { + "start": 1872.68, + "text": "didn't do any synthetic biology. We" + }, + { + "start": 1874.28, + "text": "didn't add any scaffolds. There are no" + }, + { + "start": 1875.83, + "text": "add any scaffolds. There are no" + }, + { + "start": 1875.84, + "text": "nanomaterials. There was no learning." + }, + { + "start": 1878.12, + "text": "There you know, there was no training." + }, + { + "start": 1879.4, + "text": "There was no selection, and uh there was" + }, + { + "start": 1881.23, + "text": "was no selection, and uh there was" + }, + { + "start": 1881.24, + "text": "no uh engineering of these things beyond" + }, + { + "start": 1884.12, + "text": "taking the cells, liberating them from" + }, + { + "start": 1886.04, + "text": "the other cells, which typically bully" + }, + { + "start": 1887.6, + "text": "them into having a boring life as a as a" + }, + { + "start": 1890.08, + "text": "you know, outer skin, and letting them" + }, + { + "start": 1891.92, + "text": "reboot into a new uh a lifestyle. And" + }, + { + "start": 1894.72, + "text": "here they are doing kinematic" + }, + { + "start": 1895.88, + "text": "replication." + }, + { + "start": 1897.2, + "text": "Now, you might say, \"Okay, well, maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1899.76, + "text": "maybe the amphibians are weird. Maybe" + }, + { + "start": 1901.04, + "text": "this is some kind of amphibian like" + }, + { + "start": 1902.72, + "text": "weird amphibian thing.\" And I would ask" + }, + { + "start": 1904.56, + "text": "you, \"Well, what what do you think your" + }, + { + "start": 1906.04, + "text": "cells would do if we liberated them?" + }, + { + "start": 1907.88, + "text": "What would your cells do?\" Well," + }, + { + "start": 1909.96, + "text": "here's a little creature. Uh we call" + }, + { + "start": 1911.76, + "text": "this an anthrobot. If you were to" + }, + { + "start": 1913.8, + "text": "sequence it, you would find 100% homo" + }, + { + "start": 1915.96, + "text": "sapiens. You would have zero clue from" + }, + { + "start": 1918.16, + "text": "the genome that this is anything but a" + }, + { + "start": 1919.96, + "text": "human being. Uh" + }, + { + "start": 1922.2, + "text": "they also run around. They have they" + }, + { + "start": 1924.68, + "text": "have spontaneous spontaneous motion. You" + }, + { + "start": 1926.88, + "text": "could not guess what genome it had by" + }, + { + "start": 1928.68, + "text": "what by by analyzing the their their" + }, + { + "start": 1930.92, + "text": "shape or behavior. Um" + }, + { + "start": 1933.52, + "text": "uh" + }, + { + "start": 1934.88, + "text": "We will one thing that we discovered" + }, + { + "start": 1936.64, + "text": "they do is they have this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 1938.16, + "text": "healing function. If I played a dish of" + }, + { + "start": 1940.56, + "text": "human neurons and put a big scratch down" + }, + { + "start": 1942.36, + "text": "the middle, the anthrobots will find the" + }, + { + "start": 1944.32, + "text": "scratch. They drive down the the scratch" + }, + { + "start": 1946.28, + "text": "here. They settle somewhere into in a" + }, + { + "start": 1948.4, + "text": "group like this, and what they" + }, + { + "start": 1949.84, + "text": "immediately start to do is knit the" + }, + { + "start": 1951.2, + "text": "neurons across the gap. Okay, here they" + }, + { + "start": 1953.6, + "text": "are. These cells come from uh" + }, + { + "start": 1956.12, + "text": "adult, not embryonic. There's no" + }, + { + "start": 1958.04, + "text": "embryonic material here. These cells" + }, + { + "start": 1959.4, + "text": "come from adult tracheal epithelial" + }, + { + "start": 1961.6, + "text": "samples donated by by patients during" + }, + { + "start": 1963.96, + "text": "biopsies. So, we we buy the cells. They" + }, + { + "start": 1966.12, + "text": "make these anthrobots. Who knew that" + }, + { + "start": 1967.96, + "text": "your tracheal cells, which sit in your" + }, + { + "start": 1969.52, + "text": "airway for very long periods of time" + }, + { + "start": 1971.12, + "text": "dealing with dust particles and and and" + }, + { + "start": 1973.2, + "text": "so on, have the ability to assemble into" + }, + { + "start": 1975.28, + "text": "a little creature. It has 9,000" + }, + { + "start": 1977.6, + "text": "differentially expressed genes. Uh, so" + }, + { + "start": 1979.88, + "text": "half the genome is differently" + }, + { + "start": 1981.28, + "text": "expressed. It is actually younger than" + }, + { + "start": 1983.68, + "text": "the cells they come from, so it actually" + }, + { + "start": 1985.08, + "text": "rolls back its age by based on" + }, + { + "start": 1987.16, + "text": "epigenetic clock data." + }, + { + "start": 1988.96, + "text": "And they have this ability to heal" + }, + { + "start": 1990.32, + "text": "neural wounds. Obvious applications" + }, + { + "start": 1992.16, + "text": "here, right? This can, in theory, go" + }, + { + "start": 1993.76, + "text": "into your body, do repair. You wouldn't" + }, + { + "start": 1995.76, + "text": "need immunosuppression. These are your" + }, + { + "start": 1997.16, + "text": "own cells, right? This is you know," + }, + { + "start": 1999.2, + "text": "they're not genetically engineered. They" + }, + { + "start": 2000.8, + "text": "can go right into your right into your" + }, + { + "start": 2002.24, + "text": "body. So, and they have this amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2005.08, + "text": "amazing healing function, which we did" + }, + { + "start": 2006.52, + "text": "not select for, we did not train them" + }, + { + "start": 2008.0, + "text": "for, and we did not engineer. So, so so" + }, + { + "start": 2011.12, + "text": "here here we go. This is the final the" + }, + { + "start": 2012.68, + "text": "final piece of all of this." + }, + { + "start": 2014.36, + "text": "Uh, the whole point of of evolution is" + }, + { + "start": 2016.84, + "text": "that it was supposed to explain" + }, + { + "start": 2018.68, + "text": "complexity with a high specificity for" + }, + { + "start": 2021.04, + "text": "selection history. In other words, if" + }, + { + "start": 2022.96, + "text": "you ask why a specific animal or plant" + }, + { + "start": 2025.16, + "text": "looks the way it looks, acts the way it" + }, + { + "start": 2026.68, + "text": "acts, you should be able to tell a" + }, + { + "start": 2028.24, + "text": "story. You should be able to guess the" + }, + { + "start": 2029.4, + "text": "environment and tell a story of the" + }, + { + "start": 2031.24, + "text": "selection pressures that killed off" + }, + { + "start": 2032.76, + "text": "everything else and and and left this." + }, + { + "start": 2035.44, + "text": "Okay, that's a story maybe you can tell" + }, + { + "start": 2038.44, + "text": "for tadpole for the developmental stages" + }, + { + "start": 2040.84, + "text": "of the frog and eventually the behavior" + }, + { + "start": 2042.32, + "text": "of tadpoles." + }, + { + "start": 2043.92, + "text": "But what about the xenobots? There's" + }, + { + "start": 2045.76, + "text": "never been any xenobots. There's never" + }, + { + "start": 2047.64, + "text": "been selection to be a good xenobot or a" + }, + { + "start": 2049.56, + "text": "good anthrobot. None of these things" + }, + { + "start": 2051.28, + "text": "have been here before. No other creature" + }, + { + "start": 2052.84, + "text": "on Earth does kinematic replication." + }, + { + "start": 2055.24, + "text": "And you can't really say that, well, at" + }, + { + "start": 2057.28, + "text": "the same time that, um," + }, + { + "start": 2059.08, + "text": "uh, uh, the frog genome was learning to" + }, + { + "start": 2061.679, + "text": "make a good frog, uh, it also learned to" + }, + { + "start": 2063.48, + "text": "make xenobots. That isn't how this is" + }, + { + "start": 2065.35, + "text": "xenobots. That isn't how this is" + }, + { + "start": 2065.36, + "text": "supposed to work. There's supposed to be" + }, + { + "start": 2066.56, + "text": "some degree of specificity. And in" + }, + { + "start": 2068.08, + "text": "particular, computer science forces us" + }, + { + "start": 2070.6, + "text": "to ask, when did you pay the cost" + }, + { + "start": 2072.8, + "text": "because computation and design always" + }, + { + "start": 2074.72, + "text": "have a cost. When did you pay the cost" + }, + { + "start": 2076.72, + "text": "of designing good xenobots? We know when" + }, + { + "start": 2078.96, + "text": "you paid the cost to be a good frog or a" + }, + { + "start": 2080.84, + "text": "good human eons of selection." + }, + { + "start": 2083.44, + "text": "Where does all this come from? When did" + }, + { + "start": 2085.28, + "text": "you pay this cost? Right? So we have to" + }, + { + "start": 2087.32, + "text": "So So we already know that our standard" + }, + { + "start": 2089.04, + "text": "way of accounting for outcomes, right?" + }, + { + "start": 2091.24, + "text": "So So the the the the the math that says" + }, + { + "start": 2094.2, + "text": "you're supposed to put in some amount of" + }, + { + "start": 2095.6, + "text": "effort. Effort comes in three forms. You" + }, + { + "start": 2097.44, + "text": "either design it with an algorithm, you" + }, + { + "start": 2099.32, + "text": "select it with the evolutionary" + }, + { + "start": 2100.88, + "text": "algorithms, or you train it by learning." + }, + { + "start": 2102.8, + "text": "Those are the three ways we know how to" + }, + { + "start": 2104.08, + "text": "put in effort. When you get something" + }, + { + "start": 2105.44, + "text": "like this, none of those three things" + }, + { + "start": 2107.0, + "text": "happened. And so something is broken." + }, + { + "start": 2109.08, + "text": "There's some There's something There's" + }, + { + "start": 2110.6, + "text": "There's something we're we're missing" + }, + { + "start": 2111.91, + "text": "thing we're we're missing" + }, + { + "start": 2111.92, + "text": "here." + }, + { + "start": 2112.8, + "text": "Um and I would argue that that here and" + }, + { + "start": 2115.2, + "text": "and and I'm about to talk about this" + }, + { + "start": 2117.16, + "text": "platonic space. And my point isn't that" + }, + { + "start": 2118.96, + "text": "I saw xenobots and anthrobots and" + }, + { + "start": 2120.36, + "text": "immediately went went platonic. That" + }, + { + "start": 2121.84, + "text": "That isn't it. I've been thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 2123.44, + "text": "these things in biology for decades, but" + }, + { + "start": 2125.0, + "text": "now we have a model system, in fact, two" + }, + { + "start": 2127.08, + "text": "classes of model systems, the biological" + }, + { + "start": 2129.12, + "text": "and the computational, where we actually" + }, + { + "start": 2131.24, + "text": "where this is now actionable, where we" + }, + { + "start": 2132.84, + "text": "can actually do experiments." + }, + { + "start": 2134.6, + "text": "But But the fact I think we already knew" + }, + { + "start": 2136.64, + "text": "long before this is that uh physicalism" + }, + { + "start": 2139.28, + "text": "is not viable. Um" + }, + { + "start": 2142.16, + "text": "you know, pretty much anywhere you start" + }, + { + "start": 2144.2, + "text": "in biology or physics, if you keep" + }, + { + "start": 2146.24, + "text": "asking why, like a like a five-year-old," + }, + { + "start": 2148.4, + "text": "right? You take a fact and you just go," + }, + { + "start": 2149.48, + "text": "\"But why? Why? Why?\" And you keep asking" + }, + { + "start": 2151.24, + "text": "why. Eventually, you end up in the math" + }, + { + "start": 2153.0, + "text": "department. If you want to know why" + }, + { + "start": 2154.56, + "text": "that's the case, it's come out at 13 and" + }, + { + "start": 2156.56, + "text": "17 years, the biologist says, \"Oh, it's" + }, + { + "start": 2158.76, + "text": "so that the predators don't time their" + }, + { + "start": 2160.6, + "text": "arrival and eat them.