package miniaudio

/*
Audio playback and capture library. Choice of public domain or MIT-0. See license statements at the end of this file.
miniaudio - v0.11.9 - 2022-04-20

David Reid - mackron@gmail.com

Website:       https://miniaud.io
Documentation: https://miniaud.io/docs
GitHub:        https://github.com/mackron/miniaudio
*/

/*
1. Introduction
===============
miniaudio is a single file library for audio playback and capture. To use it, do the following in
one .c file:

    ```c
    #define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
    #include "miniaudio.h"
    ```

You can do `#include "miniaudio.h"` in other parts of the program just like any other header.

miniaudio includes both low level and high level APIs. The low level API is good for those who want
to do all of their mixing themselves and only require a light weight interface to the underlying
audio device. The high level API is good for those who have complex mixing and effect requirements.

In miniaudio, objects are transparent structures. Unlike many other libraries, there are no handles
to opaque objects which means you need to allocate memory for objects yourself. In the examples
presented in this documentation you will often see objects declared on the stack. You need to be
careful when translating these examples to your own code so that you don't accidentally declare
your objects on the stack and then cause them to become invalid once the function returns. In
addition, you must ensure the memory address of your objects remain the same throughout their
lifetime. You therefore cannot be making copies of your objects.

A config/init pattern is used throughout the entire library. The idea is that you set up a config
object and pass that into the initialization routine. The advantage to this system is that the
config object can be initialized with logical defaults and new properties added to it without
breaking the API. The config object can be allocated on the stack and does not need to be
maintained after initialization of the corresponding object. 


1.1. Low Level API
------------------
The low level API gives you access to the raw audio data of an audio device. It supports playback,
capture, full-duplex and loopback (WASAPI only). You can enumerate over devices to determine which
physical device(s) you want to connect to.

The low level API uses the concept of a "device" as the abstraction for physical devices. The idea
is that you choose a physical device to emit or capture audio from, and then move data to/from the
device when miniaudio tells you to. Data is delivered to and from devices asynchronously via a
callback which you specify when initializing the device.

When initializing the device you first need to configure it. The device configuration allows you to
specify things like the format of the data delivered via the callback, the size of the internal
buffer and the ID of the device you want to emit or capture audio from.

Once you have the device configuration set up you can initialize the device. When initializing a
device you need to allocate memory for the device object beforehand. This gives the application
complete control over how the memory is allocated. In the example below we initialize a playback
device on the stack, but you could allocate it on the heap if that suits your situation better.

    ```c
    void data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
    {
        // In playback mode copy data to pOutput. In capture mode read data from pInput. In full-duplex mode, both
        // pOutput and pInput will be valid and you can move data from pInput into pOutput. Never process more than
        // frameCount frames.
    }

    int main()
    {
        ma_device_config config = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_playback);
        config.playback.format   = ma_format_f32;   // Set to ma_format_unknown to use the device's native format.
        config.playback.channels = 2;               // Set to 0 to use the device's native channel count.
        config.sampleRate        = 48000;           // Set to 0 to use the device's native sample rate.
        config.dataCallback      = data_callback;   // This function will be called when miniaudio needs more data.
        config.pUserData         = pMyCustomData;   // Can be accessed from the device object (device.pUserData).

        ma_device device;
        if (ma_device_init(NULL, &config, &device) != MA_SUCCESS) {
            return -1;  // Failed to initialize the device.
        }

        ma_device_start(&device);     // The device is sleeping by default so you'll need to start it manually.

        // Do something here. Probably your program's main loop.

        ma_device_uninit(&device);    // This will stop the device so no need to do that manually.
        return 0;
    }
    ```

In the example above, `data_callback()` is where audio data is written and read from the device.
The idea is in playback mode you cause sound to be emitted from the speakers by writing audio data
to the output buffer (`pOutput` in the example). In capture mode you read data from the input
buffer (`pInput`) to extract sound captured by the microphone. The `frameCount` parameter tells you
how many frames can be written to the output buffer and read from the input buffer. A "frame" is
one sample for each channel. For example, in a stereo stream (2 channels), one frame is 2
samples: one for the left, one for the right. The channel count is defined by the device config.
The size in bytes of an individual sample is defined by the sample format which is also specified
in the device config. Multi-channel audio data is always interleaved, which means the samples for
each frame are stored next to each other in memory. For example, in a stereo stream the first pair
of samples will be the left and right samples for the first frame, the second pair of samples will
be the left and right samples for the second frame, etc.

The configuration of the device is defined by the `ma_device_config` structure. The config object
is always initialized with `ma_device_config_init()`. It's important to always initialize the
config with this function as it initializes it with logical defaults and ensures your program
doesn't break when new members are added to the `ma_device_config` structure. The example above
uses a fairly simple and standard device configuration. The call to `ma_device_config_init()` takes
a single parameter, which is whether or not the device is a playback, capture, duplex or loopback
device (loopback devices are not supported on all backends). The `config.playback.format` member
sets the sample format which can be one of the following (all formats are native-endian):

    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
    | Symbol        | Description                            | Range                     |
    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
    | ma_format_f32 | 32-bit floating point                  | [-1, 1]                   |
    | ma_format_s16 | 16-bit signed integer                  | [-32768, 32767]           |
    | ma_format_s24 | 24-bit signed integer (tightly packed) | [-8388608, 8388607]       |
    | ma_format_s32 | 32-bit signed integer                  | [-2147483648, 2147483647] |
    | ma_format_u8  | 8-bit unsigned integer                 | [0, 255]                  |
    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+

The `config.playback.channels` member sets the number of channels to use with the device. The
channel count cannot exceed MA_MAX_CHANNELS. The `config.sampleRate` member sets the sample rate
(which must be the same for both playback and capture in full-duplex configurations). This is
usually set to 44100 or 48000, but can be set to anything. It's recommended to keep this between
8000 and 384000, however.

Note that leaving the format, channel count and/or sample rate at their default values will result
in the internal device's native configuration being used which is useful if you want to avoid the
overhead of miniaudio's automatic data conversion.

In addition to the sample format, channel count and sample rate, the data callback and user data
pointer are also set via the config. The user data pointer is not passed into the callback as a
parameter, but is instead set to the `pUserData` member of `ma_device` which you can access
directly since all miniaudio structures are transparent.

Initializing the device is done with `ma_device_init()`. This will return a result code telling you
what went wrong, if anything. On success it will return `MA_SUCCESS`. After initialization is
complete the device will be in a stopped state. To start it, use `ma_device_start()`.
Uninitializing the device will stop it, which is what the example above does, but you can also stop
the device with `ma_device_stop()`. To resume the device simply call `ma_device_start()` again.
Note that it's important to never stop or start the device from inside the callback. This will
result in a deadlock. Instead you set a variable or signal an event indicating that the device
needs to stop and handle it in a different thread. The following APIs must never be called inside
the callback:

    ```c
    ma_device_init()
    ma_device_init_ex()
    ma_device_uninit()
    ma_device_start()
    ma_device_stop()
    ```

You must never try uninitializing and reinitializing a device inside the callback. You must also
never try to stop and start it from inside the callback. There are a few other things you shouldn't
do in the callback depending on your requirements, however this isn't so much a thread-safety
thing, but rather a real-time processing thing which is beyond the scope of this introduction.

The example above demonstrates the initialization of a playback device, but it works exactly the
same for capture. All you need to do is change the device type from `ma_device_type_playback` to
`ma_device_type_capture` when setting up the config, like so:

    ```c
    ma_device_config config = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_capture);
    config.capture.format   = MY_FORMAT;
    config.capture.channels = MY_CHANNEL_COUNT;
    ```

In the data callback you just read from the input buffer (`pInput` in the example above) and leave
the output buffer alone (it will be set to NULL when the device type is set to
`ma_device_type_capture`).

These are the available device types and how you should handle the buffers in the callback:

    +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | Device Type             | Callback Behavior                                      |
    +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | ma_device_type_playback | Write to output buffer, leave input buffer untouched.  |
    | ma_device_type_capture  | Read from input buffer, leave output buffer untouched. |
    | ma_device_type_duplex   | Read from input buffer, write to output buffer.        |
    | ma_device_type_loopback | Read from input buffer, leave output buffer untouched. |
    +-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

You will notice in the example above that the sample format and channel count is specified
separately for playback and capture. This is to support different data formats between the playback
and capture devices in a full-duplex system. An example may be that you want to capture audio data
as a monaural stream (one channel), but output sound to a stereo speaker system. Note that if you
use different formats between playback and capture in a full-duplex configuration you will need to
convert the data yourself. There are functions available to help you do this which will be
explained later.

The example above did not specify a physical device to connect to which means it will use the
operating system's default device. If you have multiple physical devices connected and you want to
use a specific one you will need to specify the device ID in the configuration, like so:

    ```c
    config.playback.pDeviceID = pMyPlaybackDeviceID;    // Only if requesting a playback or duplex device.
    config.capture.pDeviceID = pMyCaptureDeviceID;      // Only if requesting a capture, duplex or loopback device.
    ```

To retrieve the device ID you will need to perform device enumeration, however this requires the
use of a new concept called the "context". Conceptually speaking the context sits above the device.
There is one context to many devices. The purpose of the context is to represent the backend at a
more global level and to perform operations outside the scope of an individual device. Mainly it is
used for performing run-time linking against backend libraries, initializing backends and
enumerating devices. The example below shows how to enumerate devices.

    ```c
    ma_context context;
    if (ma_context_init(NULL, 0, NULL, &context) != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ma_device_info* pPlaybackInfos;
    ma_uint32 playbackCount;
    ma_device_info* pCaptureInfos;
    ma_uint32 captureCount;
    if (ma_context_get_devices(&context, &pPlaybackInfos, &playbackCount, &pCaptureInfos, &captureCount) != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    // Loop over each device info and do something with it. Here we just print the name with their index. You may want
    // to give the user the opportunity to choose which device they'd prefer.
    for (ma_uint32 iDevice = 0; iDevice < playbackCount; iDevice += 1) {
        printf("%d - %s\n", iDevice, pPlaybackInfos[iDevice].name);
    }

    ma_device_config config = ma_device_config_init(ma_device_type_playback);
    config.playback.pDeviceID = &pPlaybackInfos[chosenPlaybackDeviceIndex].id;
    config.playback.format    = MY_FORMAT;
    config.playback.channels  = MY_CHANNEL_COUNT;
    config.sampleRate         = MY_SAMPLE_RATE;
    config.dataCallback       = data_callback;
    config.pUserData          = pMyCustomData;

    ma_device device;
    if (ma_device_init(&context, &config, &device) != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error
    }

    ...

    ma_device_uninit(&device);
    ma_context_uninit(&context);
    ```

The first thing we do in this example is initialize a `ma_context` object with `ma_context_init()`.
The first parameter is a pointer to a list of `ma_backend` values which are used to override the
default backend priorities. When this is NULL, as in this example, miniaudio's default priorities
are used. The second parameter is the number of backends listed in the array pointed to by the
first parameter. The third parameter is a pointer to a `ma_context_config` object which can be
NULL, in which case defaults are used. The context configuration is used for setting the logging
callback, custom memory allocation callbacks, user-defined data and some backend-specific
configurations.

Once the context has been initialized you can enumerate devices. In the example above we use the
simpler `ma_context_get_devices()`, however you can also use a callback for handling devices by
using `ma_context_enumerate_devices()`. When using `ma_context_get_devices()` you provide a pointer
to a pointer that will, upon output, be set to a pointer to a buffer containing a list of
`ma_device_info` structures. You also provide a pointer to an unsigned integer that will receive
the number of items in the returned buffer. Do not free the returned buffers as their memory is
managed internally by miniaudio.

The `ma_device_info` structure contains an `id` member which is the ID you pass to the device
config. It also contains the name of the device which is useful for presenting a list of devices
to the user via the UI.

When creating your own context you will want to pass it to `ma_device_init()` when initializing the
device. Passing in NULL, like we do in the first example, will result in miniaudio creating the
context for you, which you don't want to do since you've already created a context. Note that
internally the context is only tracked by it's pointer which means you must not change the location
of the `ma_context` object. If this is an issue, consider using `malloc()` to allocate memory for
the context.


1.2. High Level API
-------------------
The high level API consists of three main parts:

  * Resource management for loading and streaming sounds.
  * A node graph for advanced mixing and effect processing.
  * A high level "engine" that wraps around the resource manager and node graph.

The resource manager (`ma_resource_manager`) is used for loading sounds. It supports loading sounds
fully into memory and also streaming. It will also deal with reference counting for you which
avoids the same sound being loaded multiple times.

The node graph is used for mixing and effect processing. The idea is that you connect a number of
nodes into the graph by connecting each node's outputs to another node's inputs. Each node can
implement it's own effect. By chaining nodes together, advanced mixing and effect processing can
be achieved.

The engine encapsulates both the resource manager and the node graph to create a simple, easy to
use high level API. The resource manager and node graph APIs are covered in more later sections of
this manual.

The code below shows how you can initialize an engine using it's default configuration.

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine;

    result = ma_engine_init(NULL, &engine);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to initialize the engine.
    }
    ```

This creates an engine instance which will initialize a device internally which you can access with
`ma_engine_get_device()`. It will also initialize a resource manager for you which can be accessed
with `ma_engine_get_resource_manager()`. The engine itself is a node graph (`ma_node_graph`) which
means you can pass a pointer to the engine object into any of the `ma_node_graph` APIs (with a
cast). Alternatively, you can use `ma_engine_get_node_graph()` instead of a cast.

Note that all objects in miniaudio, including the `ma_engine` object in the example above, are
transparent structures. There are no handles to opaque structures in miniaudio which means you need
to be mindful of how you declare them. In the example above we are declaring it on the stack, but
this will result in the struct being invalidated once the function encapsulating it returns. If
allocating the engine on the heap is more appropriate, you can easily do so with a standard call
to `malloc()` or whatever heap allocation routine you like:

    ```c
    ma_engine* pEngine = malloc(sizeof(*pEngine));
    ```

The `ma_engine` API uses the same config/init pattern used all throughout miniaudio. To configure
an engine, you can fill out a `ma_engine_config` object and pass it into the first parameter of
`ma_engine_init()`:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine;
    ma_engine_config engineConfig;

    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
    engineConfig.pResourceManager = &myCustomResourceManager;   // <-- Initialized as some earlier stage.

    result = ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }
    ```

This creates an engine instance using a custom config. In this particular example it's showing how
you can specify a custom resource manager rather than having the engine initialize one internally.
This is particularly useful if you want to have multiple engine's share the same resource manager.

The engine must be uninitialized with `ma_engine_uninit()` when it's no longer needed.

By default the engine will be started, but nothing will be playing because no sounds have been
initialized. The easiest but least flexible way of playing a sound is like so:

    ```c
    ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, "my_sound.wav", NULL);
    ```

This plays what miniaudio calls an "inline" sound. It plays the sound once, and then puts the
internal sound up for recycling. The last parameter is used to specify which sound group the sound
should be associated with which will be explained later. This particular way of playing a sound is
simple, but lacks flexibility and features. A more flexible way of playing a sound is to first 
initialize a sound:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_sound sound;

    result = ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", 0, NULL, NULL, &sound);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }

    ma_sound_start(&sound);
    ```

This returns a `ma_sound` object which represents a single instance of the specified sound file. If
you want to play the same file multiple times simultaneously, you need to create one sound for each
instance.

Sounds should be uninitialized with `ma_sound_uninit()`.

Sounds are not started by default. Start a sound with `ma_sound_start()` and stop it with
`ma_sound_stop()`. When a sound is stopped, it is not rewound to the start. Use
`ma_sound_seek_to_pcm_frames(&sound, 0)` to seek back to the start of a sound. By default, starting
and stopping sounds happens immediately, but sometimes it might be convenient to schedule the sound
the be started and/or stopped at a specific time. This can be done with the following functions:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_start_time_in_pcm_frames()
    ma_sound_set_start_time_in_milliseconds()
    ma_sound_set_stop_time_in_pcm_frames()
    ma_sound_set_stop_time_in_milliseconds()
    ```

The start/stop time needs to be specified based on the absolute timer which is controlled by the
engine. The current global time time in PCM frames can be retrieved with `ma_engine_get_time()`.
The engine's global time can be changed with `ma_engine_set_time()` for synchronization purposes if
required. Note that scheduling a start time still requires an explicit call to `ma_sound_start()`
before anything will play:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_start_time_in_pcm_frames(&sound, ma_engine_get_time(&engine) + (ma_engine_get_sample_rate(&engine) * 2);
    ma_sound_start(&sound);
    ```

The third parameter of `ma_sound_init_from_file()` is a set of flags that control how the sound be
loaded and a few options on which features should be enabled for that sound. By default, the sound
is synchronously loaded fully into memory straight from the file system without any kind of
decoding. If you want to decode the sound before storing it in memory, you need to specify the
`MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE` flag. This is useful if you want to incur the cost of decoding at an earlier
stage, such as a loading stage. Without this option, decoding will happen dynamically at mixing
time which might be too expensive on the audio thread.

If you want to load the sound asynchronously, you can specify the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_ASYNC` flag. This
will result in `ma_sound_init_from_file()` returning quickly, but the sound will not start playing
until the sound has had some audio decoded.

The fourth parameter is a pointer to sound group. A sound group is used as a mechanism to organise
sounds into groups which have their own effect processing and volume control. An example is a game
which might have separate groups for sfx, voice and music. Each of these groups have their own
independent volume control. Use `ma_sound_group_init()` or `ma_sound_group_init_ex()` to initialize
a sound group.