\" Ah, so why 13 and" + }, + { + "start": 2162.76, + "text": "17? Oh, it's because those are prime." + }, + { + "start": 2164.68, + "text": "But why are those prime? Go talk to the" + }, + { + "start": 2166.8, + "text": "mathematicians. Everything ends like" + }, + { + "start": 2168.6, + "text": "this. And in fact, um" + }, + { + "start": 2170.32, + "text": "if you want to hear more talks about" + }, + { + "start": 2171.4, + "text": "this, we have a we have a symposium uh" + }, + { + "start": 2173.04, + "text": "here with about 30 talks of some amazing" + }, + { + "start": 2175.76, + "text": "people giving giving lectures about" + }, + { + "start": 2177.8, + "text": "So So here's here's what I think we" + }, + { + "start": 2180.4, + "text": "have. What What we already know and and" + }, + { + "start": 2182.28, + "text": "I could I could talk for an hour just" + }, + { + "start": 2184.12, + "text": "just examples, just just facts of" + }, + { + "start": 2185.84, + "text": "mathematics that are not underwritten by" + }, + { + "start": 2188.08, + "text": "any facts of physics that cannot be" + }, + { + "start": 2189.72, + "text": "changed by anything you do in the" + }, + { + "start": 2191.08, + "text": "physical world that cannot be discovered" + }, + { + "start": 2193.0, + "text": "through physics alone, you know, truths" + }, + { + "start": 2194.44, + "text": "of number theory and the specific value" + }, + { + "start": 2196.72, + "text": "of Feigenbaum's constant and all this" + }, + { + "start": 2198.52, + "text": "kind of stuff. Um," + }, + { + "start": 2200.36, + "text": "we already know there are facts that are" + }, + { + "start": 2201.92, + "text": "not physical facts. That's been known" + }, + { + "start": 2203.56, + "text": "forever. We know that these things" + }, + { + "start": 2205.44, + "text": "impact what happens in biology and they" + }, + { + "start": 2207.88, + "text": "impact what happens in physics. If you" + }, + { + "start": 2209.51, + "text": "physics. If you" + }, + { + "start": 2209.52, + "text": "want to know what particle properties" + }, + { + "start": 2211.04, + "text": "eventually it all boils down to the" + }, + { + "start": 2212.68, + "text": "symmetries of certain mathematical" + }, + { + "start": 2214.12, + "text": "objects." + }, + { + "start": 2215.2, + "text": "And so now you have a choice. What what" + }, + { + "start": 2217.08, + "text": "most people do with this currently is uh" + }, + { + "start": 2220.52, + "text": "they say look, these things are" + }, + { + "start": 2221.64, + "text": "emergent. You know, the reason you got" + }, + { + "start": 2223.04, + "text": "xenobots is because emergence. And they" + }, + { + "start": 2225.12, + "text": "say well what does that mean? And they" + }, + { + "start": 2226.32, + "text": "say well, they're just specific facts" + }, + { + "start": 2228.39, + "text": ", they're just specific facts" + }, + { + "start": 2228.4, + "text": "that hold in our world. Let's let's have" + }, + { + "start": 2230.4, + "text": "let's have monism. We're not going to" + }, + { + "start": 2231.88, + "text": "have any any extra" + }, + { + "start": 2234.4, + "text": "realms with with with the structure in" + }, + { + "start": 2236.84, + "text": "it. We're just going to we're just going" + }, + { + "start": 2238.04, + "text": "to say there's physics and occasionally" + }, + { + "start": 2239.88, + "text": "interesting things emerge." + }, + { + "start": 2241.72, + "text": "And to me this is this is incredibly" + }, + { + "start": 2244.16, + "text": "pessimistic. This is a very mysterious" + }, + { + "start": 2246.12, + "text": "view. I don't want to occasionally be" + }, + { + "start": 2248.56, + "text": "surprised and write things down in in a" + }, + { + "start": 2250.4, + "text": "big book of emergent surprises. I would" + }, + { + "start": 2252.92, + "text": "rather" + }, + { + "start": 2254.36, + "text": "assume that and this is a metaphysical" + }, + { + "start": 2256.44, + "text": "stance of course that you can't prove" + }, + { + "start": 2257.56, + "text": "this, but I would like to assume for the" + }, + { + "start": 2259.8, + "text": "purposes of experiment that there is an" + }, + { + "start": 2261.68, + "text": "ordered structured space of patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2264.2, + "text": "that underwrites some of the things that" + }, + { + "start": 2265.84, + "text": "we see. Okay? So so the the Platonist" + }, + { + "start": 2268.36, + "text": "mathematicians and I realize this isn't" + }, + { + "start": 2270.0, + "text": "all mathematicians, but a good chunk of" + }, + { + "start": 2272.44, + "text": "the mathematicians agree with this. It's" + }, + { + "start": 2273.84, + "text": "not random. These things are random." + }, + { + "start": 2275.28, + "text": "They've been studying this for" + }, + { + "start": 2276.8, + "text": "millennia. They've been building a map" + }, + { + "start": 2278.28, + "text": "of mathematics. They already know" + }, + { + "start": 2279.6, + "text": "there's a there's a set of truths that" + }, + { + "start": 2281.84, + "text": "you cannot change or or" + }, + { + "start": 2284.56, + "text": "uh or or or derive from the physical" + }, + { + "start": 2286.92, + "text": "world and they are systematically" + }, + { + "start": 2289.08, + "text": "studying these things. So what I think" + }, + { + "start": 2290.72, + "text": "is happening when we build these weird" + }, + { + "start": 2293.2, + "text": "synthetic morphology creatures, but also" + }, + { + "start": 2295.68, + "text": "when you do anything, when you make an" + }, + { + "start": 2297.04, + "text": "embryo, when you build a quote unquote" + }, + { + "start": 2299.16, + "text": "machine, we'll get to that in a minute," + }, + { + "start": 2301.04, + "text": "Um, of these things are uh kind of a" + }, + { + "start": 2303.44, + "text": "window on this latent space of" + }, + { + "start": 2305.12, + "text": "possibilities." + }, + { + "start": 2306.52, + "text": "Um," + }, + { + "start": 2307.12, + "text": "this latent space of patterns. And, you" + }, + { + "start": 2309.64, + "text": "know, at this point people often say," + }, + { + "start": 2311.88, + "text": "I'm not I'm not sure about this" + }, + { + "start": 2312.88, + "text": "audience, but but typical audiences I" + }, + { + "start": 2314.48, + "text": "talk to are extremely uh resistant to" + }, + { + "start": 2317.48, + "text": "that that idea. They say, \"We do not" + }, + { + "start": 2319.04, + "text": "want another realm. We don't We don't" + }, + { + "start": 2320.44, + "text": "want a realm.\" Even though I'm not" + }, + { + "start": 2322.43, + "text": "realm.\" Even though I'm not" + }, + { + "start": 2322.44, + "text": "arguing for a mysterious realm, I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2324.16, + "text": "saying the exact opposite. I think I" + }, + { + "start": 2325.56, + "text": "think emergence is is mysterious. I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2327.76, + "text": "arguing for a latent space of that is" + }, + { + "start": 2330.64, + "text": "structured that we are going to" + }, + { + "start": 2331.92, + "text": "systematically investigate, but but" + }, + { + "start": 2333.6, + "text": "people still don't want another realm." + }, + { + "start": 2335.6, + "text": "And so, what they typically say are one" + }, + { + "start": 2336.92, + "text": "of two things. They say, \"Well, there" + }, + { + "start": 2338.32, + "text": "are no separate math facts. Math facts" + }, + { + "start": 2340.36, + "text": "are just facts of physics. Eventually," + }, + { + "start": 2341.84, + "text": "we'll get to that. We'll We'll We'll" + }, + { + "start": 2342.88, + "text": "know that.\" And or or and or sometimes" + }, + { + "start": 2345.4, + "text": "people say, \"Math is an arbitrary human" + }, + { + "start": 2347.04, + "text": "construction. You know, math doesn't" + }, + { + "start": 2348.92, + "text": "exist outside of our our thinking about" + }, + { + "start": 2350.64, + "text": "it.\" So, so, you know, my my latest way" + }, + { + "start": 2353.36, + "text": "of of addressing this kind of thing is I" + }, + { + "start": 2355.4, + "text": "I I ask how you feel about two claims." + }, + { + "start": 2358.52, + "text": "If I claim that, well, the constants of" + }, + { + "start": 2361.0, + "text": "physics change over time, most people" + }, + { + "start": 2363.2, + "text": "kind of shrug their shoulders and say," + }, + { + "start": 2364.32, + "text": "\"Ah, so the speed of light changes a" + }, + { + "start": 2366.2, + "text": "little bit over you know, um," + }, + { + "start": 2368.56, + "text": "cosmological time scales. So, the" + }, + { + "start": 2370.48, + "text": "gravitational constant changes. Who No" + }, + { + "start": 2372.84, + "text": "big deal. Who cares? Paul Dirac already" + }, + { + "start": 2374.32, + "text": "said this in '37 that some of these" + }, + { + "start": 2376.12, + "text": "things might float a little bit.\"" + }, + { + "start": 2378.36, + "text": "Now, I tell Now Now Now let's try this." + }, + { + "start": 2380.08, + "text": "I tell you, \"Hey, yeah, the math The The" + }, + { + "start": 2382.12, + "text": "mathematical constants change over" + }, + { + "start": 2384.08, + "text": "time.\" Right? So, here's the first part" + }, + { + "start": 2386.0, + "text": "of the expansion of the natural" + }, + { + "start": 2387.24, + "text": "logarithm E. Suppose I tell you that," + }, + { + "start": 2389.24, + "text": "\"Yeah, I think like somewhere out here" + }, + { + "start": 2391.08, + "text": "in the you know, somewhere out in the" + }, + { + "start": 2392.36, + "text": "10,000th space where people don't really" + }, + { + "start": 2394.28, + "text": "pay any attention to it, so we don't" + }, + { + "start": 2395.96, + "text": "really collapse it, you know, in that in" + }, + { + "start": 2397.84, + "text": "that sense, maybe those things change" + }, + { + "start": 2399.36, + "text": "over time.\" At this point, everybody" + }, + { + "start": 2401.16, + "text": "I've never met anybody yet who said" + }, + { + "start": 2402.92, + "text": "anything other than uh somewhere between" + }, + { + "start": 2405.16, + "text": "incoherent and impossible. Definitely" + }, + { + "start": 2407.32, + "text": "not, right? So, what If If that's the" + }, + { + "start": 2409.96, + "text": "case, if you agree that this is possible" + }, + { + "start": 2412.0, + "text": "and this is this is not possible, what" + }, + { + "start": 2414.12, + "text": "you've already told me is three things." + }, + { + "start": 2415.96, + "text": "First of all, that mathematical facts" + }, + { + "start": 2417.88, + "text": "and physical facts are are absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2420.16, + "text": "not the same kind of beast. In fact, you" + }, + { + "start": 2422.16, + "text": "expect the mathematical facts to be more" + }, + { + "start": 2423.88, + "text": "stable. You're far more freaked out if" + }, + { + "start": 2426.2, + "text": "they if I suggest that they change" + }, + { + "start": 2427.6, + "text": "versus versus facts of physics." + }, + { + "start": 2429.76, + "text": "And that math is actually not arbitrary" + }, + { + "start": 2432.08, + "text": "or changeable because" + }, + { + "start": 2435.0, + "text": "you can't make it be whatever you want." + }, + { + "start": 2437.0, + "text": "You are forced once you start with like" + }, + { + "start": 2439.88, + "text": "empty set and successor of empty set," + }, + { + "start": 2441.84, + "text": "right? So you start with basic logic or" + }, + { + "start": 2444.36, + "text": "uh something like that. Then eventually" + }, + { + "start": 2446.56, + "text": "you get you get to find out that E is" + }, + { + "start": 2448.28, + "text": "2.78, you know, 718, whatever. You don't" + }, + { + "start": 2451.0, + "text": "get to to choose it. You can't change" + }, + { + "start": 2453.12, + "text": "it. You you are given these these" + }, + { + "start": 2454.8, + "text": "things. So" + }, + { + "start": 2456.44, + "text": "uh you know, the characters in our" + }, + { + "start": 2458.6, + "text": "novels can do whatever you want them to" + }, + { + "start": 2460.0, + "text": "do. E does whatever you wants to do. You" + }, + { + "start": 2461.52, + "text": "don't you don't get a you don't get a" + }, + { + "start": 2462.64, + "text": "choice about that. So, here's here's how" + }, + { + "start": 2465.24, + "text": "I extend uh so so so far all of this is" + }, + { + "start": 2467.36, + "text": "is straight-up mathematical platonism." + }, + { + "start": 2469.12, + "text": "Here's here's how I extend this for the" + }, + { + "start": 2471.24, + "text": "purposes of this discussion. And um I" + }, + { + "start": 2473.92, + "text": "just have a couple more things and then" + }, + { + "start": 2475.16, + "text": "and then I'm done. Uh first of all, I" + }, + { + "start": 2477.36, + "text": "think that the standard assumption that" + }, + { + "start": 2479.12, + "text": "the that this latent space contains only" + }, + { + "start": 2481.52, + "text": "the low agency static facts of" + }, + { + "start": 2483.44, + "text": "mathematics and everything else is a" + }, + { + "start": 2485.04, + "text": "product of emergence and can be handled" + }, + { + "start": 2486.56, + "text": "by physicists. I think that's we should" + }, + { + "start": 2488.76, + "text": "we should loosen that assumption. And we" + }, + { + "start": 2490.64, + "text": "should perhaps say that maybe the space" + }, + { + "start": 2492.24, + "text": "contains other patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2494.2, + "text": "that are of interest to developmental" + }, + { + "start": 2496.68, + "text": "biologists, cognitive scientists in" + }, + { + "start": 2498.4, + "text": "particular. Maybe some of these patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2500.44, + "text": "are high agency things that we would" + }, + { + "start": 2502.04, + "text": "recognize as kinds of minds. Maybe math" + }, + { + "start": 2504.36, + "text": "is just the behavioral science of one" + }, + { + "start": 2506.12, + "text": "layer of that space. I don't you know, I" + }, + { + "start": 2508.48, + "text": "I don't know if if E and things like" + }, + { + "start": 2510.16, + "text": "this actually change. I don't have any" + }, + { + "start": 2511.52, + "text": "claims on that. But but in my in my" + }, + { + "start": 2514.12, + "text": "current model, all of these things are" + }, + { + "start": 2515.68, + "text": "not eternal and are changing and" + }, + { + "start": 2517.52, + "text": "unchanging. These are high high-level" + }, + { + "start": 2520.48, + "text": "uh the ones that we associate with with" + }, + { + "start": 2522.36, + "text": "both morphology and behavior and" + }, + { + "start": 2524.36, + "text": "physiology and so on. These are" + }, + { + "start": 2526.44, + "text": "absolutely" + }, + { + "start": 2528.0, + "text": "uh dynamic things that can change, but" + }, + { + "start": 2530.24, + "text": "not only by sensitization, which you you" + }, + { + "start": 2532.88, + "text": "you just heard about, I suspect that um" + }, + { + "start": 2535.92, + "text": "they use all of the toolbox and probably" + }, + { + "start": 2538.16, + "text": "more that we haven't even thought of of" + }, + { + "start": 2539.72, + "text": "the behavioral sciences. So so" + }, + { + "start": 2541.56, + "text": "sensitization uh you know" + }, + { + "start": 2543.84, + "text": "Pavlovian conditioning, delayed" + }, + { + "start": 2545.16, + "text": "gratification, path planning, language," + }, + { + "start": 2546.88, + "text": "like all of these things are right there" + }, + { + "start": 2549.12, + "text": "along with sensitization once you've" + }, + { + "start": 2551.68, + "text": "once you've gone down this road and" + }, + { + "start": 2553.0, + "text": "realize that what why should this space" + }, + { + "start": 2554.88, + "text": "have only patterns that are that are" + }, + { + "start": 2557.2, + "text": "amenable to the formal tools of" + }, + { + "start": 2558.64, + "text": "mathematics? What about the rest of it?" + }, + { + "start": 2560.16, + "text": "So" + }, + { + "start": 2561.0, + "text": "we can talk about this idea again in" + }, + { + "start": 2562.52, + "text": "most audiences at this point people" + }, + { + "start": 2564.16, + "text": "freak out and they say look you're" + }, + { + "start": 2565.84, + "text": "basically saying that minds exist in a" + }, + { + "start": 2567.64, + "text": "non-physical space, but they affect the" + }, + { + "start": 2569.4, + "text": "physical world in the same way that the" + }, + { + "start": 2571.44, + "text": "truths of about prime numbers affect" + }, + { + "start": 2574.08, + "text": "what the cicadas are and aren't going to" + }, + { + "start": 2575.56, + "text": "do when they're when they evolve. Um" + }, + { + "start": 2577.64, + "text": "interactionism should be dead, you know," + }, + { + "start": 2579.52, + "text": "Descartes" + }, + { + "start": 2580.72, + "text": "you know, had this problem with with" + }, + { + "start": 2582.32, + "text": "interactionism but whatever. And my" + }, + { + "start": 2584.44, + "text": "point is simply this, whatever whatever" + }, + { + "start": 2586.36, + "text": "the actual resolution to this it's been" + }, + { + "start": 2588.4, + "text": "here for a really long time because we" + }, + { + "start": 2591.52, + "text": "already know that there's a degree of" + }, + { + "start": 2593.2, + "text": "interaction between non-physical truths" + }, + { + "start": 2595.48, + "text": "and physical objects. The relationship" + }, + { + "start": 2597.52, + "text": "between math and physics already tells" + }, + { + "start": 2599.16, + "text": "us this and maybe the relationship mind" + }, + { + "start": 2601.52, + "text": "of minds and bodies and when I say minds" + }, + { + "start": 2603.44, + "text": "I don't just mean our human minds, I" + }, + { + "start": 2605.12, + "text": "mean the minds that power the problem" + }, + { + "start": 2606.76, + "text": "solving of morphogenesis, of" + }, + { + "start": 2608.88, + "text": "physiological space navigation, of" + }, + { + "start": 2610.6, + "text": "transcriptional space navigation, all of" + }, + { + "start": 2612.56, + "text": "these things are diverse intelligences" + }, + { + "start": 2614.6, + "text": "of different grade and different type." + }, + { + "start": 2616.2, + "text": "Maybe the relationship between those" + }, + { + "start": 2617.84, + "text": "minds and bodies is exactly the same as" + }, + { + "start": 2619.68, + "text": "between math and physics. So" + }, + { + "start": 2622.68, + "text": "um so I'll I'll I'll I'll wrap up here" + }, + { + "start": 2624.84, + "text": "just to say that the the one thing is" + }, + { + "start": 2626.96, + "text": "some people like this and they say ah so" + }, + { + "start": 2629.16, + "text": "so here's what it is. Biology is and its" + }, + { + "start": 2631.92, + "text": "complexity are really primed for these" + }, + { + "start": 2635.28, + "text": "kind of ingression of minds from the" + }, + { + "start": 2637.16, + "text": "from this from this space and that's" + }, + { + "start": 2639.16, + "text": "what distinguishes us from dead matter," + }, + { + "start": 2641.2, + "text": "from mere machines, all of that. And" + }, + { + "start": 2643.04, + "text": "I'll just um I'll just point out that" + }, + { + "start": 2645.04, + "text": "that we we did work on I don't have time" + }, + { + "start": 2647.68, + "text": "to go into all the details, but anybody" + }, + { + "start": 2649.2, + "text": "who's interested I have long discussions" + }, + { + "start": 2650.96, + "text": "of this on online." + }, + { + "start": 2652.8, + "text": "Uh" + }, + { + "start": 2654.0, + "text": "a lot of humility is warranted here" + }, + { + "start": 2655.36, + "text": "because what we found is that even" + }, + { + "start": 2656.72, + "text": "extremely simple deterministic systems" + }, + { + "start": 2660.16, + "text": "are susceptible to ingressions of" + }, + { + "start": 2663.64, + "text": "not just [clears throat] complexity, not" + }, + { + "start": 2664.88, + "text": "just unpredictability," + }, + { + "start": 2666.6, + "text": "but competencies that are familiar to" + }, + { + "start": 2668.72, + "text": "any behavioral scientist and they are" + }, + { + "start": 2670.76, + "text": "not in the algorithm. The algorithm and" + }, + { + "start": 2673.08, + "text": "the materials of even a simple machine" + }, + { + "start": 2675.52, + "text": "tell you what the machine must do and it" + }, + { + "start": 2677.52, + "text": "tells you what it cannot do. But between" + }, + { + "start": 2679.4, + "text": "those two things is a massive amount of" + }, + { + "start": 2681.48, + "text": "degrees of freedom even in small" + }, + { + "start": 2683.0, + "text": "deterministic things apparently. This" + }, + { + "start": 2684.56, + "text": "this was a was a shocker to me. And and" + }, + { + "start": 2687.16, + "text": "those and and they can hold they can" + }, + { + "start": 2688.96, + "text": "host interesting patterns from that from" + }, + { + "start": 2691.04, + "text": "that space. So, um" + }, + { + "start": 2693.72, + "text": "I don't think it takes life or cells or" + }, + { + "start": 2695.92, + "text": "or or large complexity to to start to" + }, + { + "start": 2699.16, + "text": "become an interface and I think that's" + }, + { + "start": 2701.16, + "text": "what all physical systems are. They're" + }, + { + "start": 2702.64, + "text": "interfaces for specific patterns from" + }, + { + "start": 2704.84, + "text": "that from that space. And therefore," + }, + { + "start": 2707.2, + "text": "we have to remember that as much as we" + }, + { + "start": 2709.52, + "text": "all" + }, + { + "start": 2710.52, + "text": "you know would like to think that the" + }, + { + "start": 2711.8, + "text": "rules of chemistry do not tell the" + }, + { + "start": 2714.36, + "text": "entire story of the human mind, I would" + }, + { + "start": 2716.72, + "text": "say that those kind of things don't tell" + }, + { + "start": 2718.64, + "text": "the proper story of machines either. I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2721.16, + "text": "not sure at this point there is any dead" + }, + { + "start": 2722.84, + "text": "matter or dumb machines and we should" + }, + { + "start": 2724.68, + "text": "just remember that when we say something" + }, + { + "start": 2726.12, + "text": "that nothing is a computer, nothing is a" + }, + { + "start": 2728.08, + "text": "Turing machine, there are just times at" + }, + { + "start": 2730.32, + "text": "which you would like to take a formal" + }, + { + "start": 2732.08, + "text": "model of computation or of Turing" + }, + { + "start": 2733.68, + "text": "machines or whatever and apply it to" + }, + { + "start": 2735.28, + "text": "some system and we all need to remember" + }, + { + "start": 2737.24, + "text": "that when you do that you do not capture" + }, + { + "start": 2738.76, + "text": "the" + }, + { + "start": 2739.44, + "text": "our formal models never capture the" + }, + { + "start": 2741.12, + "text": "whole thing. And we thought that was" + }, + { + "start": 2742.76, + "text": "negligible for quote unquote machines." + }, + { + "start": 2744.68, + "text": "It is absolutely not negligible and it" + }, + { + "start": 2746.28, + "text": "has massive implications for how we do" + }, + { + "start": 2748.28, + "text": "engineering, how we do AI and and so on." + }, + { + "start": 2750.44, + "text": "We could talk about that for a long" + }, + { + "start": 2751.52, + "text": "time. And so we now have an actual" + }, + { + "start": 2753.24, + "text": "research program" + }, + { + "start": 2754.64, + "text": "on what you might consider inspiration." + }, + { + "start": 2756.48, + "text": "Inspiration is when you get patterns," + }, + { + "start": 2759.28, + "text": "useful ideas, patterns, symphonies," + }, + { + "start": 2762.32, + "text": "whatever you know," + }, + { + "start": 2763.92, + "text": "theorems like Ramanujan got all these" + }, + { + "start": 2766.28, + "text": "things from this from some space that" + }, + { + "start": 2768.56, + "text": "you did not put in the effort to" + }, + { + "start": 2770.28, + "text": "meticulously create step-by-step." + }, + { + "start": 2772.72, + "text": "Neither created, you know, neither" + }, + { + "start": 2774.08, + "text": "engineered, evolved, or" + }, + { + "start": 2776.4, + "text": "or or learned. And so, so we can now do" + }, + { + "start": 2779.36, + "text": "this with very simple very simple" + }, + { + "start": 2781.28, + "text": "systems by creating robots that are" + }, + { + "start": 2783.8, + "text": "powered by" + }, + { + "start": 2785.32, + "text": "mathematical objects, but also by some" + }, + { + "start": 2787.36, + "text": "other things and you know, so" + }, + { + "start": 2788.68, + "text": "mathematical objects are signals from" + }, + { + "start": 2791.36, + "text": "bacteria, cosmic microwave background," + }, + { + "start": 2793.04, + "text": "believe it or else." + }, + { + "start": 2794.56, + "text": "They can do interesting things when you" + }, + { + "start": 2796.44, + "text": "give them bodies, when you give them" + }, + { + "start": 2797.84, + "text": "robotic bodies. So, yes, we're the" + }, + { + "start": 2800.64, + "text": "beneficiaries of ingressing patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2802.48, + "text": "that we don't pay for in the" + }, + { + "start": 2803.64, + "text": "conventional model of of physics and" + }, + { + "start": 2806.52, + "text": "computation, but actually even dumb" + }, + { + "start": 2809.44, + "text": "machines get this too in this in a" + }, + { + "start": 2811.68, + "text": "course in a small way. And also, I think" + }, + { + "start": 2813.96, + "text": "we actually are patterns. We're not just" + }, + { + "start": 2815.72, + "text": "impinged upon by patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2817.76, + "text": "So, I'm just going to I'm just going to" + }, + { + "start": 2819.12, + "text": "summarize here and then and then I'm" + }, + { + "start": 2820.28, + "text": "done." + }, + { + "start": 2821.4, + "text": "Um, basically, I think these patterns of" + }, + { + "start": 2823.64, + "text": "of of form of behavior and so on are" + }, + { + "start": 2825.64, + "text": "ubiquitous. Genetics and emergence is" + }, + { + "start": 2827.8, + "text": "absolutely insufficient for the life" + }, + { + "start": 2829.56, + "text": "sciences of the future, but also for the" + }, + { + "start": 2831.24, + "text": "ethics and engineering of the future." + }, + { + "start": 2833.52, + "text": "Emergence is not going to do the do the" + }, + { + "start": 2835.6, + "text": "trick." + }, + { + "start": 2836.88, + "text": "And the free lunches are" + }, + { + "start": 2839.08, + "text": "they're they're most obvious in" + }, + { + "start": 2840.8, + "text": "biologicals, they're the most amazing in" + }, + { + "start": 2842.48, + "text": "biologicals, but you can't really" + }, + { + "start": 2844.27, + "text": "but you can't really" + }, + { + "start": 2844.28, + "text": "quantify or prove anything in" + }, + { + "start": 2845.8, + "text": "biologicals. They're too complex. So," + }, + { + "start": 2847.52, + "text": "but they can be quantified in minimal" + }, + { + "start": 2849.16, + "text": "computational systems. And and so," + }, + { + "start": 2851.76, + "text": "that's why um" + }, + { + "start": 2853.36, + "text": "I'm not going to take the time to to to" + }, + { + "start": 2855.24, + "text": "to go through all all of this stuff." + }, + { + "start": 2857.56, + "text": "But that's why we have research program." + }, + { + "start": 2859.16, + "text": "You know, this is not just philosophy. I" + }, + { + "start": 2860.8, + "text": "have six people working on all this" + }, + { + "start": 2862.32, + "text": "stuff in figuring out what does that" + }, + { + "start": 2864.8, + "text": "space offer you? Does it offer you" + }, + { + "start": 2866.6, + "text": "static patterns like like the digits of" + }, + { + "start": 2868.56, + "text": "E? Yes, but also dynamic behavioral" + }, + { + "start": 2872.0, + "text": "policies, which is what allow our robots" + }, + { + "start": 2874.36, + "text": "with no controller or" + }, + { + "start": 2876.12, + "text": "just the patterns to to do tasks." + }, + { + "start": 2879.04, + "text": "Um and um it was so what's in this" + }, + { + "start": 2880.96, + "text": "space? Why does it do these patterns" + }, + { + "start": 2883.68, + "text": "inhibit certain interfaces and not" + }, + { + "start": 2885.4, + "text": "others and so on. All of these are now" + }, + { + "start": 2887.12, + "text": "tractable. We're actually doing" + }, + { + "start": 2888.44, + "text": "experiments. There are couple of papers" + }, + { + "start": 2890.32, + "text": "out, many more coming this summer and" + }, + { + "start": 2892.08, + "text": "and fall." + }, + { + "start": 2893.24, + "text": "And this is critical because right now" + }, + { + "start": 2895.68, + "text": "we live mostly with biologicals, but all" + }, + { + "start": 2898.48, + "text": "of these kinds of things, pretty much" + }, + { + "start": 2899.84, + "text": "any combination of evolved material," + }, + { + "start": 2902.48, + "text": "engineered material, and software is" + }, + { + "start": 2905.0, + "text": "some kind of a possible embodied agent" + }, + { + "start": 2907.04, + "text": "that is going to host these patterns." + }, + { + "start": 2909.36, + "text": "And there are so many different kinds of" + }, + { + "start": 2911.12, + "text": "minds, you know, cyborgs and hybrids and" + }, + { + "start": 2913.32, + "text": "humans with altered Every every" + }, + { + "start": 2915.44, + "text": "imaginable being is going to be here" + }, + { + "start": 2917.8, + "text": "with us. We need to figure out how to do" + }, + { + "start": 2919.64, + "text": "an ethical symbiosis with them. We need" + }, + { + "start": 2921.52, + "text": "to learn to live with creatures that are" + }, + { + "start": 2923.76, + "text": "not like us. And this this machine life" + }, + { + "start": 2926.6, + "text": "thing is not I'm not going to do it. It" + }, + { + "start": 2928.36, + "text": "is I I think factually wrong as a matter" + }, + { + "start": 2930.32, + "text": "of empirical data. And I think this, you" + }, + { + "start": 2933.0, + "text": "know, classic picture of Adam naming the" + }, + { + "start": 2934.88, + "text": "animals in the Garden of Eden is going" + }, + { + "start": 2937.52, + "text": "to look much more like this. And the" + }, + { + "start": 2939.0, + "text": "idea is that it's going to be very" + }, + { + "start": 2941.68, + "text": "weird and very, you know, and very" + }, + { + "start": 2943.16, + "text": "diverse. And we're going to be able to" + }, + { + "start": 2944.84, + "text": "understand ourselves a lot better if we" + }, + { + "start": 2947.12, + "text": "if we embrace the the research program" + }, + { + "start": 2949.84, + "text": "of of diverse intelligence. So I will" + }, + { + "start": 2952.52, + "text": "stop here just to thank the people who" + }, + { + "start": 2954.0, + "text": "did all of the hard work that I showed" + }, + { + "start": 2955.48, + "text": "you today." + }, + { + "start": 2956.48, + "text": "Lots of amazing collaborations. I have" + }, + { + "start": 2957.92, + "text": "to do three disclosures, no four" + }, + { + "start": 2960.08, + "text": "actually, of companies that have" + }, + { + "start": 2961.36, + "text": "licensed some of the intellectual" + }, + { + "start": 2963.12, + "text": "property that comes out of these kinds" + }, + { + "start": 2964.92, + "text": "of things. And" + }, + { + "start": 2966.48, + "text": "you know, I always like to thank the" + }, + { + "start": 2967.76, + "text": "model systems because they do all the" + }, + { + "start": 2969.28, + "text": "hard work in in teaching us about these" + }, + { + "start": 2970.76, + "text": "things. So I will stop here." + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54df956e --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/transcript_clean.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@ +And uh much of what I'm going to tell +you today, although not everything +because this needs to be significantly +updated. I wrote this almost a year ago, +so um you can take a look in this paper, +but I'm going to upload a new version +probably next week. So, the first thing +I want to say is that uh I run a a wet +lab. Um +we do experiments at the intersection of +uh biophysics, computer science, and +cognitive science. And uh what I what I +think we do, you know, on our best day, +occasionally, what what works out, is +that we can take some deep ideas from +philosophy and actually push them all +the way through practical applications. +So, the outputs of our lab are things +like um +discoveries for regenerative medicine, +birth defects, uh organ regeneration, +cancer, uh AI, bioengineering. These are +These are things that that come out. And +so, everything that I'm going to tell +you is aimed at uh experiment and +application. The idea is that we have to +have new research programs. That is +everything. And so, so um someone asked +um a moment ago around +you know, whether these things have to +make make contact with with predictive +experiments. Absolutely not. Not only to +explain things that people have already +seen, but actually to give rise to new +research programs. That I think is +absolutely critical. Not just looking +backwards, because looking backwards you +can epicycle almost anything into a +conventional paradigm. The question is, +does it does it lead you to do new +experiments and find new things with new +applications? So, that that is kind of +uh the the good news is that I'm going +to show you lots of lots of experiments +and um lots of model systems for +studying these questions. The bad news +that it prevents me from saying some +very sort of +you know, cosmic kinds of things that +people often ask me about, and I +typically don't talk about those things +because unless we have either data or a +way a way to address them +experimentally, I I you know, I I don't +talk about it in public. So, +uh one of the things that that people +sometimes say we do is bioinspired +engineering. Now, the way typically +people think of bioinspired is that they +take things the biology is doing and +then they try to make technology, for +example, AI that's going to use those +principles. I actually think that it +looks something like this. Actually, +bioinspired doesn't mean you take +inspiration from biology. Bioinspired to +me is figuring out what is the biology +inspired by and thus what is the +engineering going to be inspired by. So +these things are lateral and so now +here's the question, what what is it +inspired by? So I'm going to try to tell +you what I think at this moment. So so a +summary of the whole thing goes like +this. Um +I'm going to first +argue that patterns, in particular +patterns of form, patterns of behavior, +patterns of physiology, patterns of +physiology, patterns of +computation, all kinds of things are +actually part of the same they're +they're kind they're the same thing. So +so so morphogenesis and behavior in +three-dimensional space are not +different. They are they are just just +different aspects of of of different +aspects of of of different +kinds of patterns and I think it's a +critical invariant that goes across +biology, cognitive science, and many +other disciplines. +Now, we're interested in knowing what +determines these patterns. Where do they +quote-unquote come from? I'm going to +address this, but I will tell you right +now that I think select selection and +environment or history, you know, +biology and physics are not sufficient +to answer this question. +I'm also going to say that physicalism +has been dead for a long time. +Mostly we knew this because of +mathematics and I think you know, +Pythagoras and probably long before was +already aware of this, but it's not just +about that. My hypothesis is that this +latent space that we're going to talk +about contains a very wide range of +patterns that include the kinds of +things mathematicians study, but also +highly active, complex, high agency +patterns that the behavior scientists +would recognize as kinds of minds. +Now, the reason I didn't talk about this +prior to 2025 is that we didn't have a +research program for it. You know, lots +of um +as was just said, you know, lots of +kind of deep thinkers over the the have +said +vaguely things like this, but but that's +different from having a research program +to actually do do experiments. And now +we do. We now have model systems, which +I'll describe to you, where we can +actually quantify identify and quantify +ways in which our current frameworks are +broken. In particular, what's broken is +our accounting of the effort we put in +and what we get out. What we get out is +often much more than what we've put in. +The delta, the difference there, +is what you can call free lunches in the +physicist sense, tells us about the +space the structure latent space from +which these things come, and and we can +now do experiments to find out why it +comes into certain physical interfaces +and not others. Well, actually all of +them, but but in different ways. +So, +I'm also going to argue at the end that +that we we we do receive so-called +inspirations from that scale from that +space across scales. So, so your +molecular networks get them, your cells +get them, tissues, organs. They we all +got them. But but but don't get to don't +don't don't don't feel too proud of +yourselves because the quote-unquote +machines get them, too. This is this is +what whatever this is +basically soaks into absolutely +everything as far as I can tell. And +finally, and I won't have time to talk +about too much, but but but we can talk +in the Q&A. I don't think we are +physical beings that occasionally get +affected by patterns from the space. I I +I think we are patterns. We we are the +patterns looking out into a into a +physical interface. +So, so one thing that's that's +interesting about all of these kinds of +questions that we're asking is that we +can start to +delete +certain sharp categories that have been +with us for a long time, you know, from +pre-scientific times. And I think these +categories are now doing way more harm +than good. And so I'm going to just +point out a couple. One is this +so-called difference +or distinction between magical living +beings on one end and dumb machines on +the other end. And so we we know from