Sounds and sound groups are nodes in the engine's node graph and can be plugged into any `ma_node`
API. This makes it possible to connect sounds and sound groups to effect nodes to produce complex
effect chains.

A sound can have it's volume changed with `ma_sound_set_volume()`. If you prefer decibel volume
control you can use `ma_volume_db_to_linear()` to convert from decibel representation to linear.

Panning and pitching is supported with `ma_sound_set_pan()` and `ma_sound_set_pitch()`. If you know
a sound will never have it's pitch changed with `ma_sound_set_pitch()` or via the doppler effect,
you can specify the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_PITCH` flag when initializing the sound for an optimization.

By default, sounds and sound groups have spatialization enabled. If you don't ever want to
spatialize your sounds, initialize the sound with the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_SPATIALIZATION` flag. The
spatialization model is fairly simple and is roughly on feature parity with OpenAL. HRTF and
environmental occlusion are not currently supported, but planned for the future. The supported
features include:

  * Sound and listener positioning and orientation with cones
  * Attenuation models: none, inverse, linear and exponential
  * Doppler effect

Sounds can be faded in and out with `ma_sound_set_fade_in_pcm_frames()`.

To check if a sound is currently playing, you can use `ma_sound_is_playing()`. To check if a sound
is at the end, use `ma_sound_at_end()`. Looping of a sound can be controlled with
`ma_sound_set_looping()`. Use `ma_sound_is_looping()` to check whether or not the sound is looping.



2. Building
===========
miniaudio should work cleanly out of the box without the need to download or install any
dependencies. See below for platform-specific details.


2.1. Windows
------------
The Windows build should compile cleanly on all popular compilers without the need to configure any
include paths nor link to any libraries.

The UWP build may require linking to mmdevapi.lib if you get errors about an unresolved external
symbol for `ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync()`.


2.2. macOS and iOS
------------------
The macOS build should compile cleanly without the need to download any dependencies nor link to
any libraries or frameworks. The iOS build needs to be compiled as Objective-C and will need to
link the relevant frameworks but should compile cleanly out of the box with Xcode. Compiling
through the command line requires linking to `-lpthread` and `-lm`.

Due to the way miniaudio links to frameworks at runtime, your application may not pass Apple's
notarization process. To fix this there are two options. The first is to use the
`MA_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING` option, like so:

    ```c
    #ifdef __APPLE__
        #define MA_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING
    #endif
    #define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
    #include "miniaudio.h"
    ```

This will require linking with `-framework CoreFoundation -framework CoreAudio -framework AudioUnit`.
Alternatively, if you would rather keep using runtime linking you can add the following to your
entitlements.xcent file:

    ```
    <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-dyld-environment-variables</key>
    <true/>
    <key>com.apple.security.cs.allow-unsigned-executable-memory</key>
    <true/>
    ```

See this discussion for more info: https://github.com/mackron/miniaudio/issues/203.


2.3. Linux
----------
The Linux build only requires linking to `-ldl`, `-lpthread` and `-lm`. You do not need any
development packages. You may need to link with `-latomic` if you're compiling for 32-bit ARM.


2.4. BSD
--------
The BSD build only requires linking to `-lpthread` and `-lm`. NetBSD uses audio(4), OpenBSD uses
sndio and FreeBSD uses OSS. You may need to link with `-latomic` if you're compiling for 32-bit
ARM.


2.5. Android
------------
AAudio is the highest priority backend on Android. This should work out of the box without needing
any kind of compiler configuration. Support for AAudio starts with Android 8 which means older
versions will fall back to OpenSL|ES which requires API level 16+.

There have been reports that the OpenSL|ES backend fails to initialize on some Android based
devices due to `dlopen()` failing to open "libOpenSLES.so". If this happens on your platform
you'll need to disable run-time linking with `MA_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING` and link with -lOpenSLES.


2.6. Emscripten
---------------
The Emscripten build emits Web Audio JavaScript directly and should compile cleanly out of the box.
You cannot use `-std=c*` compiler flags, nor `-ansi`.


2.7. Build Options
------------------
`#define` these options before including miniaudio.h.

    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Option                           | Description                                                        |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_WASAPI                     | Disables the WASAPI backend.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_DSOUND                     | Disables the DirectSound backend.                                  |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_WINMM                      | Disables the WinMM backend.                                        |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_ALSA                       | Disables the ALSA backend.                                         |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_PULSEAUDIO                 | Disables the PulseAudio backend.                                   |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_JACK                       | Disables the JACK backend.                                         |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_COREAUDIO                  | Disables the Core Audio backend.                                   |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_SNDIO                      | Disables the sndio backend.                                        |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_AUDIO4                     | Disables the audio(4) backend.                                     |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_OSS                        | Disables the OSS backend.                                          |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_AAUDIO                     | Disables the AAudio backend.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_OPENSL                     | Disables the OpenSL|ES backend.                                    |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_WEBAUDIO                   | Disables the Web Audio backend.                                    |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_NULL                       | Disables the null backend.                                         |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS | Disables all backends by default and requires `MA_ENABLE_*` to     |
    |                                  | enable specific backends.                                          |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_WASAPI                 | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the WASAPI backend.                                         |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_DSOUND                 | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the DirectSound backend.                                    |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_WINMM                  | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the WinMM backend.                                          |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_ALSA                   | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the ALSA backend.                                           |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_PULSEAUDIO             | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the PulseAudio backend.                                     |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_JACK                   | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the JACK backend.                                           |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_COREAUDIO              | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the Core Audio backend.                                     |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_SNDIO                  | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the sndio backend.                                          |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_AUDIO4                 | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the audio(4) backend.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_OSS                    | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the OSS backend.                                            |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_AAUDIO                 | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the AAudio backend.                                         |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_OPENSL                 | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the OpenSL|ES backend.                                      |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_WEBAUDIO               | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the Web Audio backend.                                      |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_ENABLE_NULL                   | Used in conjunction with MA_ENABLE_ONLY_SPECIFIC_BACKENDS to       |
    |                                  | enable the null backend.                                           |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_DECODING                   | Disables decoding APIs.                                            |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_ENCODING                   | Disables encoding APIs.                                            |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_WAV                        | Disables the built-in WAV decoder and encoder.                     |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_FLAC                       | Disables the built-in FLAC decoder.                                |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_MP3                        | Disables the built-in MP3 decoder.                                 |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_DEVICE_IO                  | Disables playback and recording. This will disable `ma_context`    |
    |                                  | and `ma_device` APIs. This is useful if you only want to use       |
    |                                  | miniaudio's data conversion and/or decoding APIs.                  |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_THREADING                  | Disables the `ma_thread`, `ma_mutex`, `ma_semaphore` and           |
    |                                  | `ma_event` APIs. This option is useful if you only need to use     |
    |                                  | miniaudio for data conversion, decoding and/or encoding. Some      |
    |                                  | families of APIsrequire threading which means the following        |
    |                                  | options must also be set:                                          |
    |                                  |                                                                    |
    |                                  |     ```                                                            |
    |                                  |     MA_NO_DEVICE_IO                                                |
    |                                  |     ```                                                            |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_GENERATION                 | Disables generation APIs such a `ma_waveform` and `ma_noise`.      |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_SSE2                       | Disables SSE2 optimizations.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_AVX2                       | Disables AVX2 optimizations.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_NEON                       | Disables NEON optimizations.                                       |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NO_RUNTIME_LINKING            | Disables runtime linking. This is useful for passing Apple's       |
    |                                  | notarization process. When enabling this, you may need to avoid    |
    |                                  | using `-std=c89` or `-std=c99` on Linux builds or else you may end |
    |                                  | up with compilation errors due to conflicts with `timespec` and    |
    |                                  | `timeval` data types.                                              |
    |                                  |                                                                    |
    |                                  | You may need to enable this if your target platform does not allow |
    |                                  | runtime linking via `dlopen()`.                                    |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_DEBUG_OUTPUT                  | Enable `printf()` output of debug logs (`MA_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG`).     |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_COINIT_VALUE                  | Windows only. The value to pass to internal calls to               |
    |                                  | `CoInitializeEx()`. Defaults to `COINIT_MULTITHREADED`.            |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_API                           | Controls how public APIs should be decorated. Default is `extern`. |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+


3. Definitions
==============
This section defines common terms used throughout miniaudio. Unfortunately there is often ambiguity
in the use of terms throughout the audio space, so this section is intended to clarify how miniaudio
uses each term.

3.1. Sample
-----------
A sample is a single unit of audio data. If the sample format is f32, then one sample is one 32-bit
floating point number.

3.2. Frame / PCM Frame
----------------------
A frame is a group of samples equal to the number of channels. For a stereo stream a frame is 2
samples, a mono frame is 1 sample, a 5.1 surround sound frame is 6 samples, etc. The terms "frame"
and "PCM frame" are the same thing in miniaudio. Note that this is different to a compressed frame.
If ever miniaudio needs to refer to a compressed frame, such as a FLAC frame, it will always
clarify what it's referring to with something like "FLAC frame".

3.3. Channel
------------
A stream of monaural audio that is emitted from an individual speaker in a speaker system, or
received from an individual microphone in a microphone system. A stereo stream has two channels (a
left channel, and a right channel), a 5.1 surround sound system has 6 channels, etc. Some audio
systems refer to a channel as a complex audio stream that's mixed with other channels to produce
the final mix - this is completely different to miniaudio's use of the term "channel" and should
not be confused.

3.4. Sample Rate
----------------
The sample rate in miniaudio is always expressed in Hz, such as 44100, 48000, etc. It's the number
of PCM frames that are processed per second.

3.5. Formats
------------
Throughout miniaudio you will see references to different sample formats:

    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
    | Symbol        | Description                            | Range                     |
    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+
    | ma_format_f32 | 32-bit floating point                  | [-1, 1]                   |
    | ma_format_s16 | 16-bit signed integer                  | [-32768, 32767]           |
    | ma_format_s24 | 24-bit signed integer (tightly packed) | [-8388608, 8388607]       |
    | ma_format_s32 | 32-bit signed integer                  | [-2147483648, 2147483647] |
    | ma_format_u8  | 8-bit unsigned integer                 | [0, 255]                  |
    +---------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+

All formats are native-endian.



4. Data Sources
===============
The data source abstraction in miniaudio is used for retrieving audio data from some source. A few
examples include `ma_decoder`, `ma_noise` and `ma_waveform`. You will need to be familiar with data
sources in order to make sense of some of the higher level concepts in miniaudio.

The `ma_data_source` API is a generic interface for reading from a data source. Any object that
implements the data source interface can be plugged into any `ma_data_source` function.

To read data from a data source:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_uint64 framesRead;

    result = ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames(pDataSource, pFramesOut, frameCount, &framesRead, loop);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to read data from the data source.
    }
    ```

If you don't need the number of frames that were successfully read you can pass in `NULL` to the
`pFramesRead` parameter. If this returns a value less than the number of frames requested it means
the end of the file has been reached. `MA_AT_END` will be returned only when the number of frames
read is 0.

When calling any data source function, with the exception of `ma_data_source_init()` and
`ma_data_source_uninit()`, you can pass in any object that implements a data source. For example,
you could plug in a decoder like so:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_uint64 framesRead;
    ma_decoder decoder;   // <-- This would be initialized with `ma_decoder_init_*()`.

    result = ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames(&decoder, pFramesOut, frameCount, &framesRead, loop);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to read data from the decoder.
    }
    ```

If you want to seek forward you can pass in `NULL` to the `pFramesOut` parameter. Alternatively you
can use `ma_data_source_seek_pcm_frames()`.

To seek to a specific PCM frame:

    ```c
    result = ma_data_source_seek_to_pcm_frame(pDataSource, frameIndex);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to seek to PCM frame.
    }
    ```

You can retrieve the total length of a data source in PCM frames, but note that some data sources
may not have the notion of a length, such as noise and waveforms, and others may just not have a
way of determining the length such as some decoders. To retrieve the length:

    ```c
    ma_uint64 length;

    result = ma_data_source_get_length_in_pcm_frames(pDataSource, &length);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to retrieve the length.
    }
    ```

Care should be taken when retrieving the length of a data source where the underlying decoder is
pulling data from a data stream with an undefined length, such as internet radio or some kind of
broadcast. If you do this, `ma_data_source_get_length_in_pcm_frames()` may never return.

The current position of the cursor in PCM frames can also be retrieved:

    ```c
    ma_uint64 cursor;

    result = ma_data_source_get_cursor_in_pcm_frames(pDataSource, &cursor);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to retrieve the cursor.
    }
    ```

You will often need to know the data format that will be returned after reading. This can be
retrieved like so:

    ```c
    ma_format format;
    ma_uint32 channels;
    ma_uint32 sampleRate;
    ma_channel channelMap[MA_MAX_CHANNELS];
    
    result = ma_data_source_get_data_format(pDataSource, &format, &channels, &sampleRate, channelMap, MA_MAX_CHANNELS);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to retrieve data format.
    }
    ```

If you do not need a specific data format property, just pass in NULL to the respective parameter.

There may be cases where you want to implement something like a sound bank where you only want to
read data within a certain range of the underlying data. To do this you can use a range:

    ```c
    result = ma_data_source_set_range_in_pcm_frames(pDataSource, rangeBegInFrames, rangeEndInFrames);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to set the range.
    }
    ```

This is useful if you have a sound bank where many sounds are stored in the same file and you want
the data source to only play one of those sub-sounds.

Custom loop points can also be used with data sources. By default, data sources will loop after
they reach the end of the data source, but if you need to loop at a specific location, you can do
the following:

    ```c
    result = ma_data_set_loop_point_in_pcm_frames(pDataSource, loopBegInFrames, loopEndInFrames);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to set the loop point.
    }
    ```

The loop point is relative to the current range.

It's sometimes useful to chain data sources together so that a seamless transition can be achieved.
To do this, you can use chaining:

    ```c
    ma_decoder decoder1;
    ma_decoder decoder2;

    // ... initialize decoders with ma_decoder_init_*() ...

    result = ma_data_source_set_next(&decoder1, &decoder2);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to set the next data source.
    }

    result = ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames(&decoder1, pFramesOut, frameCount, pFramesRead, MA_FALSE);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to read from the decoder.
    }
    ```

In the example above we're using decoders. When reading from a chain, you always want to read from
the top level data source in the chain. In the example above, `decoder1` is the top level data 
source in the chain. When `decoder1` reaches the end, `decoder2` will start seamlessly without any
gaps.

Note that the `loop` parameter is set to false in the example above. When this is set to true, only
the current data source will be looped. You can loop the entire chain by linking in a loop like so:

    ```c
    ma_data_source_set_next(&decoder1, &decoder2);  // decoder1 -> decoder2
    ma_data_source_set_next(&decoder2, &decoder1);  // decoder2 -> decoder1 (loop back to the start).
    ```

Note that setting up chaining is not thread safe, so care needs to be taken if you're dynamically
changing links while the audio thread is in the middle of reading.

Do not use `ma_decoder_seek_to_pcm_frame()` as a means to reuse a data source to play multiple
instances of the same sound simultaneously. Instead, initialize multiple data sources for each
instance. This can be extremely inefficient depending on the data source and can result in
glitching due to subtle changes to the state of internal filters.


4.1. Custom Data Sources
------------------------
You can implement a custom data source by implementing the functions in `ma_data_source_vtable`.
Your custom object must have `ma_data_source_base` as it's first member:

    ```c
    struct my_data_source
    {
        ma_data_source_base base;
        ...
    };
    ```

In your initialization routine, you need to call `ma_data_source_init()` in order to set up the
base object (`ma_data_source_base`):

    ```c
    static ma_result my_data_source_read(ma_data_source* pDataSource, void* pFramesOut, ma_uint64 frameCount, ma_uint64* pFramesRead)
    {
        // Read data here. Output in the same format returned by my_data_source_get_data_format().
    }

    static ma_result my_data_source_seek(ma_data_source* pDataSource, ma_uint64 frameIndex)
    {
        // Seek to a specific PCM frame here. Return MA_NOT_IMPLEMENTED if seeking is not supported.
    }

    static ma_result my_data_source_get_data_format(ma_data_source* pDataSource, ma_format* pFormat, ma_uint32* pChannels, ma_uint32* pSampleRate, ma_channel* pChannelMap, size_t channelMapCap)
    {
        // Return the format of the data here.
    }

    static ma_result my_data_source_get_cursor(ma_data_source* pDataSource, ma_uint64* pCursor)
    {
        // Retrieve the current position of the cursor here. Return MA_NOT_IMPLEMENTED and set *pCursor to 0 if there is no notion of a cursor.
    }

    static ma_result my_data_source_get_length(ma_data_source* pDataSource, ma_uint64* pLength)
    {
        // Retrieve the length in PCM frames here. Return MA_NOT_IMPLEMENTED and set *pLength to 0 if there is no notion of a length or if the length is unknown.
    }

    static g_my_data_source_vtable =
    {
        my_data_source_read,
        my_data_source_seek,
        my_data_source_get_data_format,
        my_data_source_get_cursor,
        my_data_source_get_length
    };

    ma_result my_data_source_init(my_data_source* pMyDataSource)
    {
        ma_result result;
        ma_data_source_config baseConfig;

        baseConfig = ma_data_source_config_init();
        baseConfig.vtable = &g_my_data_source_vtable;

        result = ma_data_source_init(&baseConfig, &pMyDataSource->base);
        if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
            return result;
        }

        // ... do the initialization of your custom data source here ...

        return MA_SUCCESS;
    }

    void my_data_source_uninit(my_data_source* pMyDataSource)
    {
        // ... do the uninitialization of your custom data source here ...
        