a +developmental scale and also an +evolutionary scale that we were all +single cells once, you know, little +blobs of chemistry and physics, +unfertilized oocytes. Eventually, slowly +and gradually, we became the subjects of +behavior science, psychoanalysis, love, +all of those kinds of things. +Uh, but not but not only that, there's +another continuum, another gradual +continuum, in which both biological +changes and technological changes, many +of which are already happening, uh, are +telling us that it's really very +non-trivial to to write down a +description of what you think a machine +actually is. And and the implications of +this are going to be clear in a moment +that it's actually a a bad category that +that we leads us astray. And so, the the +we leads us astray. And so, the the +thing is that the problem we are all +going to face in society is this kind of +thing. It's not the language models and +it's not the you know, the AIs that +everybody likes to say are not like +humans. Uh, that's fine. This is what +we're dealing with. You know, your +neighbor is going to have some +percentage of their brain and body +replaced, whether for medical reasons or +just because of freedom of embodiment. +They're going to look very different in +the future. +And basically, across the spectrum, +okay, the spectrum of intelligence all +the way from very simple kinds of things +uh, that +that can only be +uh, interacted with by physical rewiring +versus the tools of cybernetics and +control theory versus behavior science +versus language and friendship and and +and so on. This is a this is a spectrum +and we really need to start to +understand uh, our own origins and our +own possibilities in light of the +spectrum of possibilities of what's +going on. I think our language really +does us a disservice here. We have we +have two two words to describe things, +who and what. Yeah, if you want to +describe a +you know, a noun, a system, you can +either say you can either call it a who +or you can call it a what. And I think +this is a fundamental problem that is +uh, forces us to think in binary terms. +I don't know what the answer is, but +maybe we can have something like this, +like a who with a little exponent and +the exponent tells you to what degree, +where you are or where that system is on +the on the you know on the edge where +you know uh, uh +uh some some way of letting our language +catch up to actually the the discoveries +of a diverse intelligence research and +away from ancient categories where we +really did only have two you know two +two two categories. So so um so one +thing one thing to keep in mind +uh is is that uh even even when you're +talking about traditional brainy +organisms and I'm going to talk about +cell intelligence and things like this +in a minute. But even in traditional +brainy organisms already you can see +that things are not simple. The standard +mapping of the hardware that's required +to maintain a certain amount of um uh uh +if if if if efficacious uh a +functionality let's say a normal human +IQ and a normal human personality +there's already some some weird +mismatches and Karina Coffman and I +reviewed them in this paper where there +are certain individuals with massive +reductions of brain volume but normal or +above normal intelligent functional +intelligence. Some of these people don't +even know they're missing most of their +brain. So what's going on here? Why why +is there I mean this is not common by +any means but it doesn't take too many +of these clinical cases to understand +that something is wrong in our +accounting of what the mapping should be +between the hardware uh and the and the +um the performance that you get out of +it. +The other thing that uh I will point out +is that life has embodiments and and uh +uh traverses many different kinds of +spaces besides the familiar +three-dimensional space. So we should +remember as as humans with our own +evolutionary history our own uh kind of +obsession with vision and +three-dimensional space that uh +while we are okay at recognizing +intelligence when it moves in the same +3D space that we do roughly same time +scale roughly same um +uh uh uh +spatial scales +biology has been solving problems aka +intelligent behavior in many many spaces +before nerve and muscle appear long +before. So high-dimensional +. So high-dimensional +transcriptional spaces or gene +expression spaces, physiological state +spaces, and anatomical morphospace, +which is mostly what we work on in the +lab. +Uh biology navigates all these spaces +making decisions, taking +uh sensory readings, uh +doing goal-directed functionalities. And +And this has this has lots of lots of +implications for what we're going to +talk about. +So, um another thing to keep in mind is +that we are all collective +intelligences, not just the beehives and +the ant colonies, but all of us. We're +all made of things like this. Okay, so +this is a single cell, no brain, no +nervous system, but you can see it's +very competent in its own local +cognitive light cone here. It's doing +everything it needs to do. +This is the kind of thing that that we +are made of. And so, our bodies are kind +of an ecosystem of diverse intelligence +all the way from molecular networks up +through all the different components and +layers. All of these things have +agendas, they also have problems. Most +of them can learn and have learning +capacity. So, so this becomes this +becomes also important that that this +notion that +we, the verbal intelligence that you can +have a conversation with, is the is the +one inhabitant of a body is absolutely +wrong. And that's before you even get +into microbiome and things like this. +Just just the layers of your actual body +is are already +an ecosystem of minds that live that +live with you. Now, +now let's let's let's lay down some some +some fundamentals here. First of all, +so as was just mentioned, +we know this amazing process. You start +with a with an egg, you eventually very +reliably end with something like this. +But I want to be clear for a number of +reason for a number of reasons that I'll +mention, +the the the standard concept of emergent +emergence, so lots of simple local dumb +rules, +rules that are well described by +that are well described by +chemistry in which systems have no +goals, they don't know anything, they +just sort of roll on +roll forward, and eventually emergence, +you know, something complex happens. You +can get complexity that way. It's very +clear that that by following simple +rules, you can get very complex outcomes +and in fact reliable outcomes, but that +isn't what's going on here. And um +the thing is that uh this this idea that +we can only use models of chemistry +where the components have no goals and +don't know anything is an axiom. It is +not a result. It is not something that +was was shown or derived or proven to be +successful. And in fact, it's a terrible +axiom. I I understand it might have been +useful when the only options were dumb +like rocks versus smart like like +humans, but that's no longer the case. +Since the 1940s, we've had cybernetics +and we've had uh lots of +uh rigorous theory around how systems, +um whether natural or engineered, can +have goals. And it doesn't mean human +metacognitive uh +uh size goals. It means +uh there's a there's a spectrum of of +techniques that you can use to +understand how systems have goals. And +so, I you know, teleology shouldn't have +been taboo past the 1940s. And I think +actually nothing in biology uh can be +properly handled without understanding +that sticking to this low lowest uh uh +rung of the cybernetic ladder is simply +uh leaving too many useful tools on the +table. It's And evolution certainly +didn't do that. Didn't didn't stay at +this at this low level. So, so it is not +about emergence. Why? Because one of the +things that we see in these complex +systems is that they pursue +a goal. They they they don't merely have +complex outcomes. They go toward a +specific pattern. Now, how do you know? +You can't just assume this. You can't uh +just say this because you see them +reliably doing it. You have to do +perturbative experiments. So, for +example, if we scramble the face of this +tadpole, it doesn't make a scrambled +frog, which it would if all of the +organs were just following their +standard rules of of how far to go in +what direction. So, these kind of uh +Picasso-like scrambled tadpoles, nope, +they make pretty normal frogs because +all the different organs will move in +different novel paths. Then they will uh +sometimes go too far and to come back +and they all rearrange themselves and uh +they make pretty pretty uh normal frog +faces. +And then they stop and then they stop +moving. Same thing here, if you have an +axolotl, you amputate the limb, these +cells will grow really quickly, but then +they stop. The most amazing part of +regeneration is that it stops. When does +it stop? It stops when the correct +pattern has been completed. So, all of +this, again, uh doesn't you know, ever +since ever since we've understood about +homeostats, doesn't need to be magical. +It basically is a system that represents +the the journey that it's taking in +morphospace and anatomical space. It +navigates to that position using now +well-known uh mechanisms. And uh when it +gets there, uh then then it stops, like +any other kind of uh goal-seeking +behavior. +Uh and in fact, now so so so how does it +know what the what the patterns are? I I +asked that question absolutely literally +because the way that these systems know +where they are going is exactly the same +mechanisms by which you know where +you're going when you execute goals. Uh +the same way that your collective +intelligence +uses electrical processes in your brain, +ion channels, neurotransmitters, +electrical synapses, in electrical +networks of the brain to to remember +goals and to guide goal-directed +behavior toward those goals, that +exactly same system is evolutionarily +ancient. It was used long before you +anybody had neurons to uh to remember +what our shape was supposed to look +like. Uh back in 2000 or so, we +developed the first uh uh molecular +tools to read and write these these +patterns. So, we can literally see this +is this is not AI or simulations or +anything. These are these are actual +uh data from an early frog embryo and +from the cells in culture looking at +that now we can read in the vivo, in the +living state, we can now read the of the +electrical uh um +memory patterns that non-neural tissue +drives. And so, this is a particular +pattern here. This is we call this the +electric face. This is a pattern that +shows up before any of the genes turn on +to regionalize the tadpole face. So, it +already tells you everything you need to +know. Here's where the the animal's +right eye is going to be. Here's where +the mouth is going to be. Here are the +placodes. What you're seeing here, by +the way, is not, you know, some some +mystical energy. What you're seeing here +are just voltage gradients between the +inside and the outside of the cell +plasma membrane. Just like in your +brain, that's what the neurons are +doing. But, this network is much slower. +It doesn't operate at milliseconds. It +operates in minutes and and hours. And +what it likes to think about is shape. +And so, having done having seen this, +one of the things you might do is try to +establish the same bioelectrical pattern +somewhere else and see what happens. And +if you do that, so here's a tadpole. +Here's the Here's its normal eye. +There's the other one's on the other +side. So, here's the mouth, the brain is +up here, the gut. So, so if we establish +by using ion channel injections this +bioelectrical state somewhere else, here +it is on the gut. The cells know exactly +what this means. They interpret it as +build an eye here, and they build an +eye. So, what I'm telling you here, +which it will be important momentarily, +is that we now have the ability to read +and and write and rewrite, at least in +some cases, specific patterns that serve +as the goal for a bonafide goal-directed +system, which basically works to reduce +error. It uses an electrical network to +gauge the delta between how are we now +versus how are we supposed to be and try +to reduce that delta. Here's another +example of this in these planaria. +Normally nice one-headed flatworm, you +cut it into pieces many times as you +want, very reliably you get a worm with +one head, one tail. How do they know how +many heads they're supposed to have? The +answer is not genetics. This This tissue +is reprogrammable. And so, you can take +the exact same genetics, and you can +take this bioelectrical pattern that +tells the animal one head, one tail, and +actually enforce +change it to be two two +And what that says to the tissue is oh, +a correct planarian should have two +heads. And when you do this, guess what +they build. Here's a nice two-headed +worm. The The memory is stable. If I +keep cutting it, the pattern actually +remaps itself onto onto new sizes of +tissue. So, you will continue to get +two-headed worms as many times as you +want in in in in the future. Here they +are. +You can see them hanging out. And +again, this is this has nothing to do +with the genetics. What the genetics +does for you is to provide hardware that +is re- programmable. But But after that, +as we all know from using computers, the +hardware is just the beginning of the +story. Then the question is, what are +the uh the the the informational goal +states that that can propagate through +that excitable medium? Now, one of the +things this hardware is good at, and +here's where we're actually going to get +into this issue of the +uh the kind of the most controversial +part. Every Everything that I've said +showed you now is +pretty much against the standard +paradigm. But I mean, it's already in +the text It's in the developmental +biology textbook. You know, the stuff is +is uh is is pretty pretty solid now for +decades. I'm going to show you the the +you know, the weirdest things next. But +one of the things this this hardware is +good at is visiting other types of +attractors in morphospace. So, if you +visualize anatomical morphospace with +different shaped heads, flat heads, +round heads, you know, triangular heads, +different shaped heads, what you can ask +is +uh uh No, no- Normally, there are +different species that live in this that +live in these different attractors. So, +this is where they go. Um could we ask a +a different species to go into these +attractors? Turns out you can. So, we +can take a nice triangular-headed uh a a +Dugesia dorotocephala, cut off the head, +perturb the bioelectric network +topology, and it it can grow uh a flat +heads like a P. felina, round heads like +an S. mediterranea. About 100 to 150 +million years distance between these +animals and these. And yet, the hardware +has no problem of visiting these other +attractors, forming shapes of the brain, +distribution of stem cells, exactly like +these other species. So, the plasticity +is is is is is remarkable. Now, this is +what's going to what's going to lead us +to +to the model systems that I was talking +about. So far, what I've shown you is +plasticity of standard forms. So, I've +showed you the ability to make a +standard frog eye in the wrong location, +but a standard frog eye, an ectopic +normal planarian head, +wrong location, wrong number, but normal +planarian head. And here, the head of +other species. So, let's go further. +Let's start looking at shapes that and +and configurations that have never +existed before. And the reason we're +going to do this is to really hammer +this this issue of how much effort did +you put in and what did you get out? +Because up until now, everything that +I've told you could all of these stories +could be told in a fairly standard +evolutionary kind of tale. That that +what why this why the material is +reprogrammable, why these signals work. +I can tell a very standard sort of +Darwinian explanation for that. But but +we're going to reach the limits of that. +so here's a few a few examples just for +fun. +If I told you that I want to make it I +wanted to make a tadpole that would not +have any eyes in the head. I want a +tadpole with an eye on its tail. +Furthermore, I don't want this eye +connected to the brain. I want the optic +nerve to stop somewhere on the on the +spinal cord or in the gut or somewhere +like that. +And and I want this thing to be able to +see out of that eye. Even though the +eye's in a weird location, it's not +connected to the brain, I still to be +able to see. What would you need to do? +You might think that wow, very +difficult, +lots of rounds of mutation, selection, +adaptation, maybe some kind of crazy +engineering +of the nervous system that you would +have to do. Turns out you don't have to +do anything. When we create these +animals, +and we made a machine, this is an +automated system that trains and tests +these animals for vision for they learn +and they learn visual tasks. Turns out +that yeah, when you when you when you +force the cells on the back of a of a of +a tail to make an eye and you track the +optic nerve and it doesn't connect to +anything, certainly not to the brain, in +fact, they can still see. Didn't take +any new rounds of of of +evolution of selection of adaptation to +to take a novel sensory motor +architecture and make it absolutely +functional. Why does that work? That's +really weird. And just for fun, if you +wonder what happens to these as the tail +disappears, um uh the tail is killed off +by by program signals that that kill off +the tail in turn for a frog which isn't +supposed to have a tail. The uh the eye +completely ignores all of those signals. +It it will not kill itself. It rides +back as the tail disappears and +eventually lands on the on the behind of +the uh of the frog. If If nothing else +today, you've seen a frog with an eye on +his butt, so +so there is that. Um so, okay, so that's +so that's that already we're starting to +at's that already we're starting to +see there's something there's something +fishy here. Uh why does this work out of +the box immediately with no no no +accommodations needed? Let me ask you +another question. Uh if I if I had a +turtle, so this is a a slow, shy reptile +and what I want is to have a playful +cat-like speed of its life. I want it to +be like a cat. What would we have to do? +Now, you might think, "Wow, um millions +of years of evolution or maybe some kind +of crazy neural engineering that nobody +knows how to do." Turns out, you don't +have to do much. So, here's this guy +that put a turtle on a little skateboard +and immediately this this this +prosthetic, it didn't take a long time +for the turtle to first of all uh move +at uh at this at a speed sufficient to +play with this cat. He wants to play +with the cat. The cat I guess doesn't +know what to make of it, but the turtle +is perfectly able to keep up with him. +So, so what's going on here? This a very +small adjustment to the physical uh +embodiment unlocks a new cognitive +domain. I mean, have turtles for +millions of years been wanting to do +this and they just couldn't? I have no +idea, but it makes you wonder, right? It +makes you wonder what would we be +capable of with really fairly small +tweaks. But But again, that that delta +between what you put what you put in and +what happened. What is the latent space +of the possibilities for this for this +system? These kind of engineering +changes, doing these weird things, and +I'm going to show you some much weirder +things, but but putting a turtle on a +skateboard is basically like a periscope +to find these these additional things +that you did not see coming. So, +uh here's here's another interesting +example of these of these free gifts. +And so now now we're really going to +ratchet this up. +Um we showed a few years ago that if you +take small networks, molecular networks. +So, not even a cell, never mind a brain +or a neuron, +not even a whole cell, just molecular +networks. And they don't have to be +large networks. The smallest one that +can do this has just four nodes. If you +if you take molecular networks, you can +train them. In other words, even even +even simple molecular networks can do +habituation, sensitization, associative +conditioning. It is very clear how it +works. It's dynamical system learning. +No nobody had seen it before because +nobody had thought to test to test these +such simple models for +such a thing as learning, but it turns +a thing as learning, but it turns +out that they do. +And And here's here's the amazing thing. +Oh, and we're using this in our in our +lab. We're using this for for medical +purposes like drug conditioning and so +on. Turns out that if you can do +Pavlovian conditioning in molecular +networks, it's basically a molecular +placebo, which means that you can +associate powerful drugs that you don't +really want to be taking with a uh with +a with a neutral drug. Uh eventually you +you know, you pair a presentation and so +on, and eventually you can use neutral +drugs to get the same effect. So, so +that's the practical application, but +there's something deep very very deep +here, which is this. +If you use causal emergence metrics, so +this is the mathematical tools uh +pioneered by people like uh Giulio +Tononi and Eric Hoel and and many others +to try to quantify the degree to which +wholes are more than the sum of their +parts, right? So, so the integrated +causal uh uh identity of a level beyond +the low-level parts. So, so there's math +for this now. It's no longer just a +philosophical debate about the +reductionism. There's actually math that +tells you that some systems are +absolutely not suitable for the +reductionist assumption. +There's something cool that happens. Um +networks with higher causal emergence +are are better learners. +But also, when you train them, their +causal emergence goes up. So, what's +happening here is that every time you +train them, they become more and more of +an integrated agent. But that makes them +better at learning and so on. So, +there's this there's this amazing +uh there's this amazing positive +feedback loop that we call the +functional agency ratchet. Uh why is it +a ratchet? Because if you force them to +forget, and that's really important for +medical reasons, you want your network +sometimes to forget um physiological +experiences. When you force them to +forget, you do not erase the gains that +they've made in becoming a higher-level +integrated agent. So, it's an asymmetry +that points +uh upward in terms of agency and +intelligence. +It's an it's an it's asymmetric. It +points upwards. But now So, now you say, +"Okay, where did this come from? Surely +this was evolution did this. Evolution +because I mean, that kind of a thing is +um +uh a very uh sort of you you would have +to select, you know, needle in a +haystack for this kind of thing, right? +You would have to select for networks. +So, it turns out that that ratchet, if +you look at +uh random networks compared to +biological networks, what you see is +that biology can improve it a little +bit, but the random networks already do +this. +They are They are I don't know if this +is fine-tuning the way that we see in +some of the parameters of the physical +universe, +but in this is not a needle in a +haystack situation. Random networks are +already optimized for this incredible +ratchet. And so, it's not about +replicators or selection. There are no +replicators in these systems. Nothing is +in these systems. Nothing is +replicating. Nothing is being selected +ing. Nothing is being selected +for. It is It does not come from +physics. It does not come from biology. +It is a free gift from mathematics. If +you want to know where this comes from, +it comes from the way that causal +emergence and network properties work. +It doesn't rely on any facts of +mathematics. It doesn't rely on a +history of selection and so on. So, this +is So, this is now kind of crazy. +Biologists +uh biologists love uh to be able to +explain things in terms of either uh +genetics or environment. In other words, +a a history, right? Some kind of history +of selection or physics. Those are the +that that Those are supposed to be the +sources. So, we I think in in in looking +at some of these things, I'm going to +show you some some more examples in a +minute. We have to start asking, where +else can information come from? Well, I +just want to point out that So, so if +you look at something like this, this is +the Halley plot of a simple function +complex number. So, Z is a complex +number here. Z cubed plus seven, +something like that. If you plot it out, +gives you this incredible order. And +actually, I can make a video of it, but +when by changing these parameters just a +tiny bit for every frame here, you can +see this is this this amazing world. Um +it's kind of cool. It doesn't hurt that +these things look vaguely biological and +organic. That that's kind of fun. +Um But But the one thing you have to +realize is that if I want to know why +the pattern of this equation is exactly +this, not something else, but exactly +this, I can't lean on physics. There is +I can't lean on physics. There is +nothing about physics that explains +this. I can't lean on selection or +history. This was not selected to look +like