        // You must uninitialize the base data source.
        ma_data_source_uninit(&pMyDataSource->base);
    }
    ```

Note that `ma_data_source_init()` and `ma_data_source_uninit()` are never called directly outside
of the custom data source. It's up to the custom data source itself to call these within their own
init/uninit functions.



5. Engine
=========
The `ma_engine` API is a high level API for managing and mixing sounds and effect processing. The
`ma_engine` object encapsulates a resource manager and a node graph, both of which will be
explained in more detail later.

Sounds are called `ma_sound` and are created from an engine. Sounds can be associated with a mixing
group called `ma_sound_group` which are also created from the engine. Both `ma_sound` and
`ma_sound_group` objects are nodes within the engine's node graph.

When the engine is initialized, it will normally create a device internally. If you would rather
manage the device yourself, you can do so and just pass a pointer to it via the engine config when
you initialize the engine. You can also just use the engine without a device, which again can be
configured via the engine config.

The most basic way to initialize the engine is with a default config, like so:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine;

    result = ma_engine_init(NULL, &engine);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to initialize the engine.
    }
    ```

This will result in the engine initializing a playback device using the operating system's default
device. This will be sufficient for many use cases, but if you need more flexibility you'll want to
configure the engine with an engine config:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine;
    ma_engine_config engineConfig;

    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
    engineConfig.pPlaybackDevice = &myDevice;

    result = ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to initialize the engine.
    }
    ```

In the example above we're passing in a pre-initialized device. Since the caller is the one in
control of the device's data callback, it's their responsibility to manually call
`ma_engine_read_pcm_frames()` from inside their data callback:

    ```c
    void playback_data_callback(ma_device* pDevice, void* pOutput, const void* pInput, ma_uint32 frameCount)
    {
        ma_engine_read_pcm_frames(&g_Engine, pOutput, frameCount, NULL);
    }
    ```

You can also use the engine independent of a device entirely:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine;
    ma_engine_config engineConfig;

    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
    engineConfig.noDevice   = MA_TRUE;
    engineConfig.channels   = 2;        // Must be set when not using a device.
    engineConfig.sampleRate = 48000;    // Must be set when not using a device.

    result = ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to initialize the engine.
    }
    ```

Note that when you're not using a device, you must set the channel count and sample rate in the
config or else miniaudio won't know what to use (miniaudio will use the device to determine this
normally). When not using a device, you need to use `ma_engine_read_pcm_frames()` to process audio
data from the engine. This kind of setup is useful if you want to do something like offline
processing.

When a sound is loaded it goes through a resource manager. By default the engine will initialize a
resource manager internally, but you can also specify a pre-initialized resource manager:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_engine engine1;
    ma_engine engine2;
    ma_engine_config engineConfig;

    engineConfig = ma_engine_config_init();
    engineConfig.pResourceManager = &myResourceManager;

    ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine1);
    ma_engine_init(&engineConfig, &engine2);
    ```

In this example we are initializing two engines, both of which are sharing the same resource
manager. This is especially useful for saving memory when loading the same file across multiple
engines. If you were not to use a shared resource manager, each engine instance would use their own
which would result in any sounds that are used between both engine's being loaded twice. By using
a shared resource manager, it would only be loaded once. Using multiple engine's is useful when you
need to output to multiple playback devices, such as in a local multiplayer game where each player
is using their own set of headphones.

By default an engine will be in a started state. To make it so the engine is not automatically
started you can configure it as such:

    ```c
    engineConfig.noAutoStart = MA_TRUE;

    // The engine will need to be started manually.
    ma_engine_start(&engine);

    // Later on the engine can be stopped with ma_engine_stop().
    ma_engine_stop(&engine);
    ```

The concept of starting or stopping an engine is only relevant when using the engine with a
device. Attempting to start or stop an engine that is not associated with a device will result in
`MA_INVALID_OPERATION`.

The master volume of the engine can be controlled with `ma_engine_set_volume()` which takes a
linear scale, with 0 resulting in silence and anything above 1 resulting in amplification. If you
prefer decibel based volume control, use `ma_volume_db_to_linear()` to convert from dB to linear.

When a sound is spatialized, it is done so relative to a listener. An engine can be configured to
have multiple listeners which can be configured via the config:

    ```c
    engineConfig.listenerCount = 2;
    ```

The maximum number of listeners is restricted to `MA_ENGINE_MAX_LISTENERS`. By default, when a
sound is spatialized, it will be done so relative to the closest listener. You can also pin a sound
to a specific listener which will be explained later. Listener's have a position, direction, cone,
and velocity (for doppler effect). A listener is referenced by an index, the meaning of which is up
to the caller (the index is 0 based and cannot go beyond the listener count, minus 1). The
position, direction and velocity are all specified in absolute terms:

    ```c
    ma_engine_listener_set_position(&engine, listenerIndex, worldPosX, worldPosY, worldPosZ);
    ```

The direction of the listener represents it's forward vector. The listener's up vector can also be
specified and defaults to +1 on the Y axis.

    ```c
    ma_engine_listener_set_direction(&engine, listenerIndex, forwardX, forwardY, forwardZ);
    ma_engine_listener_set_world_up(&engine, listenerIndex, 0, 1, 0);
    ```

The engine supports directional attenuation. The listener can have a cone the controls how sound is
attenuated based on the listener's direction. When a sound is between the inner and outer cones, it
will be attenuated between 1 and the cone's outer gain:

    ```c
    ma_engine_listener_set_cone(&engine, listenerIndex, innerAngleInRadians, outerAngleInRadians, outerGain);
    ```

When a sound is inside the inner code, no directional attenuation is applied. When the sound is
outside of the outer cone, the attenuation will be set to `outerGain` in the example above. When
the sound is in between the inner and outer cones, the attenuation will be interpolated between 1
and the outer gain.

The engine's coordinate system follows the OpenGL coordinate system where positive X points right,
positive Y points up and negative Z points forward.

The simplest and least flexible way to play a sound is like so:

    ```c
    ma_engine_play_sound(&engine, "my_sound.wav", pGroup);
    ```

This is a "fire and forget" style of function. The engine will manage the `ma_sound` object
internally. When the sound finishes playing, it'll be put up for recycling. For more flexibility
you'll want to initialize a sound object:

    ```c
    ma_sound sound;

    result = ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", flags, pGroup, NULL, &sound);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;  // Failed to load sound.
    }
    ```

Sounds need to be uninitialized with `ma_sound_uninit()`.

The example above loads a sound from a file. If the resource manager has been disabled you will not
be able to use this function and instead you'll need to initialize a sound directly from a data
source:

    ```c
    ma_sound sound;

    result = ma_sound_init_from_data_source(&engine, &dataSource, flags, pGroup, &sound);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }
    ```

Each `ma_sound` object represents a single instance of the sound. If you want to play the same
sound multiple times at the same time, you need to initialize a separate `ma_sound` object.

For the most flexibility when initializing sounds, use `ma_sound_init_ex()`. This uses miniaudio's
standard config/init pattern:

    ```c
    ma_sound sound;
    ma_sound_config soundConfig;

    soundConfig = ma_sound_config_init();
    soundConfig.pFilePath   = NULL; // Set this to load from a file path.
    soundConfig.pDataSource = NULL; // Set this to initialize from an existing data source.
    soundConfig.pInitialAttachment = &someNodeInTheNodeGraph;
    soundConfig.initialAttachmentInputBusIndex = 0;
    soundConfig.channelsIn  = 1;
    soundConfig.channelsOut = 0;    // Set to 0 to use the engine's native channel count.

    result = ma_sound_init_ex(&soundConfig, &sound);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return result;
    }
    ```

In the example above, the sound is being initialized without a file nor a data source. This is
valid, in which case the sound acts as a node in the middle of the node graph. This means you can
connect other sounds to this sound and allow it to act like a sound group. Indeed, this is exactly
what a `ma_sound_group` is.

When loading a sound, you specify a set of flags that control how the sound is loaded and what
features are enabled for that sound. When no flags are set, the sound will be fully loaded into
memory in exactly the same format as how it's stored on the file system. The resource manager will
allocate a block of memory and then load the file directly into it. When reading audio data, it
will be decoded dynamically on the fly. In order to save processing time on the audio thread, it
might be beneficial to pre-decode the sound. You can do this with the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE` flag:

    ```c
    ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE, pGroup, NULL, &sound);
    ```

By default, sounds will be loaded synchronously, meaning `ma_sound_init_*()` will not return until
the sound has been fully loaded. If this is prohibitive you can instead load sounds asynchronously
by specificying the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_ASYNC` flag:

    ```c
    ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE | MA_SOUND_FLAG_ASYNC, pGroup, NULL, &sound);
    ```

This will result in `ma_sound_init_*()` returning quickly, but the sound won't yet have been fully
loaded. When you start the sound, it won't output anything until some sound is available. The sound
will start outputting audio before the sound has been fully decoded when the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE`
is specified.

If you need to wait for an asynchronously loaded sound to be fully loaded, you can use a fence. A
fence in miniaudio is a simple synchronization mechanism which simply blocks until it's internal
counter hit's zero. You can specify a fence like so:

    ```c
    ma_result result;
    ma_fence fence;
    ma_sound sounds[4];

    result = ma_fence_init(&fence);
    if (result != MA_SUCCES) {
        return result;
    }

    // Load some sounds asynchronously.
    for (int iSound = 0; iSound < 4; iSound += 1) {
        ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, mySoundFilesPaths[iSound], MA_SOUND_FLAG_DECODE | MA_SOUND_FLAG_ASYNC, pGroup, &fence, &sounds[iSound]);
    }

    // ... do some other stuff here in the mean time ...

    // Wait for all sounds to finish loading.
    ma_fence_wait(&fence);
    ```

If loading the entire sound into memory is prohibitive, you can also configure the engine to stream
the audio data:

    ```c
    ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", MA_SOUND_FLAG_STREAM, pGroup, NULL, &sound);
    ```

When streaming sounds, 2 seconds worth of audio data is stored in memory. Although it should work
fine, it's inefficient to use streaming for short sounds. Streaming is useful for things like music
tracks in games.

When you initialize a sound, if you specify a sound group the sound will be attached to that group
automatically. If you set it to NULL, it will be automatically attached to the engine's endpoint.
If you would instead rather leave the sound unattached by default, you can can specify the
`MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT` flag. This is useful if you want to set up a complex node
graph.

Sounds are not started by default. To start a sound, use `ma_sound_start()`. Stop a sound with
`ma_sound_stop()`.

Sounds can have their volume controlled with `ma_sound_set_volume()` in the same way as the
engine's master volume.

Sounds support stereo panning and pitching. Set the pan with `ma_sound_set_pan()`. Setting the pan
to 0 will result in an unpanned sound. Setting it to -1 will shift everything to the left, whereas
+1 will shift it to the right. The pitch can be controlled with `ma_sound_set_pitch()`. A larger
value will result in a higher pitch. The pitch must be greater than 0.

The engine supports 3D spatialization of sounds. By default sounds will have spatialization
enabled, but if a sound does not need to be spatialized it's best to disable it. There are two ways
to disable spatialization of a sound:

    ```c
    // Disable spatialization at initialization time via a flag:
    ma_sound_init_from_file(&engine, "my_sound.wav", MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_SPATIALIZATION, NULL, NULL, &sound);

    // Dynamically disable or enable spatialization post-initialization:
    ma_sound_set_spatialization_enabled(&sound, isSpatializationEnabled);
    ```

By default sounds will be spatialized based on the closest listener. If a sound should always be
spatialized relative to a specific listener it can be pinned to one:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_pinned_listener_index(&sound, listenerIndex);
    ```

Like listeners, sounds have a position. By default, the position of a sound is in absolute space,
but it can be changed to be relative to a listener:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_positioning(&sound, ma_positioning_relative);
    ```

Note that relative positioning of a sound only makes sense if there is either only one listener, or
the sound is pinned to a specific listener. To set the position of a sound:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_position(&sound, posX, posY, posZ);
    ```

The direction works the same way as a listener and represents the sound's forward direction:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_direction(&sound, forwardX, forwardY, forwardZ);
    ```

Sound's also have a cone for controlling directional attenuation. This works exactly the same as
listeners:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_cone(&sound, innerAngleInRadians, outerAngleInRadians, outerGain);
    ```

The velocity of a sound is used for doppler effect and can be set as such:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_velocity(&sound, velocityX, velocityY, velocityZ);
    ```

The engine supports different attenuation models which can be configured on a per-sound basis. By
default the attenuation model is set to `ma_attenuation_model_inverse` which is the equivalent to
OpenAL's `AL_INVERSE_DISTANCE_CLAMPED`. Configure the attenuation model like so:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_attenuation_model(&sound, ma_attenuation_model_inverse);
    ```

The supported attenuation models include the following:

    +----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
    | ma_attenuation_model_none        | No distance attenuation.                     |
    +----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
    | ma_attenuation_model_inverse     | Equivalent to `AL_INVERSE_DISTANCE_CLAMPED`. |
    +----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
    | ma_attenuation_model_linear      | Linear attenuation.                          |
    +----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
    | ma_attenuation_model_exponential | Exponential attenuation.                     |
    +----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+

To control how quickly a sound rolls off as it moves away from the listener, you need to configure
the rolloff:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_rolloff(&sound, rolloff);
    ```

You can control the minimum and maximum gain to apply from spatialization:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_min_gain(&sound, minGain);
    ma_sound_set_max_gain(&sound, maxGain);
    ```

Likewise, in the calculation of attenuation, you can control the minimum and maximum distances for
the attenuation calculation. This is useful if you want to ensure sounds don't drop below a certain
volume after the listener moves further away and to have sounds play a maximum volume when the
listener is within a certain distance:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_min_distance(&sound, minDistance);
    ma_sound_set_max_distance(&sound, maxDistance);
    ```

The engine's spatialization system supports doppler effect. The doppler factor can be configure on
a per-sound basis like so:

    ```c
    ma_sound_set_doppler_factor(&sound, dopplerFactor);
    ```

You can fade sounds in and out with `ma_sound_set_fade_in_pcm_frames()` and
`ma_sound_set_fade_in_milliseconds()`. Set the volume to -1 to use the current volume as the
starting volume:

    ```c
    // Fade in over 1 second.
    ma_sound_set_fade_in_milliseconds(&sound, 0, 1, 1000);

    // ... sometime later ...

    // Fade out over 1 second, starting from the current volume.
    ma_sound_set_fade_in_milliseconds(&sound, -1, 0, 1000);
    ```

By default sounds will start immediately, but sometimes for timing and synchronization purposes it
can be useful to schedule a sound to start or stop:

    ```c
    // Start the sound in 1 second from now.
    ma_sound_set_start_time_in_pcm_frames(&sound, ma_engine_get_time(&engine) + (ma_engine_get_sample_rate(&engine) * 1));

    // Stop the sound in 2 seconds from now.
    ma_sound_set_stop_time_in_pcm_frames(&sound, ma_engine_get_time(&engine) + (ma_engine_get_sample_rate(&engine) * 2));
    ```

Note that scheduling a start time still requires an explicit call to `ma_sound_start()` before
anything will play.

The time is specified in global time which is controlled by the engine. You can get the engine's
current time with `ma_engine_get_time()`. The engine's global time is incremented automatically as
audio data is read, but it can be reset with `ma_engine_set_time()` in case it needs to be
resynchronized for some reason.

To determine whether or not a sound is currently playing, use `ma_sound_is_playing()`. This will
take the scheduled start and stop times into account.

Whether or not a sound should loop can be controlled with `ma_sound_set_looping()`. Sounds will not
be looping by default. Use `ma_sound_is_looping()` to determine whether or not a sound is looping.

Use `ma_sound_at_end()` to determine whether or not a sound is currently at the end. For a looping
sound this should never return true.

Internally a sound wraps around a data source. Some APIs exist to control the underlying data
source, mainly for convenience:

    ```c
    ma_sound_seek_to_pcm_frame(&sound, frameIndex);
    ma_sound_get_data_format(&sound, &format, &channels, &sampleRate, pChannelMap, channelMapCapacity);
    ma_sound_get_cursor_in_pcm_frames(&sound, &cursor);
    ma_sound_get_length_in_pcm_frames(&sound, &length);
    ```

Sound groups have the same API as sounds, only they are called `ma_sound_group`, and since they do
not have any notion of a data source, anything relating to a data source is unavailable.

Internally, sound data is loaded via the `ma_decoder` API which means by default in only supports
file formats that have built-in support in miniaudio. You can extend this to support any kind of
file format through the use of custom decoders. To do this you'll need to use a self-managed
resource manager and configure it appropriately. See the "Resource Management" section below for
details on how to set this up.


6. Resource Management
======================
Many programs will want to manage sound resources for things such as reference counting and
streaming. This is supported by miniaudio via the `ma_resource_manager` API.

The resource manager is mainly responsible for the following:

  * Loading of sound files into memory with reference counting.
  * Streaming of sound data

When loading a sound file, the resource manager will give you back a `ma_data_source` compatible
object called `ma_resource_manager_data_source`. This object can be passed into any
`ma_data_source` API which is how you can read and seek audio data. When loading a sound file, you
specify whether or not you want the sound to be fully loaded into memory (and optionally
pre-decoded) or streamed. When loading into memory, you can also specify whether or not you want
the data to be loaded asynchronously.