this. +There's something else. So, there are +Apparently, there are facts that are not +facts of physics. They're They are facts +of We call it mathematics. +And so, um now we have to ask, what What +does this have to do with biology? Does +it have to do anything with biology? +Could we find Could we go further? I +mean, I've shown you um manipulation of +standard forms. I've shown you some +surprising sort of novel things you can +do. Could we find living forms with no +history of selection for their specific +properties? So, I'll just show you uh +two. +One we call Xenobots. This is what +happens when you take cells from a from +the epithelium. So, it's going to be +skin from the epithelium of an early +frog embryo. We we liberate them from +the frog embryo. We dissociate them. We +put them in a in a container by +themselves. +They could have died. They could have +crawled away from each other. They could +have made a flat monolayer like cell +culture. Instead, what they do is this. +You can see it here. The each one of +these things is a single cell. Here's a +little group. They don't all look like a +little horse. I just thought this was a +horse. I just thought this was a +cute example. Um they they they sort of +move as a collective. They they they +they assemble and they assemble into +something we call a Xenobot. What is it +doing? Well, +first of all, it has a little hairs. The +hairs are used by a frog to move mucus +down the body and then get rid of +pathogens and things like that. But +these guys are using them to swim. +They're using them to row against the +the water. What you're seeing that this +this has never existed before. This is a +this is a patch of frog skin rebooting +is a patch of frog skin rebooting +its multicellularity into a new way of +life. They can move in circles. They can +sort of patrol back and forth. They can +have collective motion. Um they can +with given neurons and you can but this +does not have any neurons but but uh +I might post that college threw some +neurons in there and they can do all +kinds of interesting things. Here's one +sort of swimming around. +Um here's one traversing this this this +maze structure. So, it goes here. It's +going to take this corner without +bumping into the opposite wall. So, it +can it can it it takes the corner then +for some reason it turns around, goes +back where where it came from. Um one of +the most amazing things they do, we call +kinematic self-replication. So, look, +we've made it impossible for these +creatures to reproduce in the normal +froggy fashion. We +give them a bunch of loose epithelial +cells. That's what this white dust is +here that sprinkle everywhere. These are +loose cells. And what they do is they +run around both collectively and +individually and they collect the cells +into little little piles. The little +piles mature into the next generation of +xenobots, and guess what they do. Uh +they do the exactly the same thing, and +they make the next generation, and they +make the next generation, and they +make the next generation. So, this +ability, it's kind of like von Neumann's +dream, right, of a robot that goes +around making copies of itself from uh +materials it finds in the environment. +Uh is uh is is is something we you know, +there is no let's let's remember in +these xenobots, there is no genetic +editing. We didn't touch the genome. +There are no new synthetic circuits. We +didn't do any synthetic biology. We +didn't add any scaffolds. There are no +add any scaffolds. There are no +nanomaterials. There was no learning. +There you know, there was no training. +There was no selection, and uh there was +was no selection, and uh there was +no uh engineering of these things beyond +taking the cells, liberating them from +the other cells, which typically bully +them into having a boring life as a as a +you know, outer skin, and letting them +reboot into a new uh a lifestyle. And +here they are doing kinematic +replication. +Now, you might say, "Okay, well, maybe +maybe the amphibians are weird. Maybe +this is some kind of amphibian like +weird amphibian thing." And I would ask +you, "Well, what what do you think your +cells would do if we liberated them? +What would your cells do?" Well, +here's a little creature. Uh we call +this an anthrobot. If you were to +sequence it, you would find 100% homo +sapiens. You would have zero clue from +the genome that this is anything but a +human being. Uh +they also run around. They have they +have spontaneous spontaneous motion. You +could not guess what genome it had by +what by by analyzing the their their +shape or behavior. Um +uh +We will one thing that we discovered +they do is they have this amazing +healing function. If I played a dish of +human neurons and put a big scratch down +the middle, the anthrobots will find the +scratch. They drive down the the scratch +here. They settle somewhere into in a +group like this, and what they +immediately start to do is knit the +neurons across the gap. Okay, here they +are. These cells come from uh +adult, not embryonic. There's no +embryonic material here. These cells +come from adult tracheal epithelial +samples donated by by patients during +biopsies. So, we we buy the cells. They +make these anthrobots. Who knew that +your tracheal cells, which sit in your +airway for very long periods of time +dealing with dust particles and and and +so on, have the ability to assemble into +a little creature. It has 9,000 +differentially expressed genes. Uh, so +half the genome is differently +expressed. It is actually younger than +the cells they come from, so it actually +rolls back its age by based on +epigenetic clock data. +And they have this ability to heal +neural wounds. Obvious applications +here, right? This can, in theory, go +into your body, do repair. You wouldn't +need immunosuppression. These are your +own cells, right? This is you know, +they're not genetically engineered. They +can go right into your right into your +body. So, and they have this amazing +amazing healing function, which we did +not select for, we did not train them +for, and we did not engineer. So, so so +here here we go. This is the final the +final piece of all of this. +Uh, the whole point of of evolution is +that it was supposed to explain +complexity with a high specificity for +selection history. In other words, if +you ask why a specific animal or plant +looks the way it looks, acts the way it +acts, you should be able to tell a +story. You should be able to guess the +environment and tell a story of the +selection pressures that killed off +everything else and and and left this. +Okay, that's a story maybe you can tell +for tadpole for the developmental stages +of the frog and eventually the behavior +of tadpoles. +But what about the xenobots? There's +never been any xenobots. There's never +been selection to be a good xenobot or a +good anthrobot. None of these things +have been here before. No other creature +on Earth does kinematic replication. +And you can't really say that, well, at +the same time that, um, +uh, uh, the frog genome was learning to +make a good frog, uh, it also learned to +make xenobots. That isn't how this is +xenobots. That isn't how this is +supposed to work. There's supposed to be +some degree of specificity. And in +particular, computer science forces us +to ask, when did you pay the cost +because computation and design always +have a cost. When did you pay the cost +of designing good xenobots? We know when +you paid the cost to be a good frog or a +good human eons of selection. +Where does all this come from? When did +you pay this cost? Right? So we have to +So So we already know that our standard +way of accounting for outcomes, right? +So So the the the the the math that says +you're supposed to put in some amount of +effort. Effort comes in three forms. You +either design it with an algorithm, you +select it with the evolutionary +algorithms, or you train it by learning. +Those are the three ways we know how to +put in effort. When you get something +like this, none of those three things +happened. And so something is broken. +There's some There's something There's +There's something we're we're missing +thing we're we're missing +here. +Um and I would argue that that here and +and and I'm about to talk about this +platonic space. And my point isn't that +I saw xenobots and anthrobots and +immediately went went platonic. That +That isn't it. I've been thinking about +these things in biology for decades, but +now we have a model system, in fact, two +classes of model systems, the biological +and the computational, where we actually +where this is now actionable, where we +can actually do experiments. +But But the fact I think we already knew +long before this is that uh physicalism +is not viable. Um +you know, pretty much anywhere you start +in biology or physics, if you keep +asking why, like a like a five-year-old, +right? You take a fact and you just go, +"But why? Why? Why?" And you keep asking +why. Eventually, you end up in the math +department. If you want to know why +that's the case, it's come out at 13 and +17 years, the biologist says, "Oh, it's +so that the predators don't time their +arrival and eat them." Ah, so why 13 and +17? Oh, it's because those are prime. +But why are those prime? Go talk to the +mathematicians. Everything ends like +this. And in fact, um +if you want to hear more talks about +this, we have a we have a symposium uh +here with about 30 talks of some amazing +people giving giving lectures about +So So here's here's what I think we +have. What What we already know and and +I could I could talk for an hour just +just examples, just just facts of +mathematics that are not underwritten by +any facts of physics that cannot be +changed by anything you do in the +physical world that cannot be discovered +through physics alone, you know, truths +of number theory and the specific value +of Feigenbaum's constant and all this +kind of stuff. Um, +we already know there are facts that are +not physical facts. That's been known +forever. We know that these things +impact what happens in biology and they +impact what happens in physics. If you +physics. If you +want to know what particle properties +eventually it all boils down to the +symmetries of certain mathematical +objects. +And so now you have a choice. What what +most people do with this currently is uh +they say look, these things are +emergent. You know, the reason you got +xenobots is because emergence. And they +say well what does that mean? And they +say well, they're just specific facts +, they're just specific facts +that hold in our world. Let's let's have +let's have monism. We're not going to +have any any extra +realms with with with the structure in +it. We're just going to we're just going +to say there's physics and occasionally +interesting things emerge. +And to me this is this is incredibly +pessimistic. This is a very mysterious +view. I don't want to occasionally be +surprised and write things down in in a +big book of emergent surprises. I would +rather +assume that and this is a metaphysical +stance of course that you can't prove +this, but I would like to assume for the +purposes of experiment that there is an +ordered structured space of patterns +that underwrites some of the things that +we see. Okay? So so the the Platonist +mathematicians and I realize this isn't +all mathematicians, but a good chunk of +the mathematicians agree with this. It's +not random. These things are random. +They've been studying this for +millennia. They've been building a map +of mathematics. They already know +there's a there's a set of truths that +you cannot change or or +uh or or or derive from the physical +world and they are systematically +studying these things. So what I think +is happening when we build these weird +synthetic morphology creatures, but also +when you do anything, when you make an +embryo, when you build a quote unquote +machine, we'll get to that in a minute, +Um, of these things are uh kind of a +window on this latent space of +possibilities. +Um, +this latent space of patterns. And, you +know, at this point people often say, +I'm not I'm not sure about this +audience, but but typical audiences I +talk to are extremely uh resistant to +that that idea. They say, "We do not +want another realm. We don't We don't +want a realm." Even though I'm not +realm." Even though I'm not +arguing for a mysterious realm, I'm +saying the exact opposite. I think I +think emergence is is mysterious. I'm +arguing for a latent space of that is +structured that we are going to +systematically investigate, but but +people still don't want another realm. +And so, what they typically say are one +of two things. They