The example below is how you can initialize a resource manager using it's default configuration:

    ```c
    ma_resource_manager_config config;
    ma_resource_manager resourceManager;

    config = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
    result = ma_resource_manager_init(&config, &resourceManager);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        ma_device_uninit(&device);
        printf("Failed to initialize the resource manager.");
        return -1;
    }
    ```

You can configure the format, channels and sample rate of the decoded audio data. By default it
will use the file's native data format, but you can configure it to use a consistent format. This
is useful for offloading the cost of data conversion to load time rather than dynamically
converting at mixing time. To do this, you configure the decoded format, channels and sample rate
like the code below:

    ```c
    config = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
    config.decodedFormat     = device.playback.format;
    config.decodedChannels   = device.playback.channels;
    config.decodedSampleRate = device.sampleRate;
    ```

In the code above, the resource manager will be configured so that any decoded audio data will be
pre-converted at load time to the device's native data format. If instead you used defaults and
the data format of the file did not match the device's data format, you would need to convert the
data at mixing time which may be prohibitive in high-performance and large scale scenarios like
games.

Internally the resource manager uses the `ma_decoder` API to load sounds. This means by default it
only supports decoders that are built into miniaudio. It's possible to support additional encoding
formats through the use of custom decoders. To do so, pass in your `ma_decoding_backend_vtable`
vtables into the resource manager config:

    ```c
    ma_decoding_backend_vtable* pCustomBackendVTables[] =
    {
        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis,
        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus
    };

    ...

    resourceManagerConfig.ppCustomDecodingBackendVTables = pCustomBackendVTables;
    resourceManagerConfig.customDecodingBackendCount     = sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables) / sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables[0]);
    resourceManagerConfig.pCustomDecodingBackendUserData = NULL;
    ```

This system can allow you to support any kind of file format. See the "Decoding" section for
details on how to implement custom decoders. The miniaudio repository includes examples for Opus
via libopus and libopusfile and Vorbis via libvorbis and libvorbisfile.

Asynchronicity is achieved via a job system. When an operation needs to be performed, such as the
decoding of a page, a job will be posted to a queue which will then be processed by a job thread.
By default there will be only one job thread running, but this can be configured, like so:

    ```c
    config = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
    config.jobThreadCount = MY_JOB_THREAD_COUNT;
    ```

By default job threads are managed internally by the resource manager, however you can also self
manage your job threads if, for example, you want to integrate the job processing into your
existing job infrastructure, or if you simply don't like the way the resource manager does it. To
do this, just set the job thread count to 0 and process jobs manually. To process jobs, you first
need to retrieve a job using `ma_resource_manager_next_job()` and then process it using
`ma_job_process()`:

    ```c
    config = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
    config.jobThreadCount = 0;                            // Don't manage any job threads internally.
    config.flags = MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_FLAG_NON_BLOCKING; // Optional. Makes `ma_resource_manager_next_job()` non-blocking.

    // ... Initialize your custom job threads ...

    void my_custom_job_thread(...)
    {
        for (;;) {
            ma_job job;
            ma_result result = ma_resource_manager_next_job(pMyResourceManager, &job);
            if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
                if (result == MA_NOT_DATA_AVAILABLE) {
                    // No jobs are available. Keep going. Will only get this if the resource manager was initialized
                    // with MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_FLAG_NON_BLOCKING.
                    continue;
                } else if (result == MA_CANCELLED) {
                    // MA_JOB_TYPE_QUIT was posted. Exit.
                    break;
                } else {
                    // Some other error occurred.
                    break;
                }
            }

            ma_job_process(&job);
        }
    }
    ```

In the example above, the `MA_JOB_TYPE_QUIT` event is the used as the termination
indicator, but you can use whatever you would like to terminate the thread. The call to
`ma_resource_manager_next_job()` is blocking by default, but can be configured to be non-blocking
by initializing the resource manager with the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_FLAG_NON_BLOCKING` configuration
flag. Note that the `MA_JOB_TYPE_QUIT` will never be removed from the job queue. This
is to give every thread the opportunity to catch the event and terminate naturally.

When loading a file, it's sometimes convenient to be able to customize how files are opened and
read instead of using standard `fopen()`, `fclose()`, etc. which is what miniaudio will use by
default. This can be done by setting `pVFS` member of the resource manager's config:

    ```c
    // Initialize your custom VFS object. See documentation for VFS for information on how to do this.
    my_custom_vfs vfs = my_custom_vfs_init();

    config = ma_resource_manager_config_init();
    config.pVFS = &vfs;
    ```

This is particularly useful in programs like games where you want to read straight from an archive
rather than the normal file system. If you do not specify a custom VFS, the resource manager will
use the operating system's normal file operations. This is default.

To load a sound file and create a data source, call `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()`. When
loading a sound you need to specify the file path and options for how the sounds should be loaded.
By default a sound will be loaded synchronously. The returned data source is owned by the caller
which means the caller is responsible for the allocation and freeing of the data source. Below is
an example for initializing a data source:

    ```c
    ma_resource_manager_data_source dataSource;
    ma_result result = ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(pResourceManager, pFilePath, flags, &dataSource);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    // ...

    // A ma_resource_manager_data_source object is compatible with the `ma_data_source` API. To read data, just call
    // the `ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames()` like you would with any normal data source.
    result = ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames(&dataSource, pDecodedData, frameCount, &framesRead);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to read PCM frames.
    }

    // ...

    ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit(pResourceManager, &dataSource);
    ```

The `flags` parameter specifies how you want to perform loading of the sound file. It can be a
combination of the following flags:

    ```
    MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM
    MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE
    MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC
    MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_WAIT_INIT
    ```

When no flags are specified (set to 0), the sound will be fully loaded into memory, but not
decoded, meaning the raw file data will be stored in memory, and then dynamically decoded when
`ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames()` is called. To instead decode the audio data before storing it in
memory, use the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE` flag. By default, the sound file will
be loaded synchronously, meaning `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` will only return after
the entire file has been loaded. This is good for simplicity, but can be prohibitively slow. You
can instead load the sound asynchronously using the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_ASYNC` flag.
This will result in `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` returning quickly, but no data will be
returned by `ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames()` until some data is available. When no data is
available because the asynchronous decoding hasn't caught up, `MA_BUSY` will be returned by
`ma_data_source_read_pcm_frames()`.

For large sounds, it's often prohibitive to store the entire file in memory. To mitigate this, you
can instead stream audio data which you can do by specifying the
`MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM` flag. When streaming, data will be decoded in 1
second pages. When a new page needs to be decoded, a job will be posted to the job queue and then
subsequently processed in a job thread.

For in-memory sounds, reference counting is used to ensure the data is loaded only once. This means
multiple calls to `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` with the same file path will result in
the file data only being loaded once. Each call to `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` must be
matched up with a call to `ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit()`. Sometimes it can be useful
for a program to register self-managed raw audio data and associate it with a file path. Use the
`ma_resource_manager_register_*()` and `ma_resource_manager_unregister_*()` APIs to do this.
`ma_resource_manager_register_decoded_data()` is used to associate a pointer to raw, self-managed
decoded audio data in the specified data format with the specified name. Likewise,
`ma_resource_manager_register_encoded_data()` is used to associate a pointer to raw self-managed
encoded audio data (the raw file data) with the specified name. Note that these names need not be
actual file paths. When `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` is called (without the
`MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM` flag), the resource manager will look for these
explicitly registered data buffers and, if found, will use it as the backing data for the data
source. Note that the resource manager does *not* make a copy of this data so it is up to the
caller to ensure the pointer stays valid for it's lifetime. Use
`ma_resource_manager_unregister_data()` to unregister the self-managed data. You can also use
`ma_resource_manager_register_file()` and `ma_resource_manager_unregister_file()` to register and
unregister a file. It does not make sense to use the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM`
flag with a self-managed data pointer.


6.1. Asynchronous Loading and Synchronization
---------------------------------------------
When loading asynchronously, it can be useful to poll whether or not loading has finished. Use
`ma_resource_manager_data_source_result()` to determine this. For in-memory sounds, this will
return `MA_SUCCESS` when the file has been *entirely* decoded. If the sound is still being decoded,
`MA_BUSY` will be returned. Otherwise, some other error code will be returned if the sound failed
to load. For streaming data sources, `MA_SUCCESS` will be returned when the first page has been
decoded and the sound is ready to be played. If the first page is still being decoded, `MA_BUSY`
will be returned. Otherwise, some other error code will be returned if the sound failed to load.

In addition to polling, you can also use a simple synchronization object called a "fence" to wait
for asynchronously loaded sounds to finish. This is called `ma_fence`. The advantage to using a
fence is that it can be used to wait for a group of sounds to finish loading rather than waiting
for sounds on an individual basis. There are two stages to loading a sound:

  * Initialization of the internal decoder; and
  * Completion of decoding of the file (the file is fully decoded)

You can specify separate fences for each of the different stages. Waiting for the initialization
of the internal decoder is important for when you need to know the sample format, channels and
sample rate of the file.

The example below shows how you could use a fence when loading a number of sounds:

    ```c
    // This fence will be released when all sounds are finished loading entirely.
    ma_fence fence;
    ma_fence_init(&fence);

    // This will be passed into the initialization routine for each sound.
    ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications notifications = ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications_init();
    notifications.done.pFence = &fence;

    // Now load a bunch of sounds:
    for (iSound = 0; iSound < soundCount; iSound += 1) {
        ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(pResourceManager, pSoundFilePaths[iSound], flags, &notifications, &pSoundSources[iSound]);
    }

    // ... DO SOMETHING ELSE WHILE SOUNDS ARE LOADING ...

    // Wait for loading of sounds to finish.
    ma_fence_wait(&fence);
    ```

In the example above we used a fence for waiting until the entire file has been fully decoded. If
you only need to wait for the initialization of the internal decoder to complete, you can use the
`init` member of the `ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications` object:

    ```c
    notifications.init.pFence = &fence;
    ```

If a fence is not appropriate for your situation, you can instead use a callback that is fired on
an individual sound basis. This is done in a very similar way to fences:

    ```c
    typedef struct
    {
        ma_async_notification_callbacks cb;
        void* pMyData;
    } my_notification;

    void my_notification_callback(ma_async_notification* pNotification)
    {
        my_notification* pMyNotification = (my_notification*)pNotification;

        // Do something in response to the sound finishing loading.
    }

    ...

    my_notification myCallback;
    myCallback.cb.onSignal = my_notification_callback;
    myCallback.pMyData     = pMyData;

    ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications notifications = ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications_init();
    notifications.done.pNotification = &myCallback;

    ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(pResourceManager, "my_sound.wav", flags, &notifications, &mySound);
    ```

In the example above we just extend the `ma_async_notification_callbacks` object and pass an
instantiation into the `ma_resource_manager_pipeline_notifications` in the same way as we did with
the fence, only we set `pNotification` instead of `pFence`. You can set both of these at the same
time and they should both work as expected. If using the `pNotification` system, you need to ensure
your `ma_async_notification_callbacks` object stays valid.



6.2. Resource Manager Implementation Details
--------------------------------------------
Resources are managed in two main ways:

  * By storing the entire sound inside an in-memory buffer (referred to as a data buffer)
  * By streaming audio data on the fly (referred to as a data stream)

A resource managed data source (`ma_resource_manager_data_source`) encapsulates a data buffer or
data stream, depending on whether or not the data source was initialized with the
`MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM` flag. If so, it will make use of a
`ma_resource_manager_data_stream` object. Otherwise it will use a `ma_resource_manager_data_buffer`
object. Both of these objects are data sources which means they can be used with any
`ma_data_source_*()` API.

Another major feature of the resource manager is the ability to asynchronously decode audio files.
This relieves the audio thread of time-consuming decoding which can negatively affect scalability
due to the audio thread needing to complete it's work extremely quickly to avoid glitching.
Asynchronous decoding is achieved through a job system. There is a central multi-producer,
multi-consumer, fixed-capacity job queue. When some asynchronous work needs to be done, a job is
posted to the queue which is then read by a job thread. The number of job threads can be
configured for improved scalability, and job threads can all run in parallel without needing to
worry about the order of execution (how this is achieved is explained below).

When a sound is being loaded asynchronously, playback can begin before the sound has been fully
decoded. This enables the application to start playback of the sound quickly, while at the same
time allowing to resource manager to keep loading in the background. Since there may be less
threads than the number of sounds being loaded at a given time, a simple scheduling system is used
to keep decoding time balanced and fair. The resource manager solves this by splitting decoding
into chunks called pages. By default, each page is 1 second long. When a page has been decoded, a
new job will be posted to start decoding the next page. By dividing up decoding into pages, an
individual sound shouldn't ever delay every other sound from having their first page decoded. Of
course, when loading many sounds at the same time, there will always be an amount of time required
to process jobs in the queue so in heavy load situations there will still be some delay. To
determine if a data source is ready to have some frames read, use
`ma_resource_manager_data_source_get_available_frames()`. This will return the number of frames
available starting from the current position.


6.2.1. Job Queue
----------------
The resource manager uses a job queue which is multi-producer, multi-consumer, and fixed-capacity.
This job queue is not currently lock-free, and instead uses a spinlock to achieve thread-safety.
Only a fixed number of jobs can be allocated and inserted into the queue which is done through a
lock-free data structure for allocating an index into a fixed sized array, with reference counting
for mitigation of the ABA problem. The reference count is 32-bit.

For many types of jobs it's important that they execute in a specific order. In these cases, jobs
are executed serially. For the resource manager, serial execution of jobs is only required on a
per-object basis (per data buffer or per data stream). Each of these objects stores an execution
counter. When a job is posted it is associated with an execution counter. When the job is
processed, it checks if the execution counter of the job equals the execution counter of the
owning object and if so, processes the job. If the counters are not equal, the job will be posted
back onto the job queue for later processing. When the job finishes processing the execution order
of the main object is incremented. This system means the no matter how many job threads are
executing, decoding of an individual sound will always get processed serially. The advantage to
having multiple threads comes into play when loading multiple sounds at the same time.

The resource manager's job queue is not 100% lock-free and will use a spinlock to achieve
thread-safety for a very small section of code. This is only relevant when the resource manager
uses more than one job thread. If only using a single job thread, which is the default, the
lock should never actually wait in practice. The amount of time spent locking should be quite
short, but it's something to be aware of for those who have pedantic lock-free requirements and
need to use more than one job thread. There are plans to remove this lock in a future version.

In addition, posting a job will release a semaphore, which on Win32 is implemented with
`ReleaseSemaphore` and on POSIX platforms via a condition variable:

    ```c
    pthread_mutex_lock(&pSemaphore->lock);
    {
        pSemaphore->value += 1;
        pthread_cond_signal(&pSemaphore->cond);
    }
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&pSemaphore->lock);
    ```

Again, this is relevant for those with strict lock-free requirements in the audio thread. To avoid
this, you can use non-blocking mode (via the `MA_JOB_QUEUE_FLAG_NON_BLOCKING`
flag) and implement your own job processing routine (see the "Resource Manager" section above for
details on how to do this).



6.2.2. Data Buffers
-------------------
When the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_STREAM` flag is excluded at initialization time, the
resource manager will try to load the data into an in-memory data buffer. Before doing so, however,
it will first check if the specified file is already loaded. If so, it will increment a reference
counter and just use the already loaded data. This saves both time and memory. When the data buffer
is uninitialized, the reference counter will be decremented. If the counter hits zero, the file
will be unloaded. This is a detail to keep in mind because it could result in excessive loading and
unloading of a sound. For example, the following sequence will result in a file be loaded twice,
once after the other:

    ```c
    ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(pResourceManager, "my_file", ..., &myDataBuffer0); // Refcount = 1. Initial load.
    ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit(pResourceManager, &myDataBuffer0);               // Refcount = 0. Unloaded.

    ma_resource_manager_data_source_init(pResourceManager, "my_file", ..., &myDataBuffer1); // Refcount = 1. Reloaded because previous uninit() unloaded it.
    ma_resource_manager_data_source_uninit(pResourceManager, &myDataBuffer1);               // Refcount = 0. Unloaded.
    ```

A binary search tree (BST) is used for storing data buffers as it has good balance between
efficiency and simplicity. The key of the BST is a 64-bit hash of the file path that was passed
into `ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()`. The advantage of using a hash is that it saves
memory over storing the entire path, has faster comparisons, and results in a mostly balanced BST
due to the random nature of the hash. The disadvantage is that file names are case-sensitive. If
this is an issue, you should normalize your file names to upper- or lower-case before initializing
your data sources.

When a sound file has not already been loaded and the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC`
flag is excluded, the file will be decoded synchronously by the calling thread. There are two
options for controlling how the audio is stored in the data buffer - encoded or decoded. When the
`MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE` option is excluded, the raw file data will be stored
in memory. Otherwise the sound will be decoded before storing it in memory. Synchronous loading is
a very simple and standard process of simply adding an item to the BST, allocating a block of
memory and then decoding (if `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_DECODE` is specified).

When the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC` flag is specified, loading of the data buffer
is done asynchronously. In this case, a job is posted to the queue to start loading and then the
function immediately returns, setting an internal result code to `MA_BUSY`. This result code is
returned when the program calls `ma_resource_manager_data_source_result()`. When decoding has fully
completed `MA_SUCCESS` will be returned. This can be used to know if loading has fully completed.

When loading asynchronously, a single job is posted to the queue of the type
`MA_JOB_TYPE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_LOAD_DATA_BUFFER_NODE`. This involves making a copy of the file path and
associating it with job. When the job is processed by the job thread, it will first load the file
using the VFS associated with the resource manager. When using a custom VFS, it's important that it
be completely thread-safe because it will be used from one or more job threads at the same time.
Individual files should only ever be accessed by one thread at a time, however. After opening the
file via the VFS, the job will determine whether or not the file is being decoded. If not, it
simply allocates a block of memory and loads the raw file contents into it and returns. On the
other hand, when the file is being decoded, it will first allocate a decoder on the heap and
initialize it. Then it will check if the length of the file is known. If so it will allocate a
block of memory to store the decoded output and initialize it to silence. If the size is unknown,
it will allocate room for one page. After memory has been allocated, the first page will be
decoded. If the sound is shorter than a page, the result code will be set to `MA_SUCCESS` and the
completion event will be signalled and loading is now complete. If, however, there is more to
decode, a job with the code `MA_JOB_TYPE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PAGE_DATA_BUFFER_NODE` is posted. This job
will decode the next page and perform the same process if it reaches the end. If there is more to
decode, the job will post another `MA_JOB_TYPE_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PAGE_DATA_BUFFER_NODE` job which will
keep on happening until the sound has been fully decoded. For sounds of an unknown length, each
page will be linked together as a linked list. Internally this is implemented via the
`ma_paged_audio_buffer` object.


6.2.3. Data Streams
-------------------
Data streams only ever store two pages worth of data for each instance. They are most useful for
large sounds like music tracks in games that would consume too much memory if fully decoded in
memory. After every frame from a page has been read, a job will be posted to load the next page
which is done from the VFS.

For data streams, the `MA_RESOURCE_MANAGER_DATA_SOURCE_FLAG_ASYNC` flag will determine whether or
not initialization of the data source waits until the two pages have been decoded. When unset,
`ma_resource_manager_data_source_init()` will wait until the two pages have been loaded, otherwise
it will return immediately.

When frames are read from a data stream using `ma_resource_manager_data_source_read_pcm_frames()`,
`MA_BUSY` will be returned if there are no frames available. If there are some frames available,
but less than the number requested, `MA_SUCCESS` will be returned, but the actual number of frames
read will be less than the number requested. Due to the asynchronous nature of data streams,
seeking is also asynchronous. If the data stream is in the middle of a seek, `MA_BUSY` will be
returned when trying to read frames.

When `ma_resource_manager_data_source_read_pcm_frames()` results in a page getting fully consumed
a job is posted to load the next page. This will be posted from the same thread that called
`ma_resource_manager_data_source_read_pcm_frames()`.

Data streams are uninitialized by posting a job to the queue, but the function won't return until
that job has been processed. The reason for this is that the caller owns the data stream object and
therefore miniaudio needs to ensure everything completes before handing back control to the caller.
Also, if the data stream is uninitialized while pages are in the middle of decoding, they must
complete before destroying any underlying object and the job system handles this cleanly.

Note that when a new page needs to be loaded, a job will be posted to the resource manager's job
thread from the audio thread. You must keep in mind the details mentioned in the "Job Queue"
section above regarding locking when posting an event if you require a strictly lock-free audio
thread.



7. Node Graph
=============
miniaudio's routing infrastructure follows a node graph paradigm. The idea is that you create a
node whose outputs are attached to inputs of another node, thereby creating a graph. There are
different types of nodes, with each node in the graph processing input data to produce output,
which is then fed through the chain. Each node in the graph can apply their own custom effects. At
the start of the graph will usually be one or more data source nodes which have no inputs, but
instead pull their data from a data source. At the end of the graph is an endpoint which represents
the end of the chain and is where the final output is ultimately extracted from.

Each node has a number of input buses and a number of output buses. An output bus from a node is
attached to an input bus of another. Multiple nodes can connect their output buses to another
node's input bus, in which case their outputs will be mixed before processing by the node. Below is
a diagram that illustrates a hypothetical node graph setup:

    ```
    >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Data flows left to right >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

    +---------------+                              +-----------------+
    | Data Source 1 =----+    +----------+    +----= Low Pass Filter =----+
    +---------------+    |    |          =----+    +-----------------+    |    +----------+
                         +----= Splitter |                                +----= ENDPOINT |
    +---------------+    |    |          =----+    +-----------------+    |    +----------+
    | Data Source 2 =----+    +----------+    +----=  Echo / Delay   =----+
    +---------------+                              +-----------------+
    ```

In the above graph, it starts with two data sources whose outputs are attached to the input of a
splitter node. It's at this point that the two data sources are mixed. After mixing, the splitter
performs it's processing routine and produces two outputs which is simply a duplication of the
input stream. One output is attached to a low pass filter, whereas the other output is attached to
a echo/delay. The outputs of the the low pass filter and the echo are attached to the endpoint, and
since they're both connected to the same input but, they'll be mixed.

Each input bus must be configured to accept the same number of channels, but the number of channels
used by input buses can be different to the number of channels for output buses in which case
miniaudio will automatically convert the input data to the output channel count before processing.
The number of channels of an output bus of one node must match the channel count of the input bus
it's attached to. The channel counts cannot be changed after the node has been initialized. If you
attempt to attach an output bus to an input bus with a different channel count, attachment will
fail.

To use a node graph, you first need to initialize a `ma_node_graph` object. This is essentially a
container around the entire graph. The `ma_node_graph` object is required for some thread-safety
issues which will be explained later. A `ma_node_graph` object is initialized using miniaudio's
standard config/init system:

    ```c
    ma_node_graph_config nodeGraphConfig = ma_node_graph_config_init(myChannelCount);

    result = ma_node_graph_init(&nodeGraphConfig, NULL, &nodeGraph);    // Second parameter is a pointer to allocation callbacks.
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to initialize node graph.
    }
    ```

When you initialize the node graph, you're specifying the channel count of the endpoint. The
endpoint is a special node which has one input bus and one output bus, both of which have the
same channel count, which is specified in the config. Any nodes that connect directly to the
endpoint must be configured such that their output buses have the same channel count. When you read
audio data from the node graph, it'll have the channel count you specified in the config. To read
data from the graph:

    ```c
    ma_uint32 framesRead;
    result = ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames(&nodeGraph, pFramesOut, frameCount, &framesRead);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to read data from the node graph.
    }
    ```

When you read audio data, miniaudio starts at the node graph's endpoint node which then pulls in
data from it's input attachments, which in turn recusively pull in data from their inputs, and so
on. At the start of the graph there will be some kind of data source node which will have zero
inputs and will instead read directly from a data source. The base nodes don't literally need to
read from a `ma_data_source` object, but they will always have some kind of underlying object that
sources some kind of audio. The `ma_data_source_node` node can be used to read from a
`ma_data_source`. Data is always in floating-point format and in the number of channels you
specified when the graph was initialized. The sample rate is defined by the underlying data sources.
It's up to you to ensure they use a consistent and appropraite sample rate.

The `ma_node` API is designed to allow custom nodes to be implemented with relative ease, but
miniaudio includes a few stock nodes for common functionality. This is how you would initialize a
node which reads directly from a data source (`ma_data_source_node`) which is an example of one
of the stock nodes that comes with miniaudio:

    ```c
    ma_data_source_node_config config = ma_data_source_node_config_init(pMyDataSource);

    ma_data_source_node dataSourceNode;
    result = ma_data_source_node_init(&nodeGraph, &config, NULL, &dataSourceNode);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to create data source node.
    }
    ```

The data source node will use the output channel count to determine the channel count of the output
bus. There will be 1 output bus and 0 input buses (data will be drawn directly from the data
source). The data source must output to floating-point (`ma_format_f32`) or else an error will be
returned from `ma_data_source_node_init()`.

By default the node will not be attached to the graph. To do so, use `ma_node_attach_output_bus()`:

    ```c
    result = ma_node_attach_output_bus(&dataSourceNode, 0, ma_node_graph_get_endpoint(&nodeGraph), 0);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to attach node.
    }
    ```

The code above connects the data source node directly to the endpoint. Since the data source node
has only a single output bus, the index will always be 0. Likewise, the endpoint only has a single
input bus which means the input bus index will also always be 0.

To detach a specific output bus, use `ma_node_detach_output_bus()`. To detach all output buses, use
`ma_node_detach_all_output_buses()`. If you want to just move the output bus from one attachment to
another, you do not need to detach first. You can just call `ma_node_attach_output_bus()` and it'll
deal with it for you.

Less frequently you may want to create a specialized node. This will be a node where you implement
your own processing callback to apply a custom effect of some kind. This is similar to initalizing
one of the stock node types, only this time you need to specify a pointer to a vtable containing a
pointer to the processing function and the number of input and output buses. Example:

    ```c
    static void my_custom_node_process_pcm_frames(ma_node* pNode, const float** ppFramesIn, ma_uint32* pFrameCountIn, float** ppFramesOut, ma_uint32* pFrameCountOut)
    {
        // Do some processing of ppFramesIn (one stream of audio data per input bus)
        const float* pFramesIn_0 = ppFramesIn[0]; // Input bus @ index 0.
        const float* pFramesIn_1 = ppFramesIn[1]; // Input bus @ index 1.
        float* pFramesOut_0 = ppFramesOut[0];     // Output bus @ index 0.

        // Do some processing. On input, `pFrameCountIn` will be the number of input frames in each
        // buffer in `ppFramesIn` and `pFrameCountOut` will be the capacity of each of the buffers
        // in `ppFramesOut`. On output, `pFrameCountIn` should be set to the number of input frames
        // your node consumed and `pFrameCountOut` should be set the number of output frames that
        // were produced.
        //
        // You should process as many frames as you can. If your effect consumes input frames at the
        // same rate as output frames (always the case, unless you're doing resampling), you need
        // only look at `ppFramesOut` and process that exact number of frames. If you're doing
        // resampling, you'll need to be sure to set both `pFrameCountIn` and `pFrameCountOut`
        // properly.
    }

    static ma_node_vtable my_custom_node_vtable =
    {
        my_custom_node_process_pcm_frames, // The function that will be called process your custom node. This is where you'd implement your effect processing.
        NULL,   // Optional. A callback for calculating the number of input frames that are required to process a specified number of output frames.
        2,      // 2 input buses.
        1,      // 1 output bus.
        0       // Default flags.
    };

    ...

    // Each bus needs to have a channel count specified. To do this you need to specify the channel
    // counts in an array and then pass that into the node config.
    ma_uint32 inputChannels[2];     // Equal in size to the number of input channels specified in the vtable.
    ma_uint32 outputChannels[1];    // Equal in size to the number of output channels specicied in the vtable.

    inputChannels[0]  = channelsIn;
    inputChannels[1]  = channelsIn;
    outputChannels[0] = channelsOut;

    ma_node_config nodeConfig = ma_node_config_init();
    nodeConfig.vtable          = &my_custom_node_vtable;
    nodeConfig.pInputChannels  = inputChannels;
    nodeConfig.pOutputChannels = outputChannels;

    ma_node_base node;
    result = ma_node_init(&nodeGraph, &nodeConfig, NULL, &node);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to initialize node.
    }
    ```

When initializing a custom node, as in the code above, you'll normally just place your vtable in
static space. The number of input and output buses are specified as part of the vtable. If you need
a variable number of buses on a per-node bases, the vtable should have the relevant bus count set
to `MA_NODE_BUS_COUNT_UNKNOWN`. In this case, the bus count should be set in the node config:

    ```c
    static ma_node_vtable my_custom_node_vtable =
    {
        my_custom_node_process_pcm_frames, // The function that will be called process your custom node. This is where you'd implement your effect processing.
        NULL,   // Optional. A callback for calculating the number of input frames that are required to process a specified number of output frames.
        MA_NODE_BUS_COUNT_UNKNOWN,  // The number of input buses is determined on a per-node basis.
        1,      // 1 output bus.
        0       // Default flags.
    };

    ...

    ma_node_config nodeConfig = ma_node_config_init();
    nodeConfig.vtable          = &my_custom_node_vtable;
    nodeConfig.inputBusCount   = myBusCount;        // <-- Since the vtable specifies MA_NODE_BUS_COUNT_UNKNOWN, the input bus count should be set here.
    nodeConfig.pInputChannels  = inputChannels;     // <-- Make sure there are nodeConfig.inputBusCount elements in this array.
    nodeConfig.pOutputChannels = outputChannels;    // <-- The vtable specifies 1 output bus, so there must be 1 element in this array.
    ```

In the above example it's important to never set the `inputBusCount` and `outputBusCount` members
to anything other than their defaults if the vtable specifies an explicit count. They can only be
set if the vtable specifies MA_NODE_BUS_COUNT_UNKNOWN in the relevant bus count.

Most often you'll want to create a structure to encapsulate your node with some extra data. You
need to make sure the `ma_node_base` object is your first member of the structure:

    ```c
    typedef struct
    {
        ma_node_base base; // <-- Make sure this is always the first member.
        float someCustomData;
    } my_custom_node;
    ```

By doing this, your object will be compatible with all `ma_node` APIs and you can attach it to the
graph just like any other node.

In the custom processing callback (`my_custom_node_process_pcm_frames()` in the example above), the
number of channels for each bus is what was specified by the config when the node was initialized
with `ma_node_init()`. In addition, all attachments to each of the input buses will have been
pre-mixed by miniaudio. The config allows you to specify different channel counts for each
individual input and output bus. It's up to the effect to handle it appropriate, and if it can't,
return an error in it's initialization routine.

Custom nodes can be assigned some flags to describe their behaviour. These are set via the vtable
and include the following:

    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | Flag Name                               | Description                                       |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NODE_FLAG_PASSTHROUGH                | Useful for nodes that do not do any kind of audio |
    |                                         | processing, but are instead used for tracking     |
    |                                         | time, handling events, etc. Also used by the      |
    |                                         | internal endpoint node. It reads directly from    |
    |                                         | the input bus to the output bus. Nodes with this  |
    |                                         | flag must have exactly 1 input bus and 1 output   |
    |                                         | bus, and both buses must have the same channel    |
    |                                         | counts.                                           |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NODE_FLAG_CONTINUOUS_PROCESSING      | Causes the processing callback to be called even  |
    |                                         | when no data is available to be read from input   |
    |                                         | attachments. This is useful for effects like      |
    |                                         | echos where there will be a tail of audio data    |
    |                                         | that still needs to be processed even when the    |
    |                                         | original data sources have reached their ends.    |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NODE_FLAG_ALLOW_NULL_INPUT           | Used in conjunction with                          |
    |                                         | `MA_NODE_FLAG_CONTINUOUS_PROCESSING`. When this   |
    |                                         | is set, the `ppFramesIn` parameter of the         |
    |                                         | processing callback will be set to NULL when      |
    |                                         | there are no input frames are available. When     |
    |                                         | this is unset, silence will be posted to the      |
    |                                         | processing callback.                              |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NODE_FLAG_DIFFERENT_PROCESSING_RATES | Used to tell miniaudio that input and output      |
    |                                         | frames are processed at different rates. You      |
    |                                         | should set this for any nodes that perform        |
    |                                         | resampling.                                       |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | MA_NODE_FLAG_SILENT_OUTPUT              | Used to tell miniaudio that a node produces only  |
    |                                         | silent output. This is useful for nodes where you |
    |                                         | don't want the output to contribute to the final  |
    |                                         | mix. An example might be if you want split your   |
    |                                         | stream and have one branch be output to a file.   |
    |                                         | When using this flag, you should avoid writing to |
    |                                         | the output buffer of the node's processing        |
    |                                         | callback because miniaudio will ignore it anyway. |
    +-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+


If you need to make a copy of an audio stream for effect processing you can use a splitter node
called `ma_splitter_node`. This takes has 1 input bus and splits the stream into 2 output buses.
You can use it like this:

    ```c
    ma_splitter_node_config splitterNodeConfig = ma_splitter_node_config_init(channelsIn, channelsOut);

    ma_splitter_node splitterNode;
    result = ma_splitter_node_init(&nodeGraph, &splitterNodeConfig, NULL, &splitterNode);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Failed to create node.
    }

    // Attach your output buses to two different input buses (can be on two different nodes).
    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&splitterNode, 0, ma_node_graph_get_endpoint(&nodeGraph), 0); // Attach directly to the endpoint.
    ma_node_attach_output_bus(&splitterNode, 1, &myEffectNode,                          0); // Attach to input bus 0 of some effect node.
    ```

The volume of an output bus can be configured on a per-bus basis:

    ```c
    ma_node_set_output_bus_volume(&splitterNode, 0, 0.5f);
    ma_node_set_output_bus_volume(&splitterNode, 1, 0.5f);
    ```

In the code above we're using the splitter node from before and changing the volume of each of the
copied streams.

You can start and stop a node with the following:

    ```c
    ma_node_set_state(&splitterNode, ma_node_state_started);    // The default state.
    ma_node_set_state(&splitterNode, ma_node_state_stopped);
    ```

By default the node is in a started state, but since it won't be connected to anything won't
actually be invoked by the node graph until it's connected. When you stop a node, data will not be
read from any of it's input connections. You can use this property to stop a group of sounds
atomically.

You can configure the initial state of a node in it's config:

    ```c
    nodeConfig.initialState = ma_node_state_stopped;
    ```

Note that for the stock specialized nodes, all of their configs will have a `nodeConfig` member
which is the config to use with the base node. This is where the initial state can be configured
for specialized nodes:

    ```c
    dataSourceNodeConfig.nodeConfig.initialState = ma_node_state_stopped;
    ```

When using a specialized node like `ma_data_source_node` or `ma_splitter_node`, be sure to not
modify the `vtable` member of the `nodeConfig` object.


7.1. Timing
-----------
The node graph supports starting and stopping nodes at scheduled times. This is especially useful
for data source nodes where you want to get the node set up, but only start playback at a specific
time. There are two clocks: local and global.