say, "Well, there +are no separate math facts. Math facts +are just facts of physics. Eventually, +we'll get to that. We'll We'll We'll +know that." And or or and or sometimes +people say, "Math is an arbitrary human +construction. You know, math doesn't +exist outside of our our thinking about +it." So, so, you know, my my latest way +of of addressing this kind of thing is I +I I ask how you feel about two claims. +If I claim that, well, the constants of +physics change over time, most people +kind of shrug their shoulders and say, +"Ah, so the speed of light changes a +little bit over you know, um, +cosmological time scales. So, the +gravitational constant changes. Who No +big deal. Who cares? Paul Dirac already +said this in '37 that some of these +things might float a little bit." +Now, I tell Now Now Now let's try this. +I tell you, "Hey, yeah, the math The The +mathematical constants change over +time." Right? So, here's the first part +of the expansion of the natural +logarithm E. Suppose I tell you that, +"Yeah, I think like somewhere out here +in the you know, somewhere out in the +10,000th space where people don't really +pay any attention to it, so we don't +really collapse it, you know, in that in +that sense, maybe those things change +over time." At this point, everybody +I've never met anybody yet who said +anything other than uh somewhere between +incoherent and impossible. Definitely +not, right? So, what If If that's the +case, if you agree that this is possible +and this is this is not possible, what +you've already told me is three things. +First of all, that mathematical facts +and physical facts are are absolutely +not the same kind of beast. In fact, you +expect the mathematical facts to be more +stable. You're far more freaked out if +they if I suggest that they change +versus versus facts of physics. +And that math is actually not arbitrary +or changeable because +you can't make it be whatever you want. +You are forced once you start with like +empty set and successor of empty set, +right? So you start with basic logic or +uh something like that. Then eventually +you get you get to find out that E is +2.78, you know, 718, whatever. You don't +get to to choose it. You can't change +it. You you are given these these +things. So +uh you know, the characters in our +novels can do whatever you want them to +do. E does whatever you wants to do. You +don't you don't get a you don't get a +choice about that. So, here's here's how +I extend uh so so so far all of this is +is straight-up mathematical platonism. +Here's here's how I extend this for the +purposes of this discussion. And um I +just have a couple more things and then +and then I'm done. Uh first of all, I +think that the standard assumption that +the that this latent space contains only +the low agency static facts of +mathematics and everything else is a +product of emergence and can be handled +by physicists. I think that's we should +we should loosen that assumption. And we +should perhaps say that maybe the space +contains other patterns +that are of interest to developmental +biologists, cognitive scientists in +particular. Maybe some of these patterns +are high agency things that we would +recognize as kinds of minds. Maybe math +is just the behavioral science of one +layer of that space. I don't you know, I +I don't know if if E and things like +this actually change. I don't have any +claims on that. But but in my in my +current model, all of these things are +not eternal and are changing and +unchanging. These are high high-level +uh the ones that we associate with with +both morphology and behavior and +physiology and so on. These are +absolutely +uh dynamic things that can change, but +not only by sensitization, which you you +you just heard about, I suspect that um +they use all of the toolbox and probably +more that we haven't even thought of of +the behavioral sciences. So so +sensitization uh you know +Pavlovian conditioning, delayed +gratification, path planning, language, +like all of these things are right there +along with sensitization once you've +once you've gone down this road and +realize that what why should this space +have only patterns that are that are +amenable to the formal tools of +mathematics? What about the rest of it? +So +we can talk about this idea again in +most audiences at this point people +freak out and they say look you're +basically saying that minds exist in a +non-physical space, but they affect the +physical world in the same way that the +truths of about prime numbers affect +what the cicadas are and aren't going to +do when they're when they evolve. Um +interactionism should be dead, you know, +Descartes +you know, had this problem with with +interactionism but whatever. And my +point is simply this, whatever whatever +the actual resolution to this it's been +here for a really long time because we +already know that there's a degree of +interaction between non-physical truths +and physical objects. The relationship +between math and physics already tells +us this and maybe the relationship mind +of minds and bodies and when I say minds +I don't just mean our human minds, I +mean the minds that power the problem +solving of morphogenesis, of +physiological space navigation, of +transcriptional space navigation, all of +these things are diverse intelligences +of different grade and different type. +Maybe the relationship between those +minds and bodies is exactly the same as +between math and physics. So +um so I'll I'll I'll I'll wrap up here +just to say that the the one thing is +some people like this and they say ah so +so here's what it is. Biology is and its +complexity are really primed for these +kind of ingression of minds from the +from this from this space and that's +what distinguishes us from dead matter, +from mere machines, all of that. And +I'll just um I'll just point out that +that we we did work on I don't have time +to go into all the details, but anybody +who's interested I have long discussions +of this on online. +Uh +a lot of humility is warranted here +because what we found is that even +extremely simple deterministic systems +are susceptible to ingressions of +not just [clears throat] complexity, not +just unpredictability, +but competencies that are familiar to +any behavioral scientist and they are +not in the algorithm. The algorithm and +the materials of even a simple machine +tell you what the machine must do and it +tells you what it cannot do. But between +those two things is a massive amount of +degrees of freedom even in small +deterministic things apparently. This +this was a was a shocker to me. And and +those and and they can hold they can +host interesting patterns from that from +that space. So, um +I don't think it takes life or cells or +or or large complexity to to start to +become an interface and I think that's +what all physical systems are. They're +interfaces for specific patterns from +that from that space. And therefore, +we have to remember that as much as we +all +you know would like to think that the +rules of chemistry do not tell the +entire story of the human mind, I would +say that those kind of things don't tell +the proper story of machines either. I'm +not sure at this point there is any dead +matter or dumb machines and we should +just remember that when we say something +that nothing is a computer, nothing is a +Turing machine, there are just times at +which you would like to take a formal +model of computation or of Turing +machines or whatever and apply it to +some system and we all need to remember +that when you do that you do not capture +the +our formal models never capture the +whole thing. And we thought that was +negligible for quote unquote machines. +It is absolutely not negligible and it +has massive implications for how we do +engineering, how we do AI and and so on. +We could talk about that for a long +time. And so we now have an actual +research program +on what you might consider inspiration. +Inspiration is when you get patterns, +useful ideas, patterns, symphonies, +whatever you know, +theorems like Ramanujan got all these +things from this from some space that +you did not put in the effort to +meticulously create step-by-step. +Neither created, you know, neither +engineered, evolved, or +or or learned. And so, so we can now do +this with very simple very simple +systems by creating robots that are +powered by +mathematical objects, but also by some +other things and you know, so +mathematical objects are signals from +bacteria, cosmic microwave background, +believe it or else. +They can do interesting things when you +give them bodies, when you give them +robotic bodies. So, yes, we're the +beneficiaries of ingressing patterns +that we don't pay for in the +conventional model of of physics and +computation, but actually even dumb +machines get this too in this in a +course in a small way. And also, I think +we actually are patterns. We're not just +impinged upon by patterns. +So, I'm just going to I'm just going to +summarize here and then and then I'm +done. +Um, basically, I think these patterns of +of of form of behavior and so on are +ubiquitous. Genetics and emergence is +absolutely insufficient for the life +sciences of the future, but also for the +ethics and engineering of the future. +Emergence is not going to do the do the +trick. +And the free lunches are +they're they're most obvious in +biologicals, they're the most amazing in +biologicals, but you can't really +but you can't really +quantify or prove anything in +biologicals. They're too complex. So, +but they can be quantified in minimal +computational systems. And and so, +that's why um +I'm not going to take the time to to to +to go through all all of this stuff. +But that's why we have research program. +You know, this is not just philosophy. I +have six people working on all this +stuff in figuring out what does that +space offer you? Does it offer you +static patterns like like the digits of +E? Yes, but also dynamic behavioral +policies, which is what allow our robots +with no controller or +just the patterns to to do tasks. +Um and um it was so what's in this +space? Why does it do these patterns +inhibit certain interfaces and not +others and so on. All of these are now +tractable. We're actually doing +experiments. There are couple of papers +out, many more coming this summer and +and fall. +And this is critical because right now +we live mostly with biologicals, but all +of these kinds of things, pretty much +any combination of evolved material, +engineered material, and software is +some kind of a possible embodied agent +that is going to host these patterns. +And there are so many different kinds of +minds, you know, cyborgs and hybrids and +humans with altered Every every +imaginable being is going to be here +with us. We need to figure out how to do +an ethical symbiosis with them. We need +to learn to live with creatures that are +not like us. And this this machine life +thing is not I'm not going to do it. It +is I I think factually wrong as a matter +of empirical data. And I think this, you +know, classic picture of Adam naming the +animals in the Garden of Eden is going +to look much more like this. And the +idea is that it's going to be very +weird and very, you know, and very +diverse. And we're going to be able to +understand ourselves a lot better if we +if we embrace the the research program +of of diverse intelligence. So I will +stop here just to thank the people who +did all of the hard work that I showed +you today. +Lots of amazing collaborations. I have +to do three disclosures, no four +actually, of companies that have +licensed some of the intellectual +property that comes out of these kinds +of things. And +you know, I always like to thank the +model systems because they do all the +hard work in in teaching us about these +things. So I will stop here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/video.log b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/video.log new file mode 100644 index 00000000..443422f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/video.log @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# yt-dlp log +# url: https://youtu.be/K8BmMU1Tm-I +# output: conductor/tracks/video_analysis_free_lunches_levin_20260621/artifacts/video.mp4 +# returncode: 0 + +stdout: +[youtube] Extracting URL: https://youtu.be/K8BmMU1Tm-I +[youtube] K8BmMU1Tm-I: Downloading webpage +[youtube] K8BmMU1Tm-I: Downloading android vr player API JSON +[info] K8BmMU1Tm-I: Downloading 1 format(s): 400+251 +[download] video.mp4.f400.mp4 +[download] video.mp4.f251.webm +[Merger] Merging formats into video.mp4 + +stderr: +WARNING: yt-dlp EJS not enabled; some formats may be missing.