A local clock is per-node, whereas the global clock is per graph. Scheduling starts and stops can
only be done based on the global clock because the local clock will not be running while the node
is stopped. The global clocks advances whenever `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` is called. On the
other hand, the local clock only advances when the node's processing callback is fired, and is
advanced based on the output frame count.

To retrieve the global time, use `ma_node_graph_get_time()`. The global time can be set with
`ma_node_graph_set_time()` which might be useful if you want to do seeking on a global timeline.
Getting and setting the local time is similar. Use `ma_node_get_time()` to retrieve the local time,
and `ma_node_set_time()` to set the local time. The global and local times will be advanced by the
audio thread, so care should be taken to avoid data races. Ideally you should avoid calling these
outside of the node processing callbacks which are always run on the audio thread.

There is basic support for scheduling the starting and stopping of nodes. You can only schedule one
start and one stop at a time. This is mainly intended for putting nodes into a started or stopped
state in a frame-exact manner. Without this mechanism, starting and stopping of a node is limited
to the resolution of a call to `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` which would typically be in blocks
of several milliseconds. The following APIs can be used for scheduling node states:

    ```c
    ma_node_set_state_time()
    ma_node_get_state_time()
    ```

The time is absolute and must be based on the global clock. An example is below:

    ```c
    ma_node_set_state_time(&myNode, ma_node_state_started, sampleRate*1);   // Delay starting to 1 second.
    ma_node_set_state_time(&myNode, ma_node_state_stopped, sampleRate*5);   // Delay stopping to 5 seconds.
    ```

An example for changing the state using a relative time.

    ```c
    ma_node_set_state_time(&myNode, ma_node_state_started, sampleRate*1 + ma_node_graph_get_time(&myNodeGraph));
    ma_node_set_state_time(&myNode, ma_node_state_stopped, sampleRate*5 + ma_node_graph_get_time(&myNodeGraph));
    ```

Note that due to the nature of multi-threading the times may not be 100% exact. If this is an
issue, consider scheduling state changes from within a processing callback. An idea might be to
have some kind of passthrough trigger node that is used specifically for tracking time and handling
events.



7.2. Thread Safety and Locking
------------------------------
When processing audio, it's ideal not to have any kind of locking in the audio thread. Since it's
expected that `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` would be run on the audio thread, it does so
without the use of any locks. This section discusses the implementation used by miniaudio and goes
over some of the compromises employed by miniaudio to achieve this goal. Note that the current
implementation may not be ideal - feedback and critiques are most welcome.

The node graph API is not *entirely* lock-free. Only `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` is expected
to be lock-free. Attachment, detachment and uninitialization of nodes use locks to simplify the
implementation, but are crafted in a way such that such locking is not required when reading audio
data from the graph. Locking in these areas are achieved by means of spinlocks.

The main complication with keeping `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` lock-free stems from the fact
that a node can be uninitialized, and it's memory potentially freed, while in the middle of being
processed on the audio thread. There are times when the audio thread will be referencing a node,
which means the uninitialization process of a node needs to make sure it delays returning until the
audio thread is finished so that control is not handed back to the caller thereby giving them a
chance to free the node's memory.

When the audio thread is processing a node, it does so by reading from each of the output buses of
the node. In order for a node to process data for one of it's output buses, it needs to read from
each of it's input buses, and so on an so forth. It follows that once all output buses of a node
are detached, the node as a whole will be disconnected and no further processing will occur unless
it's output buses are reattached, which won't be happening when the node is being uninitialized.
By having `ma_node_detach_output_bus()` wait until the audio thread is finished with it, we can
simplify a few things, at the expense of making `ma_node_detach_output_bus()` a bit slower. By
doing this, the implementation of `ma_node_uninit()` becomes trivial - just detach all output
nodes, followed by each of the attachments to each of it's input nodes, and then do any final clean
up.

With the above design, the worst-case scenario is `ma_node_detach_output_bus()` taking as long as
it takes to process the output bus being detached. This will happen if it's called at just the
wrong moment where the audio thread has just iterated it and has just started processing. The
caller of `ma_node_detach_output_bus()` will stall until the audio thread is finished, which
includes the cost of recursively processing it's inputs. This is the biggest compromise made with
the approach taken by miniaudio for it's lock-free processing system. The cost of detaching nodes
earlier in the pipeline (data sources, for example) will be cheaper than the cost of detaching
higher level nodes, such as some kind of final post-processing endpoint. If you need to do mass
detachments, detach starting from the lowest level nodes and work your way towards the final
endpoint node (but don't try detaching the node graph's endpoint). If the audio thread is not
running, detachment will be fast and detachment in any order will be the same. The reason nodes
need to wait for their input attachments to complete is due to the potential for desyncs between
data sources. If the node was to terminate processing mid way through processing it's inputs,
there's a chance that some of the underlying data sources will have been read, but then others not.
That will then result in a potential desynchronization when detaching and reattaching higher-level
nodes. A possible solution to this is to have an option when detaching to terminate processing
before processing all input attachments which should be fairly simple.

Another compromise, albeit less significant, is locking when attaching and detaching nodes. This
locking is achieved by means of a spinlock in order to reduce memory overhead. A lock is present
for each input bus and output bus. When an output bus is connected to an input bus, both the output
bus and input bus is locked. This locking is specifically for attaching and detaching across
different threads and does not affect `ma_node_graph_read_pcm_frames()` in any way. The locking and
unlocking is mostly self-explanatory, but a slightly less intuitive aspect comes into it when
considering that iterating over attachments must not break as a result of attaching or detaching a
node while iteration is occuring.

Attaching and detaching are both quite simple. When an output bus of a node is attached to an input
bus of another node, it's added to a linked list. Basically, an input bus is a linked list, where
each item in the list is and output bus. We have some intentional (and convenient) restrictions on
what can done with the linked list in order to simplify the implementation. First of all, whenever
something needs to iterate over the list, it must do so in a forward direction. Backwards iteration
is not supported. Also, items can only be added to the start of the list.

The linked list is a doubly-linked list where each item in the list (an output bus) holds a pointer
to the next item in the list, and another to the previous item. A pointer to the previous item is
only required for fast detachment of the node - it is never used in iteration. This is an
important property because it means from the perspective of iteration, attaching and detaching of
an item can be done with a single atomic assignment. This is exploited by both the attachment and
detachment process. When attaching the node, the first thing that is done is the setting of the
local "next" and "previous" pointers of the node. After that, the item is "attached" to the list
by simply performing an atomic exchange with the head pointer. After that, the node is "attached"
to the list from the perspective of iteration. Even though the "previous" pointer of the next item
hasn't yet been set, from the perspective of iteration it's been attached because iteration will
only be happening in a forward direction which means the "previous" pointer won't actually ever get
used. The same general process applies to detachment. See `ma_node_attach_output_bus()` and
`ma_node_detach_output_bus()` for the implementation of this mechanism.



8. Decoding
===========
The `ma_decoder` API is used for reading audio files. Decoders are completely decoupled from
devices and can be used independently. The following formats are supported:

    +---------+------------------+----------+
    | Format  | Decoding Backend | Built-In |
    +---------+------------------+----------+
    | WAV     | dr_wav           | Yes      |
    | MP3     | dr_mp3           | Yes      |
    | FLAC    | dr_flac          | Yes      |
    | Vorbis  | stb_vorbis       | No       |
    +---------+------------------+----------+

Vorbis is supported via stb_vorbis which can be enabled by including the header section before the
implementation of miniaudio, like the following:

    ```c
    #define STB_VORBIS_HEADER_ONLY
    #include "extras/stb_vorbis.c"    // Enables Vorbis decoding.

    #define MINIAUDIO_IMPLEMENTATION
    #include "miniaudio.h"

    // The stb_vorbis implementation must come after the implementation of miniaudio.
    #undef STB_VORBIS_HEADER_ONLY
    #include "extras/stb_vorbis.c"
    ```

A copy of stb_vorbis is included in the "extras" folder in the miniaudio repository (https://github.com/mackron/miniaudio).

Built-in decoders are amalgamated into the implementation section of miniaudio. You can disable the
built-in decoders by specifying one or more of the following options before the miniaudio
implementation:

    ```c
    #define MA_NO_WAV
    #define MA_NO_MP3
    #define MA_NO_FLAC
    ```

Disabling built-in decoding libraries is useful if you use these libraries independantly of the
`ma_decoder` API.

A decoder can be initialized from a file with `ma_decoder_init_file()`, a block of memory with
`ma_decoder_init_memory()`, or from data delivered via callbacks with `ma_decoder_init()`. Here is
an example for loading a decoder from a file:

    ```c
    ma_decoder decoder;
    ma_result result = ma_decoder_init_file("MySong.mp3", NULL, &decoder);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return false;   // An error occurred.
    }

    ...

    ma_decoder_uninit(&decoder);
    ```

When initializing a decoder, you can optionally pass in a pointer to a `ma_decoder_config` object
(the `NULL` argument in the example above) which allows you to configure the output format, channel
count, sample rate and channel map:

    ```c
    ma_decoder_config config = ma_decoder_config_init(ma_format_f32, 2, 48000);
    ```

When passing in `NULL` for decoder config in `ma_decoder_init*()`, the output format will be the
same as that defined by the decoding backend.

Data is read from the decoder as PCM frames. This will output the number of PCM frames actually
read. If this is less than the requested number of PCM frames it means you've reached the end. The
return value will be `MA_AT_END` if no samples have been read and the end has been reached.

    ```c
    ma_result result = ma_decoder_read_pcm_frames(pDecoder, pFrames, framesToRead, &framesRead);
    if (framesRead < framesToRead) {
        // Reached the end.
    }
    ```

You can also seek to a specific frame like so:

    ```c
    ma_result result = ma_decoder_seek_to_pcm_frame(pDecoder, targetFrame);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        return false;   // An error occurred.
    }
    ```

If you want to loop back to the start, you can simply seek back to the first PCM frame:

    ```c
    ma_decoder_seek_to_pcm_frame(pDecoder, 0);
    ```

When loading a decoder, miniaudio uses a trial and error technique to find the appropriate decoding
backend. This can be unnecessarily inefficient if the type is already known. In this case you can
use `encodingFormat` variable in the device config to specify a specific encoding format you want
to decode:

    ```c
    decoderConfig.encodingFormat = ma_encoding_format_wav;
    ```

See the `ma_encoding_format` enum for possible encoding formats.

The `ma_decoder_init_file()` API will try using the file extension to determine which decoding
backend to prefer.


8.1. Custom Decoders
--------------------
It's possible to implement a custom decoder and plug it into miniaudio. This is extremely useful
when you want to use the `ma_decoder` API, but need to support an encoding format that's not one of
the stock formats supported by miniaudio. This can be put to particularly good use when using the
`ma_engine` and/or `ma_resource_manager` APIs because they use `ma_decoder` internally. If, for
example, you wanted to support Opus, you can do so with a custom decoder (there if a reference
Opus decoder in the "extras" folder of the miniaudio repository which uses libopus + libopusfile).

A custom decoder must implement a data source. A vtable called `ma_decoding_backend_vtable` needs
to be implemented which is then passed into the decoder config:

    ```c
    ma_decoding_backend_vtable* pCustomBackendVTables[] =
    {
        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libvorbis,
        &g_ma_decoding_backend_vtable_libopus
    };

    ...

    decoderConfig = ma_decoder_config_init_default();
    decoderConfig.pCustomBackendUserData = NULL;
    decoderConfig.ppCustomBackendVTables = pCustomBackendVTables;
    decoderConfig.customBackendCount     = sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables) / sizeof(pCustomBackendVTables[0]);
    ```

The `ma_decoding_backend_vtable` vtable has the following functions:

    ```
    onInit
    onInitFile 
    onInitFileW
    onInitMemory
    onUninit
    ```

There are only two functions that must be implemented - `onInit` and `onUninit`. The other
functions can be implemented for a small optimization for loading from a file path or memory. If
these are not specified, miniaudio will deal with it for you via a generic implementation.

When you initialize a custom data source (by implementing the `onInit` function in the vtable) you
will need to output a pointer to a `ma_data_source` which implements your custom decoder. See the
section about data sources for details on how to implemen this. Alternatively, see the
"custom_decoders" example in the miniaudio repository.

The `onInit` function takes a pointer to some callbacks for the purpose of reading raw audio data
from some abitrary source. You'll use these functions to read from the raw data and perform the
decoding. When you call them, you will pass in the `pReadSeekTellUserData` pointer to the relevant
parameter.

The `pConfig` parameter in `onInit` can be used to configure the backend if appropriate. It's only
used as a hint and can be ignored. However, if any of the properties are relevant to your decoder,
an optimal implementation will handle the relevant properties appropriately.

If memory allocation is required, it should be done so via the specified allocation callbacks if
possible (the `pAllocationCallbacks` parameter).

If an error occurs when initializing the decoder, you should leave `ppBackend` unset, or set to
NULL, and make sure everything is cleaned up appropriately and an appropriate result code returned.
When multiple custom backends are specified, miniaudio will cycle through the vtables in the order
they're listed in the array that's passed into the decoder config so it's important that your
initialization routine is clean.

When a decoder is uninitialized, the `onUninit` callback will be fired which will give you an
opportunity to clean up and internal data.



9. Encoding
===========
The `ma_encoding` API is used for writing audio files. The only supported output format is WAV
which is achieved via dr_wav which is amalgamated into the implementation section of miniaudio.
This can be disabled by specifying the following option before the implementation of miniaudio:

    ```c
    #define MA_NO_WAV
    ```

An encoder can be initialized to write to a file with `ma_encoder_init_file()` or from data
delivered via callbacks with `ma_encoder_init()`. Below is an example for initializing an encoder
to output to a file.

    ```c
    ma_encoder_config config = ma_encoder_config_init(ma_encoding_format_wav, FORMAT, CHANNELS, SAMPLE_RATE);
    ma_encoder encoder;
    ma_result result = ma_encoder_init_file("my_file.wav", &config, &encoder);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error
    }

    ...

    ma_encoder_uninit(&encoder);
    ```

When initializing an encoder you must specify a config which is initialized with
`ma_encoder_config_init()`. Here you must specify the file type, the output sample format, output
channel count and output sample rate. The following file types are supported:

    +------------------------+-------------+
    | Enum                   | Description |
    +------------------------+-------------+
    | ma_encoding_format_wav | WAV         |
    +------------------------+-------------+

If the format, channel count or sample rate is not supported by the output file type an error will
be returned. The encoder will not perform data conversion so you will need to convert it before
outputting any audio data. To output audio data, use `ma_encoder_write_pcm_frames()`, like in the
example below:

    ```c
    framesWritten = ma_encoder_write_pcm_frames(&encoder, pPCMFramesToWrite, framesToWrite);
    ```

Encoders must be uninitialized with `ma_encoder_uninit()`.



10. Data Conversion
===================
A data conversion API is included with miniaudio which supports the majority of data conversion
requirements. This supports conversion between sample formats, channel counts (with channel
mapping) and sample rates.


10.1. Sample Format Conversion
------------------------------
Conversion between sample formats is achieved with the `ma_pcm_*_to_*()`, `ma_pcm_convert()` and
`ma_convert_pcm_frames_format()` APIs. Use `ma_pcm_*_to_*()` to convert between two specific
formats. Use `ma_pcm_convert()` to convert based on a `ma_format` variable. Use
`ma_convert_pcm_frames_format()` to convert PCM frames where you want to specify the frame count
and channel count as a variable instead of the total sample count.


10.1.1. Dithering
-----------------
Dithering can be set using the ditherMode parameter.

The different dithering modes include the following, in order of efficiency:

    +-----------+--------------------------+
    | Type      | Enum Token               |
    +-----------+--------------------------+
    | None      | ma_dither_mode_none      |
    | Rectangle | ma_dither_mode_rectangle |
    | Triangle  | ma_dither_mode_triangle  |
    +-----------+--------------------------+

Note that even if the dither mode is set to something other than `ma_dither_mode_none`, it will be
ignored for conversions where dithering is not needed. Dithering is available for the following
conversions:

    ```
    s16 -> u8
    s24 -> u8
    s32 -> u8
    f32 -> u8
    s24 -> s16
    s32 -> s16
    f32 -> s16
    ```

Note that it is not an error to pass something other than ma_dither_mode_none for conversions where
dither is not used. It will just be ignored.



10.2. Channel Conversion
------------------------
Channel conversion is used for channel rearrangement and conversion from one channel count to
another. The `ma_channel_converter` API is used for channel conversion. Below is an example of
initializing a simple channel converter which converts from mono to stereo.

    ```c
    ma_channel_converter_config config = ma_channel_converter_config_init(
        ma_format,                      // Sample format
        1,                              // Input channels
        NULL,                           // Input channel map
        2,                              // Output channels
        NULL,                           // Output channel map
        ma_channel_mix_mode_default);   // The mixing algorithm to use when combining channels.

    result = ma_channel_converter_init(&config, NULL, &converter);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }
    ```

To perform the conversion simply call `ma_channel_converter_process_pcm_frames()` like so:

    ```c
    ma_result result = ma_channel_converter_process_pcm_frames(&converter, pFramesOut, pFramesIn, frameCount);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }
    ```

It is up to the caller to ensure the output buffer is large enough to accomodate the new PCM
frames.

Input and output PCM frames are always interleaved. Deinterleaved layouts are not supported.


10.2.1. Channel Mapping
-----------------------
In addition to converting from one channel count to another, like the example above, the channel
converter can also be used to rearrange channels. When initializing the channel converter, you can
optionally pass in channel maps for both the input and output frames. If the channel counts are the
same, and each channel map contains the same channel positions with the exception that they're in
a different order, a simple shuffling of the channels will be performed. If, however, there is not
a 1:1 mapping of channel positions, or the channel counts differ, the input channels will be mixed
based on a mixing mode which is specified when initializing the `ma_channel_converter_config`
object.

When converting from mono to multi-channel, the mono channel is simply copied to each output
channel. When going the other way around, the audio of each output channel is simply averaged and
copied to the mono channel.

In more complicated cases blending is used. The `ma_channel_mix_mode_simple` mode will drop excess
channels and silence extra channels. For example, converting from 4 to 2 channels, the 3rd and 4th
channels will be dropped, whereas converting from 2 to 4 channels will put silence into the 3rd and
4th channels.

The `ma_channel_mix_mode_rectangle` mode uses spacial locality based on a rectangle to compute a
simple distribution between input and output. Imagine sitting in the middle of a room, with
speakers on the walls representing channel positions. The `MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT` position can be
thought of as being in the corner of the front and left walls.

Finally, the `ma_channel_mix_mode_custom_weights` mode can be used to use custom user-defined
weights. Custom weights can be passed in as the last parameter of
`ma_channel_converter_config_init()`.

Predefined channel maps can be retrieved with `ma_channel_map_init_standard()`. This takes a
`ma_standard_channel_map` enum as it's first parameter, which can be one of the following:

    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    | Name                              | Description                                               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    | ma_standard_channel_map_default   | Default channel map used by miniaudio. See below.         |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_microsoft | Channel map used by Microsoft's bitfield channel maps.    |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_alsa      | Default ALSA channel map.                                 |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_rfc3551   | RFC 3551. Based on AIFF.                                  |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_flac      | FLAC channel map.                                         |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_vorbis    | Vorbis channel map.                                       |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_sound4    | FreeBSD's sound(4).                                       |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_sndio     | sndio channel map. http://www.sndio.org/tips.html.        |
    | ma_standard_channel_map_webaudio  | https://webaudio.github.io/web-audio-api/#ChannelOrdering |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Below are the channel maps used by default in miniaudio (`ma_standard_channel_map_default`):

    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | Channel Count | Mapping                         |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 1 (Mono)      | 0: MA_CHANNEL_MONO              |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 2 (Stereo)    | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT       |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 3             | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER      |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 4 (Surround)  | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER <br> |
    |               | 3: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER       |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 5             | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER <br> |
    |               | 3: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT    <br> |
    |               | 4: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT        |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 6 (5.1)       | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER <br> |
    |               | 3: MA_CHANNEL_LFE          <br> |
    |               | 4: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT    <br> |
    |               | 5: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT        |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 7             | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER <br> |
    |               | 3: MA_CHANNEL_LFE          <br> |
    |               | 4: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_CENTER  <br> |
    |               | 4: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT    <br> |
    |               | 5: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT        |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | 8 (7.1)       | 0: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_LEFT   <br> |
    |               | 1: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_RIGHT  <br> |
    |               | 2: MA_CHANNEL_FRONT_CENTER <br> |
    |               | 3: MA_CHANNEL_LFE          <br> |
    |               | 4: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_LEFT    <br> |
    |               | 5: MA_CHANNEL_BACK_RIGHT   <br> |
    |               | 6: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_LEFT    <br> |
    |               | 7: MA_CHANNEL_SIDE_RIGHT        |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+
    | Other         | All channels set to 0. This     |
    |               | is equivalent to the same       |
    |               | mapping as the device.          |
    +---------------+---------------------------------+



10.3. Resampling
----------------
Resampling is achieved with the `ma_resampler` object. To create a resampler object, do something
like the following:

    ```c
    ma_resampler_config config = ma_resampler_config_init(
        ma_format_s16,
        channels,
        sampleRateIn,
        sampleRateOut,
        ma_resample_algorithm_linear);

    ma_resampler resampler;
    ma_result result = ma_resampler_init(&config, &resampler);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // An error occurred...
    }
    ```

Do the following to uninitialize the resampler:

    ```c
    ma_resampler_uninit(&resampler);
    ```

The following example shows how data can be processed

    ```c
    ma_uint64 frameCountIn  = 1000;
    ma_uint64 frameCountOut = 2000;
    ma_result result = ma_resampler_process_pcm_frames(&resampler, pFramesIn, &frameCountIn, pFramesOut, &frameCountOut);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // An error occurred...
    }

    // At this point, frameCountIn contains the number of input frames that were consumed and frameCountOut contains the
    // number of output frames written.
    ```

To initialize the resampler you first need to set up a config (`ma_resampler_config`) with
`ma_resampler_config_init()`. You need to specify the sample format you want to use, the number of
channels, the input and output sample rate, and the algorithm.

The sample format can be either `ma_format_s16` or `ma_format_f32`. If you need a different format
you will need to perform pre- and post-conversions yourself where necessary. Note that the format
is the same for both input and output. The format cannot be changed after initialization.

The resampler supports multiple channels and is always interleaved (both input and output). The
channel count cannot be changed after initialization.

The sample rates can be anything other than zero, and are always specified in hertz. They should be
set to something like 44100, etc. The sample rate is the only configuration property that can be
changed after initialization.

The miniaudio resampler has built-in support for the following algorithms:

    +-----------+------------------------------+
    | Algorithm | Enum Token                   |
    +-----------+------------------------------+
    | Linear    | ma_resample_algorithm_linear |
    | Custom    | ma_resample_algorithm_custom |
    +-----------+------------------------------+

The algorithm cannot be changed after initialization.

Processing always happens on a per PCM frame basis and always assumes interleaved input and output.
De-interleaved processing is not supported. To process frames, use
`ma_resampler_process_pcm_frames()`. On input, this function takes the number of output frames you
can fit in the output buffer and the number of input frames contained in the input buffer. On
output these variables contain the number of output frames that were written to the output buffer
and the number of input frames that were consumed in the process. You can pass in NULL for the
input buffer in which case it will be treated as an infinitely large buffer of zeros. The output
buffer can also be NULL, in which case the processing will be treated as seek.

The sample rate can be changed dynamically on the fly. You can change this with explicit sample
rates with `ma_resampler_set_rate()` and also with a decimal ratio with
`ma_resampler_set_rate_ratio()`. The ratio is in/out.

Sometimes it's useful to know exactly how many input frames will be required to output a specific
number of frames. You can calculate this with `ma_resampler_get_required_input_frame_count()`.
Likewise, it's sometimes useful to know exactly how many frames would be output given a certain
number of input frames. You can do this with `ma_resampler_get_expected_output_frame_count()`.

Due to the nature of how resampling works, the resampler introduces some latency. This can be
retrieved in terms of both the input rate and the output rate with
`ma_resampler_get_input_latency()` and `ma_resampler_get_output_latency()`.


10.3.1. Resampling Algorithms
-----------------------------
The choice of resampling algorithm depends on your situation and requirements.


10.3.1.1. Linear Resampling
---------------------------
The linear resampler is the fastest, but comes at the expense of poorer quality. There is, however,
some control over the quality of the linear resampler which may make it a suitable option depending
on your requirements.

The linear resampler performs low-pass filtering before or after downsampling or upsampling,
depending on the sample rates you're converting between. When decreasing the sample rate, the
low-pass filter will be applied before downsampling. When increasing the rate it will be performed
after upsampling. By default a fourth order low-pass filter will be applied. This can be configured
via the `lpfOrder` configuration variable. Setting this to 0 will disable filtering.

The low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency which defaults to half the sample rate of the lowest of
the input and output sample rates (Nyquist Frequency).

The API for the linear resampler is the same as the main resampler API, only it's called
`ma_linear_resampler`.


10.3.2. Custom Resamplers
-------------------------
You can implement a custom resampler by using the `ma_resample_algorithm_custom` resampling
algorithm and setting a vtable in the resampler config:

    ```c
    ma_resampler_config config = ma_resampler_config_init(..., ma_resample_algorithm_custom);
    config.pBackendVTable = &g_customResamplerVTable;
    ```

Custom resamplers are useful if the stock algorithms are not appropriate for your use case. You
need to implement the required functions in `ma_resampling_backend_vtable`. Note that not all
functions in the vtable need to be implemented, but if it's possible to implement, they should be.

You can use the `ma_linear_resampler` object for an example on how to implement the vtable. The
`onGetHeapSize` callback is used to calculate the size of any internal heap allocation the custom
resampler will need to make given the supplied config. When you initialize the resampler via the
`onInit` callback, you'll be given a pointer to a heap allocation which is where you should store
the heap allocated data. You should not free this data in `onUninit` because miniaudio will manage
it for you.

The `onProcess` callback is where the actual resampling takes place. On input, `pFrameCountIn`
points to a variable containing the number of frames in the `pFramesIn` buffer and
`pFrameCountOut` points to a variable containing the capacity in frames of the `pFramesOut` buffer.
On output, `pFrameCountIn` should be set to the number of input frames that were fully consumed,
whereas `pFrameCountOut` should be set to the number of frames that were written to `pFramesOut`.

The `onSetRate` callback is optional and is used for dynamically changing the sample rate. If
dynamic rate changes are not supported, you can set this callback to NULL.

The `onGetInputLatency` and `onGetOutputLatency` functions are used for retrieving the latency in
input and output rates respectively. These can be NULL in which case latency calculations will be
assumed to be NULL.

The `onGetRequiredInputFrameCount` callback is used to give miniaudio a hint as to how many input
frames are required to be available to produce the given number of output frames. Likewise, the
`onGetExpectedOutputFrameCount` callback is used to determine how many output frames will be
produced given the specified number of input frames. miniaudio will use these as a hint, but they
are optional and can be set to NULL if you're unable to implement them.



10.4. General Data Conversion
-----------------------------
The `ma_data_converter` API can be used to wrap sample format conversion, channel conversion and
resampling into one operation. This is what miniaudio uses internally to convert between the format
requested when the device was initialized and the format of the backend's native device. The API
for general data conversion is very similar to the resampling API. Create a `ma_data_converter`
object like this:

    ```c
    ma_data_converter_config config = ma_data_converter_config_init(
        inputFormat,
        outputFormat,
        inputChannels,
        outputChannels,
        inputSampleRate,
        outputSampleRate
    );

    ma_data_converter converter;
    ma_result result = ma_data_converter_init(&config, NULL, &converter);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // An error occurred...
    }
    ```

In the example above we use `ma_data_converter_config_init()` to initialize the config, however
there's many more properties that can be configured, such as channel maps and resampling quality.
Something like the following may be more suitable depending on your requirements:

    ```c
    ma_data_converter_config config = ma_data_converter_config_init_default();
    config.formatIn = inputFormat;
    config.formatOut = outputFormat;
    config.channelsIn = inputChannels;
    config.channelsOut = outputChannels;
    config.sampleRateIn = inputSampleRate;
    config.sampleRateOut = outputSampleRate;
    ma_channel_map_init_standard(ma_standard_channel_map_flac, config.channelMapIn, sizeof(config.channelMapIn)/sizeof(config.channelMapIn[0]), config.channelCountIn);
    config.resampling.linear.lpfOrder = MA_MAX_FILTER_ORDER;
    ```

Do the following to uninitialize the data converter:

    ```c
    ma_data_converter_uninit(&converter, NULL);
    ```

The following example shows how data can be processed

    ```c
    ma_uint64 frameCountIn  = 1000;
    ma_uint64 frameCountOut = 2000;
    ma_result result = ma_data_converter_process_pcm_frames(&converter, pFramesIn, &frameCountIn, pFramesOut, &frameCountOut);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // An error occurred...
    }

    // At this point, frameCountIn contains the number of input frames that were consumed and frameCountOut contains the number
    // of output frames written.
    ```

The data converter supports multiple channels and is always interleaved (both input and output).
The channel count cannot be changed after initialization.

Sample rates can be anything other than zero, and are always specified in hertz. They should be set
to something like 44100, etc. The sample rate is the only configuration property that can be
changed after initialization, but only if the `resampling.allowDynamicSampleRate` member of
`ma_data_converter_config` is set to `MA_TRUE`. To change the sample rate, use
`ma_data_converter_set_rate()` or `ma_data_converter_set_rate_ratio()`. The ratio must be in/out.
The resampling algorithm cannot be changed after initialization.

Processing always happens on a per PCM frame basis and always assumes interleaved input and output.
De-interleaved processing is not supported. To process frames, use
`ma_data_converter_process_pcm_frames()`. On input, this function takes the number of output frames
you can fit in the output buffer and the number of input frames contained in the input buffer. On
output these variables contain the number of output frames that were written to the output buffer
and the number of input frames that were consumed in the process. You can pass in NULL for the
input buffer in which case it will be treated as an infinitely large
buffer of zeros. The output buffer can also be NULL, in which case the processing will be treated
as seek.

Sometimes it's useful to know exactly how many input frames will be required to output a specific
number of frames. You can calculate this with `ma_data_converter_get_required_input_frame_count()`.
Likewise, it's sometimes useful to know exactly how many frames would be output given a certain
number of input frames. You can do this with `ma_data_converter_get_expected_output_frame_count()`.

Due to the nature of how resampling works, the data converter introduces some latency if resampling
is required. This can be retrieved in terms of both the input rate and the output rate with
`ma_data_converter_get_input_latency()` and `ma_data_converter_get_output_latency()`.



11. Filtering
=============

11.1. Biquad Filtering
----------------------
Biquad filtering is achieved with the `ma_biquad` API. Example:

    ```c
    ma_biquad_config config = ma_biquad_config_init(ma_format_f32, channels, b0, b1, b2, a0, a1, a2);
    ma_result result = ma_biquad_init(&config, &biquad);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ...

    ma_biquad_process_pcm_frames(&biquad, pFramesOut, pFramesIn, frameCount);
    ```

Biquad filtering is implemented using transposed direct form 2. The numerator coefficients are b0,
b1 and b2, and the denominator coefficients are a0, a1 and a2. The a0 coefficient is required and
coefficients must not be pre-normalized.

Supported formats are `ma_format_s16` and `ma_format_f32`. If you need to use a different format
you need to convert it yourself beforehand. When using `ma_format_s16` the biquad filter will use
fixed point arithmetic. When using `ma_format_f32`, floating point arithmetic will be used.

Input and output frames are always interleaved.

Filtering can be applied in-place by passing in the same pointer for both the input and output
buffers, like so:

    ```c
    ma_biquad_process_pcm_frames(&biquad, pMyData, pMyData, frameCount);
    ```

If you need to change the values of the coefficients, but maintain the values in the registers you
can do so with `ma_biquad_reinit()`. This is useful if you need to change the properties of the
filter while keeping the values of registers valid to avoid glitching. Do not use
`ma_biquad_init()` for this as it will do a full initialization which involves clearing the
registers to 0. Note that changing the format or channel count after initialization is invalid and
will result in an error.


11.2. Low-Pass Filtering
------------------------
Low-pass filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +---------+------------------------------------------+
    | API     | Description                              |
    +---------+------------------------------------------+
    | ma_lpf1 | First order low-pass filter              |
    | ma_lpf2 | Second order low-pass filter             |
    | ma_lpf  | High order low-pass filter (Butterworth) |
    +---------+------------------------------------------+

Low-pass filter example:

    ```c
    ma_lpf_config config = ma_lpf_config_init(ma_format_f32, channels, sampleRate, cutoffFrequency, order);
    ma_result result = ma_lpf_init(&config, &lpf);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ...

    ma_lpf_process_pcm_frames(&lpf, pFramesOut, pFramesIn, frameCount);
    ```

Supported formats are `ma_format_s16` and` ma_format_f32`. If you need to use a different format
you need to convert it yourself beforehand. Input and output frames are always interleaved.

Filtering can be applied in-place by passing in the same pointer for both the input and output
buffers, like so:

    ```c
    ma_lpf_process_pcm_frames(&lpf, pMyData, pMyData, frameCount);
    ```

The maximum filter order is limited to `MA_MAX_FILTER_ORDER` which is set to 8. If you need more,
you can chain first and second order filters together.

    ```c
    for (iFilter = 0; iFilter < filterCount; iFilter += 1) {
        ma_lpf2_process_pcm_frames(&lpf2[iFilter], pMyData, pMyData, frameCount);
    }
    ```

If you need to change the configuration of the filter, but need to maintain the state of internal
registers you can do so with `ma_lpf_reinit()`. This may be useful if you need to change the sample
rate and/or cutoff frequency dynamically while maintaing smooth transitions. Note that changing the
format or channel count after initialization is invalid and will result in an error.

The `ma_lpf` object supports a configurable order, but if you only need a first order filter you
may want to consider using `ma_lpf1`. Likewise, if you only need a second order filter you can use
`ma_lpf2`. The advantage of this is that they're lighter weight and a bit more efficient.

If an even filter order is specified, a series of second order filters will be processed in a
chain. If an odd filter order is specified, a first order filter will be applied, followed by a
series of second order filters in a chain.


11.3. High-Pass Filtering
-------------------------
High-pass filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +---------+-------------------------------------------+
    | API     | Description                               |
    +---------+-------------------------------------------+
    | ma_hpf1 | First order high-pass filter              |
    | ma_hpf2 | Second order high-pass filter             |
    | ma_hpf  | High order high-pass filter (Butterworth) |
    +---------+-------------------------------------------+

High-pass filters work exactly the same as low-pass filters, only the APIs are called `ma_hpf1`,
`ma_hpf2` and `ma_hpf`. See example code for low-pass filters for example usage.


11.4. Band-Pass Filtering
-------------------------
Band-pass filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +---------+-------------------------------+
    | API     | Description                   |
    +---------+-------------------------------+
    | ma_bpf2 | Second order band-pass filter |
    | ma_bpf  | High order band-pass filter   |
    +---------+-------------------------------+

Band-pass filters work exactly the same as low-pass filters, only the APIs are called `ma_bpf2` and
`ma_hpf`. See example code for low-pass filters for example usage. Note that the order for
band-pass filters must be an even number which means there is no first order band-pass filter,
unlike low-pass and high-pass filters.


11.5. Notch Filtering
---------------------
Notch filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +-----------+------------------------------------------+
    | API       | Description                              |
    +-----------+------------------------------------------+
    | ma_notch2 | Second order notching filter             |
    +-----------+------------------------------------------+


11.6. Peaking EQ Filtering
-------------------------
Peaking filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +----------+------------------------------------------+
    | API      | Description                              |
    +----------+------------------------------------------+
    | ma_peak2 | Second order peaking filter              |
    +----------+------------------------------------------+


11.7. Low Shelf Filtering
-------------------------
Low shelf filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +-------------+------------------------------------------+
    | API         | Description                              |
    +-------------+------------------------------------------+
    | ma_loshelf2 | Second order low shelf filter            |
    +-------------+------------------------------------------+

Where a high-pass filter is used to eliminate lower frequencies, a low shelf filter can be used to
just turn them down rather than eliminate them entirely.


11.8. High Shelf Filtering
--------------------------
High shelf filtering is achieved with the following APIs:

    +-------------+------------------------------------------+
    | API         | Description                              |
    +-------------+------------------------------------------+
    | ma_hishelf2 | Second order high shelf filter           |
    +-------------+------------------------------------------+

The high shelf filter has the same API as the low shelf filter, only you would use `ma_hishelf`
instead of `ma_loshelf`. Where a low shelf filter is used to adjust the volume of low frequencies,
the high shelf filter does the same thing for high frequencies.




12. Waveform and Noise Generation
=================================

12.1. Waveforms
---------------
miniaudio supports generation of sine, square, triangle and sawtooth waveforms. This is achieved
with the `ma_waveform` API. Example:

    ```c
    ma_waveform_config config = ma_waveform_config_init(
        FORMAT,
        CHANNELS,
        SAMPLE_RATE,
        ma_waveform_type_sine,
        amplitude,
        frequency);

    ma_waveform waveform;
    ma_result result = ma_waveform_init(&config, &waveform);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ...

    ma_waveform_read_pcm_frames(&waveform, pOutput, frameCount);
    ```

The amplitude, frequency, type, and sample rate can be changed dynamically with
`ma_waveform_set_amplitude()`, `ma_waveform_set_frequency()`, `ma_waveform_set_type()`, and
`ma_waveform_set_sample_rate()` respectively.

You can invert the waveform by setting the amplitude to a negative value. You can use this to
control whether or not a sawtooth has a positive or negative ramp, for example.

Below are the supported waveform types:

    +---------------------------+
    | Enum Name                 |
    +---------------------------+
    | ma_waveform_type_sine     |
    | ma_waveform_type_square   |
    | ma_waveform_type_triangle |
    | ma_waveform_type_sawtooth |
    +---------------------------+



12.2. Noise
-----------
miniaudio supports generation of white, pink and Brownian noise via the `ma_noise` API. Example:

    ```c
    ma_noise_config config = ma_noise_config_init(
        FORMAT,
        CHANNELS,
        ma_noise_type_white,
        SEED,
        amplitude);

    ma_noise noise;
    ma_result result = ma_noise_init(&config, &noise);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ...

    ma_noise_read_pcm_frames(&noise, pOutput, frameCount);
    ```

The noise API uses simple LCG random number generation. It supports a custom seed which is useful
for things like automated testing requiring reproducibility. Setting the seed to zero will default
to `MA_DEFAULT_LCG_SEED`.

The amplitude, seed, and type can be changed dynamically with `ma_noise_set_amplitude()`,
`ma_noise_set_seed()`, and `ma_noise_set_type()` respectively.

By default, the noise API will use different values for different channels. So, for example, the
left side in a stereo stream will be different to the right side. To instead have each channel use
the same random value, set the `duplicateChannels` member of the noise config to true, like so:

    ```c
    config.duplicateChannels = MA_TRUE;
    ```

Below are the supported noise types.

    +------------------------+
    | Enum Name              |
    +------------------------+
    | ma_noise_type_white    |
    | ma_noise_type_pink     |
    | ma_noise_type_brownian |
    +------------------------+



13. Audio Buffers
=================
miniaudio supports reading from a buffer of raw audio data via the `ma_audio_buffer` API. This can
read from memory that's managed by the application, but can also handle the memory management for
you internally. Memory management is flexible and should support most use cases.

Audio buffers are initialised using the standard configuration system used everywhere in miniaudio:

    ```c
    ma_audio_buffer_config config = ma_audio_buffer_config_init(
        format,
        channels,
        sizeInFrames,
        pExistingData,
        &allocationCallbacks);

    ma_audio_buffer buffer;
    result = ma_audio_buffer_init(&config, &buffer);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error.
    }

    ...

    ma_audio_buffer_uninit(&buffer);
    ```

In the example above, the memory pointed to by `pExistingData` will *not* be copied and is how an
application can do self-managed memory allocation. If you would rather make a copy of the data, use
`ma_audio_buffer_init_copy()`. To uninitialize the buffer, use `ma_audio_buffer_uninit()`.

Sometimes it can be convenient to allocate the memory for the `ma_audio_buffer` structure and the
raw audio data in a contiguous block of memory. That is, the raw audio data will be located
immediately after the `ma_audio_buffer` structure. To do this, use
`ma_audio_buffer_alloc_and_init()`:

    ```c
    ma_audio_buffer_config config = ma_audio_buffer_config_init(
        format,
        channels,
        sizeInFrames,
        pExistingData,
        &allocationCallbacks);

    ma_audio_buffer* pBuffer
    result = ma_audio_buffer_alloc_and_init(&config, &pBuffer);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error
    }

    ...

    ma_audio_buffer_uninit_and_free(&buffer);
    ```

If you initialize the buffer with `ma_audio_buffer_alloc_and_init()` you should uninitialize it
with `ma_audio_buffer_uninit_and_free()`. In the example above, the memory pointed to by
`pExistingData` will be copied into the buffer, which is contrary to the behavior of
`ma_audio_buffer_init()`.

An audio buffer has a playback cursor just like a decoder. As you read frames from the buffer, the
cursor moves forward. The last parameter (`loop`) can be used to determine if the buffer should
loop. The return value is the number of frames actually read. If this is less than the number of
frames requested it means the end has been reached. This should never happen if the `loop`
parameter is set to true. If you want to manually loop back to the start, you can do so with with
`ma_audio_buffer_seek_to_pcm_frame(pAudioBuffer, 0)`. Below is an example for reading data from an
audio buffer.

    ```c
    ma_uint64 framesRead = ma_audio_buffer_read_pcm_frames(pAudioBuffer, pFramesOut, desiredFrameCount, isLooping);
    if (framesRead < desiredFrameCount) {
        // If not looping, this means the end has been reached. This should never happen in looping mode with valid input.
    }
    ```

Sometimes you may want to avoid the cost of data movement between the internal buffer and the
output buffer. Instead you can use memory mapping to retrieve a pointer to a segment of data:

    ```c
    void* pMappedFrames;
    ma_uint64 frameCount = frameCountToTryMapping;
    ma_result result = ma_audio_buffer_map(pAudioBuffer, &pMappedFrames, &frameCount);
    if (result == MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Map was successful. The value in frameCount will be how many frames were _actually_ mapped, which may be
        // less due to the end of the buffer being reached.
        ma_copy_pcm_frames(pFramesOut, pMappedFrames, frameCount, pAudioBuffer->format, pAudioBuffer->channels);

        // You must unmap the buffer.
        ma_audio_buffer_unmap(pAudioBuffer, frameCount);
    }
    ```

When you use memory mapping, the read cursor is increment by the frame count passed in to
`ma_audio_buffer_unmap()`. If you decide not to process every frame you can pass in a value smaller
than the value returned by `ma_audio_buffer_map()`. The disadvantage to using memory mapping is
that it does not handle looping for you. You can determine if the buffer is at the end for the
purpose of looping with `ma_audio_buffer_at_end()` or by inspecting the return value of
`ma_audio_buffer_unmap()` and checking if it equals `MA_AT_END`. You should not treat `MA_AT_END`
as an error when returned by `ma_audio_buffer_unmap()`.



14. Ring Buffers
================
miniaudio supports lock free (single producer, single consumer) ring buffers which are exposed via
the `ma_rb` and `ma_pcm_rb` APIs. The `ma_rb` API operates on bytes, whereas the `ma_pcm_rb`
operates on PCM frames. They are otherwise identical as `ma_pcm_rb` is just a wrapper around
`ma_rb`.

Unlike most other APIs in miniaudio, ring buffers support both interleaved and deinterleaved
streams. The caller can also allocate their own backing memory for the ring buffer to use
internally for added flexibility. Otherwise the ring buffer will manage it's internal memory for
you.

The examples below use the PCM frame variant of the ring buffer since that's most likely the one
you will want to use. To initialize a ring buffer, do something like the following:

    ```c
    ma_pcm_rb rb;
    ma_result result = ma_pcm_rb_init(FORMAT, CHANNELS, BUFFER_SIZE_IN_FRAMES, NULL, NULL, &rb);
    if (result != MA_SUCCESS) {
        // Error
    }
    ```

The `ma_pcm_rb_init()` function takes the sample format and channel count as parameters because
it's the PCM varient of the ring buffer API. For the regular ring buffer that operates on bytes you
would call `ma_rb_init()` which leaves these out and just takes the size of the buffer in bytes
instead of frames. The fourth parameter is an optional pre-allocated buffer and the fifth parameter
is a pointer to a `ma_allocation_callbacks` structure for custom memory allocation routines.
Passing in `NULL` for this results in `MA_MALLOC()` and `MA_FREE()` being used.

Use `ma_pcm_rb_init_ex()` if you need a deinterleaved buffer. The data for each sub-buffer is
offset from each other based on the stride. To manage your sub-buffers you can use
`ma_pcm_rb_get_subbuffer_stride()`, `ma_pcm_rb_get_subbuffer_offset()` and
`ma_pcm_rb_get_subbuffer_ptr()`.

Use `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_read()` and `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_write()` to retrieve a pointer to a section
of the ring buffer. You specify the number of frames you need, and on output it will set to what
was actually acquired. If the read or write pointer is positioned such that the number of frames
requested will require a loop, it will be clamped to the end of the buffer. Therefore, the number
of frames you're given may be less than the number you requested.

After calling `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_read()` or `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_write()`, you do your work on the
buffer and then "commit" it with `ma_pcm_rb_commit_read()` or `ma_pcm_rb_commit_write()`. This is
where the read/write pointers are updated. When you commit you need to pass in the buffer that was
returned by the earlier call to `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_read()` or `ma_pcm_rb_acquire_write()` and is
only used for validation. The number of frames passed to `ma_pcm_rb_commit_read()` and
`ma_pcm_rb_commit_write()` is what's used to increment the pointers, and can be less that what was
originally requested.

If you want to correct for drift between the write pointer and the read pointer you can use a
combination of `ma_pcm_rb_pointer_distance()`, `ma_pcm_rb_seek_read()` and
`ma_pcm_rb_seek_write()`. Note that you can only move the pointers forward, and you should only
move the read pointer forward via the consumer thread, and the write pointer forward by the
producer thread. If there is too much space between the pointers, move the read pointer forward. If
there is too little space between the pointers, move the write pointer forward.

You can use a ring buffer at the byte level instead of the PCM frame level by using the `ma_rb`
API. This is exactly the same, only you will use the `ma_rb` functions instead of `ma_pcm_rb` and
instead of frame counts you will pass around byte counts.

The maximum size of the buffer in bytes is `0x7FFFFFFF-(MA_SIMD_ALIGNMENT-1)` due to the most
significant bit being used to encode a loop flag and the internally managed buffers always being
aligned to `MA_SIMD_ALIGNMENT`.

Note that the ring buffer is only thread safe when used by a single consumer thread and single
producer thread.



15. Backends
============
The following backends are supported by miniaudio.

    +-------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | Name        | Enum Name             | Supported Operating Systems                            |
    +-------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
    | WASAPI      | ma_backend_wasapi     | Windows Vista+                                         |
    | DirectSound | ma_backend_dsound     | Windows XP+                                            |
    | WinMM       | ma_backend_winmm      | Windows XP+ (may work on older versions, but untested) |
    | Core Audio  | ma_backend_coreaudio  | macOS, iOS                                             |
    | ALSA        | ma_backend_alsa       | Linux                                                  |
    | PulseAudio  | ma_backend_pulseaudio | Cross Platform (disabled on Windows, BSD and Android)  |
    | JACK        | ma_backend_jack       | Cross Platform (disabled on BSD and Android)           |
    | sndio       | ma_backend_sndio      | OpenBSD                                                |
    | audio(4)    | ma_backend_audio4     | NetBSD, OpenBSD                                        |
    | OSS         | ma_backend_oss        | FreeBSD                                                |
    | AAudio      | ma_backend_aaudio     | Android 8+                                             |
    | OpenSL ES   | ma_backend_opensl     | Android (API level 16+)                                |
    | Web Audio   | ma_backend_webaudio   | Web (via Emscripten)                                   |
    | Custom      | ma_backend_custom     | Cross Platform                                         |
    | Null        | ma_backend_null       | Cross Platform (not used on Web)                       |
    +-------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

Some backends have some nuance details you may want to be aware of.

15.1. WASAPI
------------
- Low-latency shared mode will be disabled when using an application-defined sample rate which is
  different to the device's native sample rate. To work around this, set `wasapi.noAutoConvertSRC`
  to true in the device config. This is due to IAudioClient3_InitializeSharedAudioStream() failing
  when the `AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_AUTOCONVERTPCM` flag is specified. Setting wasapi.noAutoConvertSRC
  will result in miniaudio's internal resampler being used instead which will in turn enable the
  use of low-latency shared mode.

15.2. PulseAudio
----------------
- If you experience bad glitching/noise on Arch Linux, consider this fix from the Arch wiki:
  https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/PulseAudio/Troubleshooting#Glitches,_skips_or_crackling.
  Alternatively, consider using a different backend such as ALSA.

15.3. Android
-------------
- To capture audio on Android, remember to add the RECORD_AUDIO permission to your manifest:
  `<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />`
- With OpenSL|ES, only a single ma_context can be active at any given time. This is due to a
  limitation with OpenSL|ES.
- With AAudio, only default devices are enumerated. This is due to AAudio not having an enumeration
  API (devices are enumerated through Java). You can however perform your own device enumeration
  through Java and then set the ID in the ma_device_id structure (ma_device_id.aaudio) and pass it
  to ma_device_init().
- The backend API will perform resampling where possible. The reason for this as opposed to using
  miniaudio's built-in resampler is to take advantage of any potential device-specific
  optimizations the driver may implement.

15.4. UWP
---------
- UWP only supports default playback and capture devices.
- UWP requires the Microphone capability to be enabled in the application's manifest (Package.appxmanifest):

    ```
    <Package ...>
        ...
        <Capabilities>
            <DeviceCapability Name="microphone" />
        </Capabilities>
    </Package>
    ```

15.5. Web Audio / Emscripten
----------------------------
- You cannot use `-std=c*` compiler flags, nor `-ansi`. This only applies to the Emscripten build.
- The first time a context is initialized it will create a global object called "miniaudio" whose
  primary purpose is to act as a factory for device objects.
- Currently the Web Audio backend uses ScriptProcessorNode's, but this may need to change later as
  they've been deprecated.
- Google has implemented a policy in their browsers that prevent automatic media output without
  first receiving some kind of user input. The following web page has additional details:
  https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2017/09/autoplay-policy-changes. Starting the device
  may fail if you try to start playback without first handling some kind of user input.



16. Optimization Tips
=====================

16.1. High Level API
--------------------
- If a sound does not require doppler or pitch shifting, consider disabling pitching by
  initializing the sound with the `MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_PITCH` flag.
- If a sound does not require spatialization, disable it by initialzing the sound with the
  `MA_SOUND_FLAG_NO_SPATIALIZATION` flag. It can be renabled again post-initialization with
  `ma_sound_set_spatialization_enabled()`.



17. Miscellaneous Notes
=======================
- Automatic stream routing is enabled on a per-backend basis. Support is explicitly enabled for
  WASAPI and Core Audio, however other backends such as PulseAudio may naturally support it, though
  not all have been tested.
- The contents of the output buffer passed into the data callback will always be pre-initialized to
  silence unless the `noPreSilencedOutputBuffer` config variable in `ma_device_config` is set to
  true, in which case it'll be undefined which will require you to write something to the entire
  buffer.
- By default miniaudio will automatically clip samples. This only applies when the playback sample
  format is configured as `ma_format_f32`. If you are doing clipping yourself, you can disable this
  overhead by setting `noClip` to true in the device config.
- Note that GCC and Clang requires `-msse2`, `-mavx2`, etc. for SIMD optimizations.
- The sndio backend is currently only enabled on OpenBSD builds.
- The audio(4) backend is supported on OpenBSD, but you may need to disable sndiod before you can
  use it.
- When compiling with VC6 and earlier, decoding is restricted to files less than 2GB in size. This
  is due to 64-bit file APIs not being available.